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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Forskning_inom_laserkylning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forskning_inom_laserkylning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Forskning inom laserkylning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forskning_inom_laserkylning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utmärkelser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utmärkelser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Utmärkelser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utmärkelser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Källor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Källor</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Steven Chu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 70 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ستيفن تشو – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيفن تشو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiven_%C3%87u" title="Stiven Çu – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stiven Çu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88" title="استیون چو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استیون چو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81" title="স্টিভেন চু – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্টিভেন চু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Стывен Чу – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стывен Чу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Стивън Чу – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стивън Чу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88" title="استیون چو – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیون چو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BB_Tai-v%C3%B9n" title="Chû Tai-vùn – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chû Tai-vùn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%EC%B6%94" title="스티븐 추 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스티븐 추" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%89%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Սթիվեն Չու – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սթիվեն Չու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82" title="स्टीवन चू – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टीवन चू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%27%D7%95" title="סטיבן צ'ו – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטיבן צ'ו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Стивен Чу – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стивен Чу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – haitiska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Стивен Чу – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стивен Чу" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82" title="स्टीवन चू – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टीवन चू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ستيفن تشو – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستيفن تشو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88" title="استیون چو – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استیون چو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81" title="स्टेभेन् चु – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्टेभेन् चु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC" title="スティーブン・チュー – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スティーブン・チュー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%82" title="ਸਟੀਵਨ ਚੂ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਟੀਵਨ ਚੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88" title="سٹیون چو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹیون چو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Чу, Стивен – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чу, Стивен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82" title="स्टीवन चू – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्टीवन चू" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiven_%C4%8Cu" title="Stiven Ču – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Stiven Ču" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82" title="ஸ்டீவன் சூ – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்டீவன் சூ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Стивен Чу – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Стивен Чу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Стівен Чу – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стівен Чу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%88" title="صتیون چھو – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صتیون چھو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A3%A3%E6%96%87" title="朱棣文 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朱棣文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A3%A3%E6%96%87" title="朱棣文 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="朱棣文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A3%A3%E6%96%87" title="朱棣文 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朱棣文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172466#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskussion:Steven_Chu&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [inte skriven än] [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/wiki/Steven_Chu"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fler alternativ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Åtgärder </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu"><span>Läs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&veaction=edit" title="Redigera denna sida [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigera</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit" title="Redigera wikitexten för den här sidan [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redigera wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=history"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allmänt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:L%C3%A4nkar_hit/Steven_Chu" title="Lista över alla wikisidor som länkar hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sidor som länkar hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Senaste_relaterade_%C3%A4ndringar/Steven_Chu" rel="nofollow" title="Visa senaste ändringarna av sidor som den här sidan länkar till [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterade ändringar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Specialsidor" title="Lista över alla specialsidor [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsidor</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&oldid=52528934" title="Permanent länk till den här versionen av sidan"><span>Permanent länk</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=info" title="Mer information om denna sida"><span>Sidinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citera&page=Steven_Chu&id=52528934&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om hur den här artikeln kan användas som referens"><span>Använd som referens</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSteven_Chu"><span>Hämta förkortad url</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSteven_Chu"><span>Ladda ner QR-kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut/exportera </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Bok&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Steven+Chu"><span>Skapa en bok</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Steven_Chu&action=show-download-screen"><span>Ladda ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvänlig version av den här sidan [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvänlig 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid 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0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="border-spacing:3px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;"><span class="fn">Steven Chu <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobelmedalj.