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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=PAL" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_reach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_reach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geographic reach</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_reach-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic reach subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_reach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PAL_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAL_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>PAL region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAL_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_decoding_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_decoding_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Color decoding methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_decoding_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colour_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Colour encoding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colour_encoding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colour encoding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colour_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PAL_signal_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAL_signal_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>PAL signal details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAL_signal_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colorimetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorimetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Colorimetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorimetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAL_broadcast_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAL_broadcast_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>PAL broadcast systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-PAL_broadcast_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle PAL broadcast systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-PAL_broadcast_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>System A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAL-B/G/D/K/I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAL-B/G/D/K/I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>PAL-B/G/D/K/I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAL-B/G/D/K/I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAL-L" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAL-L"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>PAL-L</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAL-L-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAL-N_(Argentina,_Paraguay_and_Uruguay)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAL-N_(Argentina,_Paraguay_and_Uruguay)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>PAL-N (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAL-N_(Argentina,_Paraguay_and_Uruguay)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAL-M_(Brazil)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAL-M_(Brazil)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>PAL-M (Brazil)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAL-M_(Brazil)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Home devices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Home_devices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Home devices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Home_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multisystem_TVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multisystem_TVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Multisystem TVs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multisystem_TVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VHS_and_DVD_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VHS_and_DVD_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>VHS and DVD players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VHS_and_DVD_players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAL_60" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAL_60"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>PAL 60</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAL_60-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAL_vs._NTSC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAL_vs._NTSC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>PAL vs. NTSC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAL_vs._NTSC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAL_vs._SECAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAL_vs._SECAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>PAL vs. SECAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAL_vs._SECAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_and_territories_that_are_using_or_once_used_PAL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_and_territories_that_are_using_or_once_used_PAL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Countries and territories that are using or once used PAL</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countries_and_territories_that_are_using_or_once_used_PAL-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Countries and territories that are using or once used PAL subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Countries_and_territories_that_are_using_or_once_used_PAL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Using_PAL_B,_D,_G,_H,_K_or_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_PAL_B,_D,_G,_H,_K_or_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Using PAL B, D, G, H, K or I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_PAL_B,_D,_G,_H,_K_or_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAL-M" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAL-M"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>PAL-M</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAL-M-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAL-N" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAL-N"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>PAL-N</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAL-N-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_and_territories_that_have_ceased_using_PAL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_and_territories_that_have_ceased_using_PAL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Countries and territories that have ceased using PAL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_and_territories_that_have_ceased_using_PAL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">PAL</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="بال (إشارة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بال (إشارة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_Alternating_Line" title="Phase Alternating Line – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phase Alternating Line" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="پال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_Alternating_Line" title="Phase Alternating Line – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phase Alternating Line" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL_(sustav_kodiranja_boje)" title="PAL (sustav kodiranja boje) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="PAL (sustav kodiranja boje)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL_(televisione)" title="PAL (televisione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="PAL (televisione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_Alternating_Line" title="Phase Alternating Line – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phase Alternating Line" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_Alternating_Line" title="Phase Alternating Line – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Phase Alternating Line" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL_standard" title="PAL standard – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="PAL standard" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_Alternating_Line" title="Phase Alternating Line – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Phase Alternating Line" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="படிநிலை மாற்று வரிசை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படிநிலை மாற்று வரிசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5" title="แพล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แพล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="PAL" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL%E5%88%B6%E5%BC%8F" title="PAL制式 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="PAL制式" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL%E5%88%B6%E5%BC%8F" title="PAL制式 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="PAL制式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Colour encoding system for analogue television</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the standard-definition digital video mode sometimes referred to as PAL or PAL/SECAM, see <a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/PAL_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="PAL (disambiguation)">PAL (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg/500px-PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg/750px-PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg/1000px-PAL-NTSC-SECAM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Analog television encoding systems by nation: <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> (<span style="color:green;">green</span>), <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> (<span style="color: #ff7700;">orange</span>), and PAL (<span style="color:blue;">blue</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Phase Alternating Line</b> (<b>PAL</b>) is a colour encoding system for <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a>. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>. In most countries it was broadcast at <a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625 lines</a>, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">broadcast television systems</a> <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">I</a> or <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a>. The articles on analog <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">broadcast television systems</a> further describe <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">image resolution</a>, and audio modulation. </p><p>PAL video is <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a> because <a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">luminance</a> (luma, monochrome image) and <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a> (chroma, colour applied to the monochrome image) are transmitted together as one signal. A latter evolution of the standard, <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a>, added support for <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> broadcasts with no loss of vertical <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">image resolution</a>, while retaining compatibility with existing sets. Almost all of the countries using PAL are currently in the <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">process of conversion</a>, or have already converted transmission standards to <a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a>. The PAL designation continues to be used in some non-broadcast contexts, especially regarding <a href="/wiki/Console_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Console video game">console video games</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_reach">Geographic reach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographic reach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PAL was adopted by most European countries, by several African countries, by <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, and by most of <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia Pacific (including the Middle East and South Asia)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dvd-replica_com-palnations_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvd-replica_com-palnations-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries in those regions that did not adopt PAL were <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francophone Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several ex-<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> states,<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PAL_region">PAL region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: PAL region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a> releases