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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_vernacular_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_vernacular_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins and vernacular architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_vernacular_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Prehistoric architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Classical era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Asian architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Islamic architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_medieval_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_medieval_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>European medieval architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_medieval_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Renaissance architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_and_the_industrial_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_and_the_industrial_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Early modern and the industrial age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_and_the_industrial_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postmodernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postmodernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Postmodernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postmodernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Architecture today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residential_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Residential architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Commercial architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Industrial architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Landscape architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Interior architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Urban design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types_of_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types_of_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Other types of architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types_of_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naval_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Naval architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaphorical_"architectures"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphorical_"architectures""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Metaphorical "architectures"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphorical_"architectures"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seismic_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismic_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.3</span> <span>Seismic architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismic_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 188 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-188" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">188 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argitektuur" title="Argitektuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Argitektuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektur" title="Architektur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Architektur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%88%95%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%BB" title="ሥነ ሕንጻ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ሕንጻ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="عمارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arquitectura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ճարտարապետութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճարտարապետութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectur%C3%A2" title="Arhitecturâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arhitecturâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C2%B7it%C3%A8ctura" title="Arch·itèctura – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Arch·itèctura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="স্থাপত্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquiteutura" title="Arquiteutura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arquiteutura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogapokuaa" title="Jogapokuaa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jogapokuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memarl%C4%B1q" title="Memarlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Memarlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="معمارلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="معمارلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="স্থাপত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A0n-tio%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Kiàn-tio̍k-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiàn-tio̍k-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архітэктура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Архітэктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архітэктура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Архітэктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="आर्किटेक्चर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आर्किटेक्चर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekisa" title="Arkitekisa – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Arkitekisa" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektua" title="Architektua – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Architektua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="ཁང་རྩིག་བཟོ་རིག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁང་རྩིག་བཟོ་རིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektura" title="Arhitektura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savouriezh" title="Savouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Savouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Уран барилга – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уран барилга" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura" title="Architektura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Architektura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvaki" title="Uvaki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Uvaki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architittura" title="Architittura – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Architittura" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensaern%C3%AFaeth" title="Pensaernïaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pensaernïaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektur" title="Arkitektur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هندسة معمارية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هندسة معمارية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektur" title="Architektur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Architektur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektuur" title="Arhitektuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arhitektuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αρχιτεκτονική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχιτεκτονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekturo" title="Arkitekturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura" title="Arquitetura – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Arquitetura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="معماری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Architecture" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boukeunst" title="Boukeunst – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boukeunst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architeture" title="Architeture – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Architeture" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailtireacht" title="Ailtireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailtireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard-obbrinys" title="Ard-obbrinys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ard-obbrinys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailtireachd" title="Ailtireachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ailtireachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arquitectura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AD%B8" title="建築學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="建築學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="معماری – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="معماری" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95" title="건축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatun_zanen_gine-gine" title="Karatun zanen gine-gine – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Karatun zanen gine-gine" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ճարտարապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճարտարապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वास्तुकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वास्तुकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektura" title="Arhitektura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekturo" title="Arkitekturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="স্থাপত্য – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur" title="Arsitektur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectura" title="Architectura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Architectura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectura" title="Architectura – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Architectura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%92%A1%E1%93%97%E1%95%90%E1%94%AA%E1%90%8A%E1%91%A6_%E1%90%8B%E1%96%85%E1%91%AD%E1%92%83%E1%93%AF%E1%92%AA%E1%93%82%E1%96%8F%E1%91%A6" title="ᐃᒡᓗᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᒡᓗᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Архитектурæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Архитектурæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyilo_lwezakhiwo" title="Uyilo lwezakhiwo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Uyilo lwezakhiwo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byggingarlist" title="Byggingarlist – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Byggingarlist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura" title="Architettura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אדריכלות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsit%C3%A8ktur" title="Arsitèktur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Arsitèktur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilusilersugaaneq" title="Ilusilersugaaneq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Ilusilersugaaneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ವಾಸ್ತುಕಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಸ್ತುಕಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="არქიტექტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არქიტექტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%90_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B1" title="فَنِ تعمیٖر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فَنِ تعمیٖر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura" title="Architektura – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Architektura" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сәулет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сәулет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennserneth" title="Pennserneth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pennserneth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usanifu_majengo" title="Usanifu majengo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usanifu majengo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegeduropa" title="Vegeduropa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vegeduropa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achitekti" title="Achitekti – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Achitekti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larchit%C3%A8ktir" title="Larchitèktir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Larchitèktir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avah%C3%AEsaz%C3%AE" title="Avahîsazî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Avahîsazî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B3" title="ສະຖາປັດຕະຍະກຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຖາປັດຕະຍະກຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectura" title="Architectura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Architectura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitekt%C5%ABra" title="Arhitektūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arhitektūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektur" title="Architektur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Architektur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architekt%C5%ABra" title="Architektūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Architektūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architett%C3%BBa" title="Architettûa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Architettûa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectuur" title="Architectuur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Architectuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arciteta" title="Arciteta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arciteta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektuuru" title="Arhitektuuru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Arhitektuuru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architetura" title="Architetura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Architetura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%ADt%C3%A9szet" title="Építészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Építészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritrano" title="Maritrano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maritrano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="വാസ്തുവിദ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാസ്തുവിദ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitettura" title="Arkitettura – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Arkitettura" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वास्तुकला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वास्तुकला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="არქიტექტურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არქიტექტურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="عماره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عماره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_bina" title="Seni bina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni bina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur" title="Arsitektur – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Arsitektur" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B3ng-d%C3%A9%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3k-h%C5%8Fk" title="Gióng-dé̤ṳk-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gióng-dé̤ṳk-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura" title="Arquitetura – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Arquitetura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Архитектурась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Архитектурась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Архитектур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Архитектур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="ဗိသုကာပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗိသုကာပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droinivale" title="Droinivale – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Droinivale" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectuur" title="Architectuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Architectuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouwkeunst" title="Bouwkeunst – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bouwkeunst" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="आर्किटेक्चर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आर्किटेक्चर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="建築 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="建築" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura" title="Architettura – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Architettura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baukonst" title="Baukonst – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Baukonst" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektur" title="Arkitektur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektur" title="Arkitektur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectuthe" title="Architectuthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Architectuthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekture" title="Arkitekture – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Arkitekture" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arquitectura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Архитектур – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Архитектур" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkuja" title="Akkuja – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Akkuja" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%CA%BCmorlik" title="Meʼmorlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Meʼmorlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਉਸਾਰੀ ਕਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਸਾਰੀ ਕਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekture" title="Arkitekture – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Arkitekture" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="فن تعمیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فن تعمیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitectura" title="Arkitectura – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Arkitectura" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="معماري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="معماري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachitecha" title="Aachitecha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aachitecha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitecture" title="Arkitecture – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Arkitecture" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architetura" title="Architetura – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Architetura" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektuur" title="Architektuur – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Architektuur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura" title="Architektura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Architektura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura" title="Arquitetura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectur%C4%83" title="Arhitectură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhitectură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumaq_wasichay_kamay" title="Sumaq wasichay kamay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sumaq wasichay kamay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архітектура – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Архітектура" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="वास्तुशास्त्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वास्तुशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architetura" title="Architetura – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Architetura" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airchitectur" title="Airchitectur – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Airchitectur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baukunst" title="Baukunst – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Baukunst" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architittura" title="Architittura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Architittura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Architecture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architekt%C3%BAra" title="Architektúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Architektúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektura" title="Arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauk%C5%8Dnszt" title="Baukōnszt – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Baukōnszt" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نژیاروانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نژیاروانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektura" title="Arhitektura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsit%C3%A9ktur" title="Arsitéktur – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Arsitéktur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkkitehtuuri" title="Arkkitehtuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arkkitehtuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektur" title="Arkitektur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கட்டடக்கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டடக்கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasegda" title="Tasegda – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasegda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="భవన నిర్మాణ శాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భవన నిర్మాణ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="สถาปัตยกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปัตยกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Меъморӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Меъморӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimarl%C4%B1k" title="Mimarlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mimarlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архітектура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Архітектура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="فن تعمیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فن تعمیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architetura" title="Architetura – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Architetura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektur" title="Arhitektur – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Arhitektur" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc" title="Kiến trúc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiến trúc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumav" title="Bumav – Volapük" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art and technique of designing buildings</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Architecture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Architecture (disambiguation)">Architecture (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of Florence showing the dome, which dominates everything around it. It is octagonal in plan and ovoid in section. It has wide ribs rising to the apex with red tiles in between and a marble lantern on top." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg/330px-View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg/500px-View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg/960px-View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>In adding the dome to the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>) in the early 15th century, the architect <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> not only transformed the building and the city, but also the role and status of the <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Architecture</b> is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">designing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">constructing</a> <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Structure#Load-bearing" title="Structure">structures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/architectura#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:architectura">architectura</a></i></i>; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀρχιτέκτων">ἀρχιτέκτων</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>arkhitéktōn</i></span>)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">architect</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; from <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9-#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀρχι-">ἀρχι-</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>arkhi-</i></span>)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">chief</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τέκτων">τέκτων</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>téktōn</i></span>)</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">creator</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">works of art</a>. Historical <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice, which began in the <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric era</a>, has been used as a way of expressing <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> by civilizations on all seven <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, architecture is considered to be a form of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient times. The earliest surviving text on <a href="/wiki/Architectural_theory" title="Architectural theory">architectural theories</a> is the 1st century AD treatise <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i></span> by the Roman architect <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, according to whom a good building embodies <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">firmitas, utilitas</i></span>, and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">venustas</i></span> (durability, utility, and beauty). Centuries later, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> developed his ideas further, seeing beauty as an objective quality of buildings to be found in their proportions. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a> declared that "<a href="/wiki/Form_follows_function" title="Form follows function">form follows function</a>". "Function" began to replace the classical "utility" and was understood to include not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological, and cultural dimensions. The idea of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable architecture</a> was introduced in the late 20th century. </p><p>Architecture began as rural, oral <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a> that developed from trial and error to successful replication. Ancient urban architecture was preoccupied with building religious structures and buildings symbolizing the political power of rulers until Greek and Roman architecture shifted focus to civic virtues. <a href="/wiki/Indian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian architecture">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a> influenced <a href="/wiki/Form_(architecture)" title="Form (architecture)">forms</a> all over Asia and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist architecture</a> in particular took diverse local flavors. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, pan-European styles of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> favored Classical forms implemented by <a href="/wiki/Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Architects">architects</a> known by name. Later, the roles of architects and <a href="/wiki/Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers">engineers</a> became separated. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6265_Dessau.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/6265_Dessau.JPG/250px-6265_Dessau.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/6265_Dessau.JPG/330px-6265_Dessau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> building (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> style co-started <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archdic_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archdic-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architecture</a> began after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> movement that sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. Emphasis was put on modern techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for high-rise superstructures. Many architects became disillusioned with modernism which they perceived as ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">postmodern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">contemporary architecture</a> developed. Over the years, the field of architectural construction has branched out to include everything from ship design to interior decorating. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p>Architecture can mean: </p> <ul><li>A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The art and science of <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">designing</a> <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> and (some) <a href="/wiki/Nonbuilding_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonbuilding structure">nonbuilding structures</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-OED_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes called "architectonics"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A unifying or coherent form or structure.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knowledge of art, science, technology, and humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The design activity of the architect,<sup id="cite_ref-OED_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the macro-level (<a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">urban design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape architecture</a>) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture).</li> <li>The practice of the architect where architecture means offering or rendering professional services in connection with the design and construction of buildings or built environments.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Architectural_theory" title="Architectural theory">Architectural theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_architecture" title="Philosophy of architecture">Philosophy of architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yingzao_Fashi_1_desmear.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Yingzao_Fashi_1_desmear.JPG/250px-Yingzao_Fashi_1_desmear.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Yingzao_Fashi_1_desmear.JPG/330px-Yingzao_Fashi_1_desmear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Yingzao_Fashi_1_desmear.JPG/500px-Yingzao_Fashi_1_desmear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Bracket_(architecture)" title="Bracket (architecture)">bracket</a> arm clusters containing <a href="/wiki/Cantilever" title="Cantilever">cantilevers</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi" title="Yingzao Fashi">Yingzao Fashi</a></i>, a text on architecture by <a href="/wiki/Li_Jie_(Song_dynasty)" title="Li Jie (Song dynasty)">Li Jue</a> (1065–1110)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_d%27ex%C3%A9cution_du_second_%C3%A9tage_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_Brionne_(dessin)_De_Cotte_2503c_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2011_(adjusted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plan d'exécution du second étage de l'hôtel de Brionne (dessin) De Cotte 2503c – Gallica 2011 (adjusted)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Plan_d%27ex%C3%A9cution_du_second_%C3%A9tage_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_Brionne_%28dessin%29_De_Cotte_2503c_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2011_%28adjusted%29.jpg/220px-Plan_d%27ex%C3%A9cution_du_second_%C3%A9tage_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_Brionne_%28dessin%29_De_Cotte_2503c_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2011_%28adjusted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Plan_d%27ex%C3%A9cution_du_second_%C3%A9tage_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_Brionne_%28dessin%29_De_Cotte_2503c_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2011_%28adjusted%29.jpg/330px-Plan_d%27ex%C3%A9cution_du_second_%C3%A9tage_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_Brionne_%28dessin%29_De_Cotte_2503c_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2011_%28adjusted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Plan_d%27ex%C3%A9cution_du_second_%C3%A9tage_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_Brionne_%28dessin%29_De_Cotte_2503c_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2011_%28adjusted%29.jpg/440px-Plan_d%27ex%C3%A9cution_du_second_%C3%A9tage_de_l%27h%C3%B4tel_de_Brionne_%28dessin%29_De_Cotte_2503c_%E2%80%93_Gallica_2011_%28adjusted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4398" data-file-height="3032" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">Plan</a> of the second floor (attic storey) of the Hôtel de Brionne in Paris – 1734.</figcaption></figure> <p>The philosophy of architecture is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of art">philosophy of art</a>, dealing with aesthetic value of architecture, its <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> and in relation with development of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>. Many philosophers and theoreticians from <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> have concerned themselves with the nature of architecture and whether or not architecture is distinguished from building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_treatises">Historic treatises</h3></div> <p>The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i></span> by the Roman architect <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> in the early 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Vitruvius_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitruvius-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">firmitas, utilitas, venustas</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elements_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elements-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly known by the original translation – <i><a href="/wiki/Firmness,_commodity_and_delight" class="mw-redirect" title="Firmness, commodity and delight">firmness, commodity and delight</a></i>. An equivalent in modern English would be: </p> <ul><li>Durability – a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition</li> <li>Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used</li> <li>Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing</li></ul> <p>According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a>, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_aedificatoria" title="De re aedificatoria">De re aedificatoria</a></i>, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealized human figure, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden mean</a>. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognizable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 18th century, his <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects</a></i> had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English. </p><p>In the 16th century, Italian Mannerist architect, painter and theorist <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio" title="Sebastiano Serlio">Sebastiano Serlio</a> wrote <i>Tutte L'Opere D'Architettura et Prospetiva</i> (<i>Complete Works on Architecture and Perspective</i>). This treatise exerted immense influence throughout Europe, being the first handbook that emphasized the practical rather than the theoretical aspects of architecture, and it was the first to catalog the five orders.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Welby_Northmore_Pugin" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin">Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin</a> wrote <i>Contrasts</i> (1836) that, as the title suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th-century English art critic, <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Lamps_of_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Lamps of Architecture">Seven Lamps of Architecture</a></i>, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".<sup id="cite_ref-Ruskin_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruskin-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string <a href="/wiki/Course_(architecture)" title="Course (architecture)">courses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)" title="Rustication (architecture)">rustication</a>, at the very least.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruskin_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruskin-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the difference between the ideals of <i>architecture</i> and mere <i><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a></i>, the 20th-century architect <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Corbusier's contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> is said to have stated in a 1959 interview that "architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congresso_do_Brasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The view shows a 20th-century building with two identical towers very close to each other rising from a low building which has a dome at one end, and an inverted dome, like a saucer, at the other." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Congresso_do_Brasil.jpg/250px-Congresso_do_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Congresso_do_Brasil.jpg/330px-Congresso_do_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Congresso_do_Brasil.jpg/500px-Congresso_do_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Palace" title="National Congress Palace">National Congress of Brazil</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_concepts">Modern concepts</h3></div> <p>The notable 19th-century architect of <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a>, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: "<a href="/wiki/Form_follows_function" title="Form follows function">Form follows function</a>". While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. </p><p>Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing <a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_values" title="Architectural design values">values</a>, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.... To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aesthetics of architecture remain a contested topic, with critics highlighting the disconnect between professionals and the public. Studies generally find that there is a strong public preference for traditional and classical architectural styles over modernist designs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Stevens_Curl" title="James Stevens Curl">James Stevens Curl</a> argues that modernist architects often favour designs that are alienating and environmentally damaging.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Krier" title="Léon Krier">Léon Krier</a> frames the dominance of traditional styles in private architecture as an "overwhelming democratic reality," contrasting with the prevalence of modernist designs in public commissions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poststructuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralism">Poststructuralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(architecture)" title="Phenomenology (architecture)">Phenomenology</a>. </p><p>In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, hence <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable architecture</a>. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon the natural environment for <a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">heating, ventilation and cooling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">water use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste products</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architectural_lighting_design" title="Architectural lighting design">lighting</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">History of architecture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_vernacular_architecture">Origins and vernacular architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A6rnes_S%C3%B8ndre_Loft,_Rollag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In Norway: wood and elevated-level"><img alt="In Norway: wood and elevated-level" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/St%C3%A6rnes_S%C3%B8ndre_Loft%2C_Rollag.jpg/330px-St%C3%A6rnes_S%C3%B8ndre_Loft%2C_Rollag.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/St%C3%A6rnes_S%C3%B8ndre_Loft%2C_Rollag.jpg/500px-St%C3%A6rnes_S%C3%B8ndre_Loft%2C_Rollag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/St%C3%A6rnes_S%C3%B8ndre_Loft%2C_Rollag.jpg/524px-St%C3%A6rnes_S%C3%B8ndre_Loft%2C_Rollag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: wood and elevated-level</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesotho_Slide_Show_(294).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="In Lesotho: rondavel stones"><img alt="In Lesotho: rondavel stones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lesotho_Slide_Show_%28294%29.JPG/270px-Lesotho_Slide_Show_%28294%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lesotho_Slide_Show_%28294%29.JPG/405px-Lesotho_Slide_Show_%28294%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lesotho_Slide_Show_%28294%29.JPG/540px-Lesotho_Slide_Show_%28294%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>: rondavel stones</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="In Ireland: Yola hut"><img alt="In Ireland: Yola hut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG/240px-Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG/360px-Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG/480px-Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>: Yola hut</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzeul_Satului_Bucuresti_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In Romania: peasant houses in the Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum (Bucharest)"><img alt="In Romania: peasant houses in the Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum (Bucharest)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Muzeul_Satului_Bucuresti_02.jpg/250px-Muzeul_Satului_Bucuresti_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Muzeul_Satului_Bucuresti_02.jpg/500px-Muzeul_Satului_Bucuresti_02.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: peasant houses in the <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Gusti_National_Village_Museum" title="Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum">Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (e.g. shelter, security, and worship) and means (available <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building materials</a> and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a>, and <i>architecture</i> became the term used to describe the highly formalized and respected aspects of the craft. It is widely assumed that architectural success was achieved through trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as results became satisfactory over time. <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a> continues to be produced in many parts of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_architecture">Prehistoric architecture</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe,_Urfa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Göbekli Tepe from Turkey, founded in 10th millennium BC and abandoned in 8th millennium BC"><img alt="Göbekli Tepe from Turkey, founded in 10th millennium BC and abandoned in 8th millennium BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/330px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/500px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/960px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, founded in 10th millennium BC and abandoned in 8th millennium BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goseck_Circle_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goseck circle, Germany 4900 BC"><img alt="Goseck circle, Germany 4900 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Goseck_Circle_1.jpg/247px-Goseck_Circle_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Goseck_Circle_1.jpg/371px-Goseck_Circle_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Goseck_Circle_1.jpg/494px-Goseck_Circle_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Goseck_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Goseck circle">Goseck circle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> 4900 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Miniature of a regular Cucuteni-Trypillian house, full of ceramic vessels"><img alt="Miniature of a regular Cucuteni-Trypillian house, full of ceramic vessels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG/270px-Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG/405px-Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG/540px-Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Miniature of a regular Cucuteni-Trypillian house, full of ceramic vessels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae (Orkney, Scotland)"><img alt="Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae (Orkney, Scotland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg/330px-Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg/500px-Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg/541px-Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Excavated dwellings at <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, Scotland)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Early human settlements were mostly <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a>. Expanding economies resulted in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Proto-city" title="Proto-city">proto-cities</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>, which in some cases grew and evolved very rapidly, such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. </p><p>Neolithic archaeological sites include <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> in Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> in the Levant, <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> in Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni-Trypillian culture</a> settlements in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_era">Classical era</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mesopotamian architecture: Reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate in the Pergamon Museum (Berlin, Germany), c. 575 BC"><img alt="Mesopotamian architecture: Reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate in the Pergamon Museum (Berlin, Germany), c. 575 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg/253px-Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg/379px-Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg/505px-Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg 2x" data-file-width="9488" data-file-height="6768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian architecture</a>: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_(architecture)" title="Reconstruction (architecture)">Reconstruction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate" title="Ishtar Gate">Ishtar Gate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 575 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture: The Great Pyramid of Giza (Giza, Egypt), c. 2589–2566 BC, by Hemiunu"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian architecture: The Great Pyramid of Giza (Giza, Egypt), c. 2589–2566 BC, by Hemiunu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/330px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/500px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/960px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>, Egypt), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2589</span>–2566 BC, by <a href="/wiki/Hemiunu" title="Hemiunu">Hemiunu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon_(30276156187).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek architecture: The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens, made of marble and limestone, c. 460–406 BC"><img alt="Ancient Greek architecture: The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens, made of marble and limestone, c. 460–406 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/270px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/405px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/540px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, made of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 460</span>–406 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France-002364_-_Square_House_(15867600545).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Roman architecture: The Maison Carrée from Nîmes (France), one of the best-preserved Roman temples, c. 2 AD"><img alt="Ancient Roman architecture: The Maison Carrée from Nîmes (France), one of the best-preserved Roman temples, c. 2 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg/270px-France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg/405px-France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg/540px-France-002364_-_Square_House_%2815867600545%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Maison_Carr%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Maison Carrée">Maison Carrée</a> from <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a> (France), one of the best-preserved Roman temples, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2 AD</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:009_Armenia_Garni_(1540603685).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian architecture: The Garni Temple from Garni (Armenia), c. 1st century AD"><img alt="Armenian architecture: The Garni Temple from Garni (Armenia), c. 1st century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/009_Armenia_Garni_%281540603685%29.jpg/240px-009_Armenia_Garni_%281540603685%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/009_Armenia_Garni_%281540603685%29.jpg/360px-009_Armenia_Garni_%281540603685%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/009_Armenia_Garni_%281540603685%29.jpg/480px-009_Armenia_Garni_%281540603685%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Armenian architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Garni_Temple" title="Garni Temple">Garni Temple</a> from <a href="/wiki/Garni" title="Garni">Garni</a> (Armenia), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1st century AD</span></div> </li> </ul> <p>In many ancient civilizations, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, architecture and <a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">urbanism</a> reflected the constant engagement with the <a href="/wiki/Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine">divine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in their architecture to symbolically represent the political power of the ruler or the state itself. </p><p>The architecture and urbanism of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical civilizations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> civilizations evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones. New building types emerged and architectural style developed in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order">classical orders</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a> was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Greek architecture</a> as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Texts on architecture have been written since ancient times—these texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> in the 1st century BC. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_architecture">Asian architecture</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauty_of_khajuraho_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian architecture: The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple (Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India), c. 1030"><img alt="Indian architecture: The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple (Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India), c. 1030" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Beauty_of_khajuraho_temple.jpg/250px-Beauty_of_khajuraho_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Beauty_of_khajuraho_temple.jpg/500px-Beauty_of_khajuraho_temple.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3601" data-file-height="2730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Indian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian architecture">Indian architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple" title="Kandariya Mahadeva Temple">Kandariya Mahadeva Temple</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1030</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese architecture: The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the main building of the Temple of Heaven (Beijing, China), 1703–1790"><img alt="Chinese architecture: The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the main building of the Temple of Heaven (Beijing, China), 1703–1790" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg/330px-11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg/500px-11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg/960px-11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a>: The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the main building of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China), 1703–1790</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese architecture: The Himeji Castle (Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan), 1609"><img alt="Japanese architecture: The Himeji Castle (Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan), 1609" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg/240px-Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg/360px-Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg/480px-Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Himeji_Castle" title="Himeji Castle">Himeji Castle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himeji" title="Himeji">Himeji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>), 1609</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_(8587796725).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khmer architecture: The Bakong (near Siem Reap, Cambodia), completed in 881"><img alt="Khmer architecture: The Bakong (near Siem Reap, Cambodia), completed in 881" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg/240px-Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg/360px-Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg/480px-Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_architecture" title="Khmer architecture">Khmer architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Bakong" title="Bakong">Bakong</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap" title="Siem Reap">Siem Reap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>), completed in 881</div> </li> </ul> <p>Asian architecture developed differently compared to Europe, and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a> architectural styles have different characteristics. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a>, which had great influence on the surrounding regions, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese architecture</a> did not. Some Asian architecture showed great regional diversity, in particular <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist architecture</a>. Moreover, other architectural achievements in Asia is the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a>, which developed from around the 5th century CE, is in theory governed by concepts laid down in the <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. </p><p>In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the <a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">natural landscape</a>. Also, the grandest houses were relatively lightweight structures mainly using wood until recent times, and there are few survivals of great age. Buddhism was associated with a move to stone and brick religious structures, probably beginning as <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">rock-cut architecture</a>, which has often survived very well. </p><p>Early Asian writings on architecture include the <i>Kao Gong Ji</i> of China from the 7th–5th centuries BC; the <a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a> of ancient India; <a href="/wiki/Manjusri_Vasthu_Vidya_Sastra" title="Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra">Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_architecture">Islamic architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%B3rdoba_(5157827355).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moorish architecture: Grand arches of the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba (Córdoba, Spain)"><img alt="Moorish architecture: Grand arches of the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba (Córdoba, Spain)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/C%C3%B3rdoba_%285157827355%29.jpg/330px-C%C3%B3rdoba_%285157827355%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/C%C3%B3rdoba_%285157827355%29.jpg/500px-C%C3%B3rdoba_%285157827355%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/C%C3%B3rdoba_%285157827355%29.jpg/960px-C%C3%B3rdoba_%285157827355%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4563" data-file-height="3026" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a>: Grand arches of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba">Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Persian architecture: The Jameh Mosque in Isfahan (Iran)"><img alt="Persian architecture: The Jameh Mosque in Isfahan (Iran)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg/270px-20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg/406px-20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg/541px-20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5975" data-file-height="3980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Persian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian architecture">Persian architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Jameh_Mosque_of_Isfahan" title="Jameh Mosque of Isfahan">Jameh Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal,_Agra,_India_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mughal architecture: The Taj Mahal in Agra (India)"><img alt="Mughal architecture: The Taj Mahal in Agra (India)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India_edit2.jpg/274px-Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India_edit2.jpg/411px-Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India_edit2.jpg/548px-Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%2C_India_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Selimiye_Mosque,_Dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman architecture: The interior side view of the main dome of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne (Turkey)"><img alt="Ottoman architecture: The interior side view of the main dome of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne (Turkey)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Selimiye_Mosque%2C_Dome.jpg/270px-Selimiye_Mosque%2C_Dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Selimiye_Mosque%2C_Dome.jpg/405px-Selimiye_Mosque%2C_Dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Selimiye_Mosque%2C_Dome.jpg/540px-Selimiye_Mosque%2C_Dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a>: The interior side view of the main dome of the <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque_(Edirne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selimiye Mosque (Edirne)">Selimiye Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Islamic architecture began in the 7th century, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, Turkey, North Africa, the Indian Sub-continent and in parts of Europe, such as Spain, Albania, and the Balkan States, as the result of the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum.org-ottoman-europe_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum.org-ottoman-europe-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brill.com-book-Lory_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill.com-book-Lory-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_medieval_architecture">European medieval architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Medieval architecture</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%2BMayr_Ator_Vagharshapat_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian Architecture: Interior of Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the first cathedral in the world, founded 303 year AD."><img alt="Armenian Architecture: Interior of Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the first cathedral in the world, founded 303 year AD." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%2BMayr_Ator_Vagharshapat_01.jpg/240px-%2BMayr_Ator_Vagharshapat_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%2BMayr_Ator_Vagharshapat_01.jpg/360px-%2BMayr_Ator_Vagharshapat_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%2BMayr_Ator_Vagharshapat_01.jpg/480px-%2BMayr_Ator_Vagharshapat_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7152" data-file-height="5368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Architecture">Armenian Architecture</a>: Interior of <a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral">Etchmiadzin Cathedral</a>, the first cathedral in the world, founded 303 year AD.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine architecture: Apse of Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome), decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic"><img alt="Byzantine architecture: Apse of Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome), decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg/250px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6500" data-file-height="7934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>: <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">Apse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>), decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aix_dom_int_vue_cote.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carolingian architecture: Interior of the Aachen Cathedral (Aachen, Germany), 796–805"><img alt="Carolingian architecture: Interior of the Aachen Cathedral (Aachen, Germany), 796–805" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aix_dom_int_vue_cote.jpg/250px-Aix_dom_int_vue_cote.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aix_dom_int_vue_cote.jpg/330px-Aix_dom_int_vue_cote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2051" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian architecture</a>: Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral" title="Aachen Cathedral">Aachen Cathedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, Germany), 796–805</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanesque architecture: Interior of the Durham Cathedral (Durham, UK), 1093–1133"><img alt="Romanesque architecture: Interior of the Durham Cathedral (Durham, UK), 1093–1133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg/270px-Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg/405px-Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg/540px-Durham_Cathedral_Nave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8687" data-file-height="5791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a>: Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>, UK), 1093–1133</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic architecture: Stained glass windows of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, completed in 1248, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220"><img alt="Gothic architecture: Stained glass windows of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, completed in 1248, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/330px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/500px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/960px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic architecture: Stained glass windows of the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> in Paris, completed in 1248, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220</div> </li> </ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> were formed by craftsmen to organize their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or <i>Magister lathomorum</i> as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents. </p><p>The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a>. From about 900 onward, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. </p><p>Also, a significant part of the Middle Ages architectural heritage is numerous <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fortifications</a> across the continent. From the Balkans to Spain, and from Malta to Estonia, these buildings represent an important part of European heritage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_architecture">Renaissance architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence_Duomo_(167859687).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Florence Cathedral (Florence, Italy), 1294–1436, by Arnolfo di Cambio, Filippo Brunelleschi and Emilio De Fabris"><img alt="The Florence Cathedral (Florence, Italy), 1294–1436, by Arnolfo di Cambio, Filippo Brunelleschi and Emilio De Fabris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Florence_Duomo_%28167859687%29.jpeg/250px-Florence_Duomo_%28167859687%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Florence_Duomo_%28167859687%29.jpeg/500px-Florence_Duomo_%28167859687%29.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>), 1294–1436, by <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Fabris" title="Emilio De Fabris">Emilio De Fabris</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempietto_del_Bramante_Vorderseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tempietto (Rome), by Donato Bramante, 1444–1514"><img alt="The Tempietto (Rome), by Donato Bramante, 1444–1514" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tempietto_del_Bramante_Vorderseite.jpg/250px-Tempietto_del_Bramante_Vorderseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tempietto_del_Bramante_Vorderseite.jpg/330px-Tempietto_del_Bramante_Vorderseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4092" data-file-height="5167" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio#The_Tempietto" title="San Pietro in Montorio">The Tempietto</a> (Rome), by <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a>, 1444–1514</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_salon_des_Perspectives_(Villa_Farnesina,_Rome)_(34242676046).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hall of Perspective from Villa Farnesina (Rome), by Baldassare Peruzzi, 1505–1510"><img alt="The Hall of Perspective from Villa Farnesina (Rome), by Baldassare Peruzzi, 1505–1510" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Le_salon_des_Perspectives_%28Villa_Farnesina%2C_Rome%29_%2834242676046%29.jpg/270px-Le_salon_des_Perspectives_%28Villa_Farnesina%2C_Rome%29_%2834242676046%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Le_salon_des_Perspectives_%28Villa_Farnesina%2C_Rome%29_%2834242676046%29.jpg/405px-Le_salon_des_Perspectives_%28Villa_Farnesina%2C_Rome%29_%2834242676046%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Le_salon_des_Perspectives_%28Villa_Farnesina%2C_Rome%29_%2834242676046%29.jpg/540px-Le_salon_des_Perspectives_%28Villa_Farnesina%2C_Rome%29_%2834242676046%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Hall of Perspective from <a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a> (Rome), by <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Peruzzi" title="Baldassare Peruzzi">Baldassare Peruzzi</a>, 1505–1510</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:07-Villa-Rotonda-Palladio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Villa La Rotonda (Vicenza, Italy), 1567 – c. 1592, by Andrea Palladio"><img alt="The Villa La Rotonda (Vicenza, Italy), 1567 – c. 1592, by Andrea Palladio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/07-Villa-Rotonda-Palladio.jpg/330px-07-Villa-Rotonda-Palladio.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/07-Villa-Rotonda-Palladio.jpg/500px-07-Villa-Rotonda-Palladio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/07-Villa-Rotonda-Palladio.jpg/960px-07-Villa-Rotonda-Palladio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Villa_Capra_%22La_Rotonda%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Capra "La Rotonda"">Villa La Rotonda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, Italy), 1567 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1592</span>, by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_Chenonceau.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Château de Chenonceau (France), by Philibert de l'Orme, 1576"><img alt="The Château de Chenonceau (France), by Philibert de l'Orme, 1576" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Schloss_Chenonceau.JPG/330px-Schloss_Chenonceau.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Schloss_Chenonceau.JPG/500px-Schloss_Chenonceau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Schloss_Chenonceau.JPG/960px-Schloss_Chenonceau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="1993" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau" title="Château de Chenonceau">Château de Chenonceau</a> (France), by <a href="/wiki/Philibert_de_l%27Orme" title="Philibert de l'Orme">Philibert de l'Orme</a>, 1576</div> </li> </ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a>, which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, <a href="/wiki/Leone_Battista_Alberti" class="mw-redirect" title="Leone Battista Alberti">Alberti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladio" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladio">Palladio</a> – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a>, architect and <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference. </p><p>A revival of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical style</a> in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering, which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_and_the_industrial_age">Early modern and the industrial age</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque architecture: The Château de Maisons (France), by François Mansart, 1630–1651"><img alt="Baroque architecture: The Château de Maisons (France), by François Mansart, 1630–1651" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg/258px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg/386px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg/515px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons-Laffitte_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3970" data-file-height="2775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maisons" title="Château de Maisons">Château de Maisons</a> (France), by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mansart" title="François Mansart">François Mansart</a>, 1630–1651</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Pi%C3%A8ce_de_la_vaisselle_d%27or_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo architecture: The pièce de la vaisselle d'or (Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France)"><img alt="Rococo architecture: The pièce de la vaisselle d'or (Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Pi%C3%A8ce_de_la_vaisselle_d%27or_%283%29.jpg/330px-Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Pi%C3%A8ce_de_la_vaisselle_d%27or_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Pi%C3%A8ce_de_la_vaisselle_d%27or_%283%29.jpg/500px-Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Pi%C3%A8ce_de_la_vaisselle_d%27or_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Pi%C3%A8ce_de_la_vaisselle_d%27or_%283%29.jpg/960px-Petit_appartement_du_roi_-_Pi%C3%A8ce_de_la_vaisselle_d%27or_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5596" data-file-height="3731" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo architecture</a>: The pièce de la vaisselle d'or (<a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, France)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Neoclassical architecture: The west facade of the Petit Trianon (Versailles), 1764, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel"><img alt="Neoclassical architecture: The west facade of the Petit Trianon (Versailles), 1764, by Ange-Jacques Gabriel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG/252px-West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG/379px-West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG/505px-West_facade_of_Petit_Trianon_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2946" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a>: The west facade of the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a> (Versailles), 1764, by <a href="/wiki/Ange-Jacques_Gabriel" title="Ange-Jacques Gabriel">Ange-Jacques Gabriel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historicist architecture (in this case Gothic Revival): Interior of the All Saints (London), 1850–1859, by William Butterfield"><img alt="Historicist architecture (in this case Gothic Revival): Interior of the All Saints (London), 1850–1859, by William Butterfield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/250px-All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/500px-All_Saints_Margaret_Street_Interior_2%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13904" data-file-height="12803" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicist architecture</a> (in this case <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival Architecture">Gothic Revival</a>): Interior of the <a href="/wiki/All_Saints,_Margaret_Street" title="All Saints, Margaret Street">All Saints</a> (London), 1850–1859, by <a href="/wiki/William_Butterfield" title="William Butterfield">William Butterfield</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th century Eclectic Classicist architecture: The Museum of Ages on Victory Avenue (Bucharest, Romania), late 19th century, unknown architect"><img alt="19th century Eclectic Classicist architecture: The Museum of Ages on Victory Avenue (Bucharest, Romania), late 19th century, unknown architect" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg/218px-The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg/327px-The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg/436px-The_Museum_of_Ages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3748" data-file-height="3092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Classicist_Eclecticism" title="History of architecture">19th century Eclectic Classicist architecture</a>: The Museum of Ages on <a href="/wiki/Calea_Victoriei" title="Calea Victoriei">Victory Avenue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania), late 19th century, unknown architect</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeche-zollern-2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th century industrial architecture: Zollern II/IV Colliery (Dortmund), by Paul Knobbe"><img alt="19th century industrial architecture: Zollern II/IV Colliery (Dortmund), by Paul Knobbe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Zeche-zollern-2004.jpg/266px-Zeche-zollern-2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Zeche-zollern-2004.jpg/399px-Zeche-zollern-2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Zeche-zollern-2004.jpg/532px-Zeche-zollern-2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2083" data-file-height="1409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th century <a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">industrial architecture</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zollern_II/IV_Colliery" title="Zollern II/IV Colliery">Zollern II/IV Colliery</a> (Dortmund), by Paul Knobbe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89den-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_1876_Paris_-_Chauveau_1999_after_p96.