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mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal" title="Janata Dal">Janata Dal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Janata Party (JP, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'People's Party') is an unrecognised political party in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Navneet Chaturvedi is the current president of the party since November 2021, replacing Jaiprakash Bandhu.<a href="#cite_note-journomirror.com2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-navbharattimes.indiatimes.com2-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #1F75FE; border-bottom:2px solid #1F75FE; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Janata Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Janata_Party_symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Janata_Party_symbol.png/180px-Janata_Party_symbol.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Janata_Party_symbol.png/270px-Janata_Party_symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Janata_Party_symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="319"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">JP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Navneet Chaturvedi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">23 January 1977; 48 years ago (1977-01-23)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merger of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a> <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal" title="Bharatiya Lok Dal">Bharatiya Lok Dal</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">Socialist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Democracy" title="Congress for Democracy">Congress for Democracy</a> (after creation)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Janata Yuva Morcha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_wing" title="Women's wing">Women's wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Janata Mahila Morcha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Janata se Janata ke liye जनता से जनता के लिए</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">ECI</a> Status</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Registered Unrecognised Political</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Election symbol</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Janata_Party_symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Janata_Party_symbol.png/150px-Janata_Party_symbol.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Janata_Party_symbol.png/225px-Janata_Party_symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Janata_Party_symbol.png/300px-Janata_Party_symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="319"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #1F75FE;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The JP was established as an amalgam of Indian political parties opposed to <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">the Emergency</a> that was imposed between 1975 and 1977 by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a>. They included the conservative <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a>, the hindu-nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>, the liberal to social-democratic <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal" title="Bharatiya Lok Dal">Bharatiya Lok Dal</a> (formed in 1974 by the merger of the conservative-liberal <a href="/wiki/Swatantra_Party" title="Swatantra Party">Swatantra Party</a>, the conservative <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kranti_Dal" title="Bharatiya Kranti Dal">Bharatiya Kranti Dal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Socialist_Party" title="Samyukta Socialist Party">Samyukta Socialist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Utkal_Congress" title="Utkal Congress">Utkal Congress</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">Socialist Party</a>, as well as later defectors from the Indian National Congress. <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a>, a Socialist, had filed a legal writ alleging electoral malpractice against Indira Gandhi in 1971. On 12 June 1975, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a> found her guilty of using corrupt electoral practices in her <a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971 election</a> victory over Narain in the <a href="/wiki/Rae_Bareli_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)">Rae Bareli constituency</a>. She was barred from contesting any election for the next six years. Economic problems, corruption and the conviction of Gandhi led to widespread protests against the government, which responded by imposing a State of Emergency. The rationale was that of preserving national security. However, the government introduced press censorship, postponed elections and banned strikes and rallies. Opposition leaders such as Narain, <a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anantram_Jaiswal" title="Anantram Jaiswal">Anantram Jaiswal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biju_Patnaik" title="Biju Patnaik">Biju Patnaik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, <a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satyendra Narayan Sinha">Satyendra Narayan Sinha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramnandan_Mishra" title="Ramnandan Mishra">Ramnandan Mishra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> were imprisoned,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> along with thousands of other political activists. When the Emergency was lifted and a new election called in 1977, opposition leaders joined to form the JP. In the <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977 general election</a>, the party defeated the Congress (R) and JP leader <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> became the first non-Congress prime minister in independent modern India's <a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Narain defeated Gandhi at <a href="/wiki/Rae_Bareli_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency">Rae Bareli</a> in that election. The new JP-led government reversed many Emergency-era decrees and opened official investigations into Emergency-era abuses. Although several major foreign policy and economic reforms were attempted, continuous in-fighting and ideological differences made the Janata government unable to effectively address national problems. In July 1979 Desai was forced to resign and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>. Popular disenchantment with the political infighting and ineffective government led to the resurgence of Gandhi and her new <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress#Formation_of_Congress_(I)" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress (I)</a> party. JP's success was short-lived and, in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">1980 general election</a>, the Congress (I) was returned to power. JP's heterogeneous nature led to its fragmentation. The first major split occurred in July 1979 when Narain formed his own social-democratic <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party_(Secular)" title="Janata Party (Secular)">Janata Party (Secular)</a>. Shortly after the 1980 election, Hindu nationalists regrouped in the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>, meant as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>. In 1980 the Janata Party (Secular) was merged into the <a href="/wiki/Lokdal" title="Lokdal">Lokdal</a>, which would finally merge into the larger <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal" title="Janata Dal">Janata Dal</a>, which led the government in 1989–1991 and later experienced a fragmentation similar to JP's. Direct or indirect spliter parties of the Janata Dal, some of which regional, have included the socialist <a href="/wiki/Samata_Party" title="Samata Party">Samata Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Janata_Party_(Rashtriya)" title="Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)">Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)</a> or Janata Dal (Socialist), the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)" title="Janata Dal (United)">Janata Dal (United)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)" title="Janata Dal (Secular)">Janata Dal (Secular)</a>, the socialist <a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">Samajwadi Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dal" title="Rashtriya Janata Dal">Rashtriya Janata Dal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biju_Janata_Dal" title="Biju Janata Dal">Biju Janata Dal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Lok_Dal" title="Rashtriya Lok Dal">Rashtriya Lok Dal</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#National_units">1 National units</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Emergency">3 Emergency</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Creation">4 Creation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Constituent_parties">4.1 Constituent parties</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#1977_elections">5 1977 elections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Government_formation">6 Government formation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Janata_rule">7 Janata rule</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Elections_in_the_states">7.1 Elections in the states</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Foreign_policy">7.2 Foreign policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Economic_policy">7.3 Economic policy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#List_of_Chief_Ministers">8 List of Chief Ministers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Fall_of_the_government">9 Fall of the government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Party_Presidents">10 Party Presidents</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#General_election_results">11 General election results</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Lok_Sabha_seats">11.1 Lok Sabha seats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#State_units">12 State units</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Karnataka">12.1 Karnataka</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Presidents">12.1.1 Presidents</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Secretary_General">12.1.2 Secretary General</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Uttar_Pradesh">12.2 Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Tamil_Nadu">12.3 Tamil Nadu</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#President">12.3.1 President</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Status">13 Status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Legacy">14 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also">15 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">16 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Bibliography">17 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links">18 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="National_units">National units</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thakur_ji_pathak_is_in_public_rally_in_bihar_patna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Thakur_ji_pathak_is_in_public_rally_in_bihar_patna.jpg/85px-Thakur_ji_pathak_is_in_public_rally_in_bihar_patna.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="2015"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 203px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Thakur_ji_pathak_is_in_public_rally_in_bihar_patna.jpg/85px-Thakur_ji_pathak_is_in_public_rally_in_bihar_patna.jpg" data-width="85" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Thakur_ji_pathak_is_in_public_rally_in_bihar_patna.jpg/128px-Thakur_ji_pathak_is_in_public_rally_in_bihar_patna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Thakur_ji_pathak_is_in_public_rally_in_bihar_patna.jpg/170px-Thakur_ji_pathak_is_in_public_rally_in_bihar_patna.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Ji_Pathak" title="Thakur Ji Pathak">Thakur Ji Pathak</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Thakur_Ji_Pathak" title="Thakur Ji Pathak">Thakur Ji Pathak</a> (January 1982–20 January 1985) Before <a href="/wiki/Thakur_Ji_Pathak" title="Thakur Ji Pathak">Thakur Ji Pathak</a> was in <a href="/wiki/Janata_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Janata party">Janata party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Having led the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> became the most popular political party in independent India and won every election following national independence in 1947. However, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> bifurcated in 1969 over the issue of the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, the daughter of India's first prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Congress-16">[16]</a> Supporters of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> claimed to be the real Congress party, adopting the name <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a> – where "R" stood for "Requisition." Congress politicians who opposed Indira identified themselves as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (O)</a> – where "O" stood for "Organisation" or "Old." For the 1971 election, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_(O)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (O)">Congress (O)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Socialist_Party" title="Samyukta Socialist Party">Samyukta Socialist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> had formed a coalition called the "Grand Alliance" to oppose Indira Gandhi and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_(R)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (R)">Congress (R)</a>, but failed to have an impact;<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> Indira's Congress (R) won a large majority in the 1971 elections and her popularity increased significantly after India's victory in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">war of 1971</a> against Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> However Indira's subsequent inability to address serious issues such as unemployment, poverty, inflation and shortages eroded her popularity.