and later digital sources (e.g. <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a>), the name "PAL" might be used to refer to digital formats, even though they use completely different colour encoding systems. For instance, <a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a> (576 interlaced lines) digital video with colour encoded as <a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a>, intended to be backward compatible and easily displayed on legacy PAL devices, is usually mentioned as "PAL" (eg: "PAL DVD"). Likewise, video game consoles outputting a 50 Hz signal might be labeled as "PAL", as opposed to 60 Hz on NTSC machines. These designations should not be confused with the analog colour system itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s, the Western European countries began plans to introduce colour television, and were faced with the problem that the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> standard demonstrated several weaknesses, including colour tone shifting under poor transmission conditions, which became a major issue considering Europe's geographical and weather-related particularities. To overcome NTSC's shortcomings, alternative standards were devised, resulting in the development of the PAL and SECAM standards. The goal was to provide a colour TV standard for the European picture frequency of 50 <a href="/wiki/Field_(video)" title="Field (video)">fields</a> per second (50 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>), and finding a way to eliminate the problems with NTSC. </p><p>PAL was developed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruch" title="Walter Bruch">Walter Bruch</a> at <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> in Hanover, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, with important input from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Mahler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Mahler (page does not exist)">Gerhard Mahler</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Mahler_(Fernsehtechniker)" class="extiw" title="de:Gerhard Mahler (Fernsehtechniker)">de</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The format was patented by <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> in December 1962, citing Bruch as inventor,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and unveiled to members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a> (EBU) on 3 January 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked why the system was named "PAL" and not "Bruch" the inventor answered that a "Bruch system" would probably not have sold very well ("Bruch" is the German word for "breakage"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>The first broadcasts began in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in July 1967, followed by <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> at the <a href="/wiki/IFA_Berlin" title="IFA Berlin">Berlin IFA</a> on August 25.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITU_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BBC channel initially using the broadcast standard was <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC2</a>, which had been the first UK TV service to introduce "625-lines" during 1964. The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> started PAL broadcasts by 1968, with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> following the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Telefunken PALcolour 708T</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first PAL commercial TV set. It was followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Loewe_(electronics)" title="Loewe (electronics)">Loewe</a>-Farbfernseher S 920</i> and <i>F 900</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telefunken was later bought by the French electronics manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Vantiva" title="Vantiva">Thomson</a>. Thomson also bought the <i>Compagnie Générale de Télévision</i> where <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_France" title="Henri de France">Henri de France</a> developed SECAM, the first <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Standard</a> for colour television. Thomson, now called Technicolour SA, also owns the <a href="/wiki/RCA_(trademark)" title="RCA (trademark)">RCA brand</a> and licences it to other companies; <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">Radio Corporation of America</a>, the originator of that brand, created the NTSC colour TV standard before Thomson became involved. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a> developed two further systems, mixing concepts from PAL and SECAM, known as TRIPAL and NIIR, that never went beyond tests.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an evolution of PAL aimed to improve and enhance format by allowing <a href="/wiki/16:9_aspect_ratio" title="16:9 aspect ratio">16:9</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> broadcasts, while remaining compatible with existing television receivers,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was introduced. Named <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a>, it was defined by <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a> recommendation BT.1197-1. It was developed at the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Dortmund" title="Technical University of Dortmund">University of Dortmund</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, in cooperation with German terrestrial broadcasters and European and Japanese manufacturers. Adoption was limited to European countries. </p><p>With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">digital broadcasts</a> and signal sources (ex: <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVDs</a>, game consoles), the term PAL was used imprecisely to refer to the <a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625-line</a>/50 Hz television system in general, to differentiate from the <a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525-line</a>/60 Hz system generally used with NTSC. For example, DVDs were labelled as PAL or NTSC (referring to the line count and frame rate)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though technically the discs carry neither PAL nor NTSC encoded signal. These devices would still have analog outputs (ex; <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a> output), and would convert the digital signals (<a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a> or <a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a>) to the analog standards to assure compatibility. CCIR 625/50 and EIA 525/60 are the proper names for these (line count and field rate) standards; PAL and NTSC on the other hand are methods of encoding colour information in the signal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_decoding_methods">Color decoding methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Color decoding methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><small>"PAL-D", "PAL-N", "PAL-H" and "PAL-K" designations on this section describe PAL decoding methods and are unrelated to <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems#ITU_standards" title="Broadcast television systems">broadcast systems</a> with similar names.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></i> </p><p>The Telefunken licence covered any decoding method that relied on the alternating subcarrier phase to reduce phase errors, described as "<i>PAL-D</i>" for "delay", and "<i>PAL-N</i>" for "new" or "<i>Chrominance Lock</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This excluded very basic PAL decoders that relied on the human eye to average out the odd/even line phase errors, and in the early 1970s some Japanese set manufacturers developed basic decoding systems to avoid paying royalties to <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a>. These variations are known as "<i><a href="/wiki/PAL-S" title="PAL-S">PAL-S</a></i>" (for "simple" or "Volks-PAL"),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operating without a delay line and suffering from the “<a href="/wiki/Hanover_bars" title="Hanover bars">Hannover bars</a>” effect. An example of this solution is the <i>Kuba Porta Color CK211P</i> set.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another solution was to use a 1H <a href="/wiki/Analog_delay_line" title="Analog delay line">analogue delay line</a> to allow decoding of only the odd or even lines. For example, the chrominance on odd lines would be switched directly through to the decoder and also be stored in the delay line. Then, on even lines, the stored odd line would be decoded again. This method (known as 'gated NTSC') was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> on their 1970s <a href="/wiki/Trinitron" title="Trinitron">Trinitron</a> sets (<i>KV-1300UB</i> to <i>KV-1330UB</i>), and came in two versions: "<i>PAL-H</i>" and "<i>PAL-K</i>" (averaging over multiple lines).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It effectively treated PAL as NTSC, suffering from hue errors and other problems inherent in NTSC and required the addition of a manual <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a> control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colour_encoding">Colour encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colour encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/PAL" title="Special:EditPage/PAL">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mousepad_in.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mousepad_in.jpg/220px-Mousepad_in.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mousepad_in.jpg/330px-Mousepad_in.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mousepad_in.jpg/440px-Mousepad_in.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Un-decoded PAL image, showing chroma information as fine patterns <a href="/wiki/Chroma_dots" title="Chroma dots">chroma dots</a> (click to zoom) overlapping the luma signal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mousepad_out.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mousepad_out.jpg/220px-Mousepad_out.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mousepad_out.jpg/330px-Mousepad_out.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mousepad_out.jpg/440px-Mousepad_out.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Decoded PAL image, with chroma fully recovered. Some minor artifacts (see <a href="/wiki/Dot_crawl" title="Dot crawl">dot crawl</a>) are present across transition areas (click to zoom)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most PAL systems encode the colour information using a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">Y'UV</a> colour space. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bacdb2a4ddcc06c2dfbb7af3d92aec37bbaaf0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:2.585ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y'}"></span>comprises the monochrome <i>luma</i> signal, with the three RGB colour channels mixed down onto two, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span>. </p><p>Like NTSC, PAL uses a <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">quadrature amplitude modulated</a> <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarrier</a> carrying the <i>chrominance</i> information added to the luma video signal to form a <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a> baseband signal. The frequency of this subcarrier is 4.43361875 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a> for PAL 4.43, compared to 3.579545 MHz for NTSC 3.58. The SECAM system, on the other hand, uses a frequency modulation scheme on its two line alternate colour subcarriers 4.25000 and 4.40625 MHz. </p><p>The name "Phase Alternating Line" describes the way that the phase of part of the colour information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in the transmission of the signal by cancelling them out, at the expense of vertical frame colour resolution. Lines where the colour phase is reversed compared to NTSC are often called PAL or phase-alternation lines, which justifies one of the expansions of the acronym, while the other lines are called NTSC lines. Early PAL receivers relied on the human eye to do that cancelling; however, this resulted in a comb-like effect known as <a href="/wiki/Hanover_bars" title="Hanover bars">Hanover bars</a> on larger phase errors. Thus, most receivers now use a chrominance <a href="/wiki/Analog_delay_line" title="Analog delay line">analogue delay line</a>, which stores the received colour information on each line of display; an average of the colour information from the previous line and the current line is then used to drive the <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">picture tube</a>. The effect is that phase errors result in <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">saturation</a> changes, which are less objectionable than the equivalent hue changes of NTSC. A minor drawback is that the vertical colour resolution is poorer than the NTSC system's, but since the human eye also has a colour resolution that is much lower than its brightness resolution, this effect is not visible. In any case, NTSC, PAL, and SECAM all have chrominance bandwidth (horizontal colour detail) reduced greatly compared to the luma signal. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal_channel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pal_channel.svg/400px-Pal_channel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pal_channel.svg/600px-Pal_channel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pal_channel.svg/800px-Pal_channel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>Spectrum of a System I television channel with PAL.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAL-I.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAL-I.png/400px-PAL-I.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAL-I.png/600px-PAL-I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/PAL-I.png/800px-PAL-I.png 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>RF spectrogram and <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_plot" title="Waterfall plot">waterfall</a> of an actual PAL-I transmission with <a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAL_picture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/57/PAL_picture.png/400px-PAL_picture.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/57/PAL_picture.png/600px-PAL_picture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/57/PAL_picture.png/800px-PAL_picture.png 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Oscillogram of composite PAL signal—one frame.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAL_multi_lines.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PAL_multi_lines.png/400px-PAL_multi_lines.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PAL_multi_lines.png/600px-PAL_multi_lines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PAL_multi_lines.png/800px-PAL_multi_lines.png 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Oscillogram of composite PAL signal—several lines.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAL_2_lines.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PAL_2_lines.png/400px-PAL_2_lines.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PAL_2_lines.png/600px-PAL_2_lines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PAL_2_lines.png/800px-PAL_2_lines.png 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Oscillogram of composite PAL signal—two lines.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_interlaced_PAL_frame_with_20ms_duration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/An_interlaced_PAL_frame_with_20ms_duration.jpg/400px-An_interlaced_PAL_frame_with_20ms_duration.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/An_interlaced_PAL_frame_with_20ms_duration.jpg/600px-An_interlaced_PAL_frame_with_20ms_duration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/An_interlaced_PAL_frame_with_20ms_duration.jpg/800px-An_interlaced_PAL_frame_with_20ms_duration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3808" data-file-height="2554" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfall display">waterfall display</a> showing a 20ms long interlaced PAL frame with high FFT resolution</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAL_signal_frame_(20ms)_and_line_(64%C2%B5s)_decoding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/PAL_signal_frame_%2820ms%29_and_line_%2864%C2%B5s%29_decoding.jpg/400px-PAL_signal_frame_%2820ms%29_and_line_%2864%C2%B5s%29_decoding.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/PAL_signal_frame_%2820ms%29_and_line_%2864%C2%B5s%29_decoding.jpg/600px-PAL_signal_frame_%2820ms%29_and_line_%2864%C2%B5s%29_decoding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/PAL_signal_frame_%2820ms%29_and_line_%2864%C2%B5s%29_decoding.jpg/800px-PAL_signal_frame_%2820ms%29_and_line_%2864%C2%B5s%29_decoding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2940" /></a><figcaption>Analyzing a PAL signal and decoding the 20ms frame and 64 μs lines</figcaption></figure> <p>The 4.43361875 MHz frequency of the colour carrier is a result of 283.75 colour clock cycles per line plus a 25 Hz offset to avoid interferences. Since the line frequency (number of lines per second) is 15625 Hz (625 lines × 50 Hz ÷ 2), the colour <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier frequency</a> calculates as follows: 4.43361875 MHz = 283.75 × 15625 Hz + 25 Hz. </p><p>The frequency 50 Hz is the optional refresh frequency of the monitor to be able to create an illusion of motion, while 625 lines means the vertical lines or resolution that the PAL system supports. </p><p>The original colour <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier</a> is required by the colour decoder to recreate the <a href="/wiki/Color_difference" title="Color difference">colour difference</a> signals. Since the carrier is not transmitted with the video information it has to be generated locally in the receiver. In order that the <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a> of this locally generated signal can match the transmitted information, a 10 cycle burst of colour <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarrier</a> is added to the video signal shortly after the line sync pulse, but before the picture information, during the so-called <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">back porch</a>. This colour burst is not actually in phase with the original colour subcarrier, but leads it by 45 degrees on the odd lines and lags it by 45 degrees on the even lines. This <a href="/wiki/Burst_phase" title="Burst phase">swinging burst</a> enables the colour decoder circuitry to distinguish the phase of the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R-Y'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R-Y'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5e859cb6817aa1f8a643860ecfeed7c801256e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.189ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R-Y'}"></span>vector which reverses every line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PAL_signal_details">PAL signal details</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: PAL signal details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For PAL-B/G the signal has these characteristics. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Parameter </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bandwidth </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006500000000000000♠"></span>5 MHz</span><sup id="cite_ref-dvd-replica_com-palnations_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvd-replica_com-palnations-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Horizontal sync polarity </td> <td>Negative </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total time for each line </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995640000000000000♠"></span>64 <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">μs</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-pembers_freeserve_co_uk-HBI_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pembers_freeserve_co_uk-HBI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Front porch</a> (A) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994165000000000000♠"></span>1.65<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+0.4<br />−0.1</span></span> μs</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sync pulse length (B) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994470000000000000♠"></span>4.7<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.20 μs</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Back porch</a> (C) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994570000000000000♠"></span>5.7<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.20 μs</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Active video (D) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995519500000000000♠"></span>51.95<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+0.4<br />−0.1</span></span> μs</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(Total horizontal sync time 12.05 μs) </p><p>After 0.9 μs a <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994225000000000000♠"></span>2.25<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.23 μs</span> <a href="/wiki/Colorburst" title="Colorburst">colourburst</a> of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠"></span>10<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>1</span> cycles is sent. Most rise/fall times are in <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993250000000000000♠"></span>250<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>50 <a href="/wiki/Nanosecond" title="Nanosecond">ns</a></span> range. Amplitude is 100% for white level, 30% for black, and 0% for sync.<sup id="cite_ref-pembers_freeserve_co_uk-HBI_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pembers_freeserve_co_uk-HBI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">CVBS</a> electrical amplitude is Vpp <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1.0 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a></span> and impedance of 75 <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thomsongrassvalley_com-3922-496-46791_s03_v01_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomsongrassvalley_com-3922-496-46791_s03_v01-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Composite_Video.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Composite_Video.svg/350px-Composite_Video.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Composite_Video.svg/525px-Composite_Video.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Composite_Video.svg/700px-Composite_Video.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>The <b>composite video</b> (<a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">CVBS</a>) signal used in systems M and N before combination with a sound carrier and <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> onto an <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a> <a href="/wiki/Carrier_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier signal">carrier</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The vertical timings are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Parameter </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td>Vertical lines </td> <td>312.5 (625 total) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vertical lines visible </td> <td>288 (576 total) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vertical sync polarity </td> <td>Negative (burst) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vertical frequency </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001500000000000000♠"></span>50 Hz</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sync pulse length (F) </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996576000000000000♠"></span>0.576 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</a></span> (burst)<sup id="cite_ref-pembers_freeserve_co_uk-VBI-625-PAL_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pembers_freeserve_co_uk-VBI-625-PAL-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Active video (H) </td> <td>18.4 ms </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(Total vertical sync time 1.6 ms) </p><p>As PAL is interlaced, every two fields are summed to make a complete picture frame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colorimetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PAL colorimetry, as defined by the ITU on REC-BT.470, and based on <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931</a> x,y coordinates:<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>PAL colorimetry </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th rowspan="3">Standard </th> <th rowspan="3">Year </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Standard_illuminant#White_points_of_standard_illuminants" title="Standard illuminant">White point</a> </th> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primaries</a> </th> <th rowspan="3">Display <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</a> <a href="/wiki/Transfer_functions_in_imaging" title="Transfer functions in imaging">EOTF</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Red </th> <th colspan="2">Green </th> <th colspan="2">Blue </th></tr> <tr> <th>xʀ </th> <th>yʀ </th> <th>xɢ </th> <th>yɢ </th> <th>xʙ </th> <th>yʙ </th></tr> <tr> <th>PAL </th> <td><small><a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">EBU</a> 3213-E, <a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">ITU-R BT.470/601 (B/G)</a></small> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_illuminant#Illuminant_series_D" title="Standard illuminant">D65</a> </td> <td>0.64 </td> <td>0.33 </td> <td>0.29 </td> <td>0.60 </td> <td>0.15 </td> <td>0.06 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>PAL-M </th> <td><small>BT.470-6<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_illuminant#Illuminants_B_and_C" title="Standard illuminant">C</a> </td> <td>0.67 </td> <td>0.33 </td> <td>0.21 </td> <td>0.71 </td> <td>0.14 </td> <td>0.08 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The assumed <a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">display gamma</a> is defined as 2.8.