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Common Square API Patterns
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Addresses"}" href="/docs/build-basics/common-data-types/working-with-addresses" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_medium-20__UlBGy left-nav-items_link__skoFI left-nav-items_sub-level__bbmd6 focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0"><span class="left-nav-items_depth-space__b597h"></span>Working with Addresses</a></div></div></div><div aria-expanded="false" aria-controls=":R3a99l6:" class="recursive-nav-item_nav-item-wrap__7yT4s recursive-nav-item_inner-sub-cat__ngiQT"><a data-tracking-id="left-nav-link" data-tracking-extra="{"title":"Common Square API Patterns"}" href="/docs/build-basics/common-api-patterns" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_medium-20__UlBGy left-nav-items_link__skoFI left-nav-items_sub-level__bbmd6 focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0">Common Square API Patterns</a><button data-testid="expand-nav-items" data-tracking-id="expand-nav-items" aria-label="Expand navigation items" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 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Concurrency"}" href="/docs/build-basics/common-api-patterns/optimistic-concurrency" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_medium-20__UlBGy left-nav-items_link__skoFI left-nav-items_sub-level__bbmd6 focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0"><span class="left-nav-items_depth-space__b597h"></span>Optimistic Concurrency</a></div><div class="recursive-nav-item_nav-item-wrap__7yT4s"><a data-tracking-id="left-nav-link" data-tracking-extra="{"title":"Clear Object Fields"}" href="/docs/build-basics/clearing-fields" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_medium-20__UlBGy left-nav-items_link__skoFI left-nav-items_sub-level__bbmd6 focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0"><span class="left-nav-items_depth-space__b597h"></span>Clear Object Fields</a></div></div></div><div class="recursive-nav-item_nav-item-wrap__7yT4s"><a data-tracking-id="left-nav-link" data-tracking-extra="{"title":"Square eCommerce APIs"}" href="/docs/ecommerce-api" class="text_base__bZ6a4 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d="M10.432 1.032c-.641.093-.887.239-1.099.649-.056.109-.07.184-.071.391-.001.229.009.276.097.455a.921.921 0 0 0 .486.471c.198.092.446.102.849.035.807-.133 1.657.312 2.034 1.065.161.321.212.538.212.9 0 .361-.05.573-.216.916-.122.254-.131.262-1.778 1.91C9.299 9.471 9.29 9.48 9.036 9.602c-.375.182-.572.223-.988.207-.538-.021-.887-.163-1.303-.533-.259-.23-.453-.312-.741-.313a.971.971 0 0 0-.681.263c-.2.18-.29.382-.304.684-.017.354.065.54.365.829.502.484 1.096.81 1.797.986.424.107 1.137.133 1.589.059.366-.06.832-.209 1.141-.364.549-.276.665-.378 2.46-2.172 1.462-1.462 1.725-1.738 1.886-1.982.483-.732.692-1.417.692-2.269 0-1.11-.398-2.063-1.189-2.844a3.97 3.97 0 0 0-2.019-1.074 4.553 4.553 0 0 0-1.309-.047M6.93 3.694a4.276 4.276 0 0 0-1.955.778c-.103.074-.931.877-1.839 1.786C1.352 8.041 1.242 8.167.959 8.75c-.171.354-.25.583-.336.974-.083.379-.088 1.156-.011 1.518.34 1.59 1.458 2.767 2.996 3.155.256.065.401.081.835.093 1.025.028 1.494-.153 1.731-.666a.786.786 0 0 0 .082-.411.753.753 0 0 0-.098-.426 1.004 1.004 0 0 0-.482-.476c-.157-.077-.462-.089-.897-.036-.628.078-1.179-.115-1.645-.575a1.563 1.563 0 0 1-.354-.495c-.3-.608-.3-1.185-.001-1.799l.14-.285 1.64-1.639c1.567-1.566 1.65-1.644 1.88-1.761.34-.173.568-.228.946-.228.525 0 .954.164 1.36.522.293.257.404.307.714.323.234.012.277.005.442-.069.226-.101.452-.331.533-.54.084-.22.078-.58-.014-.787-.128-.287-.727-.792-1.249-1.053-.64-.319-1.553-.48-2.241-.395" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a><span slot="content">Link to section</span></market-tooltip></div><h2 class="heading_base__MS64u heading_heading-30__MH4YZ">Overview</h2></div></div><p>Some of the Square API patterns are used across various APIs. These include the following:</p><ul><li><strong>Pagination</strong> - Many Square API operations limit the size of the response. When the result of the API operation exceeds the limit, the API truncates the result. You must make a series of requests to retrieve all the data. This is referred to as pagination.</li><li><strong>Idempotency key</strong> - Most Square APIs that perform create, update, or delete operations require idempotency keys to protect against making duplicate calls that can have negative consequences (for example, charging a card on file twice).</li><li><strong>Object versioning</strong> - Some Square resources (for example, the <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">Customer</code> object) have versions assigned. The version numbers enable optimistic concurrency, which is the ability for multiple transactions to complete without interfering with each other.</li><li><strong>Clear API object fields</strong> - Square API update endpoints that support sparse updates allow you to clear fields by setting the value to <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">None</code>. Note that <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">update_order</code> requires an <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">X-Clear-Null: true</code> HTTP header to indicate that the request contains a <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">None</code> field update.</li></ul><p>These Square API patterns are exposed in the Square Python SDK.</p><div data-testid="toc-narrow" class="box_m-t-3x__rN_qC box_m-b-6x__RhdjX markdown-toc_narrow__ErCJb"><button data-tracking-id="toc-accordion-clicked" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls=":Rhucpddl6:" class="box_m-t-1x__GR9iT box_m-b-1x__b2HHn box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 accordion_accordion__vbQko"><h5 class="box_p-t-1x__1ZOZv box_p-b-1x__E6rAE heading_base__MS64u heading_heading-5__lcRR4">On this page</h5><svg width="20" height="20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon_icon-color__dAdSt" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="m12 11.414-4-4-4 4L2.586 10 8 4.586 13.414 10 12 11.414Z" fill="#7B61FF"></path></svg></button><div role="region" id=":Rhucpddl6:" class="accordion_container__Q6e6I accordion_expanded__gzqmt"><div class="accordion_content__zl9fW"><div class="box_m-b-1x__b2HHn"><a data-tracking-id="sidebar-link-clicked" href="/docs/sdks/python/common-square-api-patterns#overview" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_color-20__myvq7 sidebar-link_sidebar-link__hvuMG sidebar-link_sidebar-container__NFtV_">Overview</a></div><div class="box_m-b-1x__b2HHn"><a data-tracking-id="sidebar-link-clicked" href="/docs/sdks/python/common-square-api-patterns#pagination" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_color-20__myvq7 sidebar-link_sidebar-link__hvuMG sidebar-link_sidebar-container__NFtV_">Pagination</a></div><div class="box_m-b-1x__b2HHn"><a