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobelpristagare i fysik 1997"><img alt="Nobelpristagare i fysik 1997" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nobelmedalj.svg/20px-Nobelmedalj.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nobelmedalj.svg/30px-Nobelmedalj.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nobelmedalj.svg/40px-Nobelmedalj.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg/250px-Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg/375px-Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg/500px-Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> <div style=""></div></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Född</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/28_februari" title="28 februari">28 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a><span class="noprint"> (76 år)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis" title="Saint Louis">Saint Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Medborgare i</th><td class="kategori" style=""><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Utbildad vid</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Rochester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Rochester [inte skriven än]">University of Rochester</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_City_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garden City High School [inte skriven än]">Garden City High School</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172466?uselang=sv#P69"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Sysselsättning</th><td class="roll" style=""><a href="/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker">Fysiker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akademiker" title="Akademiker">akademiker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitetsl%C3%A4rare" title="Universitetslärare">universitetslärare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politiker" title="Politiker">politiker</a>, klimataktivist</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Befattning</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/USA:s_energiminister" title="USA:s energiminister">USA:s energiminister</a><small> (2009–2013)</small></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Arbetsgivare</th><td class="org" style=""><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Politiskt parti</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="org" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Demokratiska_partiet" title="Demokratiska partiet">Demokratiska partiet</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Maka</th><td class="" style="">Lisa Chu-Thielbar (skilda)<br />Jean Fetter (sedan 1997)</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Barn</th><td class="" style="">Geoffrey<br />Michael</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Föräldrar</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ju-Chin_Chu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ju-Chin Chu [inte skriven än]">Ju-Chin Chu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align:left">Utmärkelser</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysik" title="Nobelpriset i fysik">Nobelpriset i fysik</a>, 1997<br /><a href="#Utmärkelser">Se lista</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Webbplats</th><td class="" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energy.gov/">länk</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left" class=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Steven_Chu" class="extiw" title="d:Special:ItemByTitle/svwiki/Steven Chu">Redigera Wikidata</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r53696904"> <table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; text-align: left"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold"><span class="fn">Steven Chu</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><hr /><div style="background:lavender;color: #202122; font-weight:bold">USA:s energiminister</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:none; text-align:center;"><b>Tid i befattningen</b><br />21 januari 2009–22 april 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <th>President </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ställföreträdare </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Poneman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Poneman [inte skriven än]">Daniel Poneman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Företrädare </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bodman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Bodman [inte skriven än]">Samuel Bodman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Efterträdare </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Moniz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Moniz [inte skriven än]">Ernest Moniz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Politiskt parti </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Demokratiska_partiet_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demokratiska partiet (USA)">Demokraterna</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Webbplats </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://energy.gov/contributors/secretary-energy-dr-steven-chu">Officiell hemsida</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Steven Chu</b>, född 28 februari <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a> i <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis, Missouri">Saint Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, är en <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">amerikansk</a> <a href="/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker">fysiker</a> som var <a href="/wiki/USA:s_energidepartement" title="USA:s energidepartement">USA:s energiminister</a> 2009-2013. Han är känd för sitt arbete med <a href="/wiki/Laserkylning" title="Laserkylning">laserkylning</a>, vilket gav honom <a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysik" title="Nobelpriset i fysik">Nobelpriset i fysik</a> 1997. </p><p>Chu fick doktorsgrad i fysik 1976 vid <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Mellan 1978 och 1987 var han anställd på <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, där han utförde den forskning för vilken han 1997 tilldelades nobelpriset i fysik för "utveckling av metoder att kyla och infånga atomer med laserljus".