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a> system uses color primary and gamma values similar to NTSC.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color is encoded using the <a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">YUV</a> color space. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">Luma</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Y</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/55fbcd112c6977e1d45e46962f32d44840d57b93" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.711ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}}"></span>) is derived from red, green, and blue (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}},E'{\scriptstyle {\text{G}}},E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>R</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>G</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}},E'{\scriptstyle {\text{G}}},E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ce213d331955637555ed65cbe48be9924fe7220" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.167ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}},E'{\scriptstyle {\text{G}}},E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}}"></span>) gamma pre-corrected (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E'}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a574600572696493d48300245a45b8de0638ce21" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E'}"></span>) primary signals:<sup id="cite_ref-deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}=0.299E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}}+0.587E'{\scriptstyle {\text{G}}}+0.114E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Y</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.299</mn> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>R</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.587</mn> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>G</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.114</mn> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}=0.299E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}}+0.587E'{\scriptstyle {\text{G}}}+0.114E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63f04d2b12683374f1ed1274815a4885c1b240dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:39.479ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}=0.299E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}}+0.587E'{\scriptstyle {\text{G}}}+0.114E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}}"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>U</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5b4b37df0a8880a1d874614e5401def98a6e746" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.711ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>V</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4d348a3d28005a5de320843067932e35bcadda14" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.711ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}}"></span> are used to transmit <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a>. Each has a typical bandwidth of 1.3 MHz. </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}=0.492(E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}-E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>U</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.492</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Y</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}=0.492(E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}-E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3921e6d5dee592772b9c25f2c5b508800ecb0d90" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.109ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}=0.492(E'{\scriptstyle {\text{B}}}-E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}})}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}=0.877(E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}}-E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>V</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.877</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>R</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Y</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}=0.877(E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}}-E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3f2fe9938d52d0530c87d46d9abbd1a56c36af0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.155ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}=0.877(E'{\scriptstyle {\text{R}}}-E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}})}"></span></li></ul> <p>Composite PAL signal <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}+E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}\sin(\omega t)+E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}\cos(\omega t)+}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Y</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>U</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>V</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}+E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}\sin(\omega t)+E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}\cos(\omega t)+}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c54114d02aceea8b1be7d00f3d3b60a523af2788" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.006ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =E'{\scriptstyle {\text{Y}}}+E'{\scriptstyle {\text{U}}}\sin(\omega t)+E'{\scriptstyle {\text{V}}}\cos(\omega t)+}"></span>timing<sup id="cite_ref-deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi F_{SC}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ω</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi F_{SC}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bc7be9f9bead601c8b0bc21620d44965d83741d8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.075ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi F_{SC}}"></span>. </p><p>Subcarrier frequency <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{SC}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{SC}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc79716f7bdd3b64bb2fec13ba017a1ab50afae5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.036ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{SC}}"></span> is 4.43361875 MHz (±5 Hz) for PAL-B/D/G/H/I/N. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PAL_broadcast_systems">PAL broadcast systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: PAL broadcast systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PAL colour system is usually used with a video format that has 625 lines per frame (576 visible lines, the rest being used for other information such as sync data and captioning) and a <a href="/wiki/Refresh_rate" title="Refresh rate">refresh rate</a> of 50 <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlaced</a> fields per second (compatible with 25 full frames per second), such systems being <b>B</b>, <b>G</b>, <b>H</b>, <b>I</b>, and <b>N</b> (see <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems#ITU_identification_scheme" title="Broadcast television systems">broadcast television systems</a> for the technical details of each format). </p><p>This ensures video interoperability. However, as some of these standards (<b>B/G/H</b>, <b>I</b> and <b>D/K</b>) use different sound carriers (5.5 MHz, 6.0 MHz and 6.5 MHz respectively), it may result in a video image without audio when viewing a signal broadcast over the air or cable. Some countries in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> which formerly used <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> with systems <b>D</b> and <b>K</b> have switched to PAL while leaving other aspects of their video system the same, resulting in the different sound carrier. Instead, other European countries have changed completely from SECAM-D/K to PAL-B/G.<sup id="cite_ref-ebu_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PAL-N system has a different sound carrier, and also a different colour subcarrier, and decoding on incompatible PAL systems results in a black-and-white image without sound. </p><p>The PAL-M system has a different sound carrier and a different colour subcarrier, and does not use 625 lines or 50 frames/second. This would result in no video or audio at all when viewing a European signal. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Differences between PAL variants<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-weight:bold;"> <th style="font-weight:normal;"> </th> <th>PAL B </th> <th>PAL G, H </th> <th>PAL I </th> <th>PAL D/K, L </th> <th>PAL N </th> <th>PAL M </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/ITU_radio_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU radio bands">Transmission band</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> </td> <td colspan="4">VHF/UHF </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Field_(video)" title="Field (video)">Fields</a> </td> <td colspan="5">50 </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Scan_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Scan lines">Scan lines</a> </td> <td colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">Active lines</a> </td> <td colspan="5">576 </td> <td>480 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">Channel bandwidth</a> </td> <td>7 MHz </td> <td colspan="3">8 MHz </td> <td colspan="2">6 MHz </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Video_bandwidth" class="mw-redirect" title="Video bandwidth">Video bandwidth</a> </td> <td colspan="2">5.0 MHz </td> <td>5.5 MHz </td> <td>6.0 MHz </td> <td colspan="2">4.2 MHz </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Vision/Sound carrier spacing </td> <td colspan="2">5.5 MHz </td> <td>6.0 MHz </td> <td>6.5 MHz </td> <td colspan="2">4.5 MHz </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Colour <a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">Subcarrier</a> </td> <td colspan="4">4.43361875 MHz </td> <td>3.58205625 MHz </td> <td>3.575611 MHz </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Assumed Receiver<br /><a href="/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">Gamma correction</a> </td> <td colspan="5">2.8 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_A">System A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: System A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The BBC tested their pre-war (but still broadcast until 1985) <a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> monochrome system (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">CCIR System A</a>) with all three colour standards including PAL, before the decision was made to abandon 405 and transmit colour on 625/<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">System I</a> only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PAL-B/G/D/K/I"><span id="PAL-B.2FG.2FD.2FK.2FI"></span>PAL-B/G/D/K/I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: PAL-B/G/D/K/I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many countries have turned off analogue transmissions, so the following does not apply anymore, except for using devices which output RF signals, such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">video recorders</a>. </p><p>The majority of countries using or having used PAL have television standards with 625 lines and 50 fields per second. Differences concern the audio carrier frequency and channel bandwidths. The variants are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">Standards B</a>/<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a> are used in most of Western Europe, former Yugoslavia, South Asia, Thailand, Australia, and New Zealand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">Standard I</a> in the UK, Ireland, Hong Kong, South Africa, and Macau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">Standards D</a>/<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a> (along with SECAM usually) in most of Central and Eastern Europe and mainland China.