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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martha Kneale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>Martha Kneale</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Martha Kneale</b> (née <i>Hurst</i>; 14 August 1909 – 2 December 2001) was a British <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_career">Education and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Kneale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Martha Hurst was born in Skipton, Yorkshire. She obtained her B.A. degree from <a href="/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College, Oxford</a> in 1933. Martha was a tutor and Fellow in philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Hall,_Oxford" title="Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford">Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford</a> from 1936 to 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martha married <a href="/wiki/William_Kneale" title="William Kneale">William Kneale</a> in 1938; they had two children, George (born 1942) and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Heal" title="Jane Heal">Jane</a> (married name Heal; born 1946). She was one of the first women fellows at Oxford University to maintain a fellowship after marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kneale is best known for a 1962 book that she co-wrote with her husband, <a href="/wiki/William_Kneale" title="William Kneale">William</a>, <i>The Development of Logic</i>. She wrote the chapters on ancient Greek logic. The "History" is commonly referred to in the academic world simply as "Kneale and Kneale". It was the only major history of logic available in English in the mid-twentieth century, and the first major history of logic in English since <i>The Development of Symbolic Logic</i> published in 1906 by A. T. Shearman. The treatise has been a standard work in the history of logic for decades. Kneale published five papers between 1934 and 1950. The one on metaphysical and logical necessity, from 1938, considers the metaphysics of time and offers an explanation of ‘the necessity of the past’.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She also worked on early modern philosophy, particularly Leibniz and Spinoza and the metaphysical implications of their thought. She was also interested in <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a>, writing a number of papers on this topic.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was president of the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_Society" title="Aristotelian Society">Aristotelian Society</a> from 1971 to 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Kneale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hurst, Martha (1934). Can the Law of Contradiction be Stated without Reference to Time? <i>Journal of Philosophy</i> 31(19): 518–525. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2016315">10.2307/2016315</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2016315">2016315</a>.</li> <li>Hurst, Martha (1935). Implication in the Fourth Century B.C. <i>Mind</i> 44(176): 484–495. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FXLIV.176.484">10.1093/mind/XLIV.176.484</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2249912">2249912</a>.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1938). Logical and Metaphysical Necessity. <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i> 38:253–268. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4544309">4544309</a>.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1950). What is the Mind-Body Problem? <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i> 50:105–122. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4544467">4544467</a>.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1950). Is psychical research relevant to philosophy? <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i>, suppl. vol 24:173–188.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1954). Review of Hayek, F. A. (1952) <i>The Sensory Order</i> (U of Chicago Press), in <i>Philosophical Quarterly</i> 4 (15):189.</li> <li>Kneale, William & Kneale, Martha (1962). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/developmentoflog0000knea/page/n5/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:developmentoflog0000knea/page/n5/mode/2up">The Development of Logic</a></i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1962). Review of De Rijk, L.M.(1962) <i>Logica Modernorum Vol I</i> (Assen, van Gorcum & Comp. N.V.), in <i>Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie</i> 46: 125–27.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1966). Review of Bird, O. (1964) <i>Syllogistic and its Extension</i> (Prentice Hall), in <i>Foundations of Language</i> 2: 400–401.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1967). Review of Rescher, Nicholas (1967) <i>The Philosophy of Leibniz</i> (Prentice Hall), in <i>Philosophical Quarterly</i> 17 (69):359.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1968). Review of Sullivan, Mark W. (1967) <i>Apuleian Logic</i> (Amsterdam: Noord Hollandsche U. M.), in <i>Philosophical Quarterly</i> 18: 266–67.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1968). Eternity and Sempiternity. <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i> 69, new series, 223–238. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4544777">4544777</a>.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1969). Dreaming: Martha Kneale. <i>Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement</i> 3:236–248.</li> <li>Kneale, William & Kneale, Martha (1970. Propositions and Time. In Ambrose A. and Lazerowitz M. (eds.), <i>G.E. Moore: Essays in Retrospect</i>, Allen and Unwin.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1971). Review of Pike, N. (1970) <i>God and Timelessness</i> (Routledge and Kegan Paul), in <i>Philosophy</i> 46: 178–79.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1971). Our Knowledge of the Past and of the Future. <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i> 72:1–12.</li> <li>Kneale, William & Kneale, Martha (1972). Prosleptic propositions and arguments. In Richard Walzer, S. M. Stern, Albert Habib Hourani & Vivian Brown (eds.), <i>Islamic Philosophy and the Classical Tradition</i> (Bruno Cassirer) 189–207.