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han delade priset med amerikanen <a href="/wiki/William_D._Phillips" title="William D. Phillips">William D. Phillips</a> och fransmannen <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a>. Chu var professor i fysik vid <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> mellan 1987 och 2004. Han utsågs 2004 till chef för <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> i <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_Kalifornien" title="Berkeley, Kalifornien">Berkeley</a> och i samband med detta blev han även professor i fysik vid University of California, Berkeley. </p><p>Steven Chu deltog som energiminister i <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obamas</a> <a href="/wiki/Regeringen_Obama" title="Regeringen Obama">regering</a> 2009-2013.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chu är av kinesiskt ursprung och hans familj härstammar från <a href="/wiki/Taicang" title="Taicang">Taicang</a> i Jiangsu-provinsen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forskning_inom_laserkylning">Forskning inom laserkylning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Forskning inom laserkylning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Forskning inom laserkylning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ljus kan beskrivas som en ström av partiklar, <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotoner</a>. Fotonerna saknar massa i vanlig bemärkelse men de har en viss <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6relsem%C3%A4ngd" title="Rörelsemängd">rörelsemängd</a> och när en foton krockar med en atom kan den överföra hela sin rörelsemängd till denna och själv bli stillastående. För att detta skall kunna ske måste fotonen ha rätt energi, vilket är detsamma som att ljuset måste ha rätt frekvens eller färg. Vid en sådan krock blir resultatet att atomens rörelse bromsas upp något, den kyls av. För att bromsa en atom behövs ljus från en intensiv <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laserstråle</a>. </p><p>Steven Chu utvecklade omkring 1985 en metod att med kraftigt laserljus bromsa och kyla ner atomer. Han och hans medarbetare vid Bell Labs använde sex laserstrålar som var parvis motriktade och arrangerade i tre vinkelräta riktningar. <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Natriumatomer</a> från en atomstråle i vakuum bromsades först upp av en motriktad laserstråle och leddes sedan in i skärningen mellan de sex kyllaserstrålarna. Alla sex strålarna hade sitt ljus något rödskiftat i jämförelse med den karakteristiska färg som en stillastående natriumatom absorberar. Effekten blev att åt vilket håll natriumatomerna än försökte röra sig möttes de av fotoner av den rätta energin och knuffades tillbaks till laserstrålarnas skärningsområde. Där bildades något som för ögat såg ut som ett lysande moln stort som en ärta bestående av cirka en miljon nerkylda atomer. </p><p>Atomerna i det ovan beskrivna experimentet är kylda, men inte fångade. Tyngdkraften gör att de faller ur den optiska sirapen på ungefär en sekund. För att verkligen fånga atomerna behövs också magnetfält som motverkar gravitationen. Phillips och dennes medarbetare hade utvecklat metoder att bromsa atomer i en rent magnetisk fälla. När detta kombinerades med Chus metod att kyla ner atomerna med laser så fick man en metod att nästan helt stoppa atomerna och man lyckades i experiment kyla ner natriumatomer till så låga temperaturer som 40 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">mikrokelvin</a> vilket inte borde vara möjligt enligt de teoretiska atommodeller som fanns. Cohen-Tannoudji med medarbetare har sedan gett teoretiska förklaringar hur det ändå är möjligt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utmärkelser"><span id="Utm.C3.A4rkelser"></span>Utmärkelser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utmärkelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utmärkelser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medlem_av_American_Physical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medlem av American Physical Society [inte skriven än]">Medlem av American Physical Society</a>, 1986<sup id="cite_ref-6f0d5e9518bbe345e35ada9dd7b2ca0e0accf878_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6f0d5e9518bbe345e35ada9dd7b2ca0e0accf878-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_P._Broida-priset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert P. Broida-priset [inte skriven än]">Herbert P. Broida-priset</a>, 1987<sup id="cite_ref-c52df5da0cc4b6c6ed88b5953ce3ae4846c8b238_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c52df5da0cc4b6c6ed88b5953ce3ae4846c8b238-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richtmyer_Memorial-priset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richtmyer Memorial-priset [inte skriven än]">Richtmyer Memorial-priset</a>, 1990<sup id="cite_ref-977965f6e9c5f27f265a7565ea245d00b5260c9b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-977965f6e9c5f27f265a7565ea245d00b5260c9b-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medlem_av_Optical_Society_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medlem av Optical Society of America [inte skriven än]">Medlem av Optical Society of America</a>, 1991<sup id="cite_ref-d2dd00ff134831071742af2d3bcfd51bce4a461b_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d2dd00ff134831071742af2d3bcfd51bce4a461b-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kung_Faisals_internationella_pris_i_vetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kung Faisals internationella pris i vetenskap [inte skriven än]">Kung Faisals internationella pris i vetenskap</a>, med Herbert Walther, 1993</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Meggers_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William F. Meggers Award [inte skriven än]">William F. Meggers Award</a>, 1994<sup id="cite_ref-198475bbebf80935b9f9343475b5207a4232bfd6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198475bbebf80935b9f9343475b5207a4232bfd6-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_L._Schawlow-priset_i_laserfysik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur L. Schawlow-priset i laserfysik [inte skriven än]">Arthur L. Schawlow-priset i laserfysik</a>, 1994<sup id="cite_ref-3bba01af1e2f114f59c8f8f52dc63b6b08845e32_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3bba01af1e2f114f59c8f8f52dc63b6b08845e32-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humboldtpriset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humboldtpriset [inte skriven än]">Humboldtpriset</a>, 1995<sup id="cite_ref-2f4b4b09c93d1254321adc715a1f3d430513e4d4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2f4b4b09c93d1254321adc715a1f3d430513e4d4-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guggenheimstipendiet" title="Guggenheimstipendiet">Guggenheimstipendiet</a>, 1996<sup id="cite_ref-3c0910ec7fe409a3e33b82fff016e38283a9c5eb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3c0910ec7fe409a3e33b82fff016e38283a9c5eb-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysik" title="Nobelpriset