CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Dual (grammatical number) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"90063776-2726-410f-8e3c-a119e51ac4c2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Dual_(grammatical_number)","wgTitle":"Dual (grammatical number)","wgCurRevisionId":1257870603,"wgRevisionId":1257870603,"wgArticleId":158234,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Slovene-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles containing Ilocano-language text","Articles containing Tausug-language text","Articles containing Kapampangan-language text","Articles containing Tagalog-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text", "Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Greek-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015","Articles containing Proto-Celtic-language text","Articles containing Middle Welsh-language text","Articles containing Irish-language text","Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text","Articles containing Breton-language text","Articles containing Welsh-language text","Articles containing Cornish-language text","Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text","Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text","Articles containing Gothic-language text","Articles containing Bavarian-language text","Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text","Articles containing Danish-language text","Articles containing Swedish-language text","Articles containing Icelandic-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Nynorsk-language text", "Articles containing Lithuanian-language text","Articles with text in Slavic languages","Articles containing Belarusian-language text","Articles containing Czech-language text","Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Serbian-language text","Articles containing Slovak-language text","Articles with text in Sorbian languages","Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Lang and lang-xx template errors","Articles containing Bulgarian-language text","Articles containing Macedonian-language text","Articles containing Upper Sorbian-language text","Articles containing Croatian-language text","Grammatical number","2 (number)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Dual_(grammatical_number)","wgRelevantArticleId":158234,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject": "wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q110022","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Dual (grammatical number) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Dual_grammatical_number rootpage-Dual_grammatical_number skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dual+%28grammatical+number%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dual+%28grammatical+number%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dual+%28grammatical+number%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dual+%28grammatical+number%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Comparative characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_modern_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_modern_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Use in modern languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_modern_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Arabic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Hebrew </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hebrew-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hebrew subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biblical_and_Mishnaic_Hebrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_and_Mishnaic_Hebrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_and_Mishnaic_Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Hebrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Hebrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Modern Hebrew </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khoe_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khoe_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Khoe languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khoe_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Indo-European_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Indo-European_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In Indo-European languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Indo-European_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Indo-European languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Indo-European_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sanskrit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Greek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Latin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Celtic languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old,_Middle,_and_Modern_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old,_Middle,_and_Modern_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Old, Middle, and Modern English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old,_Middle,_and_Modern_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Germanic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Germanic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Other Germanic languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Germanic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Baltic languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Slavic languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slovene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.1 Slovene </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sorbian_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorbian_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.2 Sorbian language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sorbian_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages_with_dual_number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_with_dual_number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Languages with dual number </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages_with_dual_number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dual (grammatical number)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%89" title="مثنى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مثنى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Парны лік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парны лік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Двойствено число – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Двойствено число" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_dual" title="Nombre dual – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nombre dual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvojn%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%ADslo" title="Dvojné číslo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dvojné číslo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(Grammatik)" title="Dual (Grammatik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dual (Grammatik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaksus" title="Kaksus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaksus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Δυϊκός αριθμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυϊκός αριθμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_dual" title="Número dual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Número dual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunombro" title="Dunombro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dunombro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%86%DB%8C_(%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="مثنی (دستور زبان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مثنی (دستور زبان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel_(grammaire)" title="Duel (grammaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Duel (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_dual" title="Número dual – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Número dual" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvojina" title="Dvojina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dvojina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualis" title="Dualis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dualis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%ADtala" title="Tvítala – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tvítala" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duale_(linguistica)" title="Duale (linguistica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Duale (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99_(%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="זוגי (בלשנות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זוגי (בלשנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ორობითი რიცხვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორობითი რიცხვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualis_(grammatica)" title="Dualis (grammatica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dualis (grammatica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divskaitlis" title="Divskaitlis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Divskaitlis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dviskaita" title="Dviskaita – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dviskaita" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kett%C5%91s_sz%C3%A1m" title="Kettős szám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kettős szám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualis" title="Dualis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dualis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%95%B0%E5%BD%A2" title="双数形 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="双数形" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualis" title="Dualis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dualis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualis" title="Dualis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dualis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweetall" title="Tweetall – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tweetall" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liczba_podw%C3%B3jna" title="Liczba podwójna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liczba podwójna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual" title="Dual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Dual (gramatică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dual (gramatică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Двойственное число – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Двойственное число" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvojina" title="Dvojina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dvojina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Двојина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Двојина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaksikko" title="Kaksikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaksikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualis" title="Dualis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dualis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Двоїна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Двоїна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual" title="Dual – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dual" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwal_(linwince)" title="Duwal (linwince) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Duwal (linwince)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%95%B8_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="雙數 (文法) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雙數 (文法)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="双数 (语言学) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="双数 (语言学)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q110022#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Dual_(grammatical_number)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Dual_(grammatical_number)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&oldid=1257870603" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Dual_%28grammatical_number%29&id=1257870603&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDual_%28grammatical_number%29">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDual_%28grammatical_number%29">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dual_%28grammatical_number%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q110022" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grammatical number in addition to singular and plural</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dual_number" title="Dual number">Dual number</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dualis" redirects here. For the light rail vehicle operated by SNCF, see <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Citadis" title="Alstom Citadis">Alstom Citadis</a>. For the car