data-tracking-id="sidebar-link-clicked" href="/docs/sdks/python/common-square-api-patterns#idempotency-key" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_color-20__myvq7 sidebar-link_sidebar-link__hvuMG sidebar-link_sidebar-container__NFtV_">Idempotency key</a></div><div class="box_m-b-1x__b2HHn"><a data-tracking-id="sidebar-link-clicked" href="/docs/sdks/python/common-square-api-patterns#optimistic-concurrency-and-object-versioning" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_color-20__myvq7 sidebar-link_sidebar-link__hvuMG sidebar-link_sidebar-container__NFtV_">Optimistic concurrency and object versioning</a></div><div class="box_m-b-1x__b2HHn"><a data-tracking-id="sidebar-link-clicked" href="/docs/sdks/python/common-square-api-patterns#clear-api-object-fields" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_color-20__myvq7 sidebar-link_sidebar-link__hvuMG sidebar-link_sidebar-container__NFtV_">Clear API object fields</a></div><div><a data-tracking-id="sidebar-link-clicked" href="/docs/sdks/python/common-square-api-patterns#see-also" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_color-20__myvq7 sidebar-link_sidebar-link__hvuMG sidebar-link_sidebar-container__NFtV_">See also</a></div></div></div></div><div data-markdown-heading="2" class="box_m-t-5x__L06CC box_m-b-2x__nVJGZ"><a href="#pagination" id="pagination" aria-label="anchor link for pagination" class="anchored-heading_anchor__JhuiX"></a><div class="anchored-heading_heading__2wlPu"><div class="anchored-heading_container__rfGXv"><market-tooltip popover-placement="top-start"><a data-tracking-id="heading-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" slot="trigger" aria-label="click to copy link for pagination" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 anchored-heading_trigger__XOE12 anchored-heading_button__TMpy8"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="anchored-heading_icon__4HlYl"><path d="M10.432 1.032c-.641.093-.887.239-1.099.649-.056.109-.07.184-.071.391-.001.229.009.276.097.455a.921.921 0 0 0 .486.471c.198.092.446.102.849.035.807-.133 1.657.312 2.034 1.065.161.321.212.538.212.9 0 .361-.05.573-.216.916-.122.254-.131.262-1.778 1.91C9.299 9.471 9.29 9.48 9.036 9.602c-.375.182-.572.223-.988.207-.538-.021-.887-.163-1.303-.533-.259-.23-.453-.312-.741-.313a.971.971 0 0 0-.681.263c-.2.18-.29.382-.304.684-.017.354.065.54.365.829.502.484 1.096.81 1.797.986.424.107 1.137.133 1.589.059.366-.06.832-.209 1.141-.364.549-.276.665-.378 2.46-2.172 1.462-1.462 1.725-1.738 1.886-1.982.483-.732.692-1.417.692-2.269 0-1.11-.398-2.063-1.189-2.844a3.97 3.97 0 0 0-2.019-1.074 4.553 4.553 0 0 0-1.309-.047M6.93 3.694a4.276 4.276 0 0 0-1.955.778c-.103.074-.931.877-1.839 1.786C1.352 8.041 1.242 8.167.959 8.75c-.171.354-.25.583-.336.974-.083.379-.088 1.156-.011 1.518.34 1.59 1.458 2.767 2.996 3.155.256.065.401.081.835.093 1.025.028 1.494-.153 1.731-.666a.786.786 0 0 0 .082-.411.753.753 0 0 0-.098-.426 1.004 1.004 0 0 0-.482-.476c-.157-.077-.462-.089-.897-.036-.628.078-1.179-.115-1.645-.575a1.563 1.563 0 0 1-.354-.495c-.3-.608-.3-1.185-.001-1.799l.14-.285 1.64-1.639c1.567-1.566 1.65-1.644 1.88-1.761.34-.173.568-.228.946-.228.525 0 .954.164 1.36.522.293.257.404.307.714.323.234.012.277.005.442-.069.226-.101.452-.331.533-.54.084-.22.078-.58-.014-.787-.128-.287-.727-.792-1.249-1.053-.64-.319-1.553-.48-2.241-.395" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a><span slot="content">Link to section</span></market-tooltip></div><h2 class="heading_base__MS64u heading_heading-30__MH4YZ">Pagination</h2></div></div><p>Square API <span slot="trigger"><a data-tracking-id="markdown-link" href="/docs/working-with-apis/pagination" class="nodes_markdown-link__1J6_a">pagination</a></span> support lets you split a full query result set into pages that are retrieved over a sequence of requests. For example, when you call <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">list_customers</code>, you can limit the number of customers returned in the response. If there are more customers to retrieve, the response includes a pagination cursor. You include this cursor in your subsequent <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">list_customers</code> request to retrieve the next set of customers. When the response no longer returns a cursor (the cursor is null), there are no more customers to retrieve.</p><p>The following code example calls the <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">list_customers</code> method. The request limits the number of customers returned to 10. The <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">while</code> loop repeats while the pagination cursor isn't null. After the first <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">list_customers</code> call, the subsequent call includes the pagination cursor returned by the previous call.</p><div class="box_m-t-3x__rN_qC code-block_header__urOUF code-block_floating__ocyWk code-block_request__DDmE0 dark-mode-theme"><div></div><div class="box_m-r-1x__uw0iY box_m-t-5x__L06CC"><div class="code-block-action-button-group_button-group__QsOaL"><div></div><div><div class="icon-button_dropdown__e8K_5"><button data-testid="copy-code-block" data-tracking-id="copy-code-block" slot="trigger" aria-label="Copy code" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 icon-button_icon__Iew7h"><svg width="24" height="24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon_icon-color__dAdSt"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M11 6a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h5v6a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-5ZM9 16v-5h4v5H9Zm-2-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v7a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-7Z" fill="#7B61FF"></path></svg></button></div></div><div><div class="icon-button_dropdown__e8K_5"><button data-testid="expand-code-block" data-tracking-id="expand-code-block" slot="trigger" aria-label="Expand code" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 icon-button_icon__Iew7h"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon_icon-color__dAdSt"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7 3H13V9H11V6.414L6.414 11H9V13H3V7H5V9.586L9.586 5H7V3Z" fill="#7B61FF"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="code-block" data-language="python" data-test-expanded="false" aria-expanded="false" class="box_m-b-3x__A9ryy box_b-b-l-std__q5XI3 box_b-l-l-std__REGyC box_b-r-l-std__Q4dy4 box_b-r-6__eFn6m code-block_code-block__7vruq code-block_request__DDmE0 dark-mode-theme markdown-code-block_limit-height__WOJUw"><pre tabindex="-1" class="box_p-l-2x__0A2_9 box_p-r-2x__z29W6 box_p-t-2x__M5RH8 box_p-b-2x__bSkd6 code-block_main__7BHb4"><div data-testid="code-block-contents" data-line-numbers-active="true" style="--line-number-length:2ch" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 code_code__4FNSr highlight_code-highlight___caZ6 code_line-numbers___xHrc"><span