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> The frequent invoking of "<a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</a>" to dismiss state governments led by opposition political parties was seen as authoritarian and opportunist. Political leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acharya_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Acharya Kripalani">Acharya Kripalani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congress_(O)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (O)">Congress (O)</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> condemned Indira's government as dictatorial and corrupt. Narayan and Desai founded the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Morcha" title="Janata Morcha">Janata Morcha</a> (People's Front), the predecessor of what would become the <a href="/wiki/Janata_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Janata party">Janata party</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Janata_Morcha" title="Janata Morcha">Janata Morcha</a> won the elections for the <a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Sabha">Vidhan Sabha</a> (State Legislature) of the state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> on 11 June 1975.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-ING-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">Socialist Party (India)</a>, who had unsuccessfully contested election against Indira from the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Rae_Bareilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Rae Bareilly">Rae Bareilly</a> in 1971, lodged a case at the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a>, alleging electoral malpractices and the use of government resources for her election campaign. On 12 June 1975 in <a href="/wiki/State_of_Uttar_Pradesh_v._Raj_Narain" title="State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain">State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain</a>, the Allahabad High Court found Indira guilty and barred her from holding public office for six years.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-ING-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-19">[19]</a> Opposition politicians immediately demanded her resignation and stepped up mass protests against the government. On 25 June, Narayan and Desai held a massive rally in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, calling for a "<a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a>" – a campaign of non-violent <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> to force the government to resign.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Emergency">Emergency</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency (India)</a></div> On 25 June 1975, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a>, accepted prime minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>'s recommendation to declare a state of national emergency.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> Indira argued that the political and civil disorder constituted a threat to national security.<a href="#cite_note-ING2-20">[20]</a> A state of emergency enabled the central government to issue executive decrees without requiring the consent of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> Elections were postponed and public gatherings, rallies and strikes were banned. Curfews were imposed and police forces were empowered to make warrantless searches, seizures and arrests. Indira's government imposed "President's rule" in the states of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, dismissing the governments controlled by opposition political parties.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> The central government also imposed censorship on radio, television and newspapers. Across the country, police forces arrested thousands of opposition political activists, as well as leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jivatram_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatram Kripalani">Jivatram Kripalani</a>,<a href="/wiki/Anantram_Jaiswal" title="Anantram Jaiswal">Anantram Jaiswal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamaraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamaraj">Kamaraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satyendra Narayan Sinha">Satyendra Narayan Sinha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Raje_Scindia" title="Vijaya Raje Scindia">Vijaya Raje Scindia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> Opposition political organisations such as the Hindu nationalist <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS) and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> were banned and their leaders arrested.<a href="#cite_note-ING3-21">[21]</a> Only the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> supported the state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-ING3-21">[21]</a> Due to the advancing age and failing health, Narayan was released from prison, but remained prohibited from political activity. During the Emergency, Indira Gandhi implemented a 20-point program of economic reforms that resulted in greater economic growth, aided by the absence of strikes and trade union conflicts. Encouraged by these positive signs and distorted and biased information from her party supporters, Indira called elections for May 1977.<a href="#cite_note-POI2-22">[22]</a> However, the emergency era had been widely unpopular. The most controversial issue was the 42nd amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, which deprived citizens of direct access to the Supreme Court, except when violation of the fundamental rights resulted from Union law. The Parliament was given unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution. The Supreme Court was given exclusive jurisdiction as regards determination of the constitutional validity of laws passed by the Union government. It restricted the power of the courts to issue stay orders or injunctions. Almost all parts of the Constitution saw changes through this amendment. The clampdown on civil liberties and allegations of widespread abuse of human rights by police had angered the public. Indira Gandhi was believed, by the public at large to be under the influence of a clique of politicians led by her youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a>, who had become notorious for using his influence in the government and the Congress party for alleged corrupt activities. <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a> had masterminded the Union government's unpopular campaign of family planning, which had allegedly involved forcible sterilisation of young men by government officials.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> Sanjay Gandhi had also instigated the demolition of slums in the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a> area of <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, the national capital, which left thousands of people, mostly Muslims, homeless.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-POI2-22">[22]</a> Indian laborers, urban workers, teachers and government employees were also disenchanted by wage freezes and the curtailing of trade union activities and rights.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-POI2-22">[22]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Calling elections on 18 January 1977 the government released political prisoners and weakened restrictions and censorship on the press, although the state of emergency was not officially ended. When opposition leaders sought the support of <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a> for the forthcoming election, Narayan insisted that all opposition parties form a united front. The Janata Party was officially launched on 23 January 1977 when the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Morcha" title="Janata Morcha">Janata Morcha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal" title="Bharatiya Lok Dal">Bharatiya Lok Dal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swatantra_Party" title="Swatantra Party">Swatantra Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party of India">Socialist Party of India</a> of <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> (BJS) joined, dissolving their separate identities (the merger of all party organisations was to be completed after the election). Although the political ideologies of Janata constituents were diverse and conflicting, the party was able to unite under the over-reaching appeal of Jayaprakash Narayan, who had been seen as the ideological leader of the anti-Emergency movement and now the Janata party. <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a> became first president of Janata Party. <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Hegde" title="Ramakrishna Hegde">Ramakrishna Hegde</a> became the party general secretary, and Bharatiya Jana Sangh politician <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a> became the party spokesperson. The Janata manifesto was released on 10 February, which declared that the coming election presented voters with: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">a choice between freedom and slavery; between democracy and dictatorship; between abdicating the power of the people and asserting it; between the <a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhian path</a> and the way that has led many nations down the precipice of dictatorship, instability, military adventure and national ruin.<a href="#cite_note-E-23">[23]</a></blockquote> As it became clear that Indira's Emergency rule had been widely unpopular, defections from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress (R)</a> government increased. The most significant was that of <a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a>, who commanded great support amongst India's <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> communities. A former Minister of Defence, Ram left the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress (R)</a> and along with his supporters formed the <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Democracy" title="Congress for Democracy">Congress for Democracy</a> on 2 February 1977.<a href="#cite_note-B-24">[24]</a> Other co-founders included the former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Odisha">Chief Minister of Orissa</a> <a href="/wiki/Nandini_Satpathy" title="Nandini Satpathy">Nandini Satpathy</a>, former Union Minister of State for Finance <a href="/wiki/K._R._Ganesh" title="K. R. Ganesh">K. R. Ganesh</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MP</a> D. N. Tiwari and Bihar politician Raj Mangal Pandey.<a href="#cite_note-B-24">[24]</a> Although committing to contest the election with the Janata party, Ram resisted merging his party organisation with Janata. It was ultimately decided that the <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Democracy" title="Congress for Democracy">Congress for Democracy</a> would contest the election with the same manifesto as the Janata party and would join the Janata party in Parliament, but would otherwise retain a separate identity (the CFD would merge with the Janata party after the elections on 5 May).<a href="#cite_note-B-24">[24]</a> On 30 January 1977 the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> announced that it would seek to avoid a splintering in the opposition vote by not running candidates against the Janata party. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constituent_parties">Constituent parties</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a>, formed in 1969 from a split of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal" title="Bharatiya Lok Dal">Bharatiya Lok Dal</a>, formed in 1974 by the merger of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatantra_Party" title="Swatantra Party">Swatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kranti_Dal" title="Bharatiya Kranti Dal">Bharatiya Kranti Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Socialist_Party" title="Samyukta Socialist Party">Samyukta Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Congress" title="Utkal Congress">Utkal Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">Socialist Party</a>, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praja_Socialist_Party" title="Praja Socialist Party">Praja Socialist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Splinters from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishan_Kant" title="Krishan Kant">Krishan Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Dhan" title="Ram Dhan">Ram Dhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandrajit_Yadav" title="Chandrajit Yadav">Chandrajit Yadav</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakshmi_Kanthamma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakshmi Kanthamma (page does not exist)">Lakshmi Kanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Democracy" title="Congress for Democracy">Congress for Democracy</a>, merged into JP in 1977</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="1977_elections">1977 elections</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977 Indian general election</a></div> During the election campaign, the leaders of the Congress (R) and the Janata party traveled across the country to rally supporters. Indira and her Congress (R) promoted the record of achieving economic development and orderly government. Although she offered apologies for abuses committed during the Emergency, Indira and the Congress (R) defended the rationale of imposing the state of emergency as being essential for national security. On the other hand, Janata leaders assailed Indira for ruling as a dictator and endangering human rights and democracy in India. Janata's campaign evoked memories of India's freedom struggle against <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a>, during which <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jivatram_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatram Kripalani">Jivatram Kripalani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> had first emerged as political leaders. Although Narayan and Kripalani did not seek office themselves, they became the leading campaigners for the Janata party, drawing great masses of people in rallies across the country.