i fysik">Nobelpriset i fysik</a>, med <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> och <a href="/wiki/William_D._Phillips" title="William D. Phillips">William D. Phillips</a>, 1997<sup id="cite_ref-755287a70369eeedfb6e51002344a2fdcfcb3b91_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-755287a70369eeedfb6e51002344a2fdcfcb3b91-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7b05ffad7c4943f418a2699f17b160a6af465afa_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7b05ffad7c4943f418a2699f17b160a6af465afa-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedersdoktor_vid_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedersdoktor vid Chinese University of Hong Kong [inte skriven än]">Hedersdoktor vid Chinese University of Hong Kong</a>, 1998<sup id="cite_ref-9dd965d124c95f3649d452d8912d9dc5c7ea0eb3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9dd965d124c95f3649d452d8912d9dc5c7ea0eb3-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Paul-f%C3%B6rel%C3%A4sningen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Paul-föreläsningen [inte skriven än]">Wolfgang Paul-föreläsningen</a>, 1998<sup id="cite_ref-a826485b7836dde5b0251fa4654541d90dfc8a29_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a826485b7836dde5b0251fa4654541d90dfc8a29-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedersdoktor_vid_Pekinguniversitetet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedersdoktor vid Pekinguniversitetet [inte skriven än]">Hedersdoktor vid Pekinguniversitetet</a>, 2008<sup id="cite_ref-6dffd0a34075913789aef368d388a89d9c4f7bef_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6dffd0a34075913789aef368d388a89d9c4f7bef-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hedersdoktor_vid_Harvard_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedersdoktor vid Harvard University">Hedersdoktor vid Harvard University</a>, 2009<sup id="cite_ref-54f99fe2d209239b0e925b20dd30aa16f82789ed_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54f99fe2d209239b0e925b20dd30aa16f82789ed-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedersdoktor_vid_Yale_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedersdoktor vid Yale University [inte skriven än]">Hedersdoktor vid Yale University</a>, 23 maj 2010<sup id="cite_ref-d202c54e946cf87ba12ecfebd26cf70243ce7b52_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d202c54e946cf87ba12ecfebd26cf70243ce7b52-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82c9c33f49c12dd4472d75249fcb966c556b068f_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82c9c33f49c12dd4472d75249fcb966c556b068f-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Utl%C3%A4ndsk_ledamot_av_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Utländsk ledamot av Royal Society">Utländsk ledamot av Royal Society</a>, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-1600f0bc19ef4f25ff42ec669f60222acf48ff04_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1600f0bc19ef4f25ff42ec669f60222acf48ff04-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4aa58c5b5dfcc7d624b4a37159dab656c17170f5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4aa58c5b5dfcc7d624b4a37159dab656c17170f5-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AAAS_Fellow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AAAS Fellow [inte skriven än]">AAAS Fellow</a></li><li>Alexander von Humboldt-stipendiat</li><li>Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics </li></ul> <p><small>[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172466#P166" class="extiw" title="d:Q172466">Redigera Wikidata</a>]</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politifact.com/personalities/steven-chu/">Steven Chu's file</a>. PolitiFact. Retrieved on 2012-02-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215101019/http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/02/13/8139/four-cabinet-members-willing-help-democratic-super-pacs">”Four Cabinet members willing to help Democratic super PACs”</a> (på engelska). politifact.com. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/02/13/8139/four-cabinet-members-willing-help-democratic-super-pacs">originalet</a> den 15 februari 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215101019/http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/02/13/8139/four-cabinet-members-willing-help-democratic-super-pacs">https://web.archive.org/web/20120215101019/http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/02/13/8139/four-cabinet-members-willing-help-democratic-super-pacs</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 15 februari 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Four+Cabinet+members+willing+to+help+Democratic+super+PACs&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=politifact.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120215101019%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwatchnews.org%2F2012%2F02%2F13%2F8139%2Ffour-cabinet-members-willing-help-democratic-super-pacs&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Steven_Chu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419135413/https://www.kva.se/pristagare/steven-chu/">”Pristagare Kungl. Vetenskapsakademin: Steven Chu”</a>. Kungl. Vetenskapsakademin. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kva.se/pristagare/steven-chu/">originalet</a> den 19 april 2023<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419135413/https://www.kva.se/pristagare/steven-chu/">https://web.archive.org/web/20230419135413/https://www.kva.se/pristagare/steven-chu/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 3 november 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Pristagare+Kungl.+Vetenskapsakademin%3A+Steven+Chu&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Kungl.+Vetenskapsakademin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230419135413%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.kva.se%2Fpristagare%2Fsteven-chu%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Steven_Chu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421081829/http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2008/12/15_obama.shtml">”Obama chooses Nobelist Steven Chu as secretary of energy”</a>. <i><span>berkeley.edu</span></i>. 15 december 2008. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2008/12/15_obama.shtml">originalet</a> den 21 april 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421081829/http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2008/12/15_obama.shtml">https://web.archive.org/web/20160421081829/http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2008/12/15_obama.shtml</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 1 juni 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Obama+chooses+Nobelist+Steven+Chu+as+secretary+of+energy&rft.atitle=berkeley.edu&rft.date=15+december+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160421081829%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2008%2F12%2F15_obama.