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<span>Risk of collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_of_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Green Wall (Africa)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_(%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="السور الأخضر العظيم (إفريقيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السور الأخضر العظيم (إفريقيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_ya%C5%9F%C4%B1l_s%C9%99dd" title="Böyük yaşıl sədd – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük yaşıl sədd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вялікая зялёная сцяна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікая зялёная сцяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Велика зелена стена (Африка) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велика зелена стена (Африка)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muralla_Verda_del_S%C3%A0hara_i_el_Sahel" title="Gran Muralla Verda del Sàhara i el Sahel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Muralla Verda del Sàhara i el Sahel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A1_zelen%C3%A1_ze%C4%8F" title="Velká zelená zeď – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velká zelená zeď" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_Mawr_Gwyrdd" title="Mur Mawr Gwyrdd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mur Mawr Gwyrdd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_store_gr%C3%B8nne_mur" title="Den store grønne mur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den store grønne mur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikas_Gr%C3%BCne_Mauer_im_Sahel" title="Afrikas Grüne Mauer im Sahel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Afrikas Grüne Mauer im Sahel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μεγάλο πράσινο τείχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλο πράσινο τείχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_muralla_verde_(%C3%81frica)" title="Gran muralla verde (África) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran muralla verde (África)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Verda_Muro_por_Saharo_kaj_Sahelo" title="Granda Verda Muro por Saharo kaj Sahelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Verda Muro por Saharo kaj Sahelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harresi_berde_handia_(Afrika)" title="Harresi berde handia (Afrika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harresi berde handia (Afrika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="دیوار بزرگ سبز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوار بزرگ سبز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_muraille_verte_(Afrique)" title="Grande muraille verte (Afrique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande muraille verte (Afrique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muralla_Verde" title="Gran Muralla Verde – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Muralla Verde" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%83%89%EC%9E%A5%EC%84%B1" title="녹색장성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹색장성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सहारा और साहेल की महाहरित दीवार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सहारा और साहेल की महाहरित दीवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_zeleni_zid" title="Veliki zeleni zid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veliki zeleni zid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa) – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Great Green Wall (Africa)" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Muraglia_Verde" title="Grande Muraglia Verde – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande Muraglia Verde" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="החומה הירוקה הגדולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החומה הירוקה הגדולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_Z%C3%B6ld_Fal" title="Nagy Zöld Fal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy Zöld Fal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Groene_Muur_(Afrika)" title="Grote Groene Muur (Afrika) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote Groene Muur (Afrika)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="グレート・グリーン・ウォール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グレート・グリーン・ウォール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_store_gr%C3%B8nne_muren" title="Den store grønne muren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den store grønne muren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_Zielony_Mur" title="Wielki Zielony Mur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki Zielony Mur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_muralha_verde" title="Grande muralha verde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande muralha verde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Великая зелёная стена – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великая зелёная стена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri_i_Madh_i_Gjelb%C3%ABr_(Afrik%C3%AB)" title="Muri i Madh i Gjelbër (Afrikë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muri i Madh i Gjelbër (Afrikë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Green_Wall" title="Great Green Wall – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Great Green Wall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD_zelen%C3%BD_m%C3%BAr_(Afrika)" title="Veľký zelený múr (Afrika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľký zelený múr (Afrika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stora_gr%C3%B6na_muren" title="Stora gröna muren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stora gröna muren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE)" title="பெரும் பசுமைச் சுவர் (ஆப்பிரிக்கா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெரும் பசுமைச் சுவர் (ஆப்பிரிக்கா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Ye%C5%9Fil_Duvar_Projesi" title="Büyük Yeşil Duvar Projesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük Yeşil Duvar Projesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">African Union project to reverse desertification</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the African initiative. For the initiative in China, see <a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Green_Wall_Initiative_Logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Great_Green_Wall_Initiative_Logo.jpg/220px-Great_Green_Wall_Initiative_Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/22/Great_Green_Wall_Initiative_Logo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="315" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the Great Green Wall initiative, showing participating countries and a representation of the area in focus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Great Green Wall (GGW)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">2005<span class="noprint">; 19 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2005</span>)</span><br />2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span> (Agency)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Combat desertification, improve soil fertility, and promote sustainable land use practices.