manufactured by Nissan, see <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Dualis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Dualis">Nissan Dualis</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">Grammatical features</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to nouns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Case</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dative_construction" title="Dative construction">Dative construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_shift" title="Dative shift">Dative shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirky_subject" title="Quirky subject">Quirky subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">Construct state</a></li> <li>Countability <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Count noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective noun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_construction" title="Genitive construction">Genitive construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixaufnahme" title="Suffixaufnahme">Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">Noun class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Singular</li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">Singulative-Collective-Plurative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specificity_(linguistics)" title="Specificity (linguistics)">Specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to verbs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_motion" title="Associated motion">Associated motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Clusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semantics)" title="Modality (semantics)">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Grammatical aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_aspect" title="Lexical aspect">Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">Voice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General features</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundedness_(linguistics)" title="Boundedness (linguistics)">Boundedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">Comparison (degree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egophoricity" title="Egophoricity">Egophoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluractionality" title="Pluractionality">Pluractionality</a> (verbal number)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">Honorifics (politeness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_construction" title="Reciprocal construction">Reciprocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive verb</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Syntax relationships</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">Argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">Transitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">Valency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">Branching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">Serial verb construction</a></li> <li>Traditional grammar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">Predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">Adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">Predicative</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Semantics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_relation" title="Thematic relation">Thematic relation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">Patient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_and_comment" title="Topic and comment">Topic and Comment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">Volition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Phenomena</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polypersonal_agreement" title="Polypersonal agreement">Polypersonal agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_category" title="Empty category">Empty category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(linguistics)" title="Incorporation (linguistics)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">Inflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">Markedness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_categories" title="Template talk:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Dual (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> DU) is a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical number</a> that some languages use in addition to singular and <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>. When a noun or pronoun appears in dual form, it is interpreted as referring to precisely two of the entities (objects or persons) identified by the noun or pronoun acting as a single unit or in unison. Verbs can also have dual agreement forms in these languages. The dual number existed in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> and persisted in many of its <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">descendants</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, which have dual forms across nouns, verbs, and adjectives; <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, which used dual forms in pronouns and verbs; and <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> (Anglo-Saxon), which used dual forms in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar#Personal_pronouns" title="Old English grammar">its pronouns</a>. It can still be found in a few modern Indo-European languages such as <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian languages</a>. The majority of modern Indo-European languages, including modern English, have lost the dual number through their development. Its function has mostly been replaced by the simple plural. They may however show residual traces of the dual, for example in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> distinctions: both vs. all, either vs. any, neither vs. none, and so on. A commonly used sentence to exemplify dual in English is "Both go to the same school." where both refers to two specific people who had already been determined in the conversation. Many <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> have dual number. For instance, in Hebrew <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>יים‎- (-ayim) or a variation of it is added to the end of some nouns, e.g. some parts of the body (eye, ear, nostril, lip, hand, leg) and some time periods (minute, hour, day, week, month, year) to indicate that it is dual (regardless of how the plural is formed). A similar situation exists in classical Arabic, where ان -ān is added to the end of any noun to indicate that it is dual (regardless of how the plural is formed). It is also present in <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan languages</a> that have a rich <a href="/wiki/Inflectional_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflectional morphology">inflectional morphology</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Kunama_language" title="Kunama language">Kunama</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_characteristics">Comparative characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comparative characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Many languages make a distinction between singular and <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>: English, for example, distinguishes between man and men, or house and houses. In some <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>, in addition to such singular and plural forms, there is also a dual form, which is used when exactly two people or things are meant. In many languages with dual forms, the use of the dual is mandatory as in some Arabic dialects using dual in nouns as in <a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi Arabic</a>, and the plural is used only for groups greater than two. However, the use of the dual is optional in some languages such as other modern Arabic dialects including <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>. In other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, the dual exists only for words naming time spans (day, week, etc.), a few <a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">measure words</a>, and for words that naturally come in pairs and are not used in the plural except in rhetoric: eyes, ears, and so forth. In <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, the use of the dual is mandatory except for nouns that are natural pairs, such as trousers, eyes, ears, lips, hands, arms, legs, feet, kidneys, breasts, lungs, etc., for which the plural form has to be used unless one wants to stress that something is true for both one and the other part. For example, one says oči me bolijo ('my eyes hurt'), but if they want to stress that both their eyes hurt, they say obe očesi me bolita. When using the pronoun obe/oba ('both'), the dual form that follows is mandatory. But the use of "obe (both)" is not mandatory since "očesi (two eyes)" as it is, implies that one means both eyes. Although relatively few languages have the dual number, using different words for groups of two and groups greater than two is not uncommon. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> has words distinguishing dual vs. plural number, including: both/all, either/any, neither/none, between/among, former/first, and latter/last. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, which has no grammatical number, also has words dochira (どちら, 'which of the two') and dore (どれ, 'which of the three or more'), etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_modern_languages">Use in modern languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use in modern languages">edit</a>]</div> Among living languages, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> has a mandatory dual number, marked on nouns, verbs, adjectives, and pronouns. (First-person dual forms, however, do not exist; compare this to the lack of third-person dual forms in the old Germanic languages.) Many of the spoken Arabic dialects have a dual marking for nouns (only), and its use can be mandatory in some dialects, and not mandatory in others. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> had a dual number, though its use was confined to standard phrases like "two hands", "two eyes", and "two arms". The dual in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> has also atrophied, generally being used for only time, number, and natural pairs (like body parts) even in its <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">most ancient form</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> and the related <a href="/wiki/Central_Alaskan_Yup%27ik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Alaskan Yup'ik language">Central Alaskan Yup'ik language</a> use dual forms; however, the related <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic language</a> does not (though it used to have them). <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoegowab" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoekhoegowab">Khoekhoegowab</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe languages</a> mark dual number in their person-gender-number <a href="/wiki/Enclitics" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitics">enclitics</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/Neuter_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter gender">neuter gender</a> does not have a dual form. <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, possess a dual number for pronouns but not for nouns, as nouns are generally marked for plural syntactically and not morphologically. Other Austronesian languages, particularly <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">those spoken in the Philippines</a>, have a dual first-person pronoun; these languages include <a href="/wiki/Ilokano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano language">Ilokano</a> (data), <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a> (kita), and <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a> (ìkatá). These forms mean "we", but specifically "you and I". This form once existed in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> (katá or sometimes kitá) but has disappeared from standard usage (save for certain dialects such as in <a href="/wiki/Batangas_Tagalog" title="Batangas Tagalog">Batangas</a>) since the middle of the 20th century, with kitá as the only surviving form (e.g. Mahál kitá, loosely "I love you"). The dual was a standard feature of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic language</a>, and lives on in the <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic branch</a> and in most <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a>, while other members of the family like <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> have lost it. Sami languages also feature dual pronouns, expressing the concept of "we two here" as contrasted to "we". <a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a>, two closely-related <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic languages</a>, features a complete set of dual <a href="/wiki/Possessive_suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive suffix">possessive suffixes</a> for two systems, the number of possessors and the number of possessed objects (for example, "two houses of us two" expressed in one word). The dual form is also used in several modern Indo-European languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> (see below for details). The dual was a common feature of all early Slavic languages around the year 1000. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabic">Arabic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arabic">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>, the use of dual is compulsory when describing two units. For this purpose, ان -ān is added to the end of any noun or adjective regardless of gender or of how the plural is formed. In the case of feminine nouns ending with ة ta marbuta, this letter becomes a ت ta. When the dual noun or adjective is rendered in the genitive or accusative cases, the ان -ān becomes ين -ain. Besides the noun and adjective dual, there are also dual verb forms of compulsory use for second and third person, together with their pronouns, but none for the first person. The use of dual in <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">spoken Arabic</a> varies widely and is mostly rendered as ين -ain even when in nominative context. Whereas its use is quite common in <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>, for instance كيلوين kilowain meaning "two kilograms", dual forms are generally not used in <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a>, where two units are commonly expressed with the word زوج zuʒ, as in زوج كيلو zuʒ kilu meaning "a pair of kilograms", with the noun appearing in singular. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew">Hebrew</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hebrew">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_and_Mishnaic_Hebrew">Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval Hebrew</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, all nouns can have singular, plural or dual forms, and there is still a debate whether there are vestiges of dual verbal forms and pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> However, in practice, most nouns use only singular and plural forms. Usually <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">־ים‎ -īm is added to <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender#Objects_and_abstractions" title="Grammatical gender">masculine</a> words to make them plural for example <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ספר / ספרים‎ sēfer / səfārīm "book / books", whilst with <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender#Objects_and_abstractions" title="Grammatical gender">feminine</a> nouns the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">־ה‎ -ā is replaced with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">־ות‎ -ōṯ. For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פרה / פרות‎ pārā / pārōṯ "cow / cows". The masculine dual form is shown in pointed text with a pathach; in a purely consonantal text, masculine dual is not indicated at all by the consonants. The dual for (two) days is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"> יוֹמַ֫יִם‎ with pathach under the mem. An example of the dual form is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יום / יומיים / ימים‎ yōm / yomạyim / yāmīm "day / two days / [two or more] days". Some words occur so often in pairs that the form with the dual suffix -ạyim is used in practice for the general plural, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">עין / עינים‎ ʿạyin / ʿēnạyim "eye / eyes", used even in a sentence like "The spider has eight eyes." Thus words like ʿēnạyim only appear to be dual, but are in fact what is called "pseudo-dual", which is a way of making a plural. Sometimes, words can change meaning depending on whether the dual or plural form is used, for example; ʿayin can mean eye or water spring in the singular, but in the plural eyes will take the dual form of ʿenayim whilst springs are ʿeynot. Adjectives, verbs, and pronouns have only singular and plural, with the plural forms of these being used with dual nouns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern Hebrew">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> as used in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, there is also a dual number, but its use is very restricted. The dual form is usually used in expressions of time and number. These nouns have plurals as well, which are used for numbers higher than two, for example: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Double</th> <th>Triple </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פעם‎   páʿam ("time", frequency) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">פעמיים‎   paʿamáyim ("twice") </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שלוש פעמים‎   shalosh pəʿamim ("thrice") </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יום‎   yom ("day") </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">יומיים‎   yomáyim ("two days") </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שלושה ימים‎   shəlosha yamim ("three days") </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שנה‎   shaná ("year") </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שנתיים‎   shnatáyim ("two years") </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שלוש שנים‎   shalosh shanim ("three years") </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שבוע‎   shavúaʿ ("week") </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שבועיים‎   shəvuʿáyim ("two weeks") </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שלושה שבועות‎   shəlosha shavuʿot ("three weeks") </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מאה‎   meʾa ("one hundred") </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מאתיים‎   matáyim ("two hundred") </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שלוש מאות‎   shalosh meʾot ("three hundred") </td></tr></tbody></table> The pseudo-dual is used to form the plural of some body parts, garments, etc., for instance: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">רגל‎   régel ("leg") → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">רגליים‎   ragláyim ("legs")</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אוזן‎   ózen ("ear") → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אוזניים‎   oznáyim ("ears")</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שן‎   shen ("tooth") → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שניים‎   shináyim ("teeth")</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מעי‎   məʿi ("intestine") → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מעיים‎   məʿáyim ("intestines")</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נעל‎   náʿal ("shoe") → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נעליים‎   naʿaláyim ("shoes")</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גרב‎   gérev ("sock") → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">גרביים‎   garbáyim ("socks")</dd></dl> In this case, even if there are more than two, the dual is still used, for instance יש לכלב ארבע רגליים yesh lə-ḵélev arbaʿ ragláyim ("a dog has four legs"). Another case of the pseudo-dual is duale tantum (a kind of <a href="/wiki/Plurale_tantum" title="Plurale tantum">plurale tantum</a>) nouns: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">נקודתיים‎   nəkudatáyim ("<a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a>", lit. "two dots")</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אופניים‎   ofanáyim ("bicycle", lit. "two wheels")</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">משקפיים‎   mishkafáyim ("eyeglasses", lit. "two lenses")</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">שמיים‎   shamáyim ("sky")</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">מספריים‎   misparáyim ("scissors")</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Khoe_languages">Khoe languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Khoe languages">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Nama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nama language">Nama</a>, nouns have three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Plural </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td>piris </td> <td>pirira </td> <td>piridi </td> <td>goat </td></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <td>arib </td> <td>arikha </td> <td>arigu </td> <td>dog </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neuter </th> <td>khoe-i </td> <td>khoera </td> <td>khoen </td> <td>people </td></tr></tbody></table> The non-Khoe Khoesan languages (<a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kx%27a_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kx'a languages">Kx'a</a>), do not have dual number marking of nouns.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Indo-European_languages">In Indo-European languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Indo-European languages">edit</a>]</div> The category of dual can be reconstructed for <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>, the ancestor of all <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, and it has been retained as a fully functioning category in the earliest attested daughter languages. The best evidence for the dual among ancient Indo-European languages can be found in Old Indo-Iranian (<a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, where its use was obligatory for all inflected categories including verbs, nouns, adjectives, pronouns and some numerals. Various traces of dual can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>, and Latin (more below). Due to the scarcity of evidence, the reconstruction of dual endings for Proto-Indo-European is difficult, but at least formally according to the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparative method</a> it can be ascertained that no more than three dual endings are reconstructible for nominal inflection.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams2006">Mallory & Adams (2006)</a> reconstruct the dual endings as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>: *-h₁(e)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a>: *-h₁(e) / *-oHs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a>: *-me / *-OH</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a>: *-h₁ow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a>: *-bʰih₁</li></ul> The Proto-Indo-European category of dual did not only denote two of something: it could also be used as an associative marker, the so-called elliptical dual.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitra (Vedic)">Mitrá</a>, when appearing in dual form Mitrā́, refers to both Mitra and his companion <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuṇa</a>. Homeric dual Αἴαντε refers to <a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax the Greater</a> and his fighting companion <a href="/wiki/Teucer" title="Teucer">Teucer</a>, and Latin plural Castorēs is used to denote both the semi-god <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor</a> and his twin brother <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Pollux</a>. Beside nominal (nouns, adjectives and pronouns), the dual was also present in verbal inflection where the syncretism was much lower. Of living Indo-European languages, the dual can be found in dialects of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> but fully functioning as a paradigmatic category only in <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a>. Remnants of the dual can be found in many of the remaining daughter languages, where certain forms of the noun are used with the number two (see below for examples). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sanskrit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit grammar</a></div> The dual is widely used in Sanskrit, as noted above. Its use is mandatory when the number of objects is two, and the plural is not permitted in this case, with one exception (see below). It is always indicated by the declensional suffix (and some morphophonemic modifications to the root resulting from addition of the suffix). For nouns, the dual forms are the same in the following sets of cases, with examples for the masculine noun bāla (boy): <ul><li>nominative/accusative: bālau</li> <li>instrumental/dative/ablative: bālābhyām</li> <li>genitive/locative: bālayoḥ</li></ul> In Sanskrit, adjectives are treated the same as nouns as far as case declensions are concerned. As for pronouns, the same rules apply, except for a few special forms used in some cases. Verbs have distinct dual forms in the three persons in both the ātmanepada and parasmaipada forms of verbs. For instance, the root pac meaning "to cook", takes the following forms in the dual number of the present tense, called laṭ lakāra: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Person</th> <th>Parasmaipada</th> <th>Ātmanepada </th></tr> <tr> <td>3rd (prathama)</td> <td>pacataḥ</td> <td>pacete </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd (madhyama)</td> <td>pacathaḥ</td> <td>pacethe </td></tr> <tr> <td>1st (uttama)</td> <td>pacāvaḥ</td> <td>pacāvahe </td></tr></tbody></table> (In Sanskrit, the order of the persons is reversed.) The one exception to the rigidness about dual number is in the case of the pronoun asmad (I/we): Sanskrit grammar permits one to use the plural number for asmad even if the actual number of objects denoted is one or two (this is similar to the "royal we"). For example, while ahaṃ bravīmi, āvāṃ brūvaḥ and vayaṃ brūmaḥ are respectively the singular, dual and plural forms of "I say" and "we say", vayaṃ brūmaḥ can be used in the singular and dual sense as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Greek">edit</a>]</div> The dual can be found in Ancient Greek Homeric texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, although its use is only sporadic, owing as much to artistic prerogatives as dictional and metrical requirements within the <a href="/wiki/Hexameter" title="Hexameter">hexametric meter</a>. There were only two distinct forms of the dual in Ancient Greek. In classical Greek, the dual was lost, except in the <a href="/wiki/Attic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Attic dialect">Attic dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, where it persisted until the fifth century BC. Even in this case, its use depended on the author and certain stock expressions. In <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, the only remnant of the dual is the numeral for "two", δύο, dýo, which has lost its genitive and dative cases (both δυοῖν, dyoīn) and retains its nominative/accusative form. Thus it appears to be undeclined in all cases. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Aristophanes of Byzantium">Aristophanes of Byzantium</a>, the foremost authority of his time (early 2nd century BC) on grammar and style, and a staunch defender of "proper" High Attic tradition, admonishes those who write δυσί (dysí) (dative, plural number) rather than the "correct" δυοῖν (dyoīn) (dative, dual number).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Latin">edit</a>]</div> The dual was lost in Latin and its sister <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a>. However, certain <a href="/wiki/Fossil_word" title="Fossil word">fossilized forms</a> remained, for example, viginti (twenty), but triginta (thirty), the words ambo / ambae (both, compare Slavic oba), duo / duae with a dual declension. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_languages">Celtic languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Celtic languages">edit</a>]</div> Reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> nominal and adjectival declensions contain distinct dual forms; pronouns and verbs do not. In <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a>, nouns and the definite article still have dual forms, but only when accompanied by the numeral *da "two". Traces of the dual remain in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a>, in nouns denoting pairs of body parts that incorporate the numeral two: e.g. deulin (from glin "knee"), dwyglust (from clust "ear").<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In the modern languages, there are still significant remnants of dual number in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> in nominal phrases containing the numeral dhá or dà (including the higher numerals 12, 22, etc.). As the following table shows, dhá and dà combines with a singular noun, which is <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenited</a>. Masculine nouns take no special inflection, but feminine nouns have a <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">slenderized</a> dual form, which is in fact identical to the dative singular.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>lámh ("a hand" in Irish) </td> <td>dhá láimh ("two hands") </td> <td>trí lámh ("three hands") </td></tr> <tr> <td>clach ("a stone" in Scottish Gaelic) </td> <td>dà chloich ("two stones") </td> <td>trì clachan ("three stones") </td></tr></tbody></table> Languages of the <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic</a> branch do not have dual number. As mentioned above for Middle Welsh, some nouns can be said to have dual forms, prefixed with a form of the numeral "two" (Breton daou- / div-, Welsh dau- / deu- / dwy-, Cornish dew- / diw-). This process is not fully productive, however, and the prefixed forms are semantically restricted. For example, Breton daouarn (< dorn "hand") can only refer to one person's pair of hands, not any two hands from two different people. Welsh deufis must refer to a period of two consecutive months, whereas dau fis can be any two months (compare "fortnight" in English as opposed to "two weeks" or "14 days"; the first must, but the second and third need not, be a single consecutive period).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The modern Welsh term dwylo (= hands) is formed by adding the feminine (and conjoining) form of 'two' (dwy) with the word for 'hand' — llaw becoming lo as it is no longer in a stressed syllable. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old,_Middle,_and_Modern_English">Old, Middle, and Modern English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Old, Middle, and Modern English">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a>, the dual had been entirely lost in nouns, and since verbs agreed with nouns in number, the third person dual form of verbs was also lost. The dual therefore remained only in the first and second person pronouns and their accompanying verb forms. <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> further lost all remaining dual verbs, keeping only first and second person dual pronouns. The Old English first person dual pronoun was wit in the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> and unc in the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, and the second person equivalents were git and inc respectively. The West Saxon dialect also had the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> forms of uncer for first person and incer for second person. The dual lasted beyond Old English into the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English#Early_Middle_English" title="Middle English">Early Middle English</a> period in the Southern and Midland dialects. Middle English saw git evolve into ȝit, and inc can be seen in various different forms including ȝinc, ȝunc, unk, hunk, and hunke. The dual mostly died out in the early 1200s, surviving to around 1300 only in the East Midland dialect.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In a small number of modern English dialects, dual pronouns have independently returned. These include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal English</a> (Central) - menyou (first person inclusive), mentwofella (first person exclusive), yountwofella (second person), twofella (third person)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Australian Aboriginal English (Northwest Queensland) - midubela or minabela (first person), yudubela or yunabela (second person), dattufela or distufela (third person)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait English</a> - mitu (first person), yutu (second person), themtu (third person)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston_Island" title="Palmerston Island">Palmerston Island English</a> - yumi (first person inclusive), himshe (third person)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Germanic_languages">Other Germanic languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other Germanic languages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> retained the dual more or less unchanged from Proto-Germanic. It had markings for the first and second person for both the verbs and pronouns, for example wit "we two" as compared to weis "we, more than two". <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> and other old Germanic languages, like Old English, had dual marking only in the personal pronouns and not in the verbs. The dual has disappeared as a productive form in all the living languages, with loss of the dual occurring in <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> dialects only quite recently.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Austro-Bavarian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Bavarian language">Austro-Bavarian</a>, the old dual pronouns have replaced the standard plural pronouns: nominative es, accusative enk (from Proto-Germanic *jut and *inkw, *inkwiz). A similar development in the pronoun system can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>. Another remnant of the dual can be found in the use of the pronoun begge ("both") in the Scandinavian languages of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, bägge in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and báðir / báðar / bæði in Faroese and Icelandic. In these languages, in order to state "all + number", the constructions are begge to / báðir tveir / báðar tvær / bæði tvö ("all two") but alle tre / allir þrír / allar þrjár / öll þrjú ("all three"). In German, the expression beide ("both") is equivalent to, though more commonly used than, alle zwei ("all two"). <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nynorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Nynorsk">Norwegian Nynorsk</a> also retains the conjunction korgje ("one of two") and its inverse korkje ("neither of two"). A remnant of a lost dual also survives in the Icelandic and Faroese ordinals first and second, which can be translated two ways: First there is fyrri / fyrri / fyrra and seinni / seinni / seinna, which mean the first and second of two respectively, while fyrsti / fyrsta / fyrsta and annar / önnur / annað mean first and second of more than two. In Icelandic the pronouns annar / önnur / annað ("one") and hinn / hin / hitt ("other") are also used to denote each unit of a set of two in contrast to the pronouns einn / ein / eitt ("one") and annar / önnur / annað ("second"). Therefore in Icelandic "with one hand" translates as með annarri hendi not með einni hendi, and as in English "with the other hand" is með hinni hendinni. An additional element in Icelandic worth mentioning are the interrogative pronouns hvor / hvor / hvort ("who / which / what" of two) and hver / hver / hvert ("who / which / what" of more than two).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltic_languages">Baltic languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Baltic languages">edit</a>]</div> Among the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>, the dual form existed but is now nearly obsolete in standard <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>. The dual form Du litu was still used on two-<a href="/wiki/Litas" class="mw-redirect" title="Litas">litas</a> coins issued in 1925, but the plural form (2 litai) is used on later two-litas coins. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>vyras ("a man") </td> <td>vyru ("two men") </td> <td>vyrai ("men") </td></tr> <tr> <td>pirštas ("finger") </td> <td>pirštu ("two fingers") </td> <td>pirštai ("fingers") </td></tr> <tr> <td>draugas ("a friend") </td> <td>draugu ("two friends") </td> <td>draugai ("friends") </td></tr> <tr> <td>mergina ("a girl") </td> <td>mergini ("two girls") </td> <td>merginos ("girls") </td></tr> <tr> <td>einu ("I go") </td> <td>einava ("We two go") </td> <td>einame ("We (more than two) go") </td></tr> <tr> <td>eisiu ("I will go") </td> <td>eisiva ("We two will go") </td> <td>eisime ("We (more than two) will go") </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_languages">Slavic languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Slavic languages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Common_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Slavic">Common Slavic</a> had a complete singular-dual-plural number system, although the nominal dual paradigms showed considerable <a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(linguistics)" title="Syncretism (linguistics)">syncretism</a>, just as they did in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>. Dual was fully operable at the time of <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> manuscript writings, and it has been subsequently lost in most Slavic dialects in the historical period. Of the extant Slavic languages, only <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian dialect">Chakavian</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kajkavian dialect">Kajkavian</a> dialects, and <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> have preserved the dual number as a productive form. In all of the remaining languages, its influence is still found in the declension of nouns of which there are commonly only two: eyes, ears, shoulders, in certain fixed expressions, and the agreement of nouns when used with numbers.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In all the languages, the words "two" and "both" preserve characteristics of the dual declension. The following table shows a selection of forms for the numeral "two": <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>language</th> <th>nom.