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Steven_Chu"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6f0d5e9518bbe345e35ada9dd7b2ca0e0accf878-5"><a href="#cite_ref-6f0d5e9518bbe345e35ada9dd7b2ca0e0accf878_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=C"><span title="engelska">APS Fellow Archive</span></a></i> (på engelska), American Physical Society, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=C">läs online</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c52df5da0cc4b6c6ed88b5953ce3ae4846c8b238-6"><a href="#cite_ref-c52df5da0cc4b6c6ed88b5953ce3ae4846c8b238_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/broida.cfm">läs online</a>, <i>www.aps.org</i> , läst: 6 oktober 2018.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-977965f6e9c5f27f265a7565ea245d00b5260c9b-7"><a href="#cite_ref-977965f6e9c5f27f265a7565ea245d00b5260c9b_7-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aapt.org/Programs/awards/richtmyer.cfm">läs online</a>, <i>aapt.org</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d2dd00ff134831071742af2d3bcfd51bce4a461b-8"><a href="#cite_ref-d2dd00ff134831071742af2d3bcfd51bce4a461b_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/steven-chu/">läs online</a>, <i>www.osa.org</i> , läst: 13 maj 2019.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198475bbebf80935b9f9343475b5207a4232bfd6-9"><a href="#cite_ref-198475bbebf80935b9f9343475b5207a4232bfd6_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osa.org/en-us/awards_and_grants/awards/award_description/meggersaward/">läs online</a>, <i>www.osa.org</i> , läst: 13 maj 2019.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3bba01af1e2f114f59c8f8f52dc63b6b08845e32-10"><a href="#cite_ref-3bba01af1e2f114f59c8f8f52dc63b6b08845e32_10-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="engelska">Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science</span></i>, American Physical Society, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/schawlow.cfm">läs online</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/schawlow.cfm">läs online</a>, läst: 7 oktober 2018.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2f4b4b09c93d1254321adc715a1f3d430513e4d4-11"><a href="#cite_ref-2f4b4b09c93d1254321adc715a1f3d430513e4d4_11-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/1047202.html">läs online</a>, <i>www.humboldt-foundation.de</i> , läst: 13 maj 2019.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3c0910ec7fe409a3e33b82fff016e38283a9c5eb-12"><a href="#cite_ref-3c0910ec7fe409a3e33b82fff016e38283a9c5eb_12-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guggenheim Fellows-databasen</i>, Guggenheim fellow-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/steven-chu/">steven-chu</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-755287a70369eeedfb6e51002344a2fdcfcb3b91-13"><a href="#cite_ref-755287a70369eeedfb6e51002344a2fdcfcb3b91_13-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1997/summary/"><span title="engelska">The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997</span></a>, Nobelprize.org</i> (på engelska), <a href="/wiki/Nobelstiftelsen" title="Nobelstiftelsen">Nobelstiftelsen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1997/summary/">läs online</a>, läst: 3 februari 2021.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7b05ffad7c4943f418a2699f17b160a6af465afa-14"><a href="#cite_ref-7b05ffad7c4943f418a2699f17b160a6af465afa_14-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/04/prize-amounts-2020.pdf"><span title="engelska">Table showing prize amounts</span></a></i> (på engelska), <a href="/wiki/Nobelstiftelsen" title="Nobelstiftelsen">Nobelstiftelsen</a>, april 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/04/prize-amounts-2020.pdf">läs online</a>, läst: 3 februari 2021.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9dd965d124c95f3649d452d8912d9dc5c7ea0eb3-15"><a href="#cite_ref-9dd965d124c95f3649d452d8912d9dc5c7ea0eb3_15-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpr.cuhk.edu.hk/cong/hongrads/296"><span title="engelska">54th Congregation (1998), Professor Steven CHUDoctor of Science</span></a></i> (på engelska), <a href="/wiki/The_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="The Chinese University of Hong Kong">The Chinese University of Hong Kong</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpr.cuhk.edu.hk/cong/hongrads/296">läs online</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a826485b7836dde5b0251fa4654541d90dfc8a29-16"><a href="#cite_ref-a826485b7836dde5b0251fa4654541d90dfc8a29_16-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pi.uni-bonn.de/en/events/wolfgang-paul-lecture/homepage">läs online</a>, <i>www.pi.uni-bonn.de</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6dffd0a34075913789aef368d388a89d9c4f7bef-17"><a href="#cite_ref-6dffd0a34075913789aef368d388a89d9c4f7bef_17-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Kinas utbildningsministerium, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/A22/xwb_left/moe_829/tnull_44386.html">läs online</a>, läst: 11 april 2019.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54f99fe2d209239b0e925b20dd30aa16f82789ed-18"><a href="#cite_ref-54f99fe2d209239b0e925b20dd30aa16f82789ed_18-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harvard.edu/on-campus/commencement/honorary-degrees">läs online</a>, <i>www.harvard.edu</i> , läst: 13 maj 2019.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d202c54e946cf87ba12ecfebd26cf70243ce7b52-19"><a href="#cite_ref-d202c54e946cf87ba12ecfebd26cf70243ce7b52_19-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/yale-graduation_n_587773"><span title="engelska">Celebs Converge At Yale’s Graduation Ceremony (PHOTOS)</span></a></i> (på engelska), <a href="/wiki/Huffpost" title="Huffpost">Huffpost</a>, 25 maj 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/yale-graduation_n_587773">läs online</a>, läst: 13 maj 2019.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82c9c33f49c12dd4472d75249fcb966c556b068f-20"><a href="#cite_ref-82c9c33f49c12dd4472d75249fcb966c556b068f_20-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="engelska">Citations for Recipients of Honorary Degrees at Yale University 2010</span></i>, YaleNews, 24 maj 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yale.edu/2010/05/24/citations-recipients-honorary-degrees-yale-university-2010">läs online</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1600f0bc19ef4f25ff42ec669f60222acf48ff04-21"><a href="#cite_ref-1600f0bc19ef4f25ff42ec669f60222acf48ff04_21-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="brittisk engelska">Fellows Directory</span></i>, Fellow of the Royal Society-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/11224/">11224</a>, läst: 13 maj 2019.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4aa58c5b5dfcc7d624b4a37159dab656c17170f5-22"><a href="#cite_ref-4aa58c5b5dfcc7d624b4a37159dab656c17170f5_22-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">läst: 1 maj 2022.