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orientalist architecture: The Éden-Théâtre (Paris), early 1880s – demolished in 1895, by William Klein and Albert Duclos"><img alt="Orientalist architecture: The Éden-Théâtre (Paris), early 1880s – demolished in 1895, by William Klein and Albert Duclos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%C3%89den-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_1876_Paris_-_Chauveau_1999_after_p96.jpg/250px-%C3%89den-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_1876_Paris_-_Chauveau_1999_after_p96.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%C3%89den-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_1876_Paris_-_Chauveau_1999_after_p96.jpg/500px-%C3%89den-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_1876_Paris_-_Chauveau_1999_after_p96.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="2066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89den-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Éden-Théâtre">Éden-Théâtre</a> (Paris), early 1880s – demolished in 1895, by William Klein and Albert Duclos</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:56,_Bulevardul_Dacia,_Bucharest_(Romania).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Revivalist architecture of a national style (in this case Romanian Revival): The C.N. Câmpeanu House on Bulevardul Dacia (Bucharest), c. 1923, by Constantin Nănescu[32]"><img alt="Revivalist architecture of a national style (in this case Romanian Revival): The C.N. Câmpeanu House on Bulevardul Dacia (Bucharest), c. 1923, by Constantin Nănescu[32]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/56%2C_Bulevardul_Dacia%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/250px-56%2C_Bulevardul_Dacia%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/56%2C_Bulevardul_Dacia%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg/500px-56%2C_Bulevardul_Dacia%2C_Bucharest_%28Romania%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="2689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalist architecture</a> of a national style (in this case <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival</a>): The C.N. Câmpeanu House on Bulevardul Dacia (Bucharest), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1923</span>, by Constantin Nănescu<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_CEC,_Bucarest,_Ruman%C3%ADa,_2016-05-29,_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaux-Arts architecture: The CEC Palace on Victory Avenue (Bucharest), 8 June 1897 – 1900, by Paul Gottereau[33]"><img alt="Beaux-Arts architecture: The CEC Palace on Victory Avenue (Bucharest), 8 June 1897 – 1900, by Paul Gottereau[33]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Palacio_CEC%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg/313px-Palacio_CEC%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Palacio_CEC%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg/469px-Palacio_CEC%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Palacio_CEC%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg/625px-Palacio_CEC%2C_Bucarest%2C_Ruman%C3%ADa%2C_2016-05-29%2C_DD_91-93_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7007" data-file-height="4038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/CEC_Palace" title="CEC Palace">CEC Palace</a> on <a href="/wiki/Calea_Victoriei" title="Calea Victoriei">Victory Avenue</a> (Bucharest), 8 June 1897 – 1900, by Paul Gottereau<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_colonie_dartistes_jugendstil_(Mathildenh%C3%B6he,_Darmstadt)_(7882268852).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau architecture: Ernst Ludwig House in Darmstadt Artists' Colony, Darmstadt, Germany, 1900, by Joseph Maria Olbrich"><img alt="Art Nouveau architecture: Ernst Ludwig House in Darmstadt Artists' Colony, Darmstadt, Germany, 1900, by Joseph Maria Olbrich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/La_colonie_dartistes_jugendstil_%28Mathildenh%C3%B6he%2C_Darmstadt%29_%287882268852%29.jpg/330px-La_colonie_dartistes_jugendstil_%28Mathildenh%C3%B6he%2C_Darmstadt%29_%287882268852%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/La_colonie_dartistes_jugendstil_%28Mathildenh%C3%B6he%2C_Darmstadt%29_%287882268852%29.jpg/500px-La_colonie_dartistes_jugendstil_%28Mathildenh%C3%B6he%2C_Darmstadt%29_%287882268852%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/La_colonie_dartistes_jugendstil_%28Mathildenh%C3%B6he%2C_Darmstadt%29_%287882268852%29.jpg/960px-La_colonie_dartistes_jugendstil_%28Mathildenh%C3%B6he%2C_Darmstadt%29_%287882268852%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> architecture: Ernst Ludwig House in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_Artists%27_Colony" title="Darmstadt Artists' Colony">Darmstadt Artists' Colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Germany</a>, 1900, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Maria_Olbrich" title="Joseph Maria Olbrich">Joseph Maria Olbrich</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>The emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Neo Gothic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scottish_baronial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish baronial">Scottish baronial</a> styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts" title="École des Beaux-Arts">École des Beaux-Arts</a> in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. </p><p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. </p><p>Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. Housebuilders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernism">Modernism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architecture</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfeld_Fagus_08JUL15.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Modern architecture: The Fagus Factory (Alfeld, Germany), 1911, by Walter Gropius"><img alt="Early Modern architecture: The Fagus Factory (Alfeld, Germany), 1911, by Walter Gropius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alfeld_Fagus_08JUL15.JPG/250px-Alfeld_Fagus_08JUL15.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alfeld_Fagus_08JUL15.JPG/500px-Alfeld_Fagus_08JUL15.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture#Early_modernism_in_Europe_(1900–1914)" title="Modern architecture">Early Modern architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Fagus_Factory" title="Fagus Factory">Fagus Factory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfeld" title="Alfeld">Alfeld</a>, Germany), 1911, by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Einsteinturm_7443a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Expressionist architecture: The Einstein Tower (Potsdam, near Berlin, Germany), 1919–1922, by Erich Mendelsohn"><img alt="Expressionist architecture: The Einstein Tower (Potsdam, near Berlin, Germany), 1919–1922, by Erich Mendelsohn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Einsteinturm_7443a.jpg/241px-Einsteinturm_7443a.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Einsteinturm_7443a.jpg/361px-Einsteinturm_7443a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Einsteinturm_7443a.jpg/482px-Einsteinturm_7443a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionist architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Einstein_Tower" title="Einstein Tower">Einstein Tower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany), 1919–1922, by <a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Erich Mendelsohn</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es,_21_April_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Deco architecture: The Théâtre des Champs-Élysées (Paris), 1910–1913, by Auguste Perret"><img alt="Art Deco architecture: The Théâtre des Champs-Élysées (Paris), 1910–1913, by Auguste Perret" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%2C_21_April_2013.jpg/330px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%2C_21_April_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%2C_21_April_2013.jpg/500px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%2C_21_April_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%2C_21_April_2013.jpg/960px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es%2C_21_April_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2909" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco#Architecture" title="Art Deco">Art Deco architecture</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Théâtre des Champs-Élysées">Théâtre des Champs-Élysées</a> (Paris), 1910–1913, by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Perret" title="Auguste Perret">Auguste Perret</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Derzhprom_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Constructivist architecture: Derzhprom (Kharkiv, Ukraine), 1925–1928, by Sergei Serafimov, Samuel Kravets and Mark Felger"><img alt="Constructivist architecture: Derzhprom (Kharkiv, Ukraine), 1925–1928, by Sergei Serafimov, Samuel Kravets and Mark Felger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Derzhprom_building.jpg/270px-Derzhprom_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Derzhprom_building.jpg/406px-Derzhprom_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Derzhprom_building.jpg/541px-Derzhprom_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivist architecture</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derzhprom" title="Derzhprom">Derzhprom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, Ukraine), 1925–1928, by Sergei Serafimov, Samuel Kravets and Mark Felger</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Heerlen_-_20349660_-_RCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="International Style: The Glaspaleis (Heerlen, the Netherlands), 1934–1935, by Frits Peutz and Philip Johnson"><img alt="International Style: The Glaspaleis (Heerlen, the Netherlands), 1934–1935, by Frits Peutz and Philip Johnson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Heerlen_-_20349660_-_RCE.jpg/250px-Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Heerlen_-_20349660_-_RCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Heerlen_-_20349660_-_RCE.jpg/330px-Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Heerlen_-_20349660_-_RCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Heerlen_-_20349660_-_RCE.jpg/500px-Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Heerlen_-_20349660_-_RCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Glaspaleis" title="Glaspaleis">Glaspaleis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heerlen" title="Heerlen">Heerlen</a>, the Netherlands), 1934–1935, by <a href="/wiki/Frits_Peutz" title="Frits Peutz">Frits Peutz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Around the beginning of the 20th century, general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">revivalist architecture</a> and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern architecture. Notable among these is the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a>, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine-made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> school, founded in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis – the apex – of art, craft, and technology. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> was first practiced, it was an <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functional details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. Architects such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">organic architecture</a>, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being <a href="/wiki/Robie_House" title="Robie House">Robie House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a>. </p><p>Architects such as <a href="/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mies van der Rohe">Mies van der Rohe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a> worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Khan" title="Fazlur Rahman Khan">Fazlur Rahman Khan</a>'s development of the <a href="/wiki/Tube_(structure)" title="Tube (structure)">tube structure</a> was a technological break-through in building ever higher. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the <a href="/wiki/International_style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International style (architecture)">International Style</a>, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Minoru_Yamasaki" title="Minoru Yamasaki">Minoru Yamasaki</a>. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern architecture</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piazza d'Italia (New Orleans, US), 1978, by Charles Moore"><img alt="Piazza d'Italia (New Orleans, US), 1978, by Charles Moore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg/330px-PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg/500px-PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg/960px-PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Piazza_d%27Italia_(New_Orleans)" title="Piazza d'Italia (New Orleans)">Piazza d'Italia</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, US), 1978, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_(architect)" title="Charles Moore (architect)">Charles Moore</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Walt_Disney_Company_office.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Team Disney Building (Los Angeles, US), 1990, by Michael Graves"><img alt="Team Disney Building (Los Angeles, US), 1990, by Michael Graves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Walt_Disney_Company_office.jpg/500px-The_Walt_Disney_Company_office.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Walt_Disney_Company_office.jpg/960px-The_Walt_Disney_Company_office.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Team_Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Disney">Team Disney</a> Building (<a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, US), 1990, by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Graves" title="Michael Graves">Michael Graves</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_University_Judge_Business_School_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Multicolour interior of the Cambridge Judge Business School (Cambridge, the UK), 1995, by John Outram"><img alt="Multicolour interior of the Cambridge Judge Business School (Cambridge, the UK), 1995, by John Outram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cambridge_University_Judge_Business_School_interior.jpg/250px-Cambridge_University_Judge_Business_School_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cambridge_University_Judge_Business_School_interior.jpg/330px-Cambridge_University_Judge_Business_School_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Multicolour interior of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Judge_Business_School" title="Cambridge Judge Business School">Cambridge Judge Business School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, the UK), 1995, by <a href="/wiki/John_Outram" title="John Outram">John Outram</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Case_danzanti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dancing House (Prague, Czech Republic), 1996, by Vlado Milunić and Frank Gehry"><img alt="The Dancing House (Prague, Czech Republic), 1996, by Vlado Milunić and Frank Gehry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Case_danzanti.jpg/250px-Case_danzanti.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Case_danzanti.jpg/330px-Case_danzanti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Dancing_House" title="Dancing House">Dancing House</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>), 1996, by <a href="/wiki/Vlado_Miluni%C4%87" title="Vlado Milunić">Vlado Milunić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Many architects resisted <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the second generation of architects including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rudolph_(architect)" title="Paul Rudolph (architect)">Paul Rudolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a> tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with <a href="/wiki/Brutalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalism">Brutalism</a>, buildings with expressive sculpture façades made of unfinished concrete. But an even younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. </p><p>One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of <a href="/wiki/Metaphoric_architecture" title="Metaphoric architecture">metaphoric architecture</a>, which includes such things as <a href="/wiki/Biomorphism" title="Biomorphism">bio morphism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphic_architecture" title="Zoomorphic architecture">zoomorphic architecture</a>, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">expressionist architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metaphor_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metaphor-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural phenomenology">architectural phenomenology</a> emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_(architect)" title="Charles Moore (architect)">Charles Moore</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Norberg-Schulz" title="Christian Norberg-Schulz">Christian Norberg-Schulz</a> in Norway, and <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Nathan_Rogers" title="Ernesto Nathan Rogers">Ernesto Nathan Rogers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Gregotti" title="Vittorio Gregotti">Vittorio Gregotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michele_Valori" title="Michele Valori">Michele Valori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Zevi" title="Bruno Zevi">Bruno Zevi</a> in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside) and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive <a href="/wiki/Tectonics_(architecture)" title="Tectonics (architecture)">tectonic</a> forms).