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Africa</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grandemurailleverte.org/">grandemurailleverte<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_green_wall_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Great_green_wall_map.svg/400px-Great_green_wall_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Great_green_wall_map.svg/600px-Great_green_wall_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Great_green_wall_map.svg/800px-Great_green_wall_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>The Sahel region (brown), proposed Great Green Wall (green), and participating countries (white)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg/400px-Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg/600px-Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg/800px-Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7432" data-file-height="4168" /></a><figcaption>Satellite photo of the Sahara</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Great Green Wall</b> or <b>Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Grande Muraille Verte pour le Sahara et le Sahel</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">السور الأخضر العظيم</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">as-Sūr al-ʾAkhḍar al-ʿAẓīm</i></span>) is a project adopted by the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> in 2007, initially conceived as a way to combat <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region and hold back expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert, by planting a wall of trees stretching across the entire Sahel from Djibouti, Djibouti to Dakar, Senegal. The original dimensions of the "wall" were to be 15 km (9 mi) wide and 7,775 km (4,831 mi) long, but the program expanded to encompass nations in both northern and western Africa. The concept evolved into promoting water harvesting techniques, greenery protection and improving indigenous land use techniques, aimed at creating a mosaic of green and productive landscapes across North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later it adopted the view that desert boundaries change based on rainfall variations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ongoing goal of the project is to restore 100 million hectares (250 million acres) of degraded land and capture 250 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, and create 10 million jobs in the process all by 2030. </p><p>The project is a response to the combined effect of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a> degradation and drought in rural areas. It seeks to help communities <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adapt</a> to climate change as well as improve <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>. The population of the Sahel is expected to double by 2039, emphasizing the importance of maintaining food production and environmental protection in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s British explorer <a href="/wiki/Richard_St._Barbe_Baker" title="Richard St. Barbe Baker">Richard St. Barbe Baker</a> made an expedition in the Sahara. During St. Barbe's 40,000-kilometre (25,000 mi) expedition he proposed a "Green front" to act as a 50-kilometre-deep (30 mi) tree buffer to contain the expanding desert.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea re-emerged in 2002, at the special summit in <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, on the occasion of <a href="/wiki/World_Day_to_Combat_Desertification_and_Drought" title="World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought">World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was approved by the Conference of Leaders and Heads of States members of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel-Saharan_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Sahel-Saharan States">Community of Sahel-Saharan States</a> during their seventh ordinary session held in <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, on 1–2 June 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrande_Muraille_Verte3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrande_Muraille_Verte3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The African Union endorsed it in 2007 as the Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lessons learnt from the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Green_Dam" title="Algerian Green Dam">Algerian Green Dam</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Wall_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Wall of China">Green Wall of China</a> led to an integrated multi-sectoral approach.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally a tree planting initiative, the project evolved into a development programming tool. In 2007, CHSG<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="CHSG probably refers to the "Conference of the Heads of States and Government" mentioned in the draft document, but need a better ref for this sentence. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> directed the project to tackle the social, economic and environmental impacts of <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>. The countries Burkina Faso, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and Chad thereafter created the Panafrican Agency of the Great Green Wall (PAGGW).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrande_Muraille_Verte3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrande_Muraille_Verte3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The cited reference for this sentence is a draft document, not final; this sentence needs a published reference for this action. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A harmonised regional strategy was adopted in September 2012 by the African Ministerial Conference on Environment (AMCEN).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to AMCEN, the Great Green Wall is a flagship program that will contribute to the goal of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development</a>, or RIO+20, of "a land degradation neutral world".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the European Union and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization</a>, in collaboration with African and other regional partners, launched the Action Against Desertification program to build on the GGWSSI.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigeria created an interim agency to support GGW development.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2014, the eco-friendly search engine <a href="/wiki/Ecosia" title="Ecosia">Ecosia</a> has been partnered with the local population in Burkina Faso.<sup id="cite_ref-Burkina_Faso_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkina_Faso-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecosia spread its campaign to Ethiopia<sup id="cite_ref-Ethiopia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethiopia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2017 and to Senegal the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Senegal_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senegal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ecosia, it has planted over 15,117,046 trees and 14,137 ha (34,930 acres) were restored in Burkina Faso;<sup id="cite_ref-Burkina_Faso_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkina_Faso-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Senegal, it planted over 1,424,748 trees, restored 300 ha (740 acres),<sup id="cite_ref-Senegal_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Senegal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and planted over 9,963,757 trees; in Ethiopia, it has restored 3,609 ha (8,920 acres) as of September 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethiopia_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethiopia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drylands Monitoring Week (2015) assessed the state of dryland measurement and initiated collaboration toward large-scale, comprehensive monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Planning (including choices of vegetation and work with local populations)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and plantings/land restoration followed (including in Ethiopia, Senegal, Nigeria and Sudan).