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Actions taken during Emergency significantly diminished support for the <a href="/wiki/Congress_(R)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (R)">Congress (R)</a> amongst its most loyal constituencies. The bulldozing of slums near the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a> was widely unpopular amongst India's Muslims, and the defection of <a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a> significantly diminished support for the Congress (R) amongst India's Dalits. <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal" title="Bharatiya Lok Dal">BLD</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>'s peasant roots helped him raise considerable support in the rural parts of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, the most populous state of India. The <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a>, the party of the <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> and regional political parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> became important allies. The leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> rallied India's middle-class merchants, traders and conservative <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>. The Hindu nationalist <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">RSS</a> and trade unions aligned with Janata helped rally considerable voting blocs. The 1977 election drew a turnout of 60% from an electorate of more than 320 million. On 23 March, it was announced that the Janata party had won a sweeping victory, securing 43.2% of the popular vote and 271 seats. With the support of the Akali Dal and the Congress for Democracy, it had amassed a two-thirds, or absolute majority of 345 seats. Although the Congress for Democracy won 28 seats, Ram's standing as a national Dalit leader and moving a significant share of the Dalit vote to the Janata party and its allies won him considerable influence.<a href="#cite_note-B-24">[24]</a> In contrast to the rest of the country, the Janata party won only six seats from India's southern states – none from the state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> – where the Emergency had not caused political unrest. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_(R)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (R)">Congress (R)</a> won a total of 153 seats, mainly from India's south. However, Janata candidates resoundingly defeated Congress (R) candidates in the northern "<a href="/wiki/Hindi_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi belt">Hindi belt</a>", especially in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. One of the most shocking outcomes of the election was the defeat of Indira Gandhi in her bid to seek re-election from her constituency of <a href="/wiki/Rae_Bareilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Rae Bareilly">Rae Bareilly</a>, which she lost to her 1971 opponent <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a> by a margin of 55,200 votes. The Congress (R) did not win any seats in Uttar Pradesh and was wiped out in 10 states and territories by Janata candidates. Summary of the 1977 March <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">election results</a> of India, using alliances under Morarji Government from 1977 to 1979 Sources: Keesing's – World News Archive <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Alliances </th> <th style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Party </th> <th style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;">Seats won </th> <th style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;">Change </th> <th style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;">Popular votes % </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Janata_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Janata alliance">Janata alliance</a> Seats: 345 Seat Change: +233 Popular vote %: 51.89 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Janata Party / <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Democracy" title="Congress for Democracy">Congress for Democracy</a> </td> <td>298 </td> <td>+245 </td> <td>43.17 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Government_formation">Government formation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Morarji Desai Ministry">Morarji Desai Ministry</a></div> On the morning of 24 March, <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jivatram_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatram Kripalani">Jivatram Kripalani</a> led the newly elected Janata MPs to <a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat" class="mw-redirect" title="Raj Ghat">Raj Ghat</a>, where the ashes of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> were laid, and administered a pledge to continue Gandhi's work and preserve honesty in serving the nation.<a href="#cite_note-B1-26">[26]</a> Immediately afterwards, the Janata party faced a serious challenge in choosing a leader to become India's new prime minister, where the rival bids of party leaders could divide the party and weaken its majority before it took power. Janata party chairman <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a> enjoyed the support of a significant number of Janata MPs and the activists brought from their own political parties into the Janata organisation.<a href="#cite_note-B1-26">[26]</a> To avoid a potentially divisive contest, Janata leaders asked <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jivatram_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatram Kripalani">Jivatram Kripalani</a> to select the party's leader, pledging to abide by their choice.<a href="#cite_note-B1-26">[26]</a> After a period of deliberation, Narayan and Kripalani selected <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> to become the chairman of the Janata Parliamentary Party on 24 May. Although some leaders such as <a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a> hesitated to support Desai and criticised the undemocratic method of selection, Desai's position was soon confirmed and consolidated.<a href="#cite_note-B1-26">[26]</a> Taking office as prime minister, Desai also took charge of the Ministry of Finance. He sought to carefully distribute important posts to satisfy Janata's different constituents and the most powerful party leaders who were rivals for his own position of leadership. Both <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a> were accorded the title of deputy prime minister. <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a> became the Minister of Home Affairs, the second-most important position in the Council of Ministers, while <a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a> took charge of the Ministry of Defence. <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJS</a> leaders <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a> were respectively given charge of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (India)">Ministry of External Affairs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Health (India)">Minister of Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhu_Dandavate" title="Madhu Dandavate">Madhu Dandavate</a> was to head the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)" title="Ministry of Railways (India)">Ministry of Railways</a> and trade unionist <a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a> was made the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Ministry of Communications (India)">Ministry of Communications</a>. Jurist <a href="/wiki/Shanti_Bhushan" title="Shanti Bhushan">Shanti Bhushan</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)" title="Ministry of Law and Justice (India)">Minister of Law and Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EI-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_(O)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (O)">Congress (O)</a> veteran and Janata candidate <a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_presidential_election" title="1977 Indian presidential election">presidential election</a> to become the 6th President of India on 25 July 1977. The results of its election defeat considerably weakened and diminished the <a href="/wiki/Congress_(R)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (R)">Congress (R)</a>. Significant numbers of <a href="/wiki/Congress_(R)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (R)">Congress (R)</a> MPs and activists condemned Indira's leadership and left the party. As a result, MPs still loyal to Indira Gandhi renamed their party to <a href="/wiki/Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (I)">Congress (I)</a> – "I" standing for Indira. Although no longer an MP, Indira Gandhi continued as the president of <a href="/wiki/Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress (I)">Congress (I)</a>, which remained the largest opposition party. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morarji_Desai_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Morarji_Desai_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="182"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 238px;height: 182px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Morarji_Desai_1978.jpg" data-width="238" data-height="182" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Indian prime minister Morarji Desai (1977–1979)</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Janata_rule">Janata rule</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Morarji_Desai" title="Premiership of Morarji Desai">Premiership of Morarji Desai</a></div> The first actions taken by the Desai government were to formally end the state of emergency and media censorship and repeal the controversial executive decrees issued during the Emergency.<a href="#cite_note-POI2-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-B1-26">[26]</a> The Constitution was amended to make it more difficult for any future government to declare a state of emergency; fundamental freedoms and the independence of India's judiciary was reaffirmed.<a href="#cite_note-POI2-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-B1-26">[26]</a> The new government also proceeded to withdraw all charges against the 25 accused in the <a href="/wiki/Baroda_dynamite_case" title="Baroda dynamite case">Baroda dynamite case</a>, which included the new Minister of Industry, <a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B1-26">[26]</a> The Minister of Railways reinstated the railway employees disciplined after the May 1974 strike.<a href="#cite_note-B1-26">[26]</a> The Desai government proceeded to establish inquiry commissions and tribunals to investigate allegations of corruption and Indira Gandhi's government, political party and the police forces. Specific inquiries were instituted on <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a>'s management of the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Maruti_Udyog_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Maruti Udyog Ltd.">Maruti Udyog Ltd.</a>, the activities of the former Minister of Defence <a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1971_Nagarwala_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Nagarwala scandal">1971 Nagarwala scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B1-26">[26]</a> Both Indira and her son Sanjay were charged with allegations of corruption and briefly arrested. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_in_the_states">Elections in the states</h3></div> Immediately upon taking office, the Janata government pressured the ten state governments where the Congress was in power to dissolve the state assemblies and hold fresh elections in June. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> witnessed the massive victory of the <a href="/wiki/AIADMK" class="mw-redirect" title="AIADMK">AIADMK</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a>. Home Minister Charan Singh argued that the ruling party had been resoundingly rejected by voters and would need to win a new mandate from the people of the states. The Congress (R) was defeated in all the states, and the Janata party took power in seven – Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. In Punjab, the Janata party formed a coalition government with the Akali Dal. In Bihar, <a href="/wiki/Karpuri_Thakur" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpuri Thakur">Karpuri Thakur</a> won the closely contested Janata legislature party leadership from the<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> then Bihar Janata Party chief <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satyendra Narayan Sinha">Satyendra Narayan Sinha</a> to become the Bihar <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a>. The number of Janata members of the legislative assemblies (MLAs) of all the states increased from 386 to 1,246 seats. The government also called fresh elections in the state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, where the Janata party won 13 seats to the Congress's 11, and the veteran Kashmiri politician <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah" title="Sheikh Abdullah">Sheikh Abdullah</a> returned to power after having been dismissed in 1953. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> Prime Minister Morarji Desai and the Minister of External Affairs <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> began significant changes in India's foreign policy, moving away from the course adopted by Indira's government. Both Pakistan and China had celebrated the ouster of Indira Gandhi, who had preserved a hardline stance against India's rival neighbors. In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> became the highest-ranking Indian official to visit Beijing, meeting China's leaders. The Desai government re-established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, which had been severed due to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War_of_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian War of 1962">Sino-Indian War of 1962</a>. Both nations established regular dialogue to resolve long-standing territorial disputes, expand trade and enhance border security. The Desai government ended India's support for the guerrillas loyal to <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, the founding leader of Bangladesh, who had been assassinated in 1975 by military officers and replaced by a military regime that sought to distance itself from India. India also sought to improve relations with the United States, which had been strained due to the latter's support for Pakistan during the 1971 war and India's subsequent proximity with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The Janata government announced its desire to achieve "genuine" <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-alignment</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, which had been the long-standing national policy. In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> became the third U.S. president to make an official visit to India. Both nations sought to improve trade and expand cooperation in science and technology. Vajpayee represented India at the U.N. conference on nuclear disarmament, defending India's nuclear programme and its refusal to sign non-proliferation treaties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3></div> The Janata government had lesser success in achieving economic reforms. It launched the Sixth Five-Year Plan, aiming to boost agricultural production and rural industries. Seeking to promote economic self-reliance and indigenous industries, the government required multi-national corporations to go into partnership with Indian corporations. The policy proved controversial, diminishing foreign investment and led to the high-profile exit of corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> from India.