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_today">Architecture today</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary architecture</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dallas_Meadows_Museum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Meadows Museum (Dallas, Texas, US), 2001, by HBRA architects"><img alt="The Meadows Museum (Dallas, Texas, US), 2001, by HBRA architects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dallas_Meadows_Museum_1.jpg/250px-Dallas_Meadows_Museum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dallas_Meadows_Museum_1.jpg/500px-Dallas_Meadows_Museum_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Meadows_Museum" title="Meadows Museum">Meadows Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, US), 2001, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Beeby" title="Thomas H. Beeby">HBRA architects</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_national_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Beijing National Stadium (Beijing, China), 2003–2007, by Herzog & de Meuron"><img alt="The Beijing National Stadium (Beijing, China), 2003–2007, by Herzog & de Meuron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Beijing_national_stadium.jpg/312px-Beijing_national_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Beijing_national_stadium.jpg/467px-Beijing_national_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Beijing_national_stadium.jpg/623px-Beijing_national_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1019" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Beijing_National_Stadium" title="Beijing National Stadium">Beijing National Stadium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China), 2003–2007, by <a href="/wiki/Herzog_%26_de_Meuron" title="Herzog & de Meuron">Herzog & de Meuron</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campus_WU_LC_D1_TC_DSC_1440w.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Library and Learning Center of the University of Vienna (Vienna, Austria), 2008, by Zaha Hadid"><img alt="The Library and Learning Center of the University of Vienna (Vienna, Austria), 2008, by Zaha Hadid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Campus_WU_LC_D1_TC_DSC_1440w.jpg/304px-Campus_WU_LC_D1_TC_DSC_1440w.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Campus_WU_LC_D1_TC_DSC_1440w.jpg/455px-Campus_WU_LC_D1_TC_DSC_1440w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Campus_WU_LC_D1_TC_DSC_1440w.jpg/607px-Campus_WU_LC_D1_TC_DSC_1440w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5624" data-file-height="3339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Library and Learning Center of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria), 2008, by <a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isbjerget.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Isbjerget housing project (Aarhus, Denmark), inspired by form and color of icebergs, 2013, by CEBRA, JDS Architects, Louis Paillard, and SeARCH"><img alt="The Isbjerget housing project (Aarhus, Denmark), inspired by form and color of icebergs, 2013, by CEBRA, JDS Architects, Louis Paillard, and SeARCH" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Isbjerget.jpg/234px-Isbjerget.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Isbjerget.jpg/351px-Isbjerget.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Isbjerget.jpg/468px-Isbjerget.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5267" data-file-height="4051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Isbjerget" title="Isbjerget">Isbjerget</a> housing project (<a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a>, Denmark), inspired by form and color of icebergs, 2013, by <a href="/wiki/CEBRA" title="CEBRA">CEBRA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julien_De_Smedt" title="Julien De Smedt">JDS Architects</a>, Louis Paillard, and SeARCH</div> </li> </ul> <p>Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. Moreover, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodernism</a> have been criticized by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create livable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences. </p><p>Environmental <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> has become a mainstream issue, with a profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in <a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">passive solar building design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">greener roof designs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a> materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings that seek to meet <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green building</a> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">sustainable design</a> principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Green Building Council's <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a> (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (July 2016)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Concurrently, the recent movements of <a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphoric_architecture" title="Metaphoric architecture">Metaphoric architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complementary_architecture" title="Complementary architecture">Complementary architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical architecture</a> promote a sustainable approach towards construction that appreciates and develops <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">smart growth</a>, architectural tradition and <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in contrast to modernist and <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">globally uniform</a> architecture, as well as leaning against solitary <a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">housing estates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">suburban sprawl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glass curtain walls, which were the hallmark of the ultra modern urban life in many countries surfaced even in developing countries like Nigeria where international styles had been represented since the mid 20th Century mostly because of the leanings of foreign-trained architects.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stourhead_Pantheon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Stourhead_Pantheon.jpg/250px-Stourhead_Pantheon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Stourhead_Pantheon.jpg/330px-Stourhead_Pantheon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Stourhead_Pantheon.jpg/500px-Stourhead_Pantheon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stourhead" title="Stourhead">Stourhead</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, England, designed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hoare" title="Henry Hoare">Henry Hoare</a> (1705–1785)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_architecture">Residential architecture</h3></div> <p>Residential architecture is the design of functional fits the user's lifestyle while adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building codes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a> laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_architecture">Commercial architecture</h3></div> <p>Commercial architecture is the design of commercial buildings that serves the needs of businesses, the government and religious institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_architecture">Industrial architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a></div> <p>Industrial architecture is the design of specialized industrial buildings, whose primary focus is designing buildings that can fulfil their function while ensuring the safe movement of labor and goods in the facility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_architecture">Landscape architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></div> <p>Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desired outcome. The scope of the profession includes <a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">landscape design</a>; <a href="/wiki/Site_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Site planning">site planning</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stormwater#Stormwater_management" title="Stormwater">stormwater management</a>; <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecological_restoration" title="Ecological restoration">restoration</a>; <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">parks</a> and recreation planning; visual resource management; <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">green infrastructure</a> planning and provision; and private <a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">estate</a> and <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">residence</a> landscape master planning and design; all at varying scales of design, planning and management. A practitioner in the profession of landscape architecture is called a <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architect" title="Landscape architect">landscape architect</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interior_architecture">Interior architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh_-_Music_Room_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh_-_Music_Room_1901.jpg/220px-Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh_-_Music_Room_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh_-_Music_Room_1901.jpg/330px-Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh_-_Music_Room_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh_-_Music_Room_1901.jpg/440px-Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh_-_Music_Room_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Charles Rennie Mackintosh – Music Room 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>Interior architecture is the design of a space which has been created by structural boundaries and the human interaction within these boundaries. It can also be the initial design and plan for use, then later redesigned to accommodate a changed purpose, or a significantly revised design for <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_reuse" title="Adaptive reuse">adaptive reuse</a> of the building shell.<sup id="cite_ref-intar.risd_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intar.risd-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter is often part of sustainable architecture practices, conserving resources through "recycling" a structure by adaptive redesign. Generally referred to as the spatial art of environmental design, form and practice, interior architecture is the process through which the interiors of buildings are designed, concerned with all aspects of the human uses of structural spaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_design">Urban design</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></div> <p>Urban design is the process of designing and shaping the physical features of cities, towns, and villages. In contrast to architecture, which focuses on the design of individual buildings, urban design deals with the larger scale of groups of buildings, streets and public spaces, whole neighborhoods and districts, and entire cities, with the goal of making urban areas functional, attractive, and sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-berkeley_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeley-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urban design is an interdisciplinary field that uses elements of many built environment professions, including <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, architecture, <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal engineering">municipal engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common for professionals in all these disciplines to practice urban design. In more recent times different sub-subfields of urban design have emerged such as strategic urban design, <a href="/wiki/Landscape_urbanism" title="Landscape urbanism">landscape urbanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">water-sensitive urban design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urbanism" title="Sustainable urbanism">sustainable urbanism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types_of_architecture">Other types of architecture</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naval_architecture">Naval architecture</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lines_plan_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lines_plan_en.svg/250px-Lines_plan_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lines_plan_en.svg/330px-Lines_plan_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lines_plan_en.svg/500px-Lines_plan_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Body plan of a ship showing the hull form</figcaption></figure> <p>Naval architecture, also known as naval engineering, is an <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> discipline dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">engineering design process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>, maintenance, and operation of <a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">marine vessels</a> and structures.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation and calculations during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">construction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_trial" title="Sea trial">trials</a>, operation and maintenance, launching and <a href="/wiki/Dry-docking" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry-docking">dry-docking</a> are the main activities involved. Ship design calculations are also required for ships being <a href="/wiki/Ship#Repair_and_conversion" title="Ship">modified</a> (by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair). Naval architecture also involves the formulation of safety regulations and damage control rules and the approval and certification of ship designs to meet <a href="/wiki/Statutory" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory">statutory</a> and non-statutory requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metaphorical_"architectures""><span id="Metaphorical_.22architectures.22"></span>Metaphorical "architectures"</h4></div> <p>"Architecture" is used as a metaphor for many modern techniques or fields for structuring abstractions. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a>, a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of <a href="/wiki/Computer_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer systems">computer systems</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">software architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardware_architecture" title="Hardware architecture">hardware architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">network architecture</a> covering more specific aspects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_architecture" title="Business architecture">Business architecture</a>, defined as "a blueprint of the enterprise that provides a common understanding of the organization and is used to align strategic objectives and tactical demands",<sup id="cite_ref-OMG_BAWG,_Definition_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMG_BAWG,_Definition-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a> is another term.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_architecture" title="Cognitive architecture">Cognitive architecture</a> theories about the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Human_mind" class="mw-redirect" title="Human mind">human mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="System architecture">System architecture</a> a <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">conceptual model</a> that defines the <a href="/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, and more <a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">views</a> of any type of <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seismic_architecture">Seismic architecture</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></div> <p>The term '<a href="/wiki/Seismic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic architecture">seismic architecture</a>' or 'earthquake architecture' was first introduced in 1985 by Robert Reitherman.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "earthquake architecture" is used to describe a degree of architectural expression of earthquake resistance or implication of architectural configuration, form or style in earthquake resistance. It is also used to describe buildings in which seismic design considerations impacted its architecture. It may be considered a new aesthetic approach in designing structures in seismic prone areas.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wide breadth of expressive possibilities ranges from metaphorical uses of seismic issues, to the more straightforward exposure of seismic technology. While outcomes of an earthquake architecture can be very diverse in their physical manifestations, architectural expression of seismic principles can also take many forms and levels of sophistication.