data-line-number=""></span>limit = <span class="hljs-number">10</span> <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span>result = client.customers.list_customers( <span data-line-number=""></span> limit=limit, <span data-line-number=""></span> sort_field=<span class="hljs-string">'DEFAULT'</span>, <span data-line-number=""></span> sort_order=<span class="hljs-string">'DESC'</span> <span data-line-number=""></span>) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span><span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> result.is_success(): <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> (result.body != {}): <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> cust <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> result.body[<span class="hljs-string">'customers'</span>]: <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(<span class="hljs-string">f"customer: ID: <span class="hljs-subst">{cust[<span class="hljs-string">'id'</span>]}</span>, "</span>, end=<span class="hljs-string">""</span>) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(<span class="hljs-string">f"Version: <span class="hljs-subst">{cust[<span class="hljs-string">'version'</span>]}</span>, "</span>, end=<span class="hljs-string">""</span>) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(<span class="hljs-string">f"Given name: <span class="hljs-subst">{cust[<span class="hljs-string">'given_name'</span>]}</span>, "</span>, end=<span class="hljs-string">""</span>) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(<span class="hljs-string">f"Family name: <span class="hljs-subst">{cust[<span class="hljs-string">'family_name'</span>]}</span>"</span>) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (result.cursor): <span data-line-number=""></span> result = client.customers.list_customers( <span data-line-number=""></span> limit=limit, <span data-line-number=""></span> sort_field=<span class="hljs-string">'DEFAULT'</span>, <span data-line-number=""></span> sort_order=<span class="hljs-string">'DESC'</span>, <span data-line-number=""></span> cursor=result.cursor <span data-line-number=""></span> ) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span>: <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-keyword">break</span> <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span><span class="hljs-keyword">elif</span> result.is_error(): <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> error <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> result.errors: <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(error[<span class="hljs-string">'category'</span>]) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(error[<span class="hljs-string">'code'</span>]) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(error[<span class="hljs-string">'detail'</span>])</div></pre><div class="markdown-code-block_bottom-bar___1uwP"><button data-testid="expand-bottom-code-block" data-tracking-id="expand-bottom-code-block" class="native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 code-block-footer_button__TNCq_ code-block-footer_round__rqS_d markdown-code-block_bar-position__B59Cr"><svg width="24" height="24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon_icon-color__dAdSt"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16.414 13 12 17.414 7.586 13 9 11.586l2 2V7h2v6.586l2-2L16.414 13Z" fill="#7B61FF"></path></svg></button><div class="markdown-code-block_bar-position__B59Cr markdown-code-block_footer-action__9cq8l"></div></div></div><div data-markdown-heading="2" class="box_m-t-5x__L06CC box_m-b-2x__nVJGZ"><a href="#idempotency-key" id="idempotency-key" aria-label="anchor link for idempotency-key" class="anchored-heading_anchor__JhuiX"></a><div class="anchored-heading_heading__2wlPu"><div class="anchored-heading_container__rfGXv"><market-tooltip popover-placement="top-start"><a data-tracking-id="heading-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" slot="trigger" aria-label="click to copy link for idempotency-key" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 anchored-heading_trigger__XOE12 anchored-heading_button__TMpy8"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="anchored-heading_icon__4HlYl"><path d="M10.432 1.032c-.641.093-.887.239-1.099.649-.056.109-.07.184-.071.391-.001.229.009.276.097.455a.921.921 0 0 0 .486.471c.198.092.446.102.849.035.807-.133 1.657.312 2.034 1.065.161.321.212.538.212.9 0 .361-.05.573-.216.916-.122.254-.131.262-1.778 1.91C9.299 9.471 9.29 9.48 9.036 9.602c-.375.182-.572.223-.988.207-.538-.021-.887-.163-1.303-.533-.259-.23-.453-.312-.741-.313a.971.971 0 0 0-.681.263c-.2.18-.29.382-.304.684-.017.354.065.54.365.829.502.484 1.096.81 1.797.986.424.107 1.137.133 1.589.059.366-.06.832-.209 1.141-.364.549-.276.665-.378 2.46-2.172 1.462-1.462 1.725-1.738 1.886-1.982.483-.732.692-1.417.692-2.269 0-1.11-.398-2.063-1.189-2.844a3.97 3.97 0 0 0-2.019-1.074 4.553 4.553 0 0 0-1.309-.047M6.93 3.694a4.276 4.276 0 0 0-1.955.778c-.103.074-.931.877-1.839 1.786C1.352 8.041 1.242 8.167.959 8.75c-.171.354-.25.583-.336.974-.083.379-.088 1.156-.011 1.518.34 1.59 1.458 2.767 2.996 3.155.256.065.401.081.835.093 1.025.028 1.494-.153 1.731-.666a.786.786 0 0 0 .082-.411.753.753 0 0 0-.098-.426 1.004 1.004 0 0 0-.482-.476c-.157-.077-.462-.089-.897-.036-.628.078-1.179-.115-1.645-.575a1.563 1.563 0 0 1-.354-.495c-.3-.608-.3-1.185-.001-1.799l.14-.285 1.64-1.639c1.567-1.566 1.65-1.644 1.88-1.761.34-.173.568-.228.946-.228.525 0 .954.164 1.36.522.293.257.404.307.714.323.234.012.277.005.442-.069.226-.101.452-.331.533-.54.084-.22.078-.58-.014-.787-.128-.287-.727-.792-1.249-1.053-.64-.319-1.553-.48-2.241-.395" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a><span slot="content">Link to section</span></market-tooltip></div><h2 class="heading_base__MS64u heading_heading-30__MH4YZ">Idempotency key</h2></div></div><p>When an application calls a Square API, it must be able to repeat an API operation when needed and get the same result each time. For example, if a network error occurs while updating a catalog item, the application might retry the same request and must ensure that the item updates only once.</p><p>This behavior is called idempotency. Most Square APIs that modify data (create, update, or delete) require you to provide an idempotency key that uniquely identifies the request. This allows you to retry the request if necessary, without duplicating work.</p><p>You can provide a custom unique key or simply generate one. There are language specific functions that you can use to generate unique keys. For more information, see <span slot="trigger"><a data-tracking-id="markdown-link" href="/docs/working-with-apis/idempotency" class="nodes_markdown-link__1J6_a">Idempotency</a></span>.