-acc.-voc.</th> <th>gen. </th> <th width="15%">loc. </th> <th>dat.</th> <th>instr. </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Common Slavic </th> <td>*dъva (masc.) *dъvě (fem./nt.) </td> <td colspan="2">*dъvoju </td> <td colspan="2">*dъvěma </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Belarusian </th> <td>два dva (masc./nt.) дзве dzve (fem.) </td> <td colspan="2">двух dvukh (masc./nt.) дзвюх dzvyukh (fem.) </td> <td>двум dvum (masc./nt.) дзвюм dzvyum (fem.) </td> <td>двума dvuma (masc./nt.) дзвюма dzvyuma (fem.) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Czech </th> <td>dva (masc.) dvě (fem./nt.) </td> <td colspan="2">dvou </td> <td colspan="2">dvěma </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Polish </th> <td>dwa (masc./nt.) dwie (fem.)1 </td> <td colspan="2">dwu dwóch </td> <td>dwu dwóm </td> <td>dwoma dwiema </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Russian </th> <td>два dva (masc./nt.) две dve (fem.) </td> <td colspan="2">двух dvukh </td> <td>двум dvum </td> <td>двумя dvumya (usual form) двемя dvemya (seldom used, dialectal; fem. in some dialects) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Serbo-Croatian </th> <td>два / dva (masc./nt.) две / dvije (fem.) </td> <td>двају / dvaju (masc./nt.) двеју / dviju (fem.) </td> <td colspan="3">двaма / dvama (masc./nt.)2 двема / dvjema (fem.) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Slovak </th> <td>dva (masc. inanim.) dvaja / dvoch (masc. anim.) dve (fem., nt.) </td> <td colspan="2">dvoch </td> <td>dvom </td> <td>dvoma / dvomi </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Slovene </th> <td>dva (masc.) dve (fem./nt.) </td> <td colspan="2">dveh </td> <td colspan="2">dvema </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Sorbian </th> <td>dwaj (masc.) dwě (fem./nt.) </td> <td>dweju </td> <td colspan="3">dwěmaj </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Ukrainian </th> <td>два dva (masc./nt.) дві dvi (fem.) </td> <td colspan="2">двох dvokh </td> <td>двом dvom </td> <td>двома dvoma </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <ol><li>In some Slavic languages, there is a further distinction between animate and inanimate masculine nouns. In Polish, for animate masculine nouns, the possible nominative forms are dwaj, or dwóch.</li> <li>Variant form for the masculine/neuter locative and instrumental in Serbo-Croatian: двојим(а) / [dvоjim(a)] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>).</li></ol> In Common Slavic, the rules were relatively simple for determining the appropriate case and number form of the noun, when it was used with a numeral. The following rules apply: <ol><li>With the numeral "one", both the noun, adjective, and numeral were in the same singular case, with the numeral being declined as an pronoun.</li> <li>With the numeral "two", both the noun, adjective, and numeral were in the same dual case. There were separate forms for the masculine and neuter-feminine nouns.</li> <li>With the numerals "three" and "four", the noun, adjective, and numeral were in the same plural case.</li> <li>With any numeral above "four", the numeral was followed by the noun and adjective in the genitive plural case. The numeral itself was actually a numeral noun that was declined according to its syntactic function.</li></ol> With the loss of the dual in most of the Slavic languages, the above pattern now is only seen in the forms of the numbers for the tens, hundreds, and rarely thousands. This can be seen by examining the following table: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>10</th> <th>20</th> <th>30</th> <th>50 </th> <th>100</th> <th>200</th> <th>300</th> <th>500 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Common Slavic </th> <td>*desętь</td> <td>*dъva desęti</td> <td>*trije desęte</td> <td>*pętь desętъ </td> <td>*sъto</td> <td>*dъvě sъtě</td> <td>*tri sъta</td> <td>*pętь sъtъ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Belarusian </th> <td>дзесяць dzesyats′</td> <td>дваццаць dvatstsats′</td> <td>трыццаць tritstsats′</td> <td>пяцьдзесят pyats′dzesyat </td> <td>сто sto</td> <td>дзвесце dzvestse</td> <td>трыста trista</td> <td>пяцьсот pyats′sot </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bulgarian </th> <td>десет deset</td> <td>двадесет dvadeset</td> <td>тридесет trideset</td> <td>петдесет petdeset </td> <td>сто sto</td> <td>двеста dvesta</td> <td>триста trista</td> <td>петстотин petstotin </td></tr> <tr> <th>Czech </th> <td>deset</td> <td>dvacet</td> <td>třicet</td> <td>padesát </td> <td>sto</td> <td>dvě stě</td> <td>tři sta</td> <td>pět set </td></tr> <tr> <th>Macedonian </th> <td>десет deset</td> <td>дваесет dvaeset</td> <td>триесет trieset</td> <td>педесет pedeset </td> <td>сто sto</td> <td>двесте dveste</td> <td>триста trisa</td> <td>петстотини petstotini </td></tr> <tr> <th>Polish </th> <td>dziesięć</td> <td>dwadzieścia</td> <td>trzydzieści</td> <td>pięćdziesiąt </td> <td>sto</td> <td>dwieście</td> <td>trzysta</td> <td>pięćset </td></tr> <tr> <th>Russian </th> <td>десять desyat′</td> <td>двадцать dvadtsat′</td> <td>тридцать tridtsat′</td> <td>пятьдесят pyatdesyat </td> <td>сто sto</td> <td>двести dvesti</td> <td>триста trista</td> <td>пятьсот pyatsot </td></tr> <tr> <th>Serbo-Croatian </th> <td>десет deset</td> <td>двадесет dvadeset</td> <td>тридесет trideset</td> <td>педесет pedeset </td> <td>сто sto</td> <td>дв(ј)еста dv(j)esta</td> <td>триста trista</td> <td>петсто petsto </td></tr> <tr> <th>Upper Sorbian<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </th> <td>dźesać</td> <td>dwaceći</td> <td>třiceći</td> <td>pjećdźesat </td> <td>sto</td> <td>dwě sćě</td> <td>tři sta</td> <td>pjeć stow </td></tr> <tr> <th>Slovak </th> <td>desať</td> <td>dvadsať</td> <td>tridsať</td> <td>päťdesiat </td> <td>sto</td> <td>dvesto</td> <td>tristo</td> <td>päťsto </td></tr> <tr> <th>Slovene </th> <td>deset</td> <td>dvajset</td> <td>trideset</td> <td>petdeset </td> <td>sto</td> <td>dvesto</td> <td>tristo</td> <td>petsto </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ukrainian </th> <td>десять desyat′</td> <td>двадцять dvadtsyat′</td> <td>тридцять trydtsyat′</td> <td>п'ятдесят p″yatdesyat </td> <td>сто sto</td> <td>двісті dvisti</td> <td>триста trysta</td> <td>п'ятсот p″yatsot </td></tr></tbody></table> The Common Slavic rules governing the declension of nouns after numerals, which were described above, have been preserved in Slovene. In those Slavic languages that have lost the dual, the system has been simplified and changed in various ways, but many languages have kept traces of the dual in it. In general, Czech, Slovak, Polish and Ukrainian have extended the pattern of "three/four" to "two"; Russian, Belarusian and Serbo-Croatian have, on the contrary, extended the pattern of "two" to "three/four"; and Bulgarian and Macedonian have extended the pattern of "two" to all numerals. The resulting systems are as follows: <ol><li>In Czech, Slovak, Polish and Ukrainian, numerals from "two" to "four" are always followed by a noun in the same plural case, but higher numerals (if in the nominative) are followed by a noun in the genitive plural.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>In Belarusian and Serbo-Croatian, numerals from "two" to "four" (if in the nominative) are followed by a noun in a form originating from the Common Slavic nominative dual, which has now completely or almost completely merged with the nominative plural (in the case of Belarusian) or genitive singular (in the case of Serbo-Croatian).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Higher numerals are followed by a noun in the genitive plural.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li>In Russian, the form of noun following the numeral is nominative singular if the numeral ends in "one", genitive singular if the numeral ends in "two" to "four", and genitive plural otherwise. As an exception, the form of noun is also genitive plural if the numeral ends in 11 to 14.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Also, some words (for example, many measure words, such as units) have a special "<a href="/wiki/Russian_declension#Count_form" title="Russian declension">count form</a>" (счётная форма) for use in numerical phrases instead of genitive (for some words mandatory, for others optional), for example, восемь мегабайт, пять килограмм and пять килограммов, три ряда́ and три ря́да, and полтора часа́.</li> <li>In Bulgarian and Macedonian, all numerals are followed by a noun in a form originating from the Common Slavic nominative dual, which has now been re-interpreted as a "count form" or "quantitative plural".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li></ol> These different systems are exemplified in the table below where the word "wolf" is used to form nominative noun phrases with various numerals. The dual and forms originating from it are underlined. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>"wolf"</th> <th>"wolves"</th> <th>"two wolves"</th> <th>"three wolves"</th> <th>"five wolves" </th></tr> <tr> <th>Noun form</th> <th>nom. sing.</th> <th>nom. plur. </th> <td colspan="3" align="center">varies </td></tr> <tr> <th>Common Slavic </th> <td>*vьlkъ </td> <td>vьlci </td> <td>dъva vьlka (nom. dual) </td> <td>tri vьlci (nom. pl.) </td> <td>pętь vьlkъ (gen. pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Slovene </th> <td>volk </td> <td>volkovi </td> <td>dva volka (nom. dual) </td> <td>trije volkovi (nom. pl.) </td> <td>pet volkov (gen. pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Czech </th> <td>vlk </td> <td>vlci </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">dva/tři vlci (nom. pl.) </td> <td>pět vlků (gen. pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Polish </th> <td>wilk </td> <td>wilki wilcy (rare) </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">dwa/trzy wilki (nom. pl.) dwaj/trzej wilcy (nom. pl.) </td> <td>pięć wilków (gen. pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Slovak </th> <td>vlk </td> <td>vlky (concrete) vlci (abstract) </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">dva/tri vlky (nom. pl.) dvaja/traja vlci (nom. pl.) </td> <td>päť vlkov (gen. pl.) piati vlci (nom. pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ukrainian </th> <td>вовк vovk </td> <td>вовки́ vovký </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">два/три во́вки dva/try vóvky (nom. pl.) </td> <td>п'ять вовків p″yat′ vovkiv (gen. pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Belarusian </th> <td>воўк vowk </td> <td>ваўкі vawki </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">два/тры ваўкі dva/try vawki (nom. pl.) </td> <td>пяць ваўкоў pyats′ vawkow (gen. pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Russian </th> <td>волк volk </td> <td>волки volki </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">два/три волкa dva/tri volka (gen. sg.) </td> <td>пять волков pyat volkov (gen. pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Serbo-Croatian </th> <td>вук / vuk </td> <td>вукови / vukovi (concrete) вŷци / vûci (abstract) </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">два/три вука / dva/tri vuka (gen. sg.) </td> <td>пет вукова / pet vukova (gen. pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bulgarian </th> <td>вълк vǎlk </td> <td>вълци vǎltsi </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">два/три/пет вълка dva/tri/pet vălka (count form) </td></tr></tbody></table> The dual has also left traces in the declension of nouns describing body parts that humans customarily had two of, for example: eyes, ears, legs, breasts, and hands. Often the plural declension is used to give a figurative meaning. The table below summarizes the key such points. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <td>Examples </td></tr> <tr> <th>Czech </th> <td>Certain paired body parts (eyes, ears, hands, legs, breasts; but not pair organs e.g. lungs) and their modifying adjectives require in the instrumental and genitive plural cases dual forms: se svýma očima (instrumental dual: "with one's own (two) eyes") or u nohou (genitive dual: "at the (two) feet"). Colloquial Czech will often substitute the dual instrumental for the literary plural instrumental case. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Polish </th> <td>Oko ("eye") and ucho ("ear") have plural stems deriving from old dual forms, and alternative instrumental and genitive plural forms with archaic dual endings: gen. pl. oczu/ócz/oczów, uszu/uszów; instr. pl. oczami/oczyma, uszami/uszyma. The declension of ręka ("hand, arm") also contains old dual forms (nom./acc./voc. pl ręce, instr. pl. rękami/rękoma, loc. sg./pl. rękach/ręku). The historically dual forms are usually used to refer a person's two hands (dziecko na ręku "child-in-arms"), while the regularized plural forms are used elsewhere. Other archaic dual forms, including dual verbs, can be encountered in older literature and in dialects: Jak nie chceta, to nie musita "If you don't want to, you don't have to".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Slovak </th> <td>In Slovak, the genitive plural and instrumental plural for the words "eyes" and "ears" has also retained its dual forms: očiam/očí and ušiam/uší. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ukrainian </th> <td>The words "eyes" and "shoulders" had dual forms in the instrumental plural case: очима ochyma ("eyes") and плечима plechyma ("shoulders"). Furthermore, the nominative plural word вуса vusa, which is the dual of вус vus ("whisker"), refers to the moustache, while the true nominative plural word вуси vusy refers to whiskers. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bulgarian </th> <td>Some words such as ръка răka "hand" use the originally dual form as a plural (ръце rătse). </td></tr> <tr> <th>Russian </th> <td>In Russian the word колено koleno ("knee", "tribe (Israelites)") has different plurals: колена kolena ("Israelites") is pure plural and колени koleni (body part) is a dual form. Some cases are different as well: коленами kolenami vs. коленями kolenyami (instr.pl.). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovene">Slovene</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Slovene">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene grammar</a></div> Along with the <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian dialect">Chakavian</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a> dialects, and the extinct <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> uses the dual. Although popular sources claim that Slovene has "preserved full grammatical use of the dual,"<a href="#cite_note-MLD_2009-27">[27]</a> Standard Slovene (and, to varying degrees, Slovene dialects) show significant reduction of the dual number system when compared with Common Slavic.<a href="#cite_note-Jakop2008-28">[28]</a> In general, dual forms have a tendency to be replaced by plural forms. This tendency is stronger in oblique cases than in the nominative/accusative: in standard Slovene, genitive and locative forms have merged with the plural, and in many dialects, pluralization has extended to dative/instrumental forms. Dual inflection is better preserved in masculine forms than in feminine forms.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Natural pairs are usually expressed with the plural in Slovene, not with the dual: e.g. roke "hands", ušesa ears. The dual forms of such nouns can be used, in conjunction with the quantifiers dva "two" or oba "both", to emphasize the number: e.g. Imam samo dve roki "I only have two hands". The words for "parents" and "twins" show variation in colloquial Slovene between plural (starši, dvojčki) and dual (starša, dvojčka).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Standard Slovene has replaced the nominative dual pronouns of Common Slavic (vě "the two of us", va "the two of you", ja/ji/ji "the two of them" [m./f./n.]) with new synthetic dual forms: midva/midve (literally, "we-two"), vidva/vidve, onadva/onidve/onidve.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Nominative case of noun volk "wolf", with and without numerals: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>without numerals </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>nom. sg. (wolf)</th> <th>nom. dual (2 wolves)</th> <th>nom. pl. (wolves) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Slovene </th> <td>volk</td> <td>volkova</td> <td>volkovi </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>with numerals </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>wolf</th> <th>2 wolves</th> <th>3 (or 4) wolves</th> <th>5(+) wolves (gen. pl.) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Slovene </th> <td>en volk</td> <td>dva volkova</td> <td>trije volkovi</td> <td>pet volkov </td></tr></tbody></table> The dual is recognised by many Slovene speakers as one of the most distinctive features of the language and a mark of recognition, and is often mentioned in tourist brochures. For verbs, the endings in the present tense are given as -va, -ta, -ta. The table below shows a comparison of the conjugation of the verb delati, which means "to do, to make, to work" and belongs to Class IV in the singular, dual, and plural. <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>First person </th> <td>delam</td> <td>delava</td> <td>delamo </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second person </th> <td>delaš</td> <td>delata</td> <td>delate </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person </th> <td>dela</td> <td>delata</td> <td>delajo </td></tr></tbody></table> In the imperative, the endings are given as -iva for the first-person dual and -ita for the second-person dual. The table below shows the imperative forms for the verb hoditi ("to walk") in the first and second persons of the imperative (the imperative does not exist for first-person singular). <table class="wikitable" align="center" title="Imperative"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>First person </th> <td>—</td> <td>hodiva</td> <td>hodimo </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second person </th> <td>hodi</td> <td>hodita</td> <td>hodite </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sorbian_language">Sorbian language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sorbian language">edit</a>]</div> As in Slovenian, the Sorbian language (both dialects Upper and Lower Sorbian) has preserved the dual. For nouns, the following endings are used: <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Masculine</th> <th>Feminine or neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative, accusative, vocative </th> <td>-aj/-ej</td> <td>-e2/-y/-i </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive1 </th> <td>-ow</td> <td>-ow </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative, instrumental, locative </th> <td>-omaj</td> <td>-omaj </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>The genitive form is based on the plural form of the noun.</li> <li>The -e ending causes various softening changes to occur to the preceding constant, for further information see the article on <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbian language">Sorbian</a>.</li></ol> For example, the declension of sin (masculine) and crow (feminine) in the dual in Upper Sorbian would be given as <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>hrěch ("sin")</th> <th>wróna ("crow") </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative, accusative, vocative </th> <td>hrěchaj</td> <td>wrónje </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>hrěchow</td> <td>wrónow </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative, instrumental, locative </th> <td>hrěchomaj</td> <td>wrónomaj </td></tr></tbody></table> For verbs, the endings in the present tense are given as -moj, -tej/-taj, -tej/-taj. The table below shows a comparison of the conjugation of the verb pisać, which means "to write" and belongs to Class I in the singular, dual, and plural. <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Dual</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>First person </th> <td>pisam</td> <td>pisamoj</td> <td>pisamy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second person </th> <td>pisaš</td> <td>pisatej</td> <td>pisaće </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person </th> <td>pisa</td> <td>pisatej</td> <td>pisaja </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_with_dual_number">Languages with dual number</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Languages with dual number">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> (Assyrian and Babylonian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf Arabic</a> (in nouns)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean language">Sabaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic" title="Ugaritic">Ugaritic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hdi_language" title="Hdi language">Hdi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> (only the personal pronouns)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> (only the personal pronouns)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> (only the personal pronouns)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> (only the personal pronouns)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> (only the personal pronouns)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> (reflected in the verb)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> (only first and second person pronouns and verb forms) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> (only pronouns in some dialects)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> (only the personal pronouns)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> (only the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English pronouns">personal pronouns</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> (only the personal pronouns) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> (only the personal pronouns)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> (only the personal pronouns)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> (only nouns, only following the numeral for two)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> (only nouns, only following the numeral for two)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (largely, but not limited to, nouns for paired body parts; concurrent with the <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental case</a>)<a href="#cite_note-bhardwaj-32">[32]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakavian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakavian dialect">Chakavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woiwurrung%E2%80%93Taungurung_language" title="Woiwurrung–Taungurung language">Woiwurrung–Taungurung language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidiny_language" title="Yidiny language">Yidiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other natural languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alutor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alutor language">Alutor</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a> (only in the first person)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a> (nouns)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komo_language" title="Komo language">Komo language</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryak_language" title="Koryak language">Koryak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunama_language" title="Kunama language">Kunama language</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a> (only the personal pronouns, always means "you and I")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuzungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Pidgin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Melanesian Pidgin (disambiguation)">Melanesian Pidgin</a> (several related languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhanda_language" title="Nhanda language">Nhanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a> (nouns)</li> <li>Most <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavante_language" title="Xavante language">Xavante language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghan language">Yaghan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Constructed languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a> (elvish language created by <a href="/wiki/J.R.R_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R Tolkien">J.R.R Tolkien</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a> (human language created by <a href="/wiki/J.R.R_Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R Tolkien">J.R.R Tolkien</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Grammatical number</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVossen2013" class="citation book cs1">Vossen, Rainer (2013). The Khoesan Languages (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-08446-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-08446-5"><bdi>978-0-203-08446-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khoesan+Languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-203-08446-5&rft.aulast=Vossen&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender1996" class="citation book cs1">Bender, Lionel M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36249600">Kunama</a>. München: LINCOM EUROPA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-072-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-072-7"><bdi>3-89586-072-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36249600">36249600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kunama&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=LINCOM+EUROPA&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36249600&rft.isbn=3-89586-072-7&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Lionel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F36249600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Rendsburg1982" class="citation journal cs1">Gary Rendsburg (July 1982). "Dual Personal Pronouns and Dual Verbs in Hebrew". The Jewish Quarterly Review. New Series. 