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1997/summary/">Nobelprize.org, Nobelpriset i fysik 1997</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1997/chu/auto-biography/">Nobelprize.org, Steven Chu – självbiografi</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <br clear="all" /> </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Politiska ämbeten </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Företräddes av</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bodman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Bodman [inte skriven än]">Samuel Bodman</a></span> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/USA:s_energidepartement" title="USA:s energidepartement">USA:s energiminister</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a>–<a href="/wiki/2013" title="2013">2013</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Efterträddes av<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Moniz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Moniz [inte skriven än]">Ernest Moniz</a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#FFE974;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Nobelpristagare_i_fysik" title="Mall:Nobelpristagare i fysik"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Nobelpristagare_i_fysik&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_fysik" title="Nobelpriset i fysik">Nobelpristagare i fysik</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1901–1925</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a> (1901)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a> (1902)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a> (1903)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Strutt,_3:e_baron_Rayleigh" title="John Strutt, 3:e baron Rayleigh">Strutt</a> (1904)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a> (1905)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/J.J._Thomson" title="J.J. Thomson">Thomson</a> (1906)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a> (1907)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a> (1908)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" title="Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a> (1909)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a> (1910)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a> (1911)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a> (1912)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Onnes</a> (1913)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">von Laue</a> (1914)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/William_Bragg_(fysiker)" title="William Bragg (fysiker)">W. Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">L. Bragg</a> (1915)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Utdelades ej 1916.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a> (1917)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> (1918)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a> (1919)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a> (1920)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> (1921)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a> (1922)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Millikan" title="Robert A. Millikan">Millikan</a> (1923)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a> (1924)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Hertz" title="Gustav Hertz">Hertz</a> (1925)</div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/60px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/90px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/120px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1926–1950</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a> (1926)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a>, <a href="/wiki/C.T.R._Wilson" title="C.T.R. Wilson">Wilson</a> (1927)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Richardson</a> (1928)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a> (1929)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Raman</a> (1930)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Utdelades ej 1931.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> (1932)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> (1933)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Utdelades ej 1934.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> (1935)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Hess" title="Victor F. Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_D._Anderson" title="Carl D. Anderson">Anderson</a> (1936)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">Thomson</a> (1937)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> (1938)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> (1939)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i>Utdelades ej 1940–1942.</i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a> (1943)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a> (1944)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a> (1945)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Percy_W._Bridgman" title="Percy W. Bridgman">Bridgman</a> (1946)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a> (1947)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_M.S._Blackett" title="Patrick M.S. Blackett">Blackett</a> (1948)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a> (1949)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Powell" title="Cecil Powell">Powell</a> (1950)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1951–1975</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a> (1951)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Purcell" title="Edward M. Purcell">Purcell</a> (1952)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a> (1953)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a> (1954)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Willis_E._Lamb" title="Willis E. Lamb">Lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a> (1955)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/William_B._Shockley" title="William B. Shockley">Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Brattain" title="Walter H. Brattain">Brattain</a> (1956)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. Lee</a> (1957)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tjerenkov" title="Pavel Tjerenkov">Tjerenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilja_M._Frank" title="Ilja M. Frank">Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Jevgenjevitj_Tamm" title="Igor Jevgenjevitj Tamm">Tamm</a> (1958)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> (1959)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a> (1960)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a> (1961)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a> (1962)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a> (1963)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_G._Basov" title="Nikolaj G. Basov">Basov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_M._Prochorov" title="Aleksandr M. Prochorov">Prochorov</a> (1964)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Shinichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shinichiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a> (1965)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a> (1966)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> (1967)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Alvarez</a> (1968)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> (1969)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a> (1970)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a> (1971)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schrieffer" title="Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a> (1972)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Gi%C3%A6ver" title="Ivar