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, 21 countries had projects related to the GGW, including farmer-supported natural regeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bare land restoration has been successfully demonstrated in Burkina Faso, although security is an issue in the face of terrorist activity.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2017, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported that progress was best in Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of March 2019, 15 per cent of the wall was complete with significant gains made in Nigeria, Senegal and Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Senegal, over 11 million trees had been planted. Nigeria has restored 4.9 million ha (12 million acres; 49,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of degraded land and Ethiopia has reclaimed 15 million ha (37 million acres; 150,000 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the occasion of the fifteenth anniversary of the launch of the program, a report was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a> (UNCCD) and published on September 7, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported that the Great Green Wall had only covered 4% of the planned area, with only 4 million hectares (9.8 million acres) planted. Ethiopia has had the most success with 5.5 billion seedlings planted, but Chad has only planted 1.1 million. Doubt was raised over the survival rate of the 12 million trees planted in Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2021, the project received a boost at the One Planet Summit, where its partners pledged USD 14.3 billion to launch the Great Green Wall Accelerator, aimed at facilitating the collaboration and coordination among donors and involved stakeholders across 11 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 2023, $2.5 billion of that pledge had been disbursed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the second edition of the Global Land Outlook (GLO2) published by the (UNCCD) in April of 2022 one reason the project has experienced implementation challenges is the political risk associated with investing in more fragile nations as well as the fact that many "GGW projects generate low economic returns compared to the significant environmental and social benefits accrued that often have little or no market value." Furthermore, international donors seem to favor investing in more stable nations picking and choosing which projects they will fund and leaving nations with less stable governments behind.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, about 18 million hectares or 18% of the target had been restored. The estimated $33 billion to fund the project experienced unfulfilled promises, delays and poor coordination.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-profit Tree Aid partnered with the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) to grow an “Olympic forest” in Mali and Senegal to grow more than 589,000 trees. The team selected 55 woody/herbaceous indigenous species with economic value, including baobab (<i><a href="/wiki/Adansonia_digitata" title="Adansonia digitata">Adansonia digitata</a></i>), balanite (<i><a href="/wiki/Balanites_aegyptiaca" title="Balanites aegyptiaca">Balanites aegyptiaca</a></i>), African crabwood (<i><a href="/wiki/Carapa_procera" title="Carapa procera">Carapa procera</a></i>), gum acacia (<a href="/wiki/Senegalia_senegal" title="Senegalia senegal"><i>Senegalia</i> <i>senegal</i></a>), tamarind (<i><a href="/wiki/Tamarindus_indica" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamarindus indica">Tamarindus indica</a></i>), and African grape (<i><a href="/wiki/Lannea_microcarpa" title="Lannea microcarpa">Lannea microcarpa</a></i>). Pilot restorers planted 2,235 hectares, creating opportunities for sustainable income for 32,000 people. Wild-collected seeds were added to the seed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring">Monitoring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little monitoring and record keeping have been conducted, even including where projects have occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sudan and South Sudan insurgencies further complicated monitoring. <a href="/wiki/Locusts" class="mw-redirect" title="Locusts">Locusts</a> have damaged multiple projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partners">Partners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Partners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Initiative brings together more than 20 countries, including <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fao.org_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao.org-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regional and international partners include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>African Forest Forum (AFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">African Union Commission</a> (AUC)</li> <li>Association for the promotion of education and training abroad (APEFE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union</a> (UMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel-Saharan_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Sahel-Saharan States">Community of Sahel-Saharan States</a> (CEN-SAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a> (FAO)</li> <li>Global Mechanism<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a> (GM-UNCCD)</li> <li>Intergovernmental Authority on Development in Eastern Africa (IGAD)</li> <li>MDG Center for West and Central Africa (MDG-WCA)</li> <li>Pan African Farmers Organization (PAFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panafrican_Agency_of_the_Great_Green_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Panafrican Agency of the Great Green Wall">Panafrican Agency of the Great Green Wall</a> (PAGGW)</li> <li>Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara_and_Sahel_Observatory" title="Sahara and Sahel Observatory">Sahara and Sahel Observatory</a> (OSS)</li> <li>Secretariat of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a> (UNCCD-Secretariat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>–Drylands, Development Center (UNDP-DDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP)</li> <li>United Nations Environment Programme–World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon Government">Walloon Region of Belgium, Wallonie-Bruxelles International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agroforestry_Centre" title="World Agroforestry Centre">World Agroforestry Centre</a> (ICRAF)</li> <li>World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">The World Bank</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_principles">Major principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Major principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The project encompasses the Saharan strip, north and south borders, including Saharan <a href="/wiki/Oases" class="mw-redirect" title="Oases">oases</a> and enclaves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The GGWSSI intends to strengthen existing mechanisms (such as Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Program, Environmental Program (CAADP) of <a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">New Partnership for Africa's Development</a> (NEPAD), regional, sub-regional, and