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/40px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/60px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/120px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technology" title="Architectural technology">Architectural technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeral_architecture" title="Ephemeral architecture">Ephemeral architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_architecture_articles" title="Index of architecture articles">Index of architecture articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BIM_software" title="List of BIM software">List of BIM software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_architecture" title="Outline of architecture">Outline of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_architecture" title="Philosophy of architecture">Philosophy of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_architecture" title="Reverse architecture">Reverse architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Building code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil Engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A design architect is one who is responsible for the design.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A project architect is one who is responsible for ensuring the design is built correctly and who administers building contracts – in non-specialist architectural practices the project architect is also the design architect and the term refers to the differing roles the architect plays at differing stages of the process.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Museo Galileo, Museum and Institute of History and Science, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/place/TheDomeOfSantaMariaFiore.html">The Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401072804/http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/place/TheDomeOfSantaMariaFiore.html">Archived</a> 1 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, (accessed 30 January 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Fanelli, <i>Brunelleschi</i>, Becocci, Florence (1980), Chapter: <i>The Dome,</i> pp. 10–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture/Expression-of-technique">"architecture – Expression of technique"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=architecture+%E2%80%93+Expression+of+technique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Farchitecture%2FExpression-of-technique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPierreSafinDelfosse2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pierre, Leclercq; Safin, Stéphane; Delfosse, Vincent (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Phases-of-an-architectural-project_fig2_225940863">"Phases of an architectural project"</a>. <i>Mixed-Reality Prototypes to Support Early Creative Design</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-84882-733-2_21">10.1007/978-1-84882-733-2_21</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418153621/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Phases-of-an-architectural-project_fig2_225940863">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mixed-Reality+Prototypes+to+Support+Early+Creative+Design&rft.atitle=Phases+of+an+architectural+project&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-84882-733-2_21&rft.aulast=Pierre&rft.aufirst=Leclercq&rft.au=Safin%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Delfosse%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FPhases-of-an-architectural-project_fig2_225940863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture">"architecture"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116140643/https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Farchitecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPace2004" class="citation book cs1">Pace, Anthony (2004). "Tarxien". In Daniel Cilia (ed.). <i>Malta before History – The World's Oldest Free Standing Stone Architecture</i>. 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London: Penguin Books. p. 880. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051323-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051323-3"><bdi>978-0-14-051323-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Architecture+and+Landscape+Architecture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=880&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-051323-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</i> (1993), Oxford, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198605757" title="Special:BookSources/0198605757">0198605757</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/architectonics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:architectonics"><i>architectonics</i></a> at Wiktionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-132-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-132-4">978-0-87779-132-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721200353/http://www.gov.ns.ca/legislature/legc/bills/60th_1st/3rd_read/b115.htm">"Gov.ns.ca"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Greek+architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fancient-art-civilizations%2Fgreek-art%2Fbeginners-guide-greece%2Fa%2Fintroduction-to-greek-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metmuseum.org-ottoman-europe-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum.org-ottoman-europe_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSardar2004" class="citation web cs1">Sardar, Marika (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/otto3/hd_otto3.htm">"Essay: The Later Ottomans and the Impact of Europe"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>. The Met. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213145924/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/otto3/hd_otto3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Essay%3A+The+Later+Ottomans+and+the+Impact+of+Europe&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Sardar&rft.aufirst=Marika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fotto3%2Fhd_otto3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brill.com-book-Lory-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brill.com-book-Lory_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLory2015" class="citation book cs1">Lory, Bernard (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/configurable/contentpage/book$002fedcoll$002f9789004290365$002fB9789004290365_006.xml">"The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(html / pdf)</span>. <i>Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume Three</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">355–</span>405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004290365_006">10.1163/9789004290365_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004290365" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004290365"><bdi>978-9004290365</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213064155/https://brill.com/configurable/contentpage/book$002fedcoll$002f9789004290365$002fB9789004290365_006.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Legacy+in+the+Balkans&rft.btitle=Entangled+Histories+of+the+Balkans+%E2%80%93+Volume+Three&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004290365_006&rft.isbn=978-9004290365&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fconfigurable%2Fcontentpage%2Fbook%24002fedcoll%24002f9789004290365%24002fB9789004290365_006.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoinaroski2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Woinaroski, Cristina (2013). <i>Istorie urbană, Lotizarea și Parcul Ioanid din București în context european</i> (in Romanian). SIMETRIA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-1872-30-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-1872-30-8"><bdi>978-973-1872-30-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorie+urban%C4%83%2C+Lotizarea+%C8%99i+Parcul+Ioanid+din+Bucure%C8%99ti+%C3%AEn+context+european&rft.pub=SIMETRIA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-973-1872-30-8&rft.aulast=Woinaroski&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarinache2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marinache, Oana (2017). <i>Paul Gottereau – Un Regal în Arhitectură</i> (in Romanian). Editura Istoria Artei. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-8839-09-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-8839-09-7"><bdi>978-606-8839-09-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Gottereau+%E2%80%93+Un+Regal+%C3%AEn+Arhitectur%C4%83&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Editura+Istoria+Artei&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-606-8839-09-7&rft.aulast=Marinache&rft.aufirst=Oana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metaphor-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metaphor_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFez-Barringten2012" class="citation book cs1">Fez-Barringten, Barie (2012). <i>Architecture: The Making of Metaphors</i>. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-3517-6"><bdi>978-1-4438-3517-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture%3A+The+Making+of+Metaphors&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-3517-6&rft.aulast=Fez-Barringten&rft.aufirst=Barie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOtero-Pailos2010" class="citation book cs1">Otero-Pailos, Jorge (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WDOQgAACAAJ&q=architecture's%20historical%20turn"><i>Architecture's Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern</i></a>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816666041" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816666041"><bdi>978-0816666041</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319184501/https://books.google.com/books?id=3WDOQgAACAAJ&q=architecture%27s%20historical%20turn">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture%27s+Historical+Turn%3A+Phenomenology+and+the+Rise+of+the+Postmodern&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0816666041&rft.aulast=Otero-Pailos&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WDOQgAACAAJ%26q%3Darchitecture%27s%2520historical%2520turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVenturi1966" class="citation book cs1">Venturi, Robert (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/complexitycontra00vent"><i>Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture</i></a></span>. New York: Museum of Modern Art. <q>complexity and contradiction in architecture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complexity+and+Contradiction+in+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Venturi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomplexitycontra00vent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aadr.info/product/imaginaries-on-matter-tools-materials-origins/">"Imaginaries on Matter: Tools, Materials, Origins"</a>. <i>aadr.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aadr.info&rft.atitle=Imaginaries+on+Matter%3A+Tools%2C+Materials%2C+Origins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faadr.info%2Fproduct%2Fimaginaries-on-matter-tools-materials-origins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOneWorld.net2004" class="citation web cs1">OneWorld.net (31 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://el.doccentre.info/eldoc/0411/dwvernacular_architecture.html">"Vernacular Architecture in India"</a>. El.doccentre.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303000426/https://el.doccentre.info/eldoc/0411/dwvernacular_architecture.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vernacular+Architecture+in+India&rft.pub=El.doccentre.info&rft.date=2004-03-31&rft.au=OneWorld.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fel.doccentre.info%2Feldoc%2F0411%2Fdwvernacular_architecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> and green building rating systems include Energy Star, Green Globes, and CHPS (<a href="/wiki/Collaborative_for_High_Performance_Schools" title="Collaborative for High Performance Schools">Collaborative for High Performance Schools</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnu.org/charter">"The Charter of the New Urbanism"</a>. <i>cnu.org</i>. 20 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629164755/http://www.cnu.org/charter">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnu.org&rft.atitle=The+Charter+of+the+New+Urbanism&rft.date=2015-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnu.org%2Fcharter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305215635/http://www.traditionalarchitecture.co.uk/aims.html">"Beauty, Humanism, Continuity between Past and Future"</a>. Traditional Architecture Group. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beauty%2C+Humanism%2C+Continuity+between+Past+and+Future&rft.pub=Traditional+Architecture+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traditionalarchitecture.co.uk%2Faims.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aia.org/SiteObjects/files/smartgrowth05.pdf">Issue Brief: Smart-Growth: Building Livable Communities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119170943/https://www.aia.org/SiteObjects/files/smartgrowth05.pdf">Archived</a> 19 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on 23 March 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://litcaf.com/architecture/">"Architecture"</a>. <i>Litcaf</i>. 10 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119170946/https://litcaf.com/architecture/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Litcaf&rft.atitle=Architecture&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flitcaf.com%2Farchitecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott Zurn. (May 16, 2023). Types of commercial architecture & how to find success. Level Engineering & Inspection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.levelengineering.com/architecture/commercial-architecture/">https://www.levelengineering.com/architecture/commercial-architecture/</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Geoffrey_Jellicoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe">Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Jellicoe" title="Susan Jellicoe">Susan Jellicoe</a>, <i>The Landscape of Man: Shaping the Environment from Prehistory to the Present Day.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500274316" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500274316">978-0500274316</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intar.risd-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-intar.risd_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intar.risd.edu/">"Interior Architecture"</a>. <i>RISD Interior Architecture Graduate Department</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730065634/https://interiorarchitecture.risd.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Planning+Journal&rft.atitle=LEED-ND+and+Livability+Revisited&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2FBP327120808&rft.au=Boeing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F49f234rd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plt.sagepub.com/content/12/2/177.short">"Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130628061608/http://plt.sagepub.com/content/12/2/177.short">Archived</a> 28 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Planning Theory</i>, 12(2), 177–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRINA" class="citation web cs1">RINA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rina.org.uk/careers_in_naval_architecture.html">"Careers in Naval Architecture"</a>. <i>www.rina.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020170147/https://www.rina.org.uk/careers_in_naval_architecture.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rina.org.uk&rft.atitle=Careers+in+Naval+Architecture&rft.au=RINA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rina.org.uk%2Fcareers_in_naval_architecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biran, Adrian; (2003). <i>Ship hydrostatics and stability</i>, <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-4988-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-4988-7">0-7506-4988-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OMG_BAWG,_Definition-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OMG_BAWG,_Definition_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OMG_Business_Architecture_Special_Interest_Group" title="OMG Business Architecture Special Interest Group">OMG Business Architecture Special Interest Group</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omg.org/bawg/">What Is Business Architecture?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713063349/http://www.omg.org/bawg/">Archived</a> 13 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" at <i>bawg.omg.org,</i> 2008 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429224109/http://bawg.omg.org/">archive.org</a>). Accessed 2015-04-03; Cited in: <a href="/wiki/William_M._Ulrich" title="William M. Ulrich">William M. Ulrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Newcomb" title="Philip Newcomb">Philip Newcomb</a> <i>Information Systems Transformation: Architecture-Driven Modernization Case Studies.</i> (2010), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannu Jaakkola and Bernhard Thalheim. (2011) "Architecture-driven modelling methodologies." In: <i>Proceedings of the 2011 conference on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXII</i>. Anneli Heimbürger et al. (eds). IOS Press. p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReitherman1985" class="citation cs1">Reitherman, Robert (1985). <i>Earthquake Engineering and Earthquake Architecture. Part of the AIA Workshop for Architects and Related Building Professionals on Designing for Earthquakes in the Western Mountain States</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earthquake+Engineering+and+Earthquake+Architecture.+Part+of+the+AIA+Workshop+for+Architects+and+Related+Building+Professionals+on+Designing+for+Earthquakes+in+the+Western+Mountain+States&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Reitherman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLlunji2016" class="citation book cs1">Llunji, Mentor (2016). <i>Seismic Architecture – The architecture of earthquake resistant structures</i>. Msproject. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9940979409" title="Special:BookSources/978-9940979409"><bdi>978-9940979409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seismic+Architecture+%E2%80%93+The+architecture+of+earthquake+resistant+structures&rft.pub=Msproject&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9940979409&rft.aulast=Llunji&rft.aufirst=Mentor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharleson2000" class="citation conference cs1">Charleson, Andrew (2000). <i>Towards An Earthquake Architecture</i>. 