<a href="#cite_note-IMM-29">[29]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="List_of_Chief_Ministers">List of Chief Ministers</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="height: 60px;"> <th scope="col">No </th> <th scope="col">Portrait </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Constituency </th> <th scope="col">State </th> <th colspan="2">Term of office </th> <th>Tenure length </th> <th>Assembly </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prem_Khandu_Thungan" title="Prem Khandu Thungan">Prem Khandu Thungan</a> </td> <td>Dirang Kalaktang </td> <td>Arunachal Pradesh </td> <td>13 August 1975 </td> <td>18 September 1979 </td> <td>4 years, 36 days </td> <td>1st (<a href="/wiki/1978_Arunachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">1978 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Babubhai_J._Patel" title="Babubhai J. Patel">Babubhai Patel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Assembly_constituency" title="Sabarmati Assembly constituency">Sabarmati</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> </td> <td>11 April 1977 </td> <td>17 February 1980 </td> <td>2 years, 312 days </td> <td>5th (<a href="/wiki/1975_Gujarat_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election">1975 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Devi_Lal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Devi_Lal.jpg/75px-Devi_Lal.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="566"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 98px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Devi_Lal.jpg/75px-Devi_Lal.jpg" data-width="75" data-height="98" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Devi_Lal.jpg/112px-Devi_Lal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Devi_Lal.jpg/150px-Devi_Lal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Devi_Lal" title="Devi Lal">Devi Lal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhattu_Kalan_Assembly_constituency" title="Bhattu Kalan Assembly constituency">Bhattu Kalan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> </td> <td>21 June 1977 </td> <td>28 June 1979 </td> <td>2 years, 7 days </td> <td>5th (<a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Haryana" title="Elections in Haryana">1977 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shanta_Kumar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shanta_Kumar.jpg/75px-Shanta_Kumar.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="520"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 94px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shanta_Kumar.jpg/75px-Shanta_Kumar.jpg" data-width="75" data-height="94" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shanta_Kumar.jpg/112px-Shanta_Kumar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shanta_Kumar.jpg/150px-Shanta_Kumar.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanta_Kumar" title="Shanta Kumar">Shanta Kumar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sullah_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Sullah</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> </td> <td>22 June 1977 </td> <td>14 February 1980 </td> <td>2 years, 237 days </td> <td>4th (<a href="/wiki/1977_Himachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">1977 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BS_Shekhawat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BS_Shekhawat.jpg/75px-BS_Shekhawat.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="588"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 101px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BS_Shekhawat.jpg/75px-BS_Shekhawat.jpg" data-width="75" data-height="101" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BS_Shekhawat.jpg/113px-BS_Shekhawat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BS_Shekhawat.jpg/150px-BS_Shekhawat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat" title="Bhairon Singh Shekhawat">Bhairon Singh Shekhawat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chhabra_(Rajasthan_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhabra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)">Chhabra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> </td> <td>22 June 1977 </td> <td>16 February 1980 </td> <td>2 years, 239 days </td> <td>6th (<a href="/wiki/1977_Rajasthan_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election">1977 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_Naresh_Yadav_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ram_Naresh_Yadav_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Ram_Naresh_Yadav_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1275"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ram_Naresh_Yadav_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Ram_Naresh_Yadav_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="75" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ram_Naresh_Yadav_%28cropped%29.jpg/112px-Ram_Naresh_Yadav_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ram_Naresh_Yadav_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Ram_Naresh_Yadav_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ram_Naresh_Yadav" title="Ram Naresh Yadav">Ram Naresh Yadav</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nidhauli_Kalan_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nidhauli Kalan (Vidhan Sabha constituency) (page does not exist)">Nidhauli Kalan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> </td> <td>23 June 1977 </td> <td>28 February 1979 </td> <td>1 year, 250 days </td> <td>7th (<a href="/wiki/1977_Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">1977 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Karpoori_Thakur_1991_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Karpoori_Thakur_1991_stamp_of_India.jpg/75px-Karpoori_Thakur_1991_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="939"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 99px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Karpoori_Thakur_1991_stamp_of_India.jpg/75px-Karpoori_Thakur_1991_stamp_of_India.jpg" data-width="75" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Karpoori_Thakur_1991_stamp_of_India.jpg/113px-Karpoori_Thakur_1991_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Karpoori_Thakur_1991_stamp_of_India.jpg/150px-Karpoori_Thakur_1991_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karpoori_Thakur" title="Karpoori Thakur">Karpoori Thakur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phulparas_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phulparas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Phulparas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> </td> <td>24 June 1977 </td> <td>21 April 1979 </td> <td>1 year, 301 days </td> <td>7th (<a href="/wiki/1977_Bihar_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election">1977 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kailash_Chandra_Joshi_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kailash_Chandra_Joshi_%28cropped%29.JPG/75px-Kailash_Chandra_Joshi_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="984"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 81px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kailash_Chandra_Joshi_%28cropped%29.JPG/75px-Kailash_Chandra_Joshi_%28cropped%29.JPG" data-width="75" data-height="81" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kailash_Chandra_Joshi_%28cropped%29.JPG/113px-Kailash_Chandra_Joshi_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kailash_Chandra_Joshi_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-Kailash_Chandra_Joshi_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Chandra_Joshi" title="Kailash Chandra Joshi">Kailash Chandra Joshi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bagli_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Bagli</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> </td> <td>24 June 1977 </td> <td>18 January 1978 </td> <td>208 days </td> <td>6th (<a href="/wiki/1977_Madhya_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">1977 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:NilamaniRautray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/NilamaniRautray.jpg/75px-NilamaniRautray.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="431"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 96px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/NilamaniRautray.jpg/75px-NilamaniRautray.jpg" data-width="75" data-height="96" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/NilamaniRautray.jpg/113px-NilamaniRautray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/NilamaniRautray.jpg/150px-NilamaniRautray.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilamani_Routray" title="Nilamani Routray">Nilamani Routray</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basudevpur_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basudevpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Basudevpur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td>26 June 1977 </td> <td>17 February 1980 </td> <td>2 years, 236 days </td> <td>7th (<a href="/wiki/1977_Odisha_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election">1977 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yangmaso_Shaiza" title="Yangmaso Shaiza">Yangmaso Shaiza</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukhrul_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukhrul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Ukhrul</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> </td> <td>29 June 1977 </td> <td>13 November 1979 </td> <td>2 years, 137 days </td> <td>3rd (<a href="/wiki/1974_Manipur_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election">1974 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Radhika Ranjan Gupta">Radhika Ranjan Gupta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fatikroy_Assembly_constituency" title="Fatikroy Assembly constituency">Fatikroy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> </td> <td>26 July 1977 </td> <td>4 November 1977 </td> <td>101 days </td> <td>3rd (<a href="/wiki/1972_Tripura_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election">1972 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virendra_Kumar_Sakhlecha" title="Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha">Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawad_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Jawad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> </td> <td>18 January 1978 </td> <td>20 January 1980 </td> <td>2 years, 2 days </td> <td>6th (<a href="/wiki/1977_Madhya_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">1977 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Golap_Borbora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Golap_Borbora.jpg/75px-Golap_Borbora.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="150"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 88px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Golap_Borbora.jpg/75px-Golap_Borbora.jpg" data-width="75" data-height="88" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Golap_Borbora.jpg/113px-Golap_Borbora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Golap_Borbora.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golap_Borbora" title="Golap Borbora">Golap Borbora</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tinsukia_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinsukia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Tinsukia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> </td> <td>12 March 1978 </td> <td>4 September 1979 </td> <td>1 year, 176 days </td> <td>6th (<a href="/wiki/1978_Assam_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election">1978 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Banarasi_Das_2013_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Banarasi_Das_2013_stamp_of_India_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Banarasi_Das_2013_stamp_of_India_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="679"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 95px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Banarasi_Das_2013_stamp_of_India_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Banarasi_Das_2013_stamp_of_India_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="75" data-height="95" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Banarasi_Das_2013_stamp_of_India_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Banarasi_Das_2013_stamp_of_India_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Banarasi_Das_2013_stamp_of_India_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Banarasi_Das_2013_stamp_of_India_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banarasi_Das" title="Banarasi Das">Banarasi Das</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hapur_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Hapur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> </td> <td>28 February 1979 </td> <td>17 February 1980 </td> <td>354 days </td> <td>7th (<a href="/wiki/1977_Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">1977 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_Sundar_Das_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ram_Sundar_Das_portrait.jpg/75px-Ram_Sundar_Das_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="89" data-file-height="129"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 109px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ram_Sundar_Das_portrait.jpg/75px-Ram_Sundar_Das_portrait.jpg" data-width="75" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Ram_Sundar_Das_portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ram_Sundar_Das" title="Ram Sundar Das">Ram Sundar Das</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sonepur_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonepur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Sonepur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> </td> <td>21 April 1979 </td> <td>17 February 1980 </td> <td>302 days </td> <td>7th (<a href="/wiki/1977_Bihar_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election">1977 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhajan_Lal_Bishnoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhajan Lal Bishnoi">Bhajan Lal Bishnoi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adampur,_Haryana_Assembly_constituency" title="Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency">Adampur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> </td> <td>28 June 1979 </td> <td>23 May 1982 </td> <td>2 years, 329 days </td> <td>5th (<a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Haryana" title="Elections in Haryana">1977 