national action programmes to combat desertification) to improve their efficiency through synergy and coordination activities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Regional Harmonised Strategy emphasizes partnerships between stakeholders, integration into existing programmes, sharing of lessons learnt (especially through <a href="/wiki/South-South_cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="South-South cooperation">South-South cooperation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">technology transfer</a>), local participation and ownership of actions and developing more integrated and global planning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The $8-billion project intends to restore 100 million hectares (250 million acres; 1 million km<sup>2</sup>) of degraded land by 2030, which would create 350,000 rural jobs and absorb 250 million <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a> (250 million <a href="/wiki/Long_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Long tons">long tons</a>; 280 million <a href="/wiki/Short_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Short tons">short tons</a>) of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> from the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_of_collapse">Risk of collapse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Risk of collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2023, the Great Green Wall was reported as "facing the risk of collapse" due to terrorist threats, absence of political leadership, and insufficient funding. “The Sahel countries have not allocated any spending in their budgets for this project. They are only waiting on funding from abroad, whether from the European Union, the African Union, or others.” said Issa Garba, an environmental activist from Niger, who also described the 2030 guideline as an unattainable goal. Amid the existing stagnation, a growing number of voices have called for scrapping the project.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">Afforestation</a> – Establishment of trees where there were none previously</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-North_Shelter_Forest_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-North Shelter Forest Program">Three-North Shelter Forest Program</a>, a Chinese anti-desertification program started in 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aravalli_Range#Wall" title="Aravalli Range">The Great Green Wall of Aravalli</a>, a 1,600 km long and 5 km wide green ecological corridor of India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Customs_Line#Great_Hedge" title="Inland Customs Line">The Great Hedge of India</a>, a historic inland customs border</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorrison" class="citation web cs1">Morrison, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/great-green-wall-stop-desertification-not-so-much-180960171/">"The "Great Green Wall" Didn't Stop Desertification, but it Evolved Into Something That Might"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Is+Africa%27s+Great+Green+Wall+project+withering%3F&rft.volume=616&rft.issue=7957&rft.pages=412&rft.date=2023-04-18&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37072521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-023-01293-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Natur.616..412.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-023-01293-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Green+Wall+%28Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrande_Muraille_Verte" class="citation web cs1">Grande Muraille Verte. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grandemurailleverte.org/images/Convention%20MIRAILLE%20EN%20ANGLAIS.pdf">"Convention creating the Pan-African Agency for the Great Green Wall"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.grandemurailleverte.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.grandemurailleverte.org&rft.atitle=Convention+creating+the+Pan-African+Agency+for+the+Great+Green+Wall&rft.au=Grande+Muraille+Verte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandemurailleverte.org%2Fimages%2FConvention%2520MIRAILLE%2520EN%2520ANGLAIS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Green+Wall+%28Africa%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504070311/http://www.fao.org/partnerships/great-green-wall/great-green-wall-home/en/">FAO page on the Great Green Wall</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csf-desertification.eu/combating-desertification/item/the-african-great-green-wall-project">The African Great Green Wall project-What advice can scientists provide?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014065530/http://www.csf-desertification.eu/combating-desertification/item/the-african-great-green-wall-project">Archived</a> 2017-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> French Scientific Committee on Desertification (CSFD)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVOYN70scS8">The Great Green Wall of Africa</a>, BBC Newsnight</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/210px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/280px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2166" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridification" title="Aridification">Aridification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_desertification" title="Historic desertification">Historic desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moisture_recycling" title="Moisture recycling">Moisture recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">Soil retrogression and degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_the_Gobi_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in the Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Lebanon" title="Desertification in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_the_Sahel" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in the Sahel">Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">Afforestation</a></li> <li>Arid Lands Information Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">Biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_greening" title="Desert greening">Desert greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer-managed_natural_regeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-managed natural regeneration">Farmer-managed regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_Mechanisms" title="Flexible Mechanisms">Flexible Mechanisms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_intensive_rotational_grazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Managed intensive rotational grazing">Managed intensive rotational grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasification" title="Oasification">Oasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_forest_landscape" title="Intact forest landscape">Intact forest landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use, land-use change and forestry">Land use, land-use change and forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">Natural landscape</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry" title="Template:Forestry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Great Green Wall Project"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010158818">United States</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)&oldid=1253194354">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)&oldid=1253194354</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Desert_greening" title="Category:Desert greening">Desert greening</a></li><li><a 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