</li></ul> <p>Systems B and G are similar. System B specifies 7 MHz channel bandwidth, while System G specifies 8 MHz channel bandwidth. Australia and China used Systems B and D respectively for VHF and UHF channels. Similarly, Systems D and K are similar except for the bands they use: System D is only used on VHF, while System K is only used on UHF. Although System I is used on both bands, it has only been used on UHF in the United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PAL-L">PAL-L</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: PAL-L"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PAL-L (Phase Alternating Line with <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">CCIR System L</a> broadcast system) standard uses the same video system as PAL-B/G/H (625 lines, 50 Hz field rate, 15.625 kHz line rate), but with a larger 6 MHz video bandwidth rather than 5.5 MHz and moving the audio subcarrier to 6.5 MHz. An 8 MHz channel spacing is used for PAL-L, to maintain compatibility with System L channel spacings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PAL-N_(Argentina,_Paraguay_and_Uruguay)"><span id="PAL-N_.28Argentina.2C_Paraguay_and_Uruguay.29"></span>PAL-N (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay)<span class="anchor" id="PALN"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: PAL-N (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PAL-N standard was created in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, through Resolution No. 100 ME/76,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which determined the creation of a study commission for a national color standard. The commission recommended using PAL under <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">CCIR System N</a> that <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> also used. It employs the 625 line/50 field per second waveform of PAL-B/G, D/K, H, and I, but on a 6 MHz channel with a chrominance subcarrier frequency of 3.582056 MHz (917/4*H) similar to NTSC (910/4*H).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the studio production level, standard PAL cameras and equipment were used, with video signals then transcoded to PAL-N for broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows 625 line, 50 frames per second video to be broadcast in a 6 MHz channel, at some cost in <a href="/wiki/Television_lines" title="Television lines">horizontal resolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PAL-M_(Brazil)"><span id="PAL-M_.28Brazil.29"></span>PAL-M (Brazil)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: PAL-M (Brazil)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a></div> <p>In Brazil, PAL is used in conjunction with the 525 line, 60 field/s <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">CCIR System M</a>, using (very nearly) the NTSC colour subcarrier frequency. Exact colour subcarrier frequency of PAL-M is 3.575611 MHz, or 227.25 times System M's horizontal scan frequency. Almost all other countries using system M use NTSC. </p><p>The PAL colour system (either baseband or with any RF system, with the normal 4.43 MHz subcarrier unlike PAL-M) can also be applied to an NTSC-like <a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525-line</a> picture to form what is often known as "PAL 60" (sometimes "PAL 60/525", "Quasi-PAL" or "Pseudo PAL"). PAL-M (a broadcast standard) however should not be confused with "PAL 60" (a video playback system—see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_devices">Home devices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Home devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multisystem_TVs">Multisystem TVs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Multisystem TVs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PAL television receivers manufactured since the 1990s can typically decode all of the PAL variants except, in some cases PAL-M and PAL-N. Many such receivers can also receive Eastern European and Middle Eastern SECAM, though rarely French-broadcast SECAM (because France used a quasi-unique positive video modulation, system L) unless they are manufactured for the French market. They will correctly display plain (non-broadcast) <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">CVBS</a> or <a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-video</a> SECAM signals. Many can also accept <a href="/wiki/Baseband" title="Baseband">baseband</a> NTSC-M, such as from a VCR or game console, and RF modulated NTSC with a PAL standard audio subcarrier (i.e., from a modulator), though not usually broadcast NTSC (as its 4.5 MHz audio subcarrier is not supported). Many sets also support NTSC with a 4.43 MHz color subcarrier (see PAL 60 on the next section). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VHS_and_DVD_players">VHS and DVD players</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: VHS and DVD players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> tapes recorded from a PAL-N or a PAL-B/G, D/K, H, or I broadcast are indistinguishable because the downconverted subcarrier on the tape is the same. A VHS recorded off TV (or released) in Europe will play in colour on any PAL-N VCR and PAL-N TV in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Likewise, any tape recorded in Argentina, Paraguay or Uruguay off a PAL-N TV broadcast can be sent to anyone in European countries that use PAL (and Australia/New Zealand, etc.) and it will display in colour. This will also play back successfully in Russia and other SECAM countries, as the USSR mandated PAL compatibility in 1985—this has proved to be very convenient for video collectors. </p><p>People in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay usually own TV sets that also display NTSC-M, in addition to PAL-N. <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> also conveniently broadcasts in NTSC-M for North, Central, and South America. Most <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> players sold in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay also play PAL discs—however, this is usually output in the European variant (colour subcarrier frequency 4.433618 MHz), so people who own a TV set which only works in PAL-N (plus NTSC-M in most cases) will have to watch those PAL DVD imports in black and white (unless the TV supports RGB <a href="/wiki/SCART" title="SCART">SCART</a>) as the colour subcarrier frequency in the TV set is the PAL-N variation, 3.582056 MHz. </p><p>In the case that a VHS or DVD player works in PAL (and not in PAL-N) and the TV set works in PAL-N (and not in PAL), there are two options: </p> <ul><li>images can be seen in black and white, or</li> <li>an inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Transcoding" title="Transcoding">transcoder</a> (PAL -> PAL-N) can be purchased in order to see the colours</li></ul> <p>Some DVD players (usually lesser known brands) include an internal transcoder and the signal can be output in NTSC-M, with some video quality loss due to the <a href="/wiki/Television_standards_conversion" title="Television standards conversion">standard conversion</a> from a 625/50 PAL DVD to the NTSC-M 525/60 output format. A few DVD players sold in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay also allow a signal output of NTSC-M, PAL, or PAL-N. In that case, a PAL disc (imported from Europe) can be played back on a PAL-N TV because there are no field/line conversions, quality is generally excellent. </p><p>Some special VHS video recorders are available which can allow viewers the flexibility of enjoying PAL-N recordings using a standard PAL (625/50 Hz) colour TV, or even through multi-system TV sets. Video recorders like Panasonic NV-W1E (AG-W1 for the US), AG-W2, AG-W3, NV-J700AM, Aiwa HV-M110S, HV-M1U, Samsung SV-4000W and SV-7000W feature a digital TV system conversion circuitry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PAL_60">PAL 60</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: PAL 60"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many 1990s-onwards <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">videocassette recorders</a> sold in Europe can play back NTSC tapes. When operating in this mode most of them do not output a true (625/50) PAL signal, but rather a hybrid consisting of the original NTSC line standard (525/60), with colour converted to PAL 4.43 MHz (instead of 3.58 as with NTSC and South American PAL variants and with the PAL-specific phase alternation of colour difference signal between the lines) — this is known as <b>"PAL 60"</b> (also <i>"quasi-PAL"</i> or <i>"pseudo-PAL"</i>) with "60" standing for 60 Hz (for 525/30), instead of 50 Hz (for 625/25). </p><p>Some video game consoles also output a signal in this mode. The <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a> pioneered PAL 60 with most of its games being able to play games at full speed like NTSC and without borders. <a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a> and <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> also support PAL 60 unlike PlayStation 2.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a> did not actually offer a true PAL 60 mode; while many PlayStation 2 games did offer a "PAL 60" mode as an option, the console would in fact generate an NTSC signal during 60 Hz operation. </p><p>Most newer television sets can display a "PAL 60" signal correctly, but some will only do so (if at all) in black and white and/or with flickering/foldover at the bottom of the picture, or picture rolling (however, many old TV sets can display the picture properly by means of adjusting the V-Hold and V-Height knobs—assuming they have them). Some TV tuner cards or video capture cards will support this mode (although software/driver modification can be required and the manufacturers' specs may be unclear). </p><p>Some DVD players offer a choice of PAL vs NTSC output for NTSC discs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PAL_vs._NTSC">PAL vs. NTSC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: PAL vs. NTSC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PAL usually has 576 visible lines compared with 480 lines with <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, meaning that PAL has a 20% higher resolution, in fact it even has a higher resolution than <a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">Enhanced Definition</a> standard (852x480). Most TV output for PAL and NTSC use interlaced frames meaning that even lines update on one field and odd lines update on the next field. Interlacing frames gives a smoother motion with half the frame rate. <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> is used with a <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">60i</a> or <a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">30p</a> whereas PAL generally uses <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">50i</a> or <a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">25p</a>; both use a high enough <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> to give the illusion of fluid motion. This is due to the fact that NTSC is generally used in countries with a <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">utility frequency</a> of 60 Hz and PAL in countries with 50 Hz, although there are many exceptions. </p><p>Both PAL and NTSC have a higher frame rate than film which uses 24 frames per second. PAL has a closer frame rate to that of film, so most films are sped up 4% to play on PAL systems, shortening the runtime of the film and, without adjustment, slightly raising the pitch of the audio track. Film conversions for NTSC instead use <a href="/wiki/Three-two_pull_down" title="Three-two pull down">3:2 pull down</a> to spread the 24 frames of film across 60 interlaced fields. This maintains the runtime of the film and preserves the original audio, but may cause worse interlacing artefacts during fast motion. </p><p>NTSC receivers have a <a href="/wiki/Tint_control" title="Tint control">tint control</a> to perform colour correction manually. If this is not adjusted correctly, the colours may be faulty. The PAL standard automatically cancels <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a> errors by phase reversal, so a tint control is unnecessary yet Saturation control can be more useful. Chrominance phase errors in the PAL system are cancelled out using a 1H delay line resulting in lower saturation, which is much less noticeable to the eye than NTSC hue errors. </p><p>However, the alternation of colour information—<a href="/wiki/Hanover_bars" title="Hanover bars">Hanover bars</a>—can lead to picture grain on pictures with extreme phase errors even in PAL systems, if decoder circuits are misaligned or use the simplified decoders of early designs (typically to overcome royalty restrictions). This effect will usually be observed when the transmission path is poor, typically in built up areas or where the terrain is unfavourable. The effect is more noticeable on UHF than VHF signals as VHF signals tend to be more robust. In most cases such extreme phase shifts do not occur. </p><p>PAL and NTSC have slightly divergent <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_spaces#RGB_color_space_specifications" title="RGB color spaces">colour spaces</a>, but the colour decoder differences here are ignored. </p><p>Outside of film and TV broadcasts, the differences between the two formats when used in the context of <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> are quite dramatic. For comparison, the NTSC standard is 60 fields/30 frames per second while PAL is 50 fields/25 frames per second. To avoid timing problems or unfeasible code changes, games were slowed down by approximately 16.7%. This has led to games ported over to PAL regions being historically known for their inferior speed and frame rates compared to their NTSC counterparts, especially when they are not optimized for PAL standards. <a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">Full motion video</a> rendered and encoded at 30 frames per second by the Japanese/US (NTSC) developers were often down-sampled to 25 frames per second or considered to be 50 frames per second video for PAL release—usually by means of <a href="/wiki/Three-two_pull_down" title="Three-two pull down">3:2 pull-down</a>, resulting in motion <a href="/wiki/Telecine#Telecine_judder" title="Telecine">judder</a>. In addition to this, the increased resolution of PAL was often not utilised at all during conversion, creating a pseudo-letterbox effect with borders on the top and bottom of the screen, looking similar to 14:9 letterbox. This leaves the graphics with a slightly squashed look due to an incorrect aspect ratio caused by the borders. This practice was prevalent in previous generations, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">8-bit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">16-bit</a> era of games where 2D graphics were the norm at that time. The gameplay of many games with an emphasis on speed, such as the original <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(1991_video_game)" title="Sonic the Hedgehog (1991 video game)">Sonic the Hedgehog</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Sega Genesis (Mega Drive)</a>, suffered in their PAL incarnations. </p><p>Starting with the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">sixth generation</a> of video games, game consoles started to offer true 60 Hz modes in games ported to PAL regions. The <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a> was the first to offer a true "PAL 60" mode, and games made for the system in PAL regions offered no significant differences compared to their NTSC counterparts in terms of speed and frame rates. The <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a> and <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> also featured "PAL 60" modes in games made for the region as well. The lone exception was the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>, where games ported over to PAL regions are oftentimes (but not always) running in 50 Hz modes. PAL region games supporting 60 Hz modes for the PlayStation 2 also required a display with NTSC capability unless <a href="/wiki/Component_video#RGB_analog_component_video" title="Component video">RGB</a> or <a href="/wiki/Component_video#Luma-based_analog_component_video" title="Component video">component</a> connections were utilized, as these allowed colour outputs without the need for NTSC or PAL colour encoding. Otherwise, the games would display in monochrome on PAL-only displays. </p><p>The problems usually associated with PAL region video games aren't necessarily encountered in Brazil with the PAL-M standard used in that region, since its video system uses an identical number of visible lines and refresh rate as NTSC but with a slightly different colour encoding frequency based on PAL, modified for use with the <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">CCIR System M</a> broadcast television system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PAL_vs._SECAM">PAL vs. SECAM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: PAL vs. SECAM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> patents predate those of PAL by several years (1956 vs. 1962). Its creator, Henri de France, in search of a response to known NTSC <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a> problems, came up with ideas that were to become fundamental to both European systems, namely: </p> <ol><li>colour information on two successive TV lines is very similar and vertical resolution can be halved without serious impact on perceived visual quality</li> <li>more robust colour transmission can be achieved by spreading information on two TV lines instead of just one</li> <li>information from the two TV lines can be recombined using a delay line.</li></ol> <p>SECAM applies those principles by transmitting alternately only one of the U and V components on each TV line, and getting the other from the delay line. QAM is not required, and <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a> of the subcarrier is used instead for additional robustness (sequential transmission of U and V was to be reused much later in Europe's last "analog" video systems: the MAC standards). </p><p>SECAM is free of both hue and saturation errors. It is not sensitive to phase shifts between the colour burst and the chrominance signal, and for this reason was sometimes used in early attempts at colour video recording, where tape speed fluctuations could get the other systems into trouble. In the receiver, it did not require a quartz crystal (which was an expensive component at the time) and generally could do with lower accuracy delay lines and components. </p><p>SECAM transmissions are more robust over longer distances than NTSC or PAL. However, owing to their FM nature, the colour signal remains present, although at reduced amplitude, even in monochrome portions of the image, thus being subject to stronger cross colour. </p><p>One serious drawback for studio work is that the addition of two SECAM signals does not yield valid colour information, due to its use of frequency modulation. It was necessary to demodulate the FM and handle it as AM for proper mixing, before finally remodulating as FM, at the cost of some added complexity and signal degradation. In its later years, this was no longer a problem, due to the wider use of component and digital equipment. </p><p>PAL can work without a delay line (<a href="/wiki/PAL-S" title="PAL-S">PAL-S</a>), but this configuration, sometimes referred to as "poor man's PAL", could not match SECAM in terms of picture quality. To compete with it at the same level, it had to make use of the main ideas outlined above, and as a consequence PAL had to pay licence fees to SECAM. Over the years, this contributed significantly to the estimated 500 million francs gathered by the SECAM patents (for an initial 100 million francs invested in research).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hence, PAL could be considered as a hybrid system, with its signal structure closer to NTSC, but its decoding borrowing much from SECAM. </p><p>There were initial specifications to use colour with the French 819 line format (system E). However, "SECAM E" only ever existed in development phases. Actual deployment used the 625 line format. This made for easy interchange and conversion between PAL and SECAM in Europe. Conversion was often not even needed, as more and more receivers and VCRs became compliant with both standards, helped in this by the common decoding steps and components. When the <a href="/wiki/SCART" title="SCART">SCART</a> plug became standard, it could take RGB as an input, effectively bypassing all the colour coding formats' peculiarities. </p><p>When it comes to home VCRs, all video standards use what is called "colour under" format. Colour is extracted from the high frequencies of the video spectrum, and moved to the lower part of the spectrum available from tape. Luma then uses what remains of it, above the colour frequency range. This is usually done by heterodyning for PAL (as well as NTSC). But the FM nature of colour in SECAM allows for a cheaper trick: division by 4 of the subcarrier frequency (and multiplication on replay). This became the standard for SECAM VHS recording in France. Most other countries kept using the same heterodyning process as for PAL or NTSC and this is known as MESECAM recording (as it was more convenient for some Middle East countries that used both PAL and SECAM broadcasts). </p><p>Another difference in colour management is related to the proximity of successive tracks on the tape, which is a cause for chroma crosstalk in PAL. A cyclic sequence of 90° chroma phase shifts from one line to the next is used to overcome this problem. This is not needed in SECAM, as FM provides sufficient protection. </p><p>Regarding early (analogue) videodiscs, the established Laserdisc standard supported only NTSC and PAL. However, a different optical disc format, the Thomson transmissive optical disc made a brief appearance on the market. At some point, it used a modified SECAM signal (single FM subcarrier at 3.6 MHz<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The media's flexible and transmissive material allowed for direct access to both sides without flipping the disc, a concept that reappeared in multi-layered DVDs about fifteen years later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries_and_territories_that_are_using_or_once_used_PAL">Countries and territories that are using or once used PAL</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Countries and territories that are using or once used PAL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/DVB-T#Countries_and_territories_using_DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T § Countries and territories using DVB-T</a></div> <p>Below are lists of countries and territories that used or once used the PAL system. Many of these have converted or are converting PAL to <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> (most countries), <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> (most countries), <a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a> (China, Hong Kong and Macau) or <a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">ISDB-Tb</a> (Sri Lanka, Maldives, Botswana, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay). </p><p>A legacy list of PAL users in 1998 is available on <i>Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems, Appendix 1 to Annex 1</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_PAL_B,_D,_G,_H,_K_or_I"><span id="Using_PAL_B.2C_D.2C_G.2C_H.2C_K_or_I"></span>Using PAL B, D, G, H, K or I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Using PAL B, D, G, H, K or I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (used SECAM)<sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> (DVB-T introduction in assessment)<sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/23px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/35px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/46px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> (see New Zealand)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (migrated from SECAM in 1990–1992)<sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (UHF only)<sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (DVB-T introduction in assessment)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><sup id="cite_ref-shop.sandbag.uk.com_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shop.sandbag.uk.com-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (DVB-T introduction in assessment)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> (Once experimented in PAL-M)<sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (uses PAL for Lebanese channels)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span>   </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/35px-Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg/46px-Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> (see Australia)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (used SECAM until 1990s)<sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> (DVB-T introduction in assessment)<sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (DVB-T introduction in assessment)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> (Two PAL-I analogue TV services operated by BFBS)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (Simulcast in DVB-T)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (along with SECAM)<sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Simulcast in DVB-T)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (DVB-T introduction in assessment)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a><sup id="cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PAL-M">PAL-M</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: PAL-M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Simulcast in ISDB-Tb started on 2 December 2007. PAL broadcasting in its final stages of abandonment, the complete shutdown is scheduled to 2025.