73 (1): 38–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1454459">10.2307/1454459</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454459">1454459</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165915077">165915077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Dual+Personal+Pronouns+and+Dual+Verbs+in+Hebrew&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-58&rft.date=1982-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165915077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1454459%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1454459&rft.au=Gary+Rendsburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaacke2013" class="citation book cs1">Haacke, Wilfrid H.G. (2013). "3.2.1 Namibian Khoekhoe (Nama/Damara)". In Vossen, Rainer (ed.). The Khoesan Languages. Routledge. pp. 141–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1289-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1289-2"><bdi>978-0-7007-1289-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.2.1+Namibian+Khoekhoe+%28Nama%2FDamara%29&rft.btitle=The+Khoesan+Languages&rft.pages=141-151&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1289-2&rft.aulast=Haacke&rft.aufirst=Wilfrid+H.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüldemannAnna-Maria_Fehn2014" class="citation book cs1">Güldemann, Tom; Anna-Maria Fehn (2014). Beyond 'Khoisan': Historical Relations in the Kalahari Basin (1st ed.). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6992-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6992-8"><bdi>978-90-272-6992-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+%27Khoisan%27%3A+Historical+Relations+in+the+Kalahari+Basin&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pages=17&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-272-6992-8&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCldemann&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Anna-Maria+Fehn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRinge2006">Ringe (2006</a>, pp. 42) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClackson2007">Clackson (2007</a>, p. 101) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOftedal1956" class="citation book cs1">Oftedal, Magne (1956). A Linguistic Survey of the Gaelic Dialects of Scotland: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis. Oslo: Aschehoug Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+Survey+of+the+Gaelic+Dialects+of+Scotland%3A+The+Gaelic+of+Leurbost%2C+Isle+of+Lewis&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Aschehoug+Verlag&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Oftedal&rft.aufirst=Magne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisHolger_Pedersen1989" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Henry; Holger Pedersen (1989). A Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar (3rd ed.). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. §§246, 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-26102-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-26102-0"><bdi>3-525-26102-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Comparative+Celtic+Grammar&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=%C2%A7%C2%A7246%2C+468&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3-525-26102-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Holger+Pedersen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurneysen1993" class="citation book cs1">Thurneysen, Rudolf (1993) [1946]. A Grammar of Old Irish. Trans. by <a href="/wiki/D._A._Binchy" title="D. A. Binchy">D. A. Binchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osborn_Bergin" title="Osborn Bergin">Osborn Bergin</a>. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85500-161-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85500-161-6"><bdi>1-85500-161-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Old+Irish&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85500-161-6&rft.aulast=Thurneysen&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1989" class="citation book cs1">Evans, D. Simon (1989) [1964]. A Grammar of Middle Welsh. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. §§30, 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85500-000-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85500-000-8"><bdi>1-85500-000-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Middle+Welsh&rft.pages=%C2%A7%C2%A730%2C+33&rft.pub=Dublin+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=1-85500-000-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=D.+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_MaolalaighIain_MacAonghuis1997" class="citation book cs1">Ó Maolalaigh, Roibeard; Iain MacAonghuis (1997). Scottish Gaelic in Three Months. Hugo's Language Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85285-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85285-234-7"><bdi>978-0-85285-234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Gaelic+in+Three+Months&rft.pub=Hugo%27s+Language+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-85285-234-7&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Maolalaigh&rft.aufirst=Roibeard&rft.au=Iain+MacAonghuis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinecke2002" class="citation journal cs1">Heinecke, Johannes (2002). "Is there a Category of Dual in Breton or Welsh?". Journal of Celtic Linguistics. 7: 85–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Celtic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+Category+of+Dual+in+Breton+or+Welsh%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=85-101&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Heinecke&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1996" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Stephen (1996). The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages: A Study of Personal Pronoun Morphology and Change in the Germanic Languages from the First Records to the Present Day. Studia Linguistica Germanica 43. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 131–133, 138–139, 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-014636-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-014636-3"><bdi>3-11-014636-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Personal+Pronouns+in+the+Germanic+Languages%3A+A+Study+of+Personal+Pronoun+Morphology+and+Change+in+the+Germanic+Languages+from+the+First+Records+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Studia+Linguistica+Germanica+43&rft.pages=131-133%2C+138-139%2C+141&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-11-014636-3&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2000" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, Harold (2000). "Central Australian Aboriginal English: In Comparison with the Morphosyntactic Categories of Kaytetye". Asian Englishes. 3 (2): 32–58[38]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13488678.2000.10801054">10.1080/13488678.2000.10801054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Englishes&rft.atitle=Central+Australian+Aboriginal+English%3A+In+Comparison+with+the+Morphosyntactic+Categories+of+Kaytetye&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=32-5838&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13488678.2000.10801054&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2018" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Ian G. (2018). Australian Aboriginal English: Change and Continuity in an Adopted Language. Dialects of English, vol. 16. Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 78–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0336-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0336-8"><bdi>978-1-5015-0336-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Aboriginal+English%3A+Change+and+Continuity+in+an+Adopted+Language&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Dialects+of+English%2C+vol.+16&rft.pages=78-80&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5015-0336-8&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Ian+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Dutton_(linguist)" title="Tom Dutton (linguist)">Dutton, T. E.</a> (1970). "Informal English in the Torres Straits". In Ramson, W. S. (ed.). English Transported: Essays on Australasian English. Canberra: Australian National University Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7081-0626-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7081-0626-9"><bdi>0-7081-0626-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Informal+English+in+the+Torres+Straits&rft.btitle=English+Transported%3A+Essays+on+Australasian+English&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-7081-0626-9&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendery2015" class="citation book cs1">Hendery, Rachel (2015). "Palmerston Island English". In Williams, Jeffrey P.; <a href="/wiki/Edgar_W._Schneider" title="Edgar W. Schneider">Schneider, Edgar W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill, Peter</a>; Schreier, Daniel (eds.). Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English. Studies in English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02120-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02120-4"><bdi>978-1-107-02120-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palmerston+Island+English&rft.btitle=Further+Studies+in+the+Lesser-Known+Varieties+of+English&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Studies+in+English+Language&rft.pages=273-274&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02120-4&rft.aulast=Hendery&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Howe, Stephen. The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages. A study of personal pronoun morphology and change in the Germanic languages from the first records to the present day. [Studia Linguistica Germanica, 43]. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1996. (xxii + 390 pp.) pp. 193–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=63717#">"Hvernig ber að nota orðin hvor og hver í setningu og hvað stjórnar kyni þeirra, tölu og falli?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hvernig+ber+a%C3%B0+nota+or%C3%B0in+hvor+og+hver+%C3%AD+setningu+og+hva%C3%B0+stj%C3%B3rnar+kyni+%C3%BEeirra%2C+t%C3%B6lu+og+falli%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visindavefur.is%2Fsvar.php%3Fid%3D63717%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Mayer, Gerald L. (1973) "Common Tendencies in the Syntactic Development of 'Two', 'Three,' and 'Four' in Slavic." The Slavic and East European Journal 17.3:308–314. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> These forms are taken from De Bray, R. G. A. Guide to the Slavonic Languages. London, 1951. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> However, Ukrainian is special in that the form used with "two", "three" and "four" has the stress pattern of the genitive singular and thus of the old dual. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Browne, Wayles and Theresa Alt (2004) A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_bcs.pdf">[1]</a> P.21 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordić2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87" title="Snježana Kordić">Kordić, Snježana</a> (2006) [1st pub. 1997]. Serbo-Croatian. Languages of the World/Materials; 148. Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-161-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-161-8"><bdi>3-89586-161-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37959860">37959860</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2863538W">2863538W</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=426503">CROSBI 426503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbo-Croatian&rft.place=Munich+%26+Newcastle&rft.series=Languages+of+the+World%2FMaterials%3B+148&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37959860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL2863538W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=3-89586-161-8&rft.aulast=Kordi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Snje%C5%BEana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509070531/http://www.snjezana-kordic.de/Contents_Serbo-Croatian_Grammar.pdf">Contents</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistlist.org/issues/?topic=Books">Summary</a>. [Grammar book]. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Paul V. Cubberley (2002) Russian: a linguistic introduction. p.141 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Friedman, Victor (2001) Macedonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/compgrammar_macedonian.pdf">[2]</a> P.19 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan2002" class="citation book cs1">Swan, Oscar E. (2002). A Grammar of Contemporary Polish. Bloomington, IN: Slavica. pp. 57, 199, 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89357-296-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89357-296-9"><bdi>0-89357-296-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Contemporary+Polish&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=57%2C+199%2C+216&rft.pub=Slavica&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-89357-296-9&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Oscar+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLD_2009-27"><a href="#cite_ref-MLD_2009_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=2177">"International Mother Language Day"</a>. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 19 February 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International+Mother+Language+Day&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.si%2Feng%2Fnovica_prikazi.aspx%3Fid%3D2177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jakop2008-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Jakop2008_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakop2008" class="citation book cs1">Jakop, Tjaša (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQZ1Y9O7OLAC">The Dual in Slovene Dialects</a>. Bochum: Brockmeyer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8196-0705-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8196-0705-9"><bdi>978-3-8196-0705-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dual+in+Slovene+Dialects&rft.place=Bochum&rft.pub=Brockmeyer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-8196-0705-9&rft.aulast=Jakop&rft.aufirst=Tja%C5%A1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQZ1Y9O7OLAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Jakop (2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQZ1Y9O7OLAC&pg=PA104">pp. 104–105</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Jakop (2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQZ1Y9O7OLAC&pg=PA6">pp. 6ff</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Derganc, Aleksandra. 2006. Some Characteristics of the Dual in Slovenian. Slavistična revija 54 (special issue): 416–434; especially pp. 428–429. </li> <li id="cite_note-bhardwaj-32"><a href="#cite_ref-bhardwaj_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangat_Rai_Bhardwaj2016" class="citation book cs1">Mangat Rai Bhardwaj (2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-79385-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-79385-9"><bdi>978-1-138-79385-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015042069">2015042069</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948602857">948602857</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL35828315M">35828315M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112671425" class="extiw" title="d:Q112671425">Q112671425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panjabi%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948602857&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015042069&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL35828315M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-138-79385-9&rft.au=Mangat+Rai+Bhardwaj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "Khamti." Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. <www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/phaseI/languages/khamti.htm> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Otero, Manuel A. "Dual Number in Ethiopian Komo." Nilo-Saharan: Models and Descriptions. By Angelika Mietzner and Anne Storch. Cologne: Rudiger Koppe Verlag, 2015. 123-34. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Idris, Nikodimos.1987. The Kunama and their language. Addis Ababa University BA thesis. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfauSteinbachWoll2012" class="citation book cs1">Pfau, Roland; Steinbach, Markus; Woll, Bencie (2012). Sign language: an international handbook. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 231–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020421-6"><bdi>978-3-11-020421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sign+language%3A+an+international+handbook&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Handb%C3%BCcher+zur+Sprach-+und+Kommunikationswissenschaft&rft.pages=231-232&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020421-6&rft.aulast=Pfau&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Steinbach%2C+Markus&rft.au=Woll%2C+Bencie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClackson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Clackson" title="James Clackson">Clackson, James</a> (2007). Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Clackson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fritz, Matthias. Der Dual im Indogermanischen. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 2011.</li> <li>Fontinoy, Charles. Le duel dans les langues sémitiques. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1969.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a> (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/4719110">Über den Dualis</a>. Berlin</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, James Patrick</a>; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=James+Patrick&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinge2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ringe" title="Donald Ringe">Ringe, Donald</a> (2006). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Proto-Indo-European+to+Proto-Germanic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ringe&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADual+%28grammatical+number%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&oldid=1257870603">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&oldid=1257870603</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grammatical_number" title="Category:Grammatical number">Grammatical number</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2_(number)" title="Category:2 (number)">2 (number)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Slovene-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Slovene-language text">Articles containing Slovene-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ilocano-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ilocano-language text">Articles containing Ilocano-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tausug-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tausug-language text">Articles containing Tausug-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kapampangan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kapampangan-language text">Articles containing Kapampangan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tagalog-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tagalog-language text">Articles containing Tagalog-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Proto-Celtic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Proto-Celtic-language text">Articles containing Proto-Celtic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle Welsh-language text">Articles containing Middle Welsh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scottish_Gaelic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text">Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Breton-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Breton-language text">Articles containing Breton-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text">Articles containing Welsh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Cornish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Cornish-language text">Articles containing Cornish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_English_(1100-1500)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text">Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Gothic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Gothic-language text">Articles containing Gothic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bavarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bavarian-language text">Articles containing Bavarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Proto-Germanic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text">Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Danish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Danish-language text">Articles containing Danish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Icelandic-language text">Articles containing Icelandic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Nynorsk-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Nynorsk-language text">Articles containing Nynorsk-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Slavic_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Slavic languages">Articles with text in Slavic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Belarusian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Belarusian-language text">Articles containing Belarusian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Czech-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Czech-language text">Articles containing Czech-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Serbian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Serbian-language text">Articles containing Serbian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Slovak-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Slovak-language text">Articles containing Slovak-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Sorbian_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Sorbian languages">Articles with text in Sorbian languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">Lang and lang-xx template errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bulgarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bulgarian-language text">Articles containing Bulgarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Macedonian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Macedonian-language text">Articles containing Macedonian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Upper_Sorbian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Upper Sorbian-language text">Articles containing Upper Sorbian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Croatian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Croatian-language text">Articles containing Croatian-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 01:17 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dual_(grammatical_number)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-7429w","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.431","walltime":"1.848","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9788,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":219701,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1796,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":129854,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":3,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1629.371 1 -total"," 37.78% 615.600 1 Template:Reflist"," 35.16% 572.811 538 Template:Lang"," 24.59% 400.701 1 Template:Cite_Q"," 11.10% 180.853 20 Template:Cite_book"," 5.65% 92.117 1 Template:Grammatical_categories"," 5.55% 90.359 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.69% 76.377 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.16% 51.510 2 Template:Pagetype"," 3.02% 49.132 3 Template:Harvtxt"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.963","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19045157,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBender1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClackson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutton1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGary_Rendsburg1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGüldemannAnna-Maria_Fehn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaacke2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinecke2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendery2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakop2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKordić2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisHolger_Pedersen1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOftedal1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfauSteinbachWoll2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinge2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurneysen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVossen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓ_MaolalaighIain_MacAonghuis1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"CROSBI\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Dual (Grammatical Number)\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Grammatical categories\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 3,\n [\"IAST\"] = 1,\n [\"Italics correction\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 538,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 41,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Smallsup\"] = 4,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 55,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 Mangat Rai Bhardwaj\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-mjpbn","timestamp":"20241128020700","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dual (grammatical number)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dual_(grammatical_number)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q110022","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q110022","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-12-15T10:16:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T01:17:39Z","headline":"grammatical number found in some languages representing two of an entity"}</script> </body> </html>