</p><div data-markdown-heading="2" class="box_m-t-5x__L06CC box_m-b-2x__nVJGZ"><a href="#optimistic-concurrency-and-object-versioning" id="optimistic-concurrency-and-object-versioning" aria-label="anchor link for optimistic-concurrency-and-object-versioning" class="anchored-heading_anchor__JhuiX"></a><div class="anchored-heading_heading__2wlPu"><div class="anchored-heading_container__rfGXv"><market-tooltip popover-placement="top-start"><a data-tracking-id="heading-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" slot="trigger" aria-label="click to copy link for optimistic-concurrency-and-object-versioning" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 anchored-heading_trigger__XOE12 anchored-heading_button__TMpy8"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="anchored-heading_icon__4HlYl"><path d="M10.432 1.032c-.641.093-.887.239-1.099.649-.056.109-.07.184-.071.391-.001.229.009.276.097.455a.921.921 0 0 0 .486.471c.198.092.446.102.849.035.807-.133 1.657.312 2.034 1.065.161.321.212.538.212.9 0 .361-.05.573-.216.916-.122.254-.131.262-1.778 1.91C9.299 9.471 9.29 9.48 9.036 9.602c-.375.182-.572.223-.988.207-.538-.021-.887-.163-1.303-.533-.259-.23-.453-.312-.741-.313a.971.971 0 0 0-.681.263c-.2.18-.29.382-.304.684-.017.354.065.54.365.829.502.484 1.096.81 1.797.986.424.107 1.137.133 1.589.059.366-.06.832-.209 1.141-.364.549-.276.665-.378 2.46-2.172 1.462-1.462 1.725-1.738 1.886-1.982.483-.732.692-1.417.692-2.269 0-1.11-.398-2.063-1.189-2.844a3.97 3.97 0 0 0-2.019-1.074 4.553 4.553 0 0 0-1.309-.047M6.93 3.694a4.276 4.276 0 0 0-1.955.778c-.103.074-.931.877-1.839 1.786C1.352 8.041 1.242 8.167.959 8.75c-.171.354-.25.583-.336.974-.083.379-.088 1.156-.011 1.518.34 1.59 1.458 2.767 2.996 3.155.256.065.401.081.835.093 1.025.028 1.494-.153 1.731-.666a.786.786 0 0 0 .082-.411.753.753 0 0 0-.098-.426 1.004 1.004 0 0 0-.482-.476c-.157-.077-.462-.089-.897-.036-.628.078-1.179-.115-1.645-.575a1.563 1.563 0 0 1-.354-.495c-.3-.608-.3-1.185-.001-1.799l.14-.285 1.64-1.639c1.567-1.566 1.65-1.644 1.88-1.761.34-.173.568-.228.946-.228.525 0 .954.164 1.36.522.293.257.404.307.714.323.234.012.277.005.442-.069.226-.101.452-.331.533-.54.084-.22.078-.58-.014-.787-.128-.287-.727-.792-1.249-1.053-.64-.319-1.553-.48-2.241-.395" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a><span slot="content">Link to section</span></market-tooltip></div><h2 class="heading_base__MS64u heading_heading-30__MH4YZ">Optimistic concurrency and object versioning</h2></div></div><p>Some Square API resources support versioning. For example, each <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">Customer</code> object has a version field. Initially, the version number is 0. Each update increases the version number. If you don't specify a version number in the request, the latest version is assumed.</p><p>This resource version number enables optimistic concurrency; multiple transactions can complete without interfering with each other. As a best practice, you should include the version field in the request to enable optimistic concurrency. The value must be set to the current version. For more information, see <span slot="trigger"><a data-tracking-id="markdown-link" href="/docs/working-with-apis/optimistic-concurrency" class="nodes_markdown-link__1J6_a">Optimistic Concurrency</a></span>.</p><p>The following code example updates a customer name. The update request also includes a version number. It succeeds only if the specified version number is the latest version of the <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">Customer</code> object on the server.</p><div class="box_m-t-3x__rN_qC code-block_header__urOUF code-block_floating__ocyWk code-block_request__DDmE0 dark-mode-theme"><div></div><div class="box_m-r-1x__uw0iY box_m-t-5x__L06CC"><div class="code-block-action-button-group_button-group__QsOaL"><div></div><div><div class="icon-button_dropdown__e8K_5"><button data-testid="copy-code-block" data-tracking-id="copy-code-block" slot="trigger" aria-label="Copy code" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 icon-button_icon__Iew7h"><svg width="24" height="24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon_icon-color__dAdSt"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M11 6a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h5v6a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-5ZM9 16v-5h4v5H9Zm-2-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v7a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-7Z" fill="#7B61FF"></path></svg></button></div></div><div><div class="icon-button_dropdown__e8K_5"><button data-testid="expand-code-block" data-tracking-id="expand-code-block" slot="trigger" aria-label="Expand code" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 icon-button_icon__Iew7h"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon_icon-color__dAdSt"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7 3H13V9H11V6.414L6.414 11H9V13H3V7H5V9.586L9.586 5H7V3Z" fill="#7B61FF"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="code-block" data-language="python" data-test-expanded="false" aria-expanded="false" class="box_m-b-3x__A9ryy box_b-b-l-std__q5XI3 box_b-l-l-std__REGyC box_b-r-l-std__Q4dy4 box_b-r-6__eFn6m code-block_code-block__7vruq code-block_request__DDmE0 dark-mode-theme markdown-code-block_limit-height__WOJUw"><pre tabindex="-1" class="box_p-l-2x__0A2_9 box_p-r-2x__z29W6 box_p-t-2x__M5RH8 box_p-b-2x__bSkd6 code-block_main__7BHb4"><div data-testid="code-block-contents" data-line-numbers-active="true" style="--line-number-length:2ch" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 code_code__4FNSr highlight_code-highlight___caZ6 code_line-numbers___xHrc"><span data-line-number=""></span>result = client.customers.update_customer( <span data-line-number=""></span> customer_id = <span class="hljs-string">"GZ48C4P2CWVXV7F7K2ZH795RSG"</span>, <span data-line-number=""></span> body = { <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-string">"given_name"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"Fred"</span>, <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-string">"family_name"</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"Jones"</span>, <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-string">"version"</span>: <span class="hljs-number">11</span> <span data-line-number=""></span> } <span data-line-number=""></span>) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span><span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> result.is_success(): <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(result.body) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span><span class="hljs-keyword">elif</span> result.is_error(): <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> error <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> result.errors: <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(error[<span class="hljs-string">'category'</span>]) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(error[<span class="hljs-string">'code'</span>]) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(error[<span class="hljs-string">'detail'</span>])%</div></pre><div