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href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Michigan&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Michigan">Supreme Court of Michigan</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highest court in the U.S. state of Michigan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #Ededed;">Michigan Supreme Court</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michigansupremecourtseal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Michigansupremecourtseal.jpg/200px-Michigansupremecourtseal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Michigansupremecourtseal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:712_michigan_hofj_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/712_michigan_hofj_edit.jpg/220px-712_michigan_hofj_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/712_michigan_hofj_edit.jpg/330px-712_michigan_hofj_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/712_michigan_hofj_edit.jpg/440px-712_michigan_hofj_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_bf75f5a939d487c02625dcd58f0e0afe0977b083"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Michigan_Supreme_Court&revid=1258160694&groups=_bf75f5a939d487c02625dcd58f0e0afe0977b083" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Michigan_Supreme_Court&revid=1258160694&groups=_bf75f5a939d487c02625dcd58f0e0afe0977b083 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1836</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing, Michigan</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Composition method</th><td class="infobox-data">Semipartisan election</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authorised by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Constitution">Michigan Constitution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">Appeals to</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judge term length</th><td class="infobox-data">8 years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of positions</th><td class="infobox-data">7 (including chief justice)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courts.mi.gov/courts/michigansupremecourt/pages/default.aspx">Official Website</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #Ededed;">Chief Justice</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_T._Clement" title="Elizabeth T. Clement">Elizabeth T. Clement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Since</th><td class="infobox-data">November 22, 2022</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Michigan Supreme Court</b> is the highest <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. It is Michigan's <a href="/wiki/Court_of_last_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of last resort">court of last resort</a> and consists of seven justices. The Court is located in the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Hall_of_Justice" title="Michigan Hall of Justice">Michigan Hall of Justice</a> at 925 <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Loop" title="Capitol Loop">Ottawa Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a>, the state capital. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Supreme_Court&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each year, the Court receives approximately 2,000 new case filings. In most cases, the litigants seek review of <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Court_of_Appeals" title="Michigan Court of Appeals">Michigan Court of Appeals</a> decisions, but the Supreme Court also hears cases of attorney misconduct (through a bifurcated disciplinary system comprising an investigation and prosecution agency – the Attorney Grievance Commission – and a separate adjudicative agency – the Attorney Discipline Board),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> judicial misconduct (through the Judicial Tenure Commission), as well as a small number of matters over which the Court has original jurisdiction. </p><p>The Court issues a decision by order or opinion in all cases filed with it. Opinions and orders of the Court are reported in an official publication, <i>Michigan Reports</i>, as well as in Thomson West's privately published <i><a href="/wiki/North_Western_Reporter" title="North Western Reporter">North Western Reporter</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_of_the_courts">Administration of the courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Supreme_Court&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administration of the courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Court's other duties include overseeing the operations of all state trial courts. It is assisted in this endeavor by the State Court Administrative Office,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of its agencies. The Court's responsibilities also include a public comment process for changes to court rules, rules of evidence and other administrative matters. The court has broad superintending control power over all the state courts in Michigan. </p><p>Article 6, Section 30 of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Constitution">Michigan Constitution</a> creates the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Judicial_Tenure_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michigan Judicial Tenure Commission (page does not exist)">Michigan Judicial Tenure Commission</a>. This is an agency within the judiciary, having jurisdiction over allegations of judicial misconduct, misbehavior, and infirmity. The Supreme Court is given original, superintending control power, and appellate jurisdiction over the issue of penalty (up to and including removal of judges from office).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Supreme_Court&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Michigan Supreme Court can be dated back to the Supreme Court of Michigan Territory, established in 1805 with three justices.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These justices served for indefinite terms. In 1823, the terms of justices were limited to four years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Michigan Supreme Court was the only court created by the first Michigan constitution in 1835. It had three members and each also oversaw one of the three judicial circuits, located in Detroit, Ann Arbor and Kalamazoo. The court needed a quorum of two to operate and members were appointed to seven-year terms by the governor with the consent of the senate. In 1838, Justice <a href="/wiki/William_A._Fletcher_(Michigan_jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="William A. Fletcher (Michigan jurist)">William A. Fletcher</a> proposed a new plan for the court that the legislature approved. This increased the number of circuits to four and thus expanded the bench to four justices, but left the quorum at two. </p><p>In 1848, the court was expanded to five justices and the 1850 Michigan constitution provided that they be elected for six-year terms. In 1858, the Circuit Courts were split from the Supreme Court, so justices now only served on the Michigan Supreme Court and reduced its size to only four justices, one of whom was the Chief Justice. </p><p>In 1887, the court was expanded to five justices each serving for ten years. The court was again expanded in 1903 to eight justices serving terms of eight years. In 1964, the new state constitution provided that the next justice to leave the court would not be replaced to reduce the court to seven members, which was achieved when Justice <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Souris" title="Theodore Souris">Theodore Souris</a> declined to run for re-election in 1968, leaving the court with seven members since January 1, 1969. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Supreme_Court&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court consists of seven justices who are elected to eight-year terms. Candidates are nominated by political parties and are elected on a nonpartisan ballot. Supreme Court candidates must be qualified electors, licensed to practice law in Michigan for at least five years, and under 70 years of age at the time of election. Vacancies are filled by appointment of the Governor until the next general election. Every two years, the justices elect a member of the Court to serve as Chief Justice. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Constitution">Michigan Constitution</a> allows vacancies on the state Supreme Court to be initially filled by the Governor, with that appointee serving until the next general election, at which time the elected winner is seated to fill the remaining portion of the vacated term.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_justices">Current justices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Supreme_Court&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current justices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Michigan_Supreme_Court" title="List of justices of the Michigan Supreme Court">List of justices of the Michigan Supreme Court</a></div> <p>Following the 2012 election, the court had a 4–3 conservative Republican majority, with <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Young_Jr." title="Robert P. Young Jr.">Robert P. Young Jr.</a> serving as Chief Justice. After the resignation of Justice <a href="/wiki/Diane_Hathaway" title="Diane Hathaway">Diane Hathaway</a> and appointment of <a href="/wiki/David_Viviano" title="David Viviano">David Viviano</a> in 2013, there was a 5–2 Republican majority.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 2018 election, the court reverted to a 4–3 conservative Republican majority with the election of Megan Cavanagh. </p><p>In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Mary_McCormack" title="Bridget Mary McCormack">Bridget Mary McCormack</a> was re-elected as Chief Justice and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_M._Welch" title="Elizabeth M. Welch">Elizabeth M. Welch</a> was elected as Justice, giving the Democrats a 4–3 majority on the court starting January 1, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also made the court majority female for the fourth time in state history.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current justices of the Michigan Supreme Court are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Justice<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Born </th> <th>Joined </th> <th>Chief Justice </th> <th>Term ends </th> <th>Mandatory retirement<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Party affiliation </th> <th>Appointed by </th> <th>Law school </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span data-sort-value="Clement, Elizabeth T."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_T._Clement" title="Elizabeth T. Clement">Elizabeth T. Clement</a></span></span></span>, <i>Chief Justice</i> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1977-10-08</span>) </span>October 8, 1977<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 47)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002017-11-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">November 17, 2017</span> </td> <td>2022–present </td> <td>2026 </td> <td>2050 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Republican</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder">Rick Snyder</a> (R)<sup id="cite_ref-appointed_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appointed-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_College_of_Law" title="Michigan State University College of Law">Michigan State</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span data-sort-value="Zahra, Brian K."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Brian_K._Zahra" title="Brian K. Zahra">Brian K. Zahra</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1960-01-09</span>) </span>January 9, 1960<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 64)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002011-01-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 15, 2011</span> </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !">–</span> </td> <td>2030 </td> <td>2030 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Republican</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder">Rick Snyder</a> (R)<sup id="cite_ref-appointed_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appointed-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Detroit_Mercy_School_of_Law" title="University of Detroit Mercy School of Law">Detroit Mercy</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span data-sort-value="Viviano, David"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/David_Viviano" title="David Viviano">David Viviano</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1971-12-08</span>) </span>December 8, 1971<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 52)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002013-02-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 27, 2013</span> </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !">–</span> </td> <td>2024 </td> <td>2048 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Republican</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Snyder" title="Rick Snyder">Rick Snyder</a> (R)<sup id="cite_ref-appointed_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appointed-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School" title="University of Michigan Law School">Michigan</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span data-sort-value="Bernstein, Richard H."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Bernstein" title="Richard H. Bernstein">Richard H. Bernstein</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1974-11-09</span>) </span>November 9, 1974<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 50)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 1, 2015</span> </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !">–</span> </td> <td>2030 </td> <td>2047 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Democratic</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—<sup id="cite_ref-Elect_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elect-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern University School of Law">Northwestern</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span data-sort-value="Cavanagh, Megan"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Megan_Cavanagh_(judge)" title="Megan Cavanagh (judge)">Megan Cavanagh</a></span></span></span> </td> <td>1970 or 1971 (age 53–54) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 1, 2019</span> </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !">–</span> </td> <td>2026 </td> <td>2042 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Democratic</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—<sup id="cite_ref-Elect_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elect-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Law_School" title="Wayne State University Law School">Wayne</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span data-sort-value="Welch, Elizabeth M."