elections</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jogendra_Nath_Hazarika_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jogendra_Nath_Hazarika_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg/75px-Jogendra_Nath_Hazarika_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="249"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 96px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jogendra_Nath_Hazarika_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg/75px-Jogendra_Nath_Hazarika_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg" data-width="75" data-height="96" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jogendra_Nath_Hazarika_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg/113px-Jogendra_Nath_Hazarika_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jogendra_Nath_Hazarika_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg/150px-Jogendra_Nath_Hazarika_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jogendra_Nath_Hazarika" title="Jogendra Nath Hazarika">Jogendra Nath Hazarika</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duliajan_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duliajan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Duliajan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> </td> <td>9 September 1979 </td> <td>11 December 1979 </td> <td>93 days </td> <td>6th (<a href="/wiki/1978_Assam_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election">1978 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Patwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderlal Patwa">Sunderlal Patwa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandsaur_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandsaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Mandsaur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> </td> <td>20 January 1980 </td> <td>17 February 1980 </td> <td>28 days </td> <td>6th (<a href="/wiki/1977_Madhya_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">1977 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">19 </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Hegde" title="Ramakrishna Hegde">Ramakrishna Hegde</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanakapura_(Vidhana_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakapura (Vidhana Sabha constituency)">Kanakpura</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td>10 January 1983 </td> <td>7 March 1985 </td> <td rowspan="2">5 years, 216 days </td> <td>7th (<a href="/wiki/1983_Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election">1983 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Basavanagudi_(Vidhana_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basavanagudi (Vidhana Sabha constituency)">Basavanagudi</a> </td> <td>8 March 1985 </td> <td>13 August 1988 </td> <td rowspan="2">8th (<a href="/wiki/1985_Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election">1985 election</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Somappa_Rayappa_Bommai_132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Somappa_Rayappa_Bommai_132.jpg/75px-Somappa_Rayappa_Bommai_132.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="994"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 102px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Somappa_Rayappa_Bommai_132.jpg/75px-Somappa_Rayappa_Bommai_132.jpg" data-width="75" data-height="102" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Somappa_Rayappa_Bommai_132.jpg/113px-Somappa_Rayappa_Bommai_132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Somappa_Rayappa_Bommai_132.jpg/151px-Somappa_Rayappa_Bommai_132.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S._R._Bommai" title="S. R. Bommai">S. R. Bommai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hubli_Rural_(Vidhana_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubli Rural (Vidhana Sabha constituency)">Hubli Rural</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td>13 August 1988 </td> <td>21 April 1989 </td> <td>281 days </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Fall_of_the_government">Fall of the government</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> Despite a strong start, the Janata government began to wither as significant ideological and political divisions emerged.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> The party consisted of veteran socialists, trade unionists and pro-business leaders, making major economic reforms difficult to achieve without triggering a public divide.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> Socialists and secular Janata politicians shared an aversion to the Hindu nationalist agenda of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a>, whose members included Vajpayee, Advani and other leaders from the former <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>. Violence between Hindus and Muslims led to further confrontations within the Janata party, with most Janata leaders demanding that <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a> choose between staying in government and being members of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">RSS</a>. Both Vajpayee and Advani as well as other members of the former BJS opted to remain members of the RSS and consequently resigned from their posts and from the party. The decline in the popularity of the Janata government was aided by the stalled prosecution of Emergency-era abuses. The government had failed to prove most of the allegations and obtained few convictions. Cases against Indira Gandhi had also stalled for lack of evidence, and her continued prosecution began to evoke sympathy for her from the Indian public and anger of her supporters, who saw it as a "<a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">witch hunt</a>."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-19">[19]</a> In June 1978, <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a> attacked party president <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>. On 16 June 1978, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a> announced his resignation from Janata Party parliamentary board. Janata Party parliamentary board which met on 22 June 1978 issued show-cause notices to <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi_Lal" title="Devi Lal">Devi Lal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Dhan" title="Ram Dhan">Ram Dhan</a>, Jabbar Singh and Sibhan Lal Saxena.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> On 1 July 1978, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a> resigned from the cabinet of <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Morarji Desai ministry">Morarji Desai</a> because of growing differences between them over trial of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> On 24 January 1979, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a> returned into cabinet and held portfolios of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Minister of Finance</a> and becoming <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hirubhai_M._Patel" title="Hirubhai M. Patel">Hirubhai M. Patel</a> was shifted from <a href="/wiki/Finance_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance ministry">Finance ministry</a> to <a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Ministry (India)">Home Ministry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Through 1979, support for <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> had declined considerably due to worsening economic conditions as well as the emergence of allegations of nepotism and corruption involving members of his family. Desai's confrontational attitude eroded his support.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-19">[19]</a> His main rival <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a> had developed an acrimonious relationship with Desai.<a href="#cite_note-EI-27">[27]</a> Protesting Desai's leadership, Singh resigned and withdrew the support of his <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal" title="Bharatiya Lok Dal">Bharatiya Lok Dal</a>. Desai also lost the support of the secular and socialist politicians in the party, who saw him as favoring the Hindu nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> On 19 July 1979 Desai resigned from the government and eventually retired to his home in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (then Bombay).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-19">[19]</a> The failing health of <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a> made it hard for him to remain politically active and act as a unifying influence, and his death in 1979 deprived the party of its most popular leader. Dissidents projected <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a> as the new prime minister in place of Desai. President <a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a> as the Prime Minister of a minority government on the strength of 64 MPs, calling upon him to form a new government and prove his majority. The departure of Desai and the BJS had considerably diminished Janata's majority, and numerous Janata MPs refused to support Charan Singh. MPs loyal to <a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a> withdrew themselves from the Janata party. Former allies such as the DMK, Shiromani Akali Dal and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) had distanced themselves from the Janata party. Desperately seeking enough support for a majority, Charan Singh even sought to negotiate with Congress (I), which refused. After only three weeks in office, Charan Singh resigned. With no other political party in position to establish a majority government, President Reddy dissolved the Parliament and called fresh elections for January 1980.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">1980 general elections</a>, Janata Party declared <a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a> as its Prime Ministerial candidate, but the party won only 31 seats out of 542.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Party_Presidents">Party Presidents</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a> (1977–1988)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_(politician,_born_1939)" title="Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)">Ajit Singh</a> (1988–1990)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a> (1990–2013)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li>Jai Prakash Bandhu (2013- 2021)</li> <li>Navneet Chaturvedi (2021–Present)<a href="#cite_note-journomirror.com-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-navbharattimes.indiatimes.com-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="General_election_results">General election results</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lok_Sabha_seats">Lok Sabha seats</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Legislature </th> <th>Seats contested </th> <th>Seats won </th> <th>Change in seats </th> <th> Percentage of votes </th> <th>Vote swing </th> <th>Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_Lok_Sabha" title="6th Lok Sabha">6th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td>405 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">295 / 542<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #1F75FE; color:inherit; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  295 </td> <td>41.32% </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  41.32% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">1980</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_Lok_Sabha" title="7th Lok Sabha">7th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td>433 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">31 / 529<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #1F75FE; color:inherit; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  264 </td> <td>18.97% </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  22.35% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_Indian_general_election" title="1984 Indian general election">1984</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_Lok_Sabha" title="8th Lok Sabha">8th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td>207 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">10 / 514<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #1F75FE; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  21 </td> <td>6.89% </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  12.08% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_Indian_general_election" title="1989 Indian general election">1989</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_Lok_Sabha" title="9th Lok Sabha">9th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td>155 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 529<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #1F75FE; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  10 </td> <td>1.01% </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  5.88% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_general_election" title="1991 Indian general election">1991</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_Lok_Sabha" title="10th Lok Sabha">10th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td>349 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">5 / 521<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #1F75FE; color:inherit; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  5 </td> <td>3.37% </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2.36% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_Indian_general_election" title="1996 Indian general election">1996</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_Lok_Sabha" title="11th Lok Sabha">11th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td>101 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 543<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #1F75FE; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  5 </td> <td>0.19% </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  3.18% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1998_Indian_general_election" title="1998 Indian general election">1998</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_Lok_Sabha" title="12th Lok Sabha">12th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 543<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #1F75FE; color:inherit; width: 0.2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td> <td>0.12% </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0.07% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1999_Indian_general_election" title="1999 Indian general election">1999</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_Lok_Sabha" title="13th Lok Sabha">13th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td>26 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 543<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #1F75FE; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td><noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0.07% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="State_units">State units</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karnataka">Karnataka</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidents">Presidents</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Veerendra_Patil" title="Veerendra Patil">Veerendra Patil</a> (1977–78)<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">H. D. Deve Gowda</a> (1978)<a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/D._Manjunath" title="D. Manjunath">D. Manjunath</a> (1983)<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/M._P._Prakash" title="M. P. Prakash">M. P. Prakash</a> (1987)<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secretary_General">Secretary General</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Jeevaraj_Alva" title="Jeevaraj Alva">Jeevaraj Alva</a> (1988–1990)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uttar_Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil_Nadu">Tamil Nadu</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="President">President</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/R._Jebamani" title="R. Jebamani">Nellai R. Jebamani</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> In the run-up to the 1980 elections, the remaining Janata party leaders tried unsuccessfully to rebuild the party and make fresh alliances. Desai campaigned for the party but did not himself stand for election, preferring retirement from politics. The Congress (I) capitalised on the aversion of the Indian public to another fragile and dysfunctional government by campaigning on the slogan "Elect A Government That Works!"