class="markdown-code-block_bottom-bar___1uwP"><button data-testid="expand-bottom-code-block" data-tracking-id="expand-bottom-code-block" class="native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 code-block-footer_button__TNCq_ code-block-footer_round__rqS_d markdown-code-block_bar-position__B59Cr"><svg width="24" height="24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon_icon-color__dAdSt"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16.414 13 12 17.414 7.586 13 9 11.586l2 2V7h2v6.586l2-2L16.414 13Z" fill="#7B61FF"></path></svg></button><div class="markdown-code-block_bar-position__B59Cr markdown-code-block_footer-action__9cq8l"></div></div></div><div data-markdown-heading="2" class="box_m-t-5x__L06CC box_m-b-2x__nVJGZ"><a href="#clear-api-object-fields" id="clear-api-object-fields" aria-label="anchor link for clear-api-object-fields" class="anchored-heading_anchor__JhuiX"></a><div class="anchored-heading_heading__2wlPu"><div class="anchored-heading_container__rfGXv"><market-tooltip popover-placement="top-start"><a data-tracking-id="heading-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" slot="trigger" aria-label="click to copy link for clear-api-object-fields" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 anchored-heading_trigger__XOE12 anchored-heading_button__TMpy8"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="anchored-heading_icon__4HlYl"><path d="M10.432 1.032c-.641.093-.887.239-1.099.649-.056.109-.07.184-.071.391-.001.229.009.276.097.455a.921.921 0 0 0 .486.471c.198.092.446.102.849.035.807-.133 1.657.312 2.034 1.065.161.321.212.538.212.9 0 .361-.05.573-.216.916-.122.254-.131.262-1.778 1.91C9.299 9.471 9.29 9.48 9.036 9.602c-.375.182-.572.223-.988.207-.538-.021-.887-.163-1.303-.533-.259-.23-.453-.312-.741-.313a.971.971 0 0 0-.681.263c-.2.18-.29.382-.304.684-.017.354.065.54.365.829.502.484 1.096.81 1.797.986.424.107 1.137.133 1.589.059.366-.06.832-.209 1.141-.364.549-.276.665-.378 2.46-2.172 1.462-1.462 1.725-1.738 1.886-1.982.483-.732.692-1.417.692-2.269 0-1.11-.398-2.063-1.189-2.844a3.97 3.97 0 0 0-2.019-1.074 4.553 4.553 0 0 0-1.309-.047M6.93 3.694a4.276 4.276 0 0 0-1.955.778c-.103.074-.931.877-1.839 1.786C1.352 8.041 1.242 8.167.959 8.75c-.171.354-.25.583-.336.974-.083.379-.088 1.156-.011 1.518.34 1.59 1.458 2.767 2.996 3.155.256.065.401.081.835.093 1.025.028 1.494-.153 1.731-.666a.786.786 0 0 0 .082-.411.753.753 0 0 0-.098-.426 1.004 1.004 0 0 0-.482-.476c-.157-.077-.462-.089-.897-.036-.628.078-1.179-.115-1.645-.575a1.563 1.563 0 0 1-.354-.495c-.3-.608-.3-1.185-.001-1.799l.14-.285 1.64-1.639c1.567-1.566 1.65-1.644 1.88-1.761.34-.173.568-.228.946-.228.525 0 .954.164 1.36.522.293.257.404.307.714.323.234.012.277.005.442-.069.226-.101.452-.331.533-.54.084-.22.078-.58-.014-.787-.128-.287-.727-.792-1.249-1.053-.64-.319-1.553-.48-2.241-.395" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a><span slot="content">Link to section</span></market-tooltip></div><h2 class="heading_base__MS64u heading_heading-30__MH4YZ">Clear API object fields</h2></div></div><p>For update operations that support sparse updates, your request only needs to specify the fields you want to change (along with any fields required by the update operation). If you want to clear a field without setting a new value, set its value to <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">None</code>. For more information, see <span slot="trigger"><a data-tracking-id="markdown-link" href="/docs/build-basics/clearing-fields#clear-a-field-with-a-null" class="nodes_markdown-link__1J6_a">Clear a field with a null</a></span>.</p><p>The following <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">update_location</code> example clears the <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">twitter_username</code> field and sets the <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">website_url</code> field:</p><div class="box_m-t-3x__rN_qC code-block_header__urOUF code-block_floating__ocyWk code-block_request__DDmE0 dark-mode-theme"><div></div><div class="box_m-r-1x__uw0iY box_m-t-5x__L06CC"><div class="code-block-action-button-group_button-group__QsOaL"><div></div><div><div class="icon-button_dropdown__e8K_5"><button data-testid="copy-code-block" data-tracking-id="copy-code-block" slot="trigger" aria-label="Copy code" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 icon-button_icon__Iew7h"><svg width="24" height="24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon_icon-color__dAdSt"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M11 6a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h5v6a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-5ZM9 16v-5h4v5H9Zm-2-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v7a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-7Z" fill="#7B61FF"></path></svg></button></div></div><div><div class="icon-button_dropdown__e8K_5"><button data-testid="expand-code-block" data-tracking-id="expand-code-block" slot="trigger" aria-label="Expand code" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 icon-button_icon__Iew7h"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon_icon-color__dAdSt"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7 3H13V9H11V6.414L6.414 11H9V13H3V7H5V9.586L9.586 5H7V3Z" fill="#7B61FF"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="code-block" data-language="python" data-test-expanded="false" aria-expanded="false" class="box_m-b-3x__A9ryy box_b-b-l-std__q5XI3 box_b-l-l-std__REGyC box_b-r-l-std__Q4dy4 box_b-r-6__eFn6m code-block_code-block__7vruq code-block_request__DDmE0 dark-mode-theme markdown-code-block_limit-height__WOJUw"><pre tabindex="-1" class="box_p-l-2x__0A2_9 box_p-r-2x__z29W6 box_p-t-2x__M5RH8 box_p-b-2x__bSkd6 code-block_main__7BHb4"><div data-testid="code-block-contents" data-line-numbers-active="true" style="--line-number-length:2ch" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 code_code__4FNSr highlight_code-highlight___caZ6 code_line-numbers___xHrc"><span data-line-number=""></span><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> square.http.auth.o_auth_2 <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> BearerAuthCredentials <span data-line-number=""></span><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> square.client <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> Client <span data-line-number=""></span><span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> dotenv <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> load_dotenv <span data-line-number=""></span><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> os <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span>load_dotenv() <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span>client = Client( <span data-line-number=""></span> bearer_auth_credentials=BearerAuthCredentials( <span data-line-number=""></span> access_token=os.environ[<span class="hljs-string">'SQUARE_ACCESS_TOKEN'</span>] <span