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PAL-N">PAL-N</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: PAL-N"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Simulcast in ISDB-Tb started on 28 August 2008. PAL broadcasting in its final stages of abandonment, the complete shutdown is scheduled to 2025.)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (Simulcast in ISDB-Tb)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> (Simulcast in ISDB-Tb)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countries_and_territories_that_have_ceased_using_PAL">Countries and territories that have ceased using PAL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Countries and territories that have ceased using PAL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following countries and territories no longer use PAL for terrestrial broadcasts, and are in process of converting from PAL to <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a>/<a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">T2</a>, <a href="/wiki/DTMB" class="mw-redirect" title="DTMB">DTMB</a> or <a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-T" title="ISDB">ISDB-T</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Switched to </th> <th>Switchover completed </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2019-10-01</span>1 October 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2007-09-25</span>25 September 2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2013-12-10</span>10 December 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2010-06-07</span>7 June 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-06-17</span>17 June 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2010-03-01</span>1 March 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-01-01</span>1 January 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2013-09-30</span>30 September 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-01-01</span>1 January 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2021-03-31</span>31 March 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2020-11-12</span>12 November 2020<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2011-07-01</span>1 July 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-06-30</span>30 June 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2009-11-01</span>1 November 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2010-07-01</span>1 July 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2002–12</span>December 2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2007-09-01</span>1 September 2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-07-01</span>1 July 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2009-06-04</span>4 June 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-06</span>June 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-02-05</span>6 February 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-12-31</span>31 December 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2010-11-17</span>17 November 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2020-12-01</span>1 December 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2013-10-31</span>31 October 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-02-02</span>2 February 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-03-31</span>31 March 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2023-08-12</span>12 August 2023<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2014-12-19</span>19 December 2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-10-24</span>24 October 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-10-24</span>24 October 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2011-06-13</span>13 June 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-07-04</span>4 July 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2010-11-17</span>17 November 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-03</span>March 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2010-06-01</span>1 June 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-10-29</span>29 October 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2006-09-01</span>1 September 2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2023-06-30</span>30 June 2023<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2013-05-31</span>31 May 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2019-10-31</span>31 October 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2011-10-31</span>31 October 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2011-05-24</span>24 May 2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-06-17</span>17 June 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2014-09-13</span>13 September 2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2006-12-14</span>14 December 2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2013-12-01</span>1 December 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2009-12</span>December 2009<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2013-07-23</span>23 July 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-04-26</span>26 April 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-02-13</span>13 February 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2016-12-31</span>31 December 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2014-03</span>March 2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2010-12-02</span>2 December 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-02-13</span>13 February 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2015-06-07</span>7 June 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2019-01-02</span>2 January 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-12-31</span>31 December 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2010-12-01</span>1 December 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2010-04-03</span>3 April 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2007-10-29</span>29 October 2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2007-11-26</span>26 November 2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2014-07</span>July 2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2020-03-26</span>26 March 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2016-12-31</span>31 December 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-02-13</span>13 February 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> (SD) and <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> (HD) </td> <td><span style="display:none">2012-10-24</span>24 October 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2020-12-28</span>28 December 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> </td> <td><span style="display:none">2014-12-31</span>31 December 2014 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moving_image_formats" title="Moving image formats">Moving image formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prewar_television_stations" title="Prewar television stations">Prewar television stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-1_(Sony)" title="D-1 (Sony)">D1 SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-2_(video)" title="D-2 (video)">D-2 (video)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dvd-replica_com-palnations-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dvd-replica_com-palnations_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dvd-replica_com-palnations_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422030617/http://www.dvd-replica.com/DVD/palnations.php">"PGC categories – Countries using PAL standard"</a>. <i>dvd-replica.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvd-replica.com/DVD/palnations.php">the original</a> on 22 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dvd-replica.com&rft.atitle=PGC+categories+%E2%80%93+Countries+using+PAL+standard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvd-replica.com%2FDVD%2Fpalnations.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223080729/http://dvd-replica.com/DVD/secamnations.php">"PGC categories – Countries using SECAM standard"</a>. 23 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dvd-replica.com/DVD/secamnations.php">the original</a> on 23 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PGC+categories+%E2%80%93+Countries+using+SECAM+standard&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdvd-replica.com%2FDVD%2Fsecamnations.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422022808/http://dvd-replica.com/DVD/ntscnations.php">"PGC categories – Countries using NTSC standard"</a>. 22 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dvd-replica.com/DVD/ntscnations.php">the original</a> on 22 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PGC+categories+%E2%80%93+Countries+using+NTSC+standard&rft.date=2009-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdvd-replica.com%2FDVD%2Fntscnations.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scihi.org/walter-bruch/">"Walter Bruch and the PAL Color Television System"</a>. 2 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>In 1963, when he gave a public presentation of the Phase Alternation Line to a group of experts from the European Broadcasting Union in Hannover</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walter+Bruch+and+the+PAL+Color+Television+System&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscihi.org%2Fwalter-bruch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radios-tv.co.uk/walter-bruch-pal-television/">"Walter Bruch; PAL Television"</a>. 7 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241006175833/https://www.radios-tv.co.uk/walter-bruch-pal-television/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>In 1950s, when Telefunken commissioned Bruch to invent an automated differential phase correction for color television. That's why he was awarded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walter+Bruch%3B+PAL+Television&rft.date=2019-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radios-tv.co.uk%2Fwalter-bruch-pal-television%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiomuseum.org/forum/45_years_anniversary_of_walter_bruchs_pal_color_television.html">"45 Years Anniversary of Walter Bruch's PAL Color Television"</a>. <i>radiomuseum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083759/https://www.radiomuseum.org/forum/45_years_anniversary_of_walter_bruchs_pal_color_television.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radiomuseum.org&rft.atitle=45+Years+Anniversary+of+Walter+Bruch%27s+PAL+Color+Television&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiomuseum.org%2Fforum%2F45_years_anniversary_of_walter_bruchs_pal_color_television.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/german-english/bruch">"English translation of 'Bruch'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Collins German to English Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+German+to+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=English+translation+of+%27Bruch%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgerman-english%2Fbruch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITU-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITU_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The standard that defines the PAL system was last published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> in 1998 and has the title <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BT.470/en"><i>Recommendation ITU-R BT.470, Conventional Television Systems</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920080738/https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BT.470/en">Archived</a> 20 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiomuseum.org/forumdata/users/4144/40_years_PAL/D_Telefunken_1967_708SM_advert.jpg">"Telefunken PALcolour 708 TV advert"</a>. <i>www.radiomuseum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315085342/https://www.radiomuseum.org/forumdata/users/4144/40_years_PAL/D_Telefunken_1967_708SM_advert.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.radiomuseum.org&rft.atitle=Telefunken+PALcolour+708+TV+advert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiomuseum.org%2Fforumdata%2Fusers%2F4144%2F40_years_PAL%2FD_Telefunken_1967_708SM_advert.