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Towards+An+Earthquake+Architecture&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Charleson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Design56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Design" title="Template:Design"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Design" title="Template talk:Design"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Design" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Design"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Design56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_design" title="Outline of design">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">Designer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disciplines56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disciplines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Brand design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">Exhibit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_title_design" title="Film title design">Film title design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_design" title="Postage stamp design">Postage stamp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_design" title="Print design">Print design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_design" title="News design">News design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">Signage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign_design" title="Traffic sign design">Traffic sign design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_lighting_design" title="Architectural lighting design">Architectural lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_design" title="Building design">Building design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">Computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_design" title="Hotel design">Hotel design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_interior_design" title="Experiential interior design">EID</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_design" title="Spatial design">Spatial design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_suspension_design_process" title="Automotive suspension design process">Automotive suspension design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMF_design" title="CMF design">CMF design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar_design" title="Electric guitar design">Electric guitar design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_furniture_design" title="Sustainable furniture design">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_design" title="Motorcycle design">Motorcycle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">Photographic lens design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">EED</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon_design" title="Icon design">Icon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_design" title="Immersive design">Immersive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_design" title="Interactive design">Interactive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_interaction_design" title="Sonic interaction design">Sonic interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /><a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Stage/set lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Textile design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />design<br />& <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">Behavioural design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_design" title="Boiler design">Boiler design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_system_design" title="Electrical system design">Electrical system design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Experimental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_design" title="Filter design">Filter design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">Geometric design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_design" title="Work design">Work design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Circuit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_design_(electronics)" title="Physical design (electronics)">Physical design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">Power network design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Nucleic acid design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organization design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">Protein design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_design" title="Test design">Test design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Approaches56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Approaches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_design" title="Active design">Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activity-centered_design" title="Activity-centered design">Activity-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_web_design" title="Adaptive web design">Adaptive web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_design" title="Affective design">Affective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">By committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">By contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_closure" title="Design closure">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Co-design</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concept-oriented_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concept-oriented design (page does not exist)">Concept-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_design" title="Contextual design">Contextual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_design" title="Continuous design">Continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_problem-solving" title="Creative problem-solving">Creative problem-solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_design" title="Defensive design">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect-led_design%E2%80%93build" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect-led design–build">architect-led</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_design" title="Diffuse design">Diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_neutral_design" title="Energy neutral design">Energy neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomic_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic design">Ergonomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">Error-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_design" title="Evidence-based design">Evidence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework-oriented_design" title="Framework-oriented design">Framework-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_assembly" title="Design for assembly">For assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">For behaviour change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_manufacturability" title="Design for manufacturability">For manufacturability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_Six_Sigma" title="Design for Six Sigma">For Six Sigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">For testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_the_environment" title="Design for the environment">For the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_X" title="Design for X">For X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_design" title="Functional design">Functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_design" title="Generative design">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-centered_design" title="Human-centered design">HCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile design">Hostile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_topside_design" title="Integrated topside design">Integrated topside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence-based_design" title="Intelligence-based design">Intelligence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_design" title="Low-level design">Low-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(design)" title="New Wave (design)">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">Object-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overengineering" title="Overengineering">Over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_design" title="Parametric design">Parametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform-based_design" title="Platform-based design">Platform-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy-based_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy-based design">Policy-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_through_design" title="Prevention through design">Prevention through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process-centered_design" title="Process-centered design">Process-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_design" title="Rational design">Rational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_design" title="Regenerative design">Regenerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research-based_design" title="Research-based design">Research-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility-driven_design" title="Responsibility-driven design">Responsibility-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">RWD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe-life_design" title="Safe-life design">Safe-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_design" title="Speculative design">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">Systemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems-oriented_design" title="Systems-oriented design">SOD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableless_web_design" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">Theory of constraints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">Top-down and bottom-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_design" title="Transformation design">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIZ" title="TRIZ">TRIZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-centered_design" title="Usage-centered design">Usage-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use-centered_design" title="Use-centered design">Use-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empathic_design" title="Empathic design">Empathic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_innovation" title="User innovation">User innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-driven_design" title="Value-driven design">Value-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_by_design" title="Privacy by design">Privacy by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_by_design" title="Quality by design">Quality by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_by_design" title="Secure by design">Secure by</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_choice" title="Design choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_computing" title="Design computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_controls" title="Design controls">controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_culture" title="Design culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_leadership" title="Design leadership">leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_management" title="Design management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_marker" title="Design marker">marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_methods" title="Design methods">methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_pattern" title="Design pattern">pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_research" title="Design research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science" title="Design science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_sprint" title="Design sprint">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Design strategy">strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_theory" title="Design theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">thinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ToolsIntellectual_propertyOrganizationsAwards56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Intellectual property</li><li>Organizations</li><li>Awards</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Design_tool" title="Design tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithms-Aided_Design" title="Algorithms-Aided Design">AAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">Architectural model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_layout" title="Comprehensive layout">Comprehensive layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_industrial_design" title="Computer-aided industrial design">CAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_home_design_software" title="Virtual home design software">Virtual home design software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">CAutoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_quality_indicator" title="Design quality indicator">Design quality indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">Mockup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">Design specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_wireframe" title="Website wireframe">Website wireframe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual<br />property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean-room_design" title="Clean-room design">Clean-room design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_design" title="Community design">Community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_around" title="Design around">Design around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_infringement" title="Design infringement">Design infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">Design patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geschmacksmuster" title="Geschmacksmuster">Geschmacksmuster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_and_Industries_Association" title="Design and Industries Association">Design and Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Council" title="Design Council">Design Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Forum_Design" title="International Forum Design">International Forum Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Research_Society" title="Design Research Society">Design Research Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Design_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="European Design Award">European Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Design_Award" title="German Design Award">German Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Museum_of_Modern_Art)" title="Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)">Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Chicago_Athenaeum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)">Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphex" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphex">Graphex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IF_Product_Design_Award" title="IF Product Design Award">IF Product Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dyson_Award" title="James Dyson Award">James Dyson Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_Designers_Prize" title="Prince Philip Designers Prize">Prince Philip Designers Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_art" title="Concept art">Concept art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_design" title="Conceptual design">Conceptual design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.design" title=".design">.design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_design" title="Dominant design">Dominant design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_startup" title="Lean startup">Lean startup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">New product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OODA_loop" title="OODA loop">OODA loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_simulation" title="Process simulation">Process simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_design" title="Reference design">Reference design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow design">Slow design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEAM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Unintelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/List_of_system_quality_attributes" title="List of system quality attributes">attributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_brief" title="Design brief">brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_change" title="Design change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_classic" title="Design classic">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_competition" title="Design competition">competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_design_competition" title="Student design competition">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_director" title="Design director">director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_education" title="Design education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_elements" title="Design elements">elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Design firm">firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_history" title="Design history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_knowledge" title="Design knowledge">knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_language" title="Design language">language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_life" title="Design life">life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_load" title="Design load">load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_museum" title="Design museum">museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_optimization" title="Design optimization">optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_paradigm" title="Design paradigm">paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_principles" title="Design principles">principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_rationale" title="Design rationale">rationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studies" title="Design studies">studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Design studio">studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_technology" title="Design technology">technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" 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