data-line-number=""></span> ), <span data-line-number=""></span> environment=<span class="hljs-string">'sandbox'</span>) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span>location_id = <span class="hljs-string">'M8AKAD8160XGR'</span> <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span>body = { <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-string">'location'</span>: { <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-string">'twitter_username'</span>:<span class="hljs-literal">None</span>, <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-string">'website_url'</span>:<span class="hljs-string">'https://developer.squareup.com'</span> <span data-line-number=""></span> } <span data-line-number=""></span>} <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span>result = client.locations.update_location(location_id, body) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span><span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> result.is_success(): <span data-line-number=""></span> location = result.body[<span class="hljs-string">'location'</span>] <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(location) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span data-line-number=""></span><span class="hljs-keyword">elif</span> result.is_error(): <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> error <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> result.errors: <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(error[<span class="hljs-string">'category'</span>]) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(error[<span class="hljs-string">'code'</span>]) <span data-line-number=""></span> <span class="hljs-built_in">print</span>(error[<span class="hljs-string">'detail'</span>])</div></pre><div class="markdown-code-block_bottom-bar___1uwP"><button data-testid="expand-bottom-code-block" data-tracking-id="expand-bottom-code-block" class="native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 code-block-footer_button__TNCq_ code-block-footer_round__rqS_d markdown-code-block_bar-position__B59Cr"><svg width="24" height="24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon_icon-color__dAdSt"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16.414 13 12 17.414 7.586 13 9 11.586l2 2V7h2v6.586l2-2L16.414 13Z" fill="#7B61FF"></path></svg></button><div class="markdown-code-block_bar-position__B59Cr markdown-code-block_footer-action__9cq8l"></div></div></div><p><code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">update_order</code> requests require an additional header.</p><div data-markdown-heading="3" class="box_m-t-3x__rN_qC box_m-b-2x__nVJGZ"><a href="#update_order-requests" id="update_order-requests" aria-label="anchor link for update_order-requests" class="anchored-heading_anchor__JhuiX"></a><div class="anchored-heading_heading__2wlPu"><div class="anchored-heading_container__rfGXv"><market-tooltip popover-placement="top-start"><a data-tracking-id="heading-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" slot="trigger" aria-label="click to copy link for update_order-requests" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 anchored-heading_trigger__XOE12 anchored-heading_button__TMpy8"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="anchored-heading_icon__4HlYl"><path d="M10.432 1.032c-.641.093-.887.239-1.099.649-.056.109-.07.184-.071.391-.001.229.009.276.097.455a.921.921 0 0 0 .486.471c.198.092.446.102.849.035.807-.133 1.657.312 2.034 1.065.161.321.212.538.212.9 0 .361-.05.573-.216.916-.122.254-.131.262-1.778 1.91C9.299 9.471 9.29 9.48 9.036 9.602c-.375.182-.572.223-.988.207-.538-.021-.887-.163-1.303-.533-.259-.23-.453-.312-.741-.313a.971.971 0 0 0-.681.263c-.2.18-.29.382-.304.684-.017.354.065.54.365.829.502.484 1.096.81 1.797.986.424.107 1.137.133 1.589.059.366-.06.832-.209 1.141-.364.549-.276.665-.378 2.46-2.172 1.462-1.462 1.725-1.738 1.886-1.982.483-.732.692-1.417.692-2.269 0-1.11-.398-2.063-1.189-2.844a3.97 3.97 0 0 0-2.019-1.074 4.553 4.553 0 0 0-1.309-.047M6.93 3.694a4.276 4.276 0 0 0-1.955.778c-.103.074-.931.877-1.839 1.786C1.352 8.041 1.242 8.167.959 8.75c-.171.354-.25.583-.336.974-.083.379-.088 1.156-.011 1.518.34 1.59 1.458 2.767 2.996 3.155.256.065.401.081.835.093 1.025.028 1.494-.153 1.731-.666a.786.786 0 0 0 .082-.411.753.753 0 0 0-.098-.426 1.004 1.004 0 0 0-.482-.476c-.157-.077-.462-.089-.897-.036-.628.078-1.179-.115-1.645-.575a1.563 1.563 0 0 1-.354-.495c-.3-.608-.3-1.185-.001-1.799l.14-.285 1.64-1.639c1.567-1.566 1.65-1.644 1.88-1.761.34-.173.568-.228.946-.228.525 0 .954.164 1.36.522.293.257.404.307.714.323.234.012.277.005.442-.069.226-.101.452-.331.533-.54.084-.22.078-.58-.014-.787-.128-.287-.727-.792-1.249-1.053-.64-.319-1.553-.48-2.241-.395" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a><span slot="content">Link to section</span></market-tooltip></div><h3 class="heading_base__MS64u heading_heading-20__RIpnh">update_order requests</h3></div></div><p>If you're using <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">None</code> to clear fields in an order, you must add the <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">X-Clear-Null: true</code> HTTP header to signal your intention. In the Square Python SDK, the <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">Client</code> class provides an <code class="box_p-l-05x__pvvKi box_p-r-05x__PX6jO box_b-r-4__1LPp7 text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 nodes_inline-code__HksNY">additional_headers</code> parameter that you can use for this purpose:</p><div class="box_m-t-3x__rN_qC code-block_header__urOUF code-block_floating__ocyWk code-block_request__DDmE0 dark-mode-theme"><div></div><div class="box_m-r-1x__uw0iY box_m-t-5x__L06CC"><div class="code-block-action-button-group_button-group__QsOaL"><div></div><div><div class="icon-button_dropdown__e8K_5"><button data-testid="copy-code-block" data-tracking-id="copy-code-block" slot="trigger" aria-label="Copy code" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 icon-button_icon__Iew7h"><svg width="24" height="24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon_icon-color__dAdSt"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M11 6a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h5v6a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V8a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-5ZM9 16v-5h4v5H9Zm-2-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v7a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-7Z" fill="#7B61FF"></path></svg></button></div></div><div><div class="icon-button_dropdown__e8K_5"><button data-testid="expand-code-block" data-tracking-id="expand-code-block" slot="trigger" aria-label="Expand code" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 icon-button_icon__Iew7h"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon_icon-color__dAdSt"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7 