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha: 1972, 'Leibniz and Spinoza on Activity', in H.G. Frankfurt (ed.), <i>Leibniz; A Collection of Critical Essays</i>, (University of Notre Dame Press), 215–237.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1973). Review of Hintikka, Jaakko (1973) <i>Time and Necessity: Studies in Aristotle's Theory of Modality</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press), in <i>Philosophical Quarterly</i> 24 (97):369.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1978). Review of McCrae, Robert (1976) <i>Leibniz: Perception, Apperception and Thought</i> (University of Toronto Press), in <i>Mind</i> 87: 133–35.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1979). Review of Repici, Luciana (1977) <i>La Logica di Teofrasto</i> (Bologna, Il Mulino), in <i>The Classical Review</i> New Series 19: 166–67.</li> <li>Kneale, Martha (1996). Introduction to H.H. Price (1996) <i>Collected Works</i> (Thoemmes Continuum).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Kneale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraylingGoulderPyle2006" class="citation book cs1">Grayling, A.C.; Goulder, Naomi; Pyle, Andrew, eds. (2006). "Kneale, Martha (1909–2001)". <i>The Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy</i>. Continuum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kneale%2C+Martha+%281909%E2%80%932001%29&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+British+Philosophy&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Kneale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavez-Arvizo,_Enrique2005" class="citation book cs1">Chavez-Arvizo, Enrique (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uL3UAwAAQBAJ&q=Kneale,+Martha+(1909%E2%80%932001)&pg=PA516">"Kneale, Martha"</a>. In Brown, Stuart (ed.). <i>Dictionary of Twentieth-century British philosophers</i>. Thommes. p. 516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843710967" title="Special:BookSources/9781843710967"><bdi>9781843710967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kneale%2C+Martha&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Twentieth-century+British+philosophers&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=Thommes&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781843710967&rft.au=Chavez-Arvizo%2C+Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuL3UAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DKneale%2C%2BMartha%2B%281909%25E2%2580%25932001%29%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Kneale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeal2022" class="citation journal cs1">Heal, Jane (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09608788.2021.1881440">"The early work of Martha Kneale, née Hurst"</a>. <i>British Journal for the History of Philosophy</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 336–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09608788.2021.1881440">10.1080/09608788.2021.1881440</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233913354">233913354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+early+work+of+Martha+Kneale%2C+n%C3%A9e+Hurst&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=336-352&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09608788.2021.1881440&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233913354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heal&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09608788.2021.1881440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Kneale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton,_J.1996" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J., ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BS-hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195">"Martha Hurst Kneale"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of occultism & parapsychology</i>. Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081035487X" title="Special:BookSources/081035487X"><bdi>081035487X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martha+Hurst+Kneale&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+occultism+%26+parapsychology&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=081035487X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBS-hDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Kneale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aristoteliansociety.org.uk/about/the-council/">"The Council"</a>. <i>Aristotelian Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aristotelian+Society&rft.atitle=The+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aristoteliansociety.org.uk%2Fabout%2Fthe-council%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Kneale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Kneale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/library/digital-archive/program/video:00525_3023">"Do we know what knowing is?"</a> (video) Godfrey Vesey introduces a discussion between Kneale and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Phillips_Griffiths" title="Allen Phillips Griffiths">A. Phillips Griffiths</a> as to whether knowledge can be satisfactorily defined as justified true belief (<a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>, 1972).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160224052128/http://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/news__events/news/women_of_distinction_unveiling_of_portraits_of_women_philosophers">Women of Distinction: Unveiling of Portraits of Women Philosophers</a></i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> Faculty of Philosophy News Archived by <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/news/2016-04-21-changing-faces-who-should-grace-walls-oxford">Changing faces: Who should grace the walls of Oxford?</a></i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Today" title="Oxford Today">Oxford Today</a></i> from 21 April 2016</li></ul> <div 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kneale, Martha"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV002498">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kneale, Martha"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0277501&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/30110">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068287224">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90265050">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kneale, Martha"><a 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