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_M._Welch" title="Elizabeth M. Welch">Elizabeth M. Welch</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1970-09-20</span>) </span>September 20, 1970<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 54)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 1, 2021</span> </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !">–</span> </td> <td>2028 </td> <td>2044 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Democratic</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—<sup id="cite_ref-Elect_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elect-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Moritz_College_of_Law" title="Ohio State University Moritz College of Law">Ohio State</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span data-sort-value="Bolden, Kyra Harris"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Kyra_Harris_Bolden" title="Kyra Harris Bolden">Kyra Harris Bolden</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1988-07-31</span>) </span>July 31, 1988<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 36)</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002023-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 1, 2023</span> </td> <td align="center"><span data-sort-value="0 !">–</span> </td> <td>2028 </td> <td>2060 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Democratic</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Whitmer" title="Gretchen Whitmer">Gretchen Whitmer</a> (D)<sup id="cite_ref-appointed_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appointed-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Detroit_Mercy_School_of_Law" title="University of Detroit Mercy School of Law">Detroit Mercy</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After reaching the age of 70, Justices may complete the remainder of their term, but cannot run for additional 8-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appointed-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appointed_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appointed_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appointed_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appointed_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Justice was subsequently elected in their own right in a nonpartisan election.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elect-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elect_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elect_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elect_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Took office after being elected in a nonpartisan election.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Justice-elect">Justice-elect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Supreme_Court&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Justice-elect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Justice<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Replacing </th> <th>Assumes office </th> <th>Term ends </th> <th>Party affiliation </th> <th>Law school </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Thomas" title="Kimberly Thomas">Kimberly Thomas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Viviano" title="David Viviano">David Viviano</a> </td> <td>January 1, 2025 </td> <td>2032 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Supreme_Court&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Michigan" title="Portal:Michigan">Michigan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Michigan" title="Judiciary of Michigan">Judiciary of Michigan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Supreme_Court&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adbmich.org/about-us/history">"History Michigan's Attorney Discipline System"</a>. <i>www.adbmich.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adbmich.org&rft.atitle=History+Michigan%27s+Attorney+Discipline+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adbmich.org%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichigan+Supreme+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courts.mi.gov/administration/scao/pages/default.aspx">"State Court Administrative Office"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Court+Administrative+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourts.mi.gov%2Fadministration%2Fscao%2Fpages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichigan+Supreme+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Matter of Del Rio</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leagle.com/decision/19771065400Mich665_11030/IN%20THE%20MATTER%20OF%20DEL%20RIO">400 Mich 665</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.micourthistory.org/history-overview-2/">"History Overview – MICHIGAN SUPREME COURT HISTORICAL SOCIETY"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Overview+%E2%80%93+MICHIGAN+SUPREME+COURT+HISTORICAL+SOCIETY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.micourthistory.org%2Fhistory-overview-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichigan+Supreme+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Tim (January 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/01/michigan_supreme_court_snyder.html">"How Michigan Supreme Court opening will be filled in wake of Diane Hathaway departure"</a>. <i>MLive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MLive&rft.atitle=How+Michigan+Supreme+Court+opening+will+be+filled+in+wake+of+Diane+Hathaway+departure&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fpolitics%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F01%2Fmichigan_supreme_court_snyder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichigan+Supreme+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2013" class="citation news cs1">Cook, Jameson (March 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoaklandpress.com/article/OP/20130303/NEWS/303039950">"New Michigan Supreme Court Justice David Viviano talks about his historic appointment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oakland_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland Press">Oakland Press</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oakland+Press&rft.atitle=New+Michigan+Supreme+Court+Justice+David+Viviano+talks+about+his+historic+appointment&rft.date=2013-03-03&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Jameson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoaklandpress.com%2Farticle%2FOP%2F20130303%2FNEWS%2F303039950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichigan+Supreme+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/04/michigan-supreme-court-results/6158401002/">"Partisan make-up of Michigan Supreme Court flips from GOP to Dems after Tuesday vote"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Partisan+make-up+of+Michigan+Supreme+Court+flips+from+GOP+to+Dems+after+Tuesday+vote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2F2020%2F11%2F04%2Fmichigan-supreme-court-results%2F6158401002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichigan+Supreme+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woodtv.com/news/michigan/women-for-4th-time-hold-majority-on-michigan-supreme-court/">"Women for 4th time hold majority on Michigan Supreme Court"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WOOD-TV" title="WOOD-TV">WOOD-TV</a></i>. January 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WOOD-TV&rft.atitle=Women+for+4th+time+hold+majority+on+Michigan+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodtv.com%2Fnews%2Fmichigan%2Fwomen-for-4th-time-hold-majority-on-michigan-supreme-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichigan+Supreme+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courts.michigan.gov/courts/supreme-court/justices/">"Justices"</a>. <i>Michigan Courts</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Courts&rft.atitle=Justices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.michigan.gov%2Fcourts%2Fsupreme-court%2Fjustices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichigan+Supreme+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan2014" class="citation web cs1">Egan, Paul (December 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2014/12/28/michigan-supreme-court-justice-cavanagh-retires/20944889/">"Age restriction forces Justice Cavanagh's retirement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Age+restriction+forces+Justice+Cavanagh%27s+retirement&rft.date=2014-12-28&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmichigan%2F2014%2F12%2F28%2Fmichigan-supreme-court-justice-cavanagh-retires%2F20944889%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichigan+Supreme+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courts.michigan.gov/courts/supreme-court/justices/">"Justices"</a>. <i>Michigan