3H13V9H11V6.414L6.414 11H9V13H3V7H5V9.586L9.586 5H7V3Z" fill="#7B61FF"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="code-block" data-language="python" class="box_m-b-3x__A9ryy box_b-b-l-std__q5XI3 box_b-l-l-std__REGyC box_b-r-l-std__Q4dy4 box_b-r-6__eFn6m code-block_code-block__7vruq code-block_request__DDmE0 dark-mode-theme markdown-code-block_limit-height__WOJUw"><pre tabindex="-1" class="box_p-l-2x__0A2_9 box_p-r-2x__z29W6 box_p-t-2x__M5RH8 box_p-b-2x__bSkd6 code-block_main__7BHb4"><div data-testid="code-block-contents" data-line-numbers-active="true" style="--line-number-length:1ch" class="text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_code-field___GL_9 code_code__4FNSr highlight_code-highlight___caZ6 code_line-numbers___xHrc"><span data-line-number=""></span>client = Client( <span data-line-number=""></span> bearer_auth_credentials=BearerAuthCredentials( <span data-line-number=""></span> access_token=os.environ[<span class="hljs-string">'SQUARE_ACCESS_TOKEN'</span>] <span data-line-number=""></span> ), <span data-line-number=""></span> environment=<span class="hljs-string">'sandbox'</span>, <span data-line-number=""></span> additional_headers={<span class="hljs-string">'X-Clear-Null'</span>:<span class="hljs-string">'true'</span>})</div></pre><div class="markdown-code-block_bottom-bar___1uwP"><div class="markdown-code-block_bar-position__B59Cr markdown-code-block_footer-action__9cq8l"></div></div></div><div data-markdown-heading="2" class="box_m-t-5x__L06CC box_m-b-2x__nVJGZ"><a href="#see-also" id="see-also" aria-label="anchor link for see-also" class="anchored-heading_anchor__JhuiX"></a><div class="anchored-heading_heading__2wlPu"><div class="anchored-heading_container__rfGXv"><market-tooltip popover-placement="top-start"><a data-tracking-id="heading-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" slot="trigger" aria-label="click to copy link for see-also" class="box_b-r-6__eFn6m native-button_button__Iabj1 native-button_no-border__LHOho native-button_button-padding__xncbB focus-ring-styles_focus-ring__5P6v0 anchored-heading_trigger__XOE12 anchored-heading_button__TMpy8"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="anchored-heading_icon__4HlYl"><path d="M10.432 1.032c-.641.093-.887.239-1.099.649-.056.109-.07.184-.071.391-.001.229.009.276.097.455a.921.921 0 0 0 .486.471c.198.092.446.102.849.035.807-.133 1.657.312 2.034 1.065.161.321.212.538.212.9 0 .361-.05.573-.216.916-.122.254-.131.262-1.778 1.91C9.299 9.471 9.29 9.48 9.036 9.602c-.375.182-.572.223-.988.207-.538-.021-.887-.163-1.303-.533-.259-.23-.453-.312-.741-.313a.971.971 0 0 0-.681.263c-.2.18-.29.382-.304.684-.017.354.065.54.365.829.502.484 1.096.81 1.797.986.424.107 1.137.133 1.589.059.366-.06.832-.209 1.141-.364.549-.276.665-.378 2.46-2.172 1.462-1.462 1.725-1.738 1.886-1.982.483-.732.692-1.417.692-2.269 0-1.11-.398-2.063-1.189-2.844a3.97 3.97 0 0 0-2.019-1.074 4.553 4.553 0 0 0-1.309-.047M6.93 3.694a4.276 4.276 0 0 0-1.955.778c-.103.074-.931.877-1.839 1.786C1.352 8.041 1.242 8.167.959 8.75c-.171.354-.25.583-.336.974-.083.379-.088 1.156-.011 1.518.34 1.59 1.458 2.767 2.996 3.155.256.065.401.081.835.093 1.025.028 1.494-.153 1.731-.666a.786.786 0 0 0 .082-.411.753.753 0 0 0-.098-.426 1.004 1.004 0 0 0-.482-.476c-.157-.077-.462-.089-.897-.036-.628.078-1.179-.115-1.645-.575a1.563 1.563 0 0 1-.354-.495c-.3-.608-.3-1.185-.001-1.799l.14-.285 1.64-1.639c1.567-1.566 1.65-1.644 1.88-1.761.34-.173.568-.228.946-.228.525 0 .954.164 1.36.522.293.257.404.307.714.323.234.012.277.005.442-.069.226-.101.452-.331.533-.54.084-.22.078-.58-.014-.787-.128-.287-.727-.792-1.249-1.053-.64-.319-1.553-.48-2.241-.395" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a><span slot="content">Link to section</span></market-tooltip></div><h2 class="heading_base__MS64u heading_heading-30__MH4YZ">See also</h2></div></div><ul><li><span slot="trigger"><a data-tracking-id="markdown-link" href="/docs/sdks/python/quick-start" class="nodes_markdown-link__1J6_a">Square Python SDK Quickstart</a></span></li><li><span slot="trigger"><a data-tracking-id="markdown-link" href="/docs/sdks/python/setup-project" class="nodes_markdown-link__1J6_a">Set up your Square SDK for a Python Project</a></span></li><li><span slot="trigger"><a data-tracking-id="markdown-link" href="/docs/sdks/python/using-python-sdk" class="nodes_markdown-link__1J6_a">Using the Square Python SDK</a></span></li><li><span slot="trigger"><a data-tracking-id="markdown-link" href="/docs/sdks/python/stay-current-with-sdk-version" class="nodes_markdown-link__1J6_a">Stay Current with the Python SDK Version</a></span></li></ul></article></div></div></div><div class="box_m-t-8x__7Ip7V grid-item_grid-item-small__Xb5VI page-layout_sidebar-floating-toc__oeaXi"><div data-testid="ftoc" class="sticky-container_container__FNSI1 floating-toc_docs-floating-toc__UfFM_"><h5 data-testid="docs-heading" class="heading_base__MS64u heading_heading-5__lcRR4">On this page</h5><div data-testid="ftoc-scroll" class="box_m-t-1x__GR9iT box_m-b-1x__b2HHn 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sidebar-link_sidebar-link__hvuMG sidebar-link_sidebar-container__NFtV_ floating-toc_docs-item__J_ik3">Idempotency key</a><a data-tracking-id="floating-toc-item" data-tracking-extra="{"title":"Optimistic concurrency and object versioning"}" href="/docs/sdks/python/common-square-api-patterns#optimistic-concurrency-and-object-versioning" class="box_m-b-1x__b2HHn text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_color-20__myvq7 sidebar-link_sidebar-link__hvuMG sidebar-link_sidebar-container__NFtV_ floating-toc_docs-item__J_ik3">Optimistic concurrency and object versioning</a><a data-tracking-id="floating-toc-item" data-tracking-extra="{"title":"Clear API object fields"}" href="/docs/sdks/python/common-square-api-patterns#clear-api-object-fields" class="box_m-b-1x__b2HHn text_base__bZ6a4 text_paragraph-20__2lYBq text_color-20__myvq7 sidebar-link_sidebar-link__hvuMG sidebar-link_sidebar-container__NFtV_ floating-toc_docs-item__J_ik3">Clear API object fields</a><a 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how the Square Python SDK supports the common Square API features.","heading":{"title":"Common Square API Patterns","browserTitle":"Common Square API Patterns","releaseStatus":"PUBLIC"},"languagesSupported":["All"],"platforms":["All"],"leftNavId":"iO7IcPwigJctqIkoJ11Zo","content":[{"type":"markdown","name":"sdks : python : common-square-api-patterns","markdown":"{% subheading %}Learn how the Square Python SDK supports the common Square API features.{% /subheading %}\n\n{% toc hide=true /%}\n\n## Overview\n\nSome of the Square API patterns are used across various APIs. These include the following:\n\n* **Pagination** - Many Square API operations limit the size of the response. When the result of the API operation exceeds the limit, the API truncates the result. You must make a series of requests to retrieve all the data. This is referred to as pagination. \n* **Idempotency key** - Most Square APIs that perform create, update, or delete operations require idempotency keys to protect against making duplicate calls that can have negative consequences (for example, charging a card on file twice).