<a href="#cite_note-LOC-17">[17]</a> Indira Gandhi apologised for mistakes made during the Emergency and won the endorsement of respected national leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a>. At the polls, the candidates running under the Janata ticket were resoundingly defeated – the party lost 172 seats, winning only 31. Indira Gandhi and the Congress (I) returned to power with a strong majority. Sanjay Gandhi was also elected to the Parliament. President Reddy was succeeded at the end of his term in 1982 by Congress (I) leader <a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eci.gov.in/files/file/14243-eci-continues-to-nudge-registered-unrecognised-political-parties-rupps-for-ensuring-due-regulatory-compliances/">(RUPPS).</a> Between 1980 and 1989, the Janata party maintained a small presence in the Indian Parliament under the leadership of socialist politician <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Sekhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandra Sekhar">Chandra Sekhar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-POI-55">[55]</a> In 1988, Lok Dal (A) was merged into Janata Party and <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_(politician,_born_1939)" title="Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)">Ajit Singh</a> was made its president.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> After some months, it merged into the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal" title="Janata Dal">Janata Dal</a>, which had emerged as the chief opposition party under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">Vishwanath Pratap Singh</a> and the main constituent of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (India)">National Front</a> coalition.<a href="#cite_note-POI-55">[55]</a> Singh had become widely popular for exposing the role of the government of prime minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, the eldest son and successor of Indira, in the <a href="/wiki/Bofors_scandal" title="Bofors scandal">Bofors scandal</a>, though on 5 February 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a> quashed the charges of bribery against Rajiv Gandhi and others.<a href="#cite_note-POI-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> But some leaders of Janata Party refused to accept its merger into Janata Dal and continued in Janata Party.<a href="#cite_note-:1-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> These included Indubhai Patel, <a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Shahabuddin" title="Syed Shahabuddin">Syed Shahabuddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">H. D. Deve Gowda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Mahishi" title="Sarojini Mahishi">Sarojini Mahishi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> On 4 January 1989, Indubhai Patel was declared as acting president of Janata Party.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Janata Dal filed an application to <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a> to seek the transfer of Janata Party symbol to its own.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> But the Election Commission froze the symbol chakra–haldhar for <a href="/wiki/1989_Indian_general_election" title="1989 Indian general election">1989 general election</a> and as a result, Janata Dal had to use wheel as their election symbol.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Janata Party continue to retain its status as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eci.gov.in/files/file/14243-eci-continues-to-nudge-registered-unrecognised-political-parties-rupps-for-ensuring-due-regulatory-compliances/">unrecognised registered party</a> with Election Commission of India and retains its symbol of chakra-haldhar.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Since the original Janata Party disappeared when it merged into the Janata Dal, these two(the 1977 one and present one) are considered as distinct from one another by many.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Under V. P. Singh, the Janata Dal and the National Front sought to replicate the Janata-style alliance of anti-Congress political parties.<a href="#cite_note-POI-55">[55]</a> Although it failed to win a majority, it managed to form a fragile coalition government with V.P. Singh as the prime minister with the outside support of the BJP and the Communist Party of India (Marxist).<a href="#cite_note-POI-55">[55]</a> However, Singh's government soon fell victim to intra-party rivalries and power struggles, and his successor Chandra Sekhar's Janata Dal (Socialist) government lasted barely into 1991.<a href="#cite_note-POI-55">[55]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> Although its tenure in office was tumultuous and unsuccessful, the Janata party played a definitive role in Indian politics and history and its legacy remains strong in contemporary India. The Janata party led a popular movement to restore civil liberties, evoking the memories and principles of the Indian independence movement. Its success in ending 30 years of uninterrupted Congress rule helped strengthen India's multi-party democracy. The term "Janata" has been used by several major political parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Biju_Janata_Dal" title="Biju Janata Dal">Biju Janata Dal</a> (BJD), <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP), <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)" title="Janata Dal (United)">Janata Dal (United)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)" title="Janata Dal (Secular)">Janata Dal (Secular)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Janata_Dal" title="Rashtriya Janata Dal">Rashtriya Janata Dal</a> and others.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Participants in the struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Emergency_(1975%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Emergency (1975–77)">Indian Emergency (1975–77)</a> and of the Janata party went on to comprise a new generation of Indian political leaders. <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deve_Gowda" class="mw-redirect" title="Deve Gowda">Deve Gowda</a> went on to serve as Prime Ministers; Vajpayee led the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term from 1999 to 2004. <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a> served as deputy prime minister. Younger politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pramod_Mahajan" title="Pramod Mahajan">Pramod Mahajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a> and others were grass-roots activists in the Janata party.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Janata Party continued to exist led by <a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a>, which maintained a small presence in the politics of the state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, Karnataka, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, Kerala, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, Delhi and at the national stage. Janata party continued its lead as opposition in AP until the formation of TDP party.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Party_(Secular)" title="Janata Party (Secular)">Janata Party (Secular)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Democracy" title="Congress for Democracy">Congress for Democracy</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShashi_Tharoor2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a> (2006). India: From Midnight To Millennium. Arcade Publishing. pp. 164–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-803-6"><bdi>978-1-55970-803-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+From+Midnight+To+Millennium&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-803-6&rft.au=Shashi+Tharoor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2024/03/bjp-far-right-modi-india">"Why the Far Right Rules Modi's India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2024. <q>In this vacuum, the BJP's path to power followed that of three other centrist parties, similar to Congress, which led coalitions on three separate occasions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+Far+Right+Rules+Modi%27s+India&rft.pub=Jacobin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2024%2F03%2Fbjp-far-right-modi-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_A._Gould" title="Harold A. 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Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%7C+Journo+Mirror&rft.date=2021-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournomirror.com%2Fgeopolitics-writer-navneet-chaturvedi-became-the-national-president-of-janata-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agnialok.com/public-interest-litigation-in-supreme-court-by-janta-party-national-president-navneet-chaturvedi-to-postpone-the-election/">"चुनाव स्थगित करने हेतु जनता पार्टी राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष नवनीत चतुर्वेदी द्वारा सुप्रीम कोर्ट में जनहित याचिका - अग्नि आलोक"</a>. 14 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125084001/https://agnialok.com/public-interest-litigation-in-supreme-court-by-janta-party-national-president-navneet-chaturvedi-to-postpone-the-election/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+-+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95&rft.date=2022-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagnialok.com%2Fpublic-interest-litigation-in-supreme-court-by-janta-party-national-president-navneet-chaturvedi-to-postpone-the-election%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalviya2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malviya, Pavan (12 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/state/madhya-pradesh/assembly-elections-in-rajasthan-and-madhya-pradesh-where-janata-party-has-stood-in-the-role-of-game-changer-navneet-chaturvedi-973874">"विधानसभा चुनाव राजस्थान और मध्यप्रदेश जहां जनता पार्टी गेम चेंजर की भूमिका मे खड़ी हो चुकी है - नवनीत चतुर्वेदी"</a>. दैनिक भास्कर हिन्दी (Dainik Bhaskar Hindi) (in Hindi). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125084002/https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/state/madhya-pradesh/assembly-elections-in-rajasthan-and-madhya-pradesh-where-janata-party-has-stood-in-the-role-of-game-changer-navneet-chaturvedi-973874">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%28Dainik+Bhaskar+Hindi%29&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88+-+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80&rft.date=2023-11-12&rft.aulast=Malviya&rft.aufirst=Pavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskarhindi.com%2Fstate%2Fmadhya-pradesh%2Fassembly-elections-in-rajasthan-and-madhya-pradesh-where-janata-party-has-stood-in-the-role-of-game-changer-navneet-chaturvedi-973874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patrika.com/meerut-news/janta-party-president-navneet-chaturvedi-distanced-himself-from-all-party-meeting-rejected-proposal-joint-opposition-8326665/">"Political News : जनता पार्टी ने ठुकराया संयुक्त विपक्ष का प्रस्ताव, नए चेहरों को मौका देकर करेगी मिशन 2024 की तैयारी | Janta party President navneet chaturvedi distanced himself from all-party meeting, rejected proposal joint opposition"</a>. Patrika News (in Hindi). 22 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117220737/https://www.patrika.com/meerut-news/janta-party-president-navneet-chaturvedi-distanced-himself-from-all-party-meeting-rejected-proposal-joint-opposition-8326665/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patrika+News&rft.atitle=Political+News+%3A+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%2C+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8+2024+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%7C+Janta+party+President+navneet+chaturvedi+distanced+himself+from+all-party+meeting%2C+rejected+proposal+joint+opposition&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrika.com%2Fmeerut-news%2Fjanta-party-president-navneet-chaturvedi-distanced-himself-from-all-party-meeting-rejected-proposal-joint-opposition-8326665%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-navbharattimes.indiatimes.com2-9"><a href="#cite_ref-navbharattimes.indiatimes.com2_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/navneet-chaturvedi-president-of-janata-party-to-start-membership-program/articleshow/100589845.cms">"UP News: 5 जून से जनता पार्टी यूपी में शुरू करेगी सदस्यता अभियान, देशभर में पार्टी लोगों को जोड़ेगी"</a>. Navbharat Times (in Hindi). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612061720/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/navneet-chaturvedi-president-of-janata-party-to-start-membership-program/articleshow/100589845.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Navbharat+Times&rft.atitle=UP+News%3A+5+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%2C+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnavbharattimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmetro%2Flucknow%2Fpolitics%2Fnavneet-chaturvedi-president-of-janata-party-to-start-membership-program%2Farticleshow%2F100589845.