Giæver">Giæver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a> (1973)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a> (1974)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_R._Mottelson" title="Ben R. Mottelson">Mottelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a> (1975)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">1976–2000</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C.C._Ting" title="Samuel C.C. Ting">Ting</a> (1976)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_F._Mott" title="Nevill F. Mott">Mott</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_H._van_Vleck" title="John H. van Vleck">van Vleck</a> (1977)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Kapitsa" title="Pjotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Penzias" title="Arno Penzias">Penzias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1978)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a> (1979)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Fitch</a> (1980)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Schawlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Siegbahn</a> (1981)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Wilson</a> (1982)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_A._Fowler" title="William A. Fowler">Fowler</a> (1983)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a> (1984)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a> (1985)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a> (1986)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/J._Georg_Bednorz" title="J. Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alexander Müller">Müller</a> (1987)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a> (1988)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Ramsey" title="Norman F. Ramsey">Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_G._Dehmelt" title="Hans G. Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a> (1989)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jerome_I._Friedman" title="Jerome I. Friedman">Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a> (1990)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a> (1991)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a> (1992)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Hulse" title="Russell A. Hulse">Hulse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor" title="Joseph Taylor">J. Taylor</a> (1993)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bertram_N._Brockhouse" title="Bertram N. Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_G._Shull" title="Clifford G. Shull">Shull</a> (1994)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_L._Perl" title="Martin L. Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a> (1995)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/David_M._Lee" title="David M. Lee">D. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Osheroff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Richardson" title="Robert C. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1996)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_D._Phillips" title="William D. Phillips">Phillips</a> (1997)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_L._St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst L. Störmer">Störmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a> (1998)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J.G._Veltman" title="Martinus J.G. Veltman">Veltman</a> (1999)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Zjores_Alfjorov" title="Zjores Alfjorov">Alfjorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_S._Kilby" title="Jack S. Kilby">Kilby</a> (2000)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#FFF9A5;;">Från 2001</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cornell" title="Eric Cornell">Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> (2001)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a> (2002)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alexej_A._Abrikosov" title="Alexej A. Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitalij_L._Ginzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitalij L. Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Leggett" title="Anthony J. Leggett">Legget</a> (2003)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/David_J._Gross" title="David J. Gross">Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._David_Politzer" title="H. David Politzer">Politzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a> (2004)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a> (2005)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_F._Smoot" title="George F. Smoot">Smoot</a> (2006)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a> (2007)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Masukawa" title="Toshihide Masukawa">Masukawa</a> (2008)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_S._Boyle" title="Willard S. Boyle">Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a> (2009)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a> (2010)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> (2011)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> (2012) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> (2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a> (2014)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_McDonald" title="Arthur McDonald">McDonald</a> (2015)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> (2016)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a> (2017)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a> (2018)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a> (2019)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a> (2020)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> (2021)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a> (2022)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a> (2023)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a> (2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Obamas_kabinett" title="Mall:Obamas kabinett"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Obamas_kabinett&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Regeringen_Obama" title="Regeringen Obama">Regeringen Obama</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/USA:s_president" title="USA:s president">President:</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"> </div><span style="font-size:100%;">Kabinettsministrar</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/USA:s_utrikesminister" title="USA:s utrikesminister">Utrikesminister</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (2009–2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (2013)</div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="29"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:President_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barack Obama"><img alt="Barack Obama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/100px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/200px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/USA:s_finansminister" title="USA:s finansminister">Finansminister</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_F._Geithner" title="Timothy F. Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a> (2009–2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Lew">Jacob Lew</a> (2013–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/USA:s_f%C3%B6rsvarsminister" title="USA:s försvarsminister">Försvarsminister</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2006–2011)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (2011–2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a> (2013–2015)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Carter" title="Ashton Carter">Ashton Carter</a> (2015–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/USA:s_justitieminister" title="USA:s justitieminister">Justitieminister</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> (2009–2015)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a> (2015–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_USA:s_inrikesministrar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista över USA:s inrikesministrar">Inrikesminister</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> (2009–2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sally_Jewell" title="Sally Jewell">Sally Jewell</a> (2013–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/USA:s_jordbruksminister" title="USA:s jordbruksminister">Jordbruksminister</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> (2009–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_USA:s_handelsministrar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista över USA:s handelsministrar">Handelsminister</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a> (2009–2011)<span 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style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Kathleen Sebelius</a> (2009–2014)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2014–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Bostadsminister</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2009)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/USA:s_transportdepartement" title="USA:s transportdepartement">Transportminister</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">Ray LaHood</a> (2009–2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Foxx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Foxx [inte skriven än]">Anthony Foxx</a> (2013–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/USA:s_energidepartement" title="USA:s energidepartement">Energiminister</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steven Chu</a> (2009–2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Moniz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Moniz [inte skriven än]">Ernest Moniz</a> (2013–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Utbildningsminister</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Arne Duncan</a> (2009–2016)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_King,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John King, Jr. [inte skriven än]">John King, Jr.</a> (2016–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/USA:s_veteranminister" title="USA:s veteranminister">Veteranminister</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Eric Shinseki</a> (2009–2014)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_McDonald" title="Robert McDonald">Robert McDonald</a> (2014–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/USA:s_inrikess%C3%A4kerhetsminister" class="mw-redirect" title="USA:s inrikessäkerhetsminister">Inrikessäkerhetsminister</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a> (2009–2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeh_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeh Johnson [inte skriven än]">Jeh Johnson</a> (2013–2017)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"> </div><span style="font-size:100%;">Övriga kabinettsledamöter</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/USA:s_vicepresident" title="USA:s vicepresident">Vicepresident</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="15"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vita husets logotyp"><img alt="Vita husets logotyp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/100px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/150px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/200px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Vita_husets_stabschef" title="Vita husets stabschef">Vita husets stabschef</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> (2009–2010)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William Daley</a> (2011–2012)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Lew">Jacob Lew</a> (2012–2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a> (2013–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Chef för <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency">miljöskyddsmyndigheten</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa Jackson</a> (2009–2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gina_McCarthy" title="Gina McCarthy">Gina McCarthy</a> (2013–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Chef för <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">budgetkontoret</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Orszag" title="Peter Orszag">Peter Orszag</a> (2009–2010)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Lew">Jacob Lew</a> (2010–2012)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2013–2014)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Handelsrepresentant</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Kirk" title="Ron Kirk">Ron Kirk</a> (2009–2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Froman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Froman [inte skriven än]">Michael Froman</a> (2013–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/USA:s_FN-ambassad%C3%B6r" title="USA:s FN-ambassadör">FN-ambassadör</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a> (2009–2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> (2013–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Ordförande i ekonomiska rådet</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2009–2010)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austan_Goolsbee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austan Goolsbee [inte skriven än]">Austan Goolsbee</a> (2010–2011)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Krueger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Krueger [inte skriven än]">Alan Krueger</a> (2011–2013)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a> (2013–2017)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Chef för <a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Administration" 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