\n* **Object versioning** - Some Square resources (for example, the `Customer` object) have versions assigned. The version numbers enable optimistic concurrency, which is the ability for multiple transactions to complete without interfering with each other.\n* **Clear API object fields** - Square API update endpoints that support sparse updates allow you to clear fields by setting the value to `None`. Note that `update_order` requires an `X-Clear-Null: true` HTTP header to indicate that the request contains a `None` field update.\n\nThese Square API patterns are exposed in the Square Python SDK.\n\n{% toc hide=true /%}\n\n## Pagination \n\nSquare API [pagination](working-with-apis/pagination) support lets you split a full query result set into pages that are retrieved over a sequence of requests. For example, when you call `list_customers`, you can limit the number of customers returned in the response. If there are more customers to retrieve, the response includes a pagination cursor. You include this cursor in your subsequent `list_customers` request to retrieve the next set of customers. When the response no longer returns a cursor (the cursor is null), there are no more customers to retrieve.\n\nThe following code example calls the `list_customers` method. The request limits the number of customers returned to 10. The `while` loop repeats while the pagination cursor isn't null. After the first `list_customers` call, the subsequent call includes the pagination cursor returned by the previous call.\n\n```python copy_code\nlimit = 10\n\nresult = client.customers.list_customers(\n limit=limit,\n sort_field='DEFAULT',\n sort_order='DESC'\n)\n\nif result.is_success():\n\n while (result.body != {}):\n\n for cust in result.body['customers']:\n print(f\"customer: ID: {cust['id']}, \", end=\"\")\n print(f\"Version: {cust['version']}, \", end=\"\")\n print(f\"Given name: {cust['given_name']}, \", end=\"\")\n print(f\"Family name: {cust['family_name']}\")\n\n if (result.cursor):\n result = client.customers.list_customers(\n limit=limit,\n sort_field='DEFAULT',\n sort_order='DESC',\n cursor=result.cursor\n )\n else:\n break\n\nelif result.is_error():\n for error in result.errors:\n print(error['category'])\n print(error['code'])\n print(error['detail'])\n```\n\n## Idempotency key\n\nWhen an application calls a Square API, it must be able to repeat an API operation when needed and get the same result each time. For example, if a network error occurs while updating a catalog item, the application might retry the same request and must ensure that the item updates only once.\n\nThis behavior is called idempotency. Most Square APIs that modify data (create, update, or delete) require you to provide an idempotency key that uniquely identifies the request. This allows you to retry the request if necessary, without duplicating work.\n\nYou can provide a custom unique key or simply generate one. There are language specific functions that you can use to generate unique keys. For more information, see [Idempotency](working-with-apis/idempotency).\n\n## Optimistic concurrency and object versioning\n\nSome Square API resources support versioning. For example, each `Customer` object has a version field. Initially, the version number is 0. Each update increases the version number. If you don't specify a version number in the request, the latest version is assumed.\n\nThis resource version number enables optimistic concurrency; multiple transactions can complete without interfering with each other. As a best practice, you should include the version field in the request to enable optimistic concurrency. The value must be set to the current version. For more information, see [Optimistic Concurrency](working-with-apis/optimistic-concurrency).\n\nThe following code example updates a customer name. The update request also includes a version number. It succeeds only if the specified version number is the latest version of the `Customer` object on the server.\n\n```python copy_code\nresult = client.customers.update_customer(\n customer_id = \"GZ48C4P2CWVXV7F7K2ZH795RSG\",\n body = {\n \"given_name\": \"Fred\",\n \"family_name\": \"Jones\",\n \"version\": 11 \n }\n)\n\nif result.is_success():\n print(result.body)\n\nelif result.is_error():\n for error in result.errors:\n print(error['category'])\n print(error['code'])\n print(error['detail'])% \n```\n\n## Clear API object fields\n\nFor update operations that support sparse updates, your request only needs to specify the fields you want to change (along with any fields required by the update operation). If you want to clear a field without setting a new value, set its value to `None`. For more information, see [Clear a field with a null](build-basics/clearing-fields#clear-a-field-with-a-null).\n\nThe following `update_location` example clears the `twitter_username` field and sets the `website_url` field:\n\n```python copy_code\nfrom square.http.auth.o_auth_2 import BearerAuthCredentials\nfrom square.client import Client\nfrom dotenv import load_dotenv\nimport os\n\nload_dotenv()\n\nclient = Client(\n bearer_auth_credentials=BearerAuthCredentials(\n access_token=os.environ['SQUARE_ACCESS_TOKEN']\n ),\n environment='sandbox')\n\nlocation_id = 'M8AKAD8160XGR'\n\nbody = {\n 'location': {\n 'twitter_username':None,\n 'website_url':'https://developer.squareup.com'\n }\n}\n\nresult = client.locations.update_location(location_id, body)\n\nif result.is_success():\n location = result.body['location']\n print(location)\n\nelif result.is_error():\n for error in result.errors:\n print(error['category'])\n print(error['code'])\n print(error['detail'])\n```\n\n`update_order` requests require an additional header.\n\n### update_order requests\nIf you're using `None` to clear fields in an order, you must add the `X-Clear-Null: true` HTTP header to signal your intention. In the Square Python SDK, the `Client` class provides an `additional_headers` parameter that you can use for this purpose:\n\n```python copy_code\nclient = Client(\n bearer_auth_credentials=BearerAuthCredentials(\n access_token=os.environ['SQUARE_ACCESS_TOKEN']\n ),\n environment='sandbox',\n additional_headers={'X-Clear-Null':'true'})\n```\n\n## See also\n\n* [Square Python SDK Quickstart](sdks/python/quick-start)\n* [Set up your Square SDK for a Python Project](sdks/python/setup-project)\n* [Using the Square Python SDK](sdks/python/using-python-sdk)\n* [Stay Current with the Python SDK Version](sdks/python/stay-current-with-sdk-version) ","programmingLanguage":"All","platform":"All"}]},"requirementsDomain":null},"navSet":{"value":{"items":[{"type":"link","url":"/","title":"Docs 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