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/national/janata-party-came-in-support-of-brahmin-community-navneet-chaturvedi/220923/">"ब्राह्मण समाज के समर्थन में आई जनता पार्टी: नवनीत चतुर्वेदी"</a>. www.navodayatimes.in. 3 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328174012/https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/national/janata-party-came-in-support-of-brahmin-community-navneet-chaturvedi/220923/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.navodayatimes.in&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%3A+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80&rft.date=2023-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navodayatimes.in%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fjanata-party-came-in-support-of-brahmin-community-navneet-chaturvedi%2F220923%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharat2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bharat, E. T. V. (7 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/janata-party-janhit-dal-and-delhi-janata-party-announced-alliance-for-delhi-assembly-elections-delhi-news-dls24120606065">"दिल्ली विधानसभा चुनाव: जनता पार्टी, जनहित दल और दिल्ली जनता पार्टी मिलकर लड़ेगी चुनाव"</a>. ETV Bharat News (in Hindi). Retrieved 11 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ETV+Bharat+News&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%3A+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%2C+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5&rft.date=2024-12-07&rft.aulast=Bharat&rft.aufirst=E.+T.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etvbharat.com%2Fhi%2F%21state%2Fjanata-party-janhit-dal-and-delhi-janata-party-announced-alliance-for-delhi-assembly-elections-delhi-news-dls24120606065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfficial_Excerpts_from_Speech_of_Veteran_Journalist" class="citation book cs1">Official Excerpts from Speech of Veteran Journalist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countercurrents.org/cip200610.htm">Emergency: Top Oppositional political leaders arrested</a>. Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210747/http://www.countercurrents.org/cip200610.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency%3A+Top+Oppositional+political+leaders+arrested&rft.pub=Website&rft.au=Official+Excerpts+from+Speech+of+Veteran+Journalist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countercurrents.org%2Fcip200610.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Pavithran_K.S.2020" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Pavithran K.S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3LOEAAAQBAJ&q=janata+party">The Janata Interludes</a>. VIJ Books (India) PVT Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789389620184" title="Special:BookSources/9789389620184"><bdi>9789389620184</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Janata+Interludes&rft.pub=VIJ+Books+%28India%29+PVT+Limited&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789389620184&rft.au=Dr.+Pavithran+K.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3LOEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Djanata%2Bparty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://townpost-in.translate.goog/2022/03/21/tree-plantation-to-mark-thakur-ji-pathaks-death-anniversary/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=hi&_x_tr_hl=hi&_x_tr_pto=tc,sc">"Janata party leader Thakur ji Pathak"</a>. 21 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109063017/https://townpost-in.translate.goog/2022/03/21/tree-plantation-to-mark-thakur-ji-pathaks-death-anniversary/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=hi&_x_tr_hl=hi&_x_tr_pto=tc,sc">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Janata+party+leader+Thakur+ji+Pathak&rft.date=2022-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftownpost-in.translate.goog%2F2022%2F03%2F21%2Ftree-plantation-to-mark-thakur-ji-pathaks-death-anniversary%2F%3F_x_tr_sl%3Den%26_x_tr_tl%3Dhi%26_x_tr_hl%3Dhi%26_x_tr_pto%3Dtc%2Csc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitra1994" class="citation book cs1">Mitra, H. N. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VLShQ-Zq8TMC&dq=great+leader+thakurji+Pathak&pg=PA228">The Indian Annual Register A Digest Of Public Affairs Of India ..., Volumes 1-2</a>. Gyan Publishing House. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-212-0213-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-212-0213-8"><bdi>978-81-212-0213-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328174020/https://books.google.com/books?id=VLShQ-Zq8TMC&dq=great+leader+thakurji+Pathak&pg=PA228#v=onepage&q=great%20leader%20thakurji%20Pathak&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023. <q>Janata Dal leader of Singhbhum, Thakurji Pathak...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Annual+Register+A+Digest+Of+Public+Affairs+Of+India+...%2C+Volumes+1-2&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-212-0213-8&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=H.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVLShQ-Zq8TMC%26dq%3Dgreat%2Bleader%2Bthakurji%2BPathak%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congress-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Congress_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0159)">"The Congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Country Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328174109/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+in0159%29">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Congress&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bin0159%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_17-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0029)">"The Rise of Indira Gandhi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Country Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204104/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0029)">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Indira+Gandhi&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bin0029%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ING-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ING_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ING_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_Frank2002" class="citation book cs1">Katherine Frank (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/371">Indira: The Life Of Indira Nehru Gandhi</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/371">371</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-73097-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-73097-3"><bdi>978-0-395-73097-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira%3A+The+Life+Of+Indira+Nehru+Gandhi&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-395-73097-3&rft.au=Katherine+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiralifeofindi00fran%2Fpage%2F371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_19-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuldip_Singh1995" class="citation news cs1">Kuldip Singh (11 April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html">"Obituary: Morarji Desai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103104550/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Morarji+Desai&rft.date=1995-04-11&rft.au=Kuldip+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ING2-20"><a href="#cite_ref-ING2_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_Frank2002" class="citation book cs1">Katherine Frank (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/377">Indira: The Life Of Indira Nehru Gandhi</a>. 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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiralifeofindi00fran/page/382">382</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-73097-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-73097-3"><bdi>978-0-395-73097-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira%3A+The+Life+Of+Indira+Nehru+Gandhi&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-395-73097-3&rft.au=Katherine+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiralifeofindi00fran%2Fpage%2F382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-POI2-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POI2_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POI2_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POI2_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POI2_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POI2_22-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Brass1994" class="citation book cs1">Paul R. 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Mirchandani (2003). 320 Million Judges. Abhinav Publications. pp. 98–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-061-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-061-3"><bdi>81-7017-061-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=320+Million+Judges&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-7017-061-3&rft.au=G.+G.+Mirchandani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_24-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._G._Mirchandani2003" class="citation book cs1">G. G. Mirchandani (2003). 320 Million Judges. 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Retrieved 19 July 2024. <q>...Jaya Prakash Narayan then gave a call for total revolution, and as such all opposition political parties responded to the call of JP and fought elections under his leadership. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Trends+Revival+of+Two+Party+System+in+India+%3A+Ruling+Vs.+Combined+Opposition&rft.pub=Regency+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788186030165&rft.au=Janak+Raj+Jai&rft.au=Rajiv+Jai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfNVfuDxIO0EC%26q%3Djanata%2Bparty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B1-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B1_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B1_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B1_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B1_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B1_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B1_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B1_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B1_26-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B1_26-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._G._Mirchandani2003" class="citation book cs1">G. 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Abhinav Publications. pp. 176–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-061-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-061-3"><bdi>81-7017-061-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=320+Million+Judges&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-7017-061-3&rft.au=G.+G.+Mirchandani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215182044/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Morarji-Charan-Singh-waited-for-each-other-to-die-Book/384209/">"Morarji, Charan Singh waited for each other to die: Book"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 11 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Morarji-Charan-Singh-waited-for-each-other-to-die-Book/384209/">the original</a> on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morarji%2C+Charan+Singh+waited+for+each+other+to+die%3A+Book&rft.pub=The+Indian+Express&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressindia.com%2Flatest-news%2FMorarji-Charan-Singh-waited-for-each-other-to-die-Book%2F384209%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirchandani2003" class="citation book cs1">Mirchandani, G. G. (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xj0g8euumQC&q=satyendra+narayan+sinha&pg=PA211">Bihar chief ministership battle 1977</a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-061-7"><bdi>978-81-7017-061-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123175917/https://books.google.com/books?id=5xj0g8euumQC&q=satyendra+narayan+sinha&pg=PA211#v=onepage&q=satyendra%20narayan%20sinha&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2024. 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Arcade Publishing. pp. 164–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-803-6"><bdi>978-1-55970-803-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+From+Midnight+To+Millennium+and+Beyond&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-803-6&rft.au=Shashi+Tharoor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnanth2010" class="citation book cs1">Ananth, V. Krishna (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC">India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics</a>. Pearson India. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3465-0"><bdi>978-81-317-3465-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328174013/https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Since+Independence%3A+Making+Sense+of+Indian+Politics&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Pearson+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3465-0&rft.aulast=Ananth&rft.aufirst=V.+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8v7Vr2iQUHkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/chaudhary-charan-singh-stalwart-farmer-leader-sixth-pm-7930630/">"Chaudhary Charan Singh: Stalwart farmer leader who was PM for 170 days"</a>. 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Ram become Dy PMs today"</a>. Hindustan Times. 23 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310203308/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-jan-24-1979-charan-singh-j-ram-become-dy-pms-today-101642960437540.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=HT+This+Day%3A+Jan+24%2C+1979+-+Charan+Singh%2C+J.+Ram+become+Dy+PMs+today&rft.date=2022-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fht-this-day-jan-24-1979-charan-singh-j-ram-become-dy-pms-today-101642960437540.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnanth2010" class="citation book cs1">Ananth, V. Krishna (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC">India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics</a>. Pearson India. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3465-0"><bdi>978-81-317-3465-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328174013/https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. 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Patrika News (in Hindi). 22 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117220737/https://www.patrika.com/meerut-news/janta-party-president-navneet-chaturvedi-distanced-himself-from-all-party-meeting-rejected-proposal-joint-opposition-8326665/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024. 