Courts</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Courts&rft.atitle=Justices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.michigan.gov%2Fcourts%2Fsupreme-court%2Fjustices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichigan+Supreme+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Supreme_Court&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoto2001" class="citation book cs1">Noto, Scott A. (2001). <i>A Brief History of the Michigan Supreme Court</i>. Lansing: Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Michigan+Supreme+Court&rft.place=Lansing&rft.pub=Michigan+Supreme+Court+Historical+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Noto&rft.aufirst=Scott+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichigan+Supreme+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChardavoyneMoreno2015" class="citation book cs1">Chardavoyne, David; Moreno, Paul (2015). <i>Michigan Supreme Court Historical Reference Guide, 2nd Edition</i>. Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611861556" title="Special:BookSources/978-1611861556"><bdi>978-1611861556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michigan+Supreme+Court+Historical+Reference+Guide%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.place=Lansing%2C+MI&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1611861556&rft.aulast=Chardavoyne&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Moreno%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichigan+Supreme+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Supreme_Court&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courts.michigan.gov/courts/supreme-court/">Michigan Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tcattorney.typepad.com/michigansupremecourt/">Michigan Supreme Court Commentary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.micourthistory.org/">Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Michigan_Supreme_Court&params=42.733664_N_84.565431_W_region:US_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°44′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">84°33′56″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.733664°N 84.565431°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.733664; -84.565431</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Highest_judicial_bodies_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_judiciaries" title="Template:United States judiciaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_judiciaries" title="Template talk:United States judiciaries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_judiciaries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States judiciaries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Highest_judicial_bodies_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Highest judicial bodies</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Federal courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">State supreme courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama" title="Supreme Court of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Supreme_Court" title="Alaska Supreme Court">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Supreme_Court" title="Arizona Supreme Court">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court" title="Arkansas Supreme Court">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Supreme_Court" title="Colorado Supreme Court">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Supreme_Court" title="Connecticut Supreme Court">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court" title="Delaware Supreme Court">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida" title="Supreme Court of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii" title="Supreme Court of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Supreme_Court" title="Idaho Supreme Court">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Illinois" title="Supreme Court of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Supreme_Court" title="Iowa Supreme Court">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Supreme_Court" title="Kansas Supreme Court">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Supreme_Court" title="Kentucky Supreme Court">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Maine Supreme Judicial Court">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Maryland" title="Supreme Court of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Supreme_Court" title="Minnesota Supreme Court">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mississippi" title="Supreme Court of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Missouri" title="Supreme Court of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Supreme_Court" title="Montana Supreme Court">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Supreme_Court" title="Nebraska Supreme Court">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nevada" title="Supreme Court of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court" title="New Hampshire Supreme Court">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey" title="Supreme Court of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Supreme_Court" title="New Mexico Supreme Court">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Supreme_Court" title="North Dakota Supreme Court">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ohio" title="Supreme Court of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Supreme_Court" title="Oklahoma Supreme Court">civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals">criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court" title="Oregon Supreme Court">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="South Carolina Supreme Court">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Supreme_Court" title="South Dakota Supreme Court">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Tennessee</a></li> <li>Texas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas" title="Supreme Court of Texas">civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Texas Court of Criminal Appeals">criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Supreme_Court" title="Utah Supreme Court">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Supreme_Court" title="Vermont Supreme Court">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Supreme_Court" title="Washington Supreme Court">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeals_of_West_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Supreme_Court" title="Wyoming Supreme Court">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a> supreme courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_American_Samoa" title="High Court of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Guam" title="Supreme Court of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Supreme_Court" title="Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Supreme Court of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Canal_Zone" title="United States District Court for the Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines#American_period" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Philippine Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complete list</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_of_the_United_States" title="List of courts of the United States">Courts of the United States</a> (federal and state, all levels)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415342#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415342#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415342#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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