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Election Commission of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118082512/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Election+Commission+of+India&rft.atitle=General+Election%2C+1991+%28Vol+I%2C+II%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.eci.gov.in%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2F4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/">"General Election, 1996 (Vol I, II)"</a>. Election Commission of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060532/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Election+Commission+of+India&rft.atitle=General+Election%2C+1996+%28Vol+I%2C+II%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.eci.gov.in%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2F4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/">"General Election, 1998 (Vol I, II)"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Election+Commission+of+India&rft.atitle=General+Election%2C+1999+%28Vol+I%2C+II%2C+III%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.eci.gov.in%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2F4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/gowda-and-irony-of-coalition-building/351302">"Gowda and irony of coalition building"</a>. www.outlookindia.com/. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209165929/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/gowda-and-irony-of-coalition-building/351302">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.outlookindia.com%2F&rft.atitle=Gowda+and+irony+of+coalition+building&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewswire%2Fstory%2Fgowda-and-irony-of-coalition-building%2F351302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj_Chengappa2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Raj Chengappa (18 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830715-we-never-considered-the-kranti-ranga-to-be-our-supporters-ramakrishna-hegde-770844-2013-07-18">"We never considered the Kranti Ranga to be our supporters: Ramakrishna Hegde"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822140328/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830715-we-never-considered-the-kranti-ranga-to-be-our-supporters-ramakrishna-hegde-770844-2013-07-18">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=We+never+considered+the+Kranti+Ranga+to+be+our+supporters%3A+Ramakrishna+Hegde&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.au=Raj+Chengappa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Findiascope%2Fstory%2F19830715-we-never-considered-the-kranti-ranga-to-be-our-supporters-ramakrishna-hegde-770844-2013-07-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_Pratap1987" class="citation magazine cs1">Anita Pratap (31 December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19871231-janata-party-protests-but-karnataka-congressi-chief-janardhan-poojary-loan-mela-wins-799671-1987-12-31">"Janata Party protests, but Karnataka Congress(I) chief Janardhan Poojary's loan mela wins"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716132612/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19871231-janata-party-protests-but-karnataka-congressi-chief-janardhan-poojary-loan-mela-wins-799671-1987-12-31">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Janata+Party+protests%2C+but+Karnataka+Congress%28I%29+chief+Janardhan+Poojary%27s+loan+mela+wins&rft.date=1987-12-31&rft.au=Anita+Pratap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Findiascope%2Fstory%2F19871231-janata-party-protests-but-karnataka-congressi-chief-janardhan-poojary-loan-mela-wins-799671-1987-12-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj_Chengappa1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Raj Chengappa (15 September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880915-karnataka-new-chief-minister-s-r-bommai-inherits-troubled-legacy-797677-1988-09-15">"Karnataka's new CM S.R. Bommai inherits a troubled legacy"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817065119/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880915-karnataka-new-chief-minister-s-r-bommai-inherits-troubled-legacy-797677-1988-09-15">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Karnataka%27s+new+CM+S.R.+Bommai+inherits+a+troubled+legacy&rft.date=1988-09-15&rft.au=Raj+Chengappa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Findiascope%2Fstory%2F19880915-karnataka-new-chief-minister-s-r-bommai-inherits-troubled-legacy-797677-1988-09-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-POI-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POI_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POI_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POI_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POI_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POI_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POI_55-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Brass1994" class="citation book cs1">Paul R. Brass (1994). 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Retrieved 13 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Ajit+Singh+catapulted+as+Janata+Party+president&rft.date=1988-06-15&rft.aulast=Chawla&rft.aufirst=Prabhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Findiascope%2Fstory%2F19880615-ajit-singh-catapulted-as-janata-party-president-797348-1988-06-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3458319.stm">"Rajiv Gandhi cleared over bribery"</a>. BBC News. 4 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040206102131/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3458319.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2004. Retrieved 11 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rajiv+Gandhi+cleared+over+bribery&rft.date=2004-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F3458319.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19890131-zzz-768512-2013-02-27">"Blundering On"</a>. India Today. 31 January 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211085421/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19890131-zzz-768512-2013-02-27">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Blundering+On&rft.date=1989-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fyour-week%2Fstory%2F19890131-zzz-768512-2013-02-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPachaiAwasti1989" class="citation web cs1">Pachai, Pankaj; Awasti, Dilip (15 March 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19890315-state-chiefs-selection-deepens-rift-in-janata-dal-815855-1989-03-15">"State chiefs' selection deepens rift in Janata Dal"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313174021/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19890315-state-chiefs-selection-deepens-rift-in-janata-dal-815855-1989-03-15">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=State+chiefs%27+selection+deepens+rift+in+Janata+Dal&rft.date=1989-03-15&rft.aulast=Pachai&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rft.au=Awasti%2C+Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Findiascope%2Fstory%2F19890315-state-chiefs-selection-deepens-rift-in-janata-dal-815855-1989-03-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2019" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Yashwant (2019). Relentless: An Autobiography. 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Indian Express. 5 January 1989. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314133904/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=54FlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=g54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=576,2198926">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Janata+Dal+application+for+symbol&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1989-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D54FlAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3Dg54NAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D576%252C2198926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaPachauriBaweja1989" class="citation web cs1">Gupta, Shekhar; Pachauri, Pankaj; Baweja, Harinder (15 November 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19891115-various-opposition-parties-agree-to-come-together-and-take-on-the-congressi-816718-1989-11-15">"Various opposition parties agree to come together and take on the Congress(I)"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314134349/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19891115-various-opposition-parties-agree-to-come-together-and-take-on-the-congressi-816718-1989-11-15">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Various+opposition+parties+agree+to+come+together+and+take+on+the+Congress%28I%29&rft.date=1989-11-15&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Shekhar&rft.au=Pachauri%2C+Pankaj&rft.au=Baweja%2C+Harinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fcover-story%2Fstory%2F19891115-various-opposition-parties-agree-to-come-together-and-take-on-the-congressi-816718-1989-11-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14243-eci-continues-to-nudge-registered-unrecognised-political-parties-rupps-for-ensuring-due-regulatory-compliances/">"ECI continues to nudge Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPPs) for ensuring due regulatory"</a>. ECI. Election Commission of India. 8 July 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ECI&rft.atitle=ECI+continues+to+nudge+Registered+Unrecognised+Political+Parties+%28RUPPs%29+for+ensuring+due+regulatory&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.eci.gov.in%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2F14243-eci-continues-to-nudge-registered-unrecognised-political-parties-rupps-for-ensuring-due-regulatory-compliances%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Ziegfeld2016" class="citation book cs1">Adam Ziegfeld (19 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0vLCwAAQBAJ&q=%22All+India+United+Democratic+Front%22+-wikipedia">Why Regional Parties? Clientelism, Elites, and the Indian Party System</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316539002" title="Special:BookSources/9781316539002"><bdi>9781316539002</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Regional+Parties%3F+Clientelism%2C+Elites%2C+and+the+Indian+Party+System&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.isbn=9781316539002&rft.au=Adam+Ziegfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0vLCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522All%2BIndia%2BUnited%2BDemocratic%2BFront%2522%2B-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJanata+Party" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <ul><li>Shourie, Arun (1980). Institutions in the Janata phase. Bombay: Popular.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janardan_Thakur" title="Janardan Thakur">Thakur, Janadan</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alljanatamen0000thak">All the Janata Men</a>. Vikas Publishing. ISBN 9780706906448.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="http://www.photius.com/countries/india/government/india_government_the_rise_and_decline~150.html">The Rise and Decline of Janata Politics</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="जनता पार्टी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जनता पार्टी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="জনতা পাৰ্টি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জনতা পাৰ্টি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="জনতা পার্টি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জনতা পার্টি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Джаната парты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джаната парты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Janata Party" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Canata_Partio" title="Ĝanata Partio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝanata Partio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Janata Party" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="जनता पार्टी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जनता पार्टी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Janata" title="Partai Janata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Janata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Janata Party" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94" title="ג'נטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'נטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="ജനതാ പാർട്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനതാ പാർട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="जनता पक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जनता पक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%87_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯖꯅꯥꯇ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯅꯥꯇ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="जनता पार्टी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जनता पार्टी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%82%BF%E5%85%9A" title="ジャナタ党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャナタ党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Janata Party" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata-partiet" title="Janata-partiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Janata-partiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਨਤਾ ਪਾਰਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਨਤਾ ਪਾਰਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata" title="Janata – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Janata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джаната – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джаната" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Janata Party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata" title="Janata – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Janata" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janatapartiet" title="Janatapartiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Janatapartiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="ஜனதா கட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜனதா கட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80" title="జనతా పార్టీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జనతా పార్టీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Partisi" title="Janata Partisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Janata Partisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джаната – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джаната" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="جنتا پارٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنتا پارٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 February 2025, at 01:29 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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