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buizenradioclub.nl/media/kunena/attachments/111/Loewe2_1967.jpg">"Loewe-Farbfernseher S 920 & F 900 PAL TV advert"</a>. <i>buizenradioclub.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241006175830/https://buizenradioclub.nl/media/kunena/attachments/111/Loewe2_1967.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buizenradioclub.nl&rft.atitle=Loewe-Farbfernseher+S+920+%26+F+900+PAL+TV+advert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuizenradioclub.nl%2Fmedia%2Fkunena%2Fattachments%2F111%2FLoewe2_1967.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31993D0424:EN:HTML">"EUR-Lex – 31993D0424 – EN"</a>. <i>Official Journal L 196</i>. 5 August 1993. pp. 48–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+L+196&rft.atitle=EUR-Lex+%E2%80%93+31993D0424+%E2%80%93+EN&rft.pages=48-54&rft.date=1993-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A31993D0424%3AEN%3AHTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224309/https://assets.fluke.com/appnotes/it_products/B0291A-16U9509_NL_EN.pdf">"Fluke PM5420 Application Note PALplus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>assets.fluke.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.fluke.com/appnotes/it_products/B0291A-16U9509_NL_EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=assets.fluke.com&rft.atitle=Fluke+PM5420+Application+Note+PALplus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.fluke.com%2Fappnotes%2Fit_products%2FB0291A-16U9509_NL_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.videoconverterfactory.com/tips/ntsc-format-dvd.html">"What Is a NTSC Format DVD? How Can I Play a NTSC DVD in the UK Without Restriction?"</a>. <i>videoconverterfactory.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083821/https://www.videoconverterfactory.com/tips/ntsc-format-dvd.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=videoconverterfactory.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+NTSC+Format+DVD%3F+How+Can+I+Play+a+NTSC+DVD+in+the+UK+Without+Restriction%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videoconverterfactory.com%2Ftips%2Fntsc-format-dvd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716064859/https://www.camerasunderwater.info/engineering/tv_stds/colortv.html">"Tech Notes: Colour TV"</a>. 16 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.camerasunderwater.info/engineering/tv_stds/colortv.html">the original</a> on 16 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tech+Notes%3A+Colour+TV&rft.date=2007-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.camerasunderwater.info%2Fengineering%2Ftv_stds%2Fcolortv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pembers_freeserve_co_uk-HBI-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pembers_freeserve_co_uk-HBI_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pembers_freeserve_co_uk-HBI_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529195823/http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/HBI.pdf">"Horizontal Blanking Interval of 405-, 525-, 625- and 819-Line Standards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/HBI.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horizontal+Blanking+Interval+of+405-%2C+525-%2C+625-+and+819-Line+Standards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pembers.freeserve.co.uk%2FWorld-TV-Standards%2FHBI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span> 090426 pembers.freeserve.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deetc_isel_ipl_pt-ch08_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120707033657/http://www.deetc.isel.ipl.pt/Analisedesinai/sm/downloads/doc/ch08.pdf">"NTSC, PAL, and SECAM Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deetc.isel.ipl.pt/Analisedesinai/sm/downloads/doc/ch08.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTSC%2C+PAL%2C+and+SECAM+Overview&rft.pages=52&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deetc.isel.ipl.pt%2FAnalisedesinai%2Fsm%2Fdownloads%2Fdoc%2Fch08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomsongrassvalley_com-3922-496-46791_s03_v01-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thomsongrassvalley_com-3922-496-46791_s03_v01_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwapps.grassvalley.com/docs/Manuals/cameras/ldk5400/3922-496-46791.s03.v01.pdf"><i>LDK 5400 Triax Adapter Technical Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Thomson Multimedia Broadcast Solutions. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331025205/https://wwwapps.grassvalley.com/docs/Manuals/cameras/ldk5400/3922-496-46791.s03.v01.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LDK+5400+Triax+Adapter+Technical+Manual&rft.pub=Thomson+Multimedia+Broadcast+Solutions&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwwapps.grassvalley.com%2Fdocs%2FManuals%2Fcameras%2Fldk5400%2F3922-496-46791.s03.v01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pembers_freeserve_co_uk-VBI-625-PAL-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pembers_freeserve_co_uk-VBI-625-PAL_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428234231/http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/VBI-625-PAL.pdf">"Vertical Blanking Interval of 625-Line Standard (PAL Colour)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/VBI-625-PAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vertical+Blanking+Interval+of+625-Line+Standard+%28PAL+Colour%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pembers.freeserve.co.uk%2FWorld-TV-Standards%2FVBI-625-PAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf">"Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121001941/https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recommendation+ITU-R+BT.470-6+-+Conventional+Television+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pubrec%2Fitu-r%2Frec%2Fbt%2FR-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S%21%21PDF-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf#page=16">"Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems, p.16"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121001941/https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf#page=16">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recommendation+ITU-R+BT.470-6+-+Conventional+Television+Systems%2C+p.16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pubrec%2Fitu-r%2Frec%2Fbt%2FR-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S%21%21PDF-E.pdf%23page%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebu-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebu_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/i/i033.pdf">"Changes to the terrestrial television systems in Central and East European countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">EBU</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717135202/http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/i/i033.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changes+to+the+terrestrial+television+systems+in+Central+and+East+European+countries&rft.pub=EBU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fdocs%2Fi%2Fi033.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palermo.edu/ingenieria/TVDIGITALPOSGRADO/3.pdf">"La TV se muda"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241006175840/http://www.palermo.edu/ingenieria/TVDIGITALPOSGRADO/3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+TV+se+muda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palermo.edu%2Fingenieria%2FTVDIGITALPOSGRADO%2F3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIazbecSoriaTulliGonzalez1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iazbec; Soria; Tulli; Gonzalez (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGTKzPeALYYC&dq=PAL-N+%28Argentina%2C+Paraguay+and+Uruguay%29&pg=PA341"><i>Estudio de las tecnicas de transcodificacion de señales de television PAL-B / PAL-N</i></a> (in Spanish). Vol. 10. Centro de Informacion Tecnologica. pp. 341–349. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241006175837/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGTKzPeALYYC&dq=PAL-N+%28Argentina%2C+Paraguay+and+Uruguay%29&pg=PA341#v=onepage&q=PAL-N%20(Argentina%2C%20Paraguay%20and%20Uruguay)&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estudio+de+las+tecnicas+de+transcodificacion+de+se%C3%B1ales+de+television+PAL-B+%2F+PAL-N&rft.pages=341-349&rft.pub=Centro+de+Informacion+Tecnologica&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Iazbec&rft.au=Soria&rft.au=Tulli&rft.au=Gonzalez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUGTKzPeALYYC%26dq%3DPAL-N%2B%2528Argentina%252C%2BParaguay%2Band%2BUruguay%2529%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2010/04/talking_point_the_virtual_consoles_pal_problem">"The Virtual Console's PAL Problem"</a>. 15 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727164622/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2010/04/talking_point_the_virtual_consoles_pal_problem">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Virtual+Console%27s+PAL+Problem&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendolife.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F04%2Ftalking_point_the_virtual_consoles_pal_problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amigaforever.com/kb/16-111">"Playback of NTSC Videos on PAL Equipment"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241006175837/https://www.amigaforever.com/kb/16-111">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Playback+of+NTSC+Videos+on+PAL+Equipment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amigaforever.com%2Fkb%2F16-111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebha.org/ebha2007/pdf/Gaillard.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The CCIR, the standards and the TV sets' market in France" (section III.1)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020094732/http://www.ebha.org/ebha2007/pdf/Gaillard.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+CCIR%2C+the+standards+and+the+TV+sets%27+market+in+France%22+%28section+III.1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebha.org%2Febha2007%2Fpdf%2FGaillard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Les Videodisques", Georges Broussaud (head/member of development team), editions Masson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf"><i>Recommendation ITU-R BT.470-6 - Conventional Television Systems</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITU Radiocommunication Assembly. 1998. pp. 29–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121001941/https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S!!PDF-E.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recommendation+ITU-R+BT.470-6+-+Conventional+Television+Systems&rft.pages=29-34&rft.pub=ITU+Radiocommunication+Assembly&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pubrec%2Fitu-r%2Frec%2Fbt%2FR-REC-BT.470-6-199811-S%21%21PDF-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HegartyPhelan1998-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HegartyPhelan1998_29-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_HegartyAnne_PhelanLisa_Kilbride1998" class="citation book cs1">Michael Hegarty; Anne Phelan; Lisa Kilbride (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5YjHecPlPS8C&pg=PA260"><i>Classrooms for Distance Teaching and Learning: A Blueprint</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Leuven_University_Press" title="Leuven University Press">Leuven University Press</a>. pp. 260–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-867-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-867-5"><bdi>978-90-6186-867-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241006175837/https://books.google.com/books?id=5YjHecPlPS8C&pg=PA260#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classrooms+for+Distance+Teaching+and+Learning%3A+A+Blueprint&rft.pages=260-&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-6186-867-5&rft.au=Michael+Hegarty&rft.au=Anne+Phelan&rft.au=Lisa+Kilbride&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5YjHecPlPS8C%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shop.sandbag.uk.com-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shop.sandbag.uk.com_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221173323/http://shop.sandbag.uk.com/OneGiantLeap/PALNTSCInfo.html">"PAL / NTSC / SECAM countries list"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.sandbag.uk.com/OneGiantLeap/PALNTSCInfo.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PAL+%2F+NTSC+%2F+SECAM+countries+list&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshop.sandbag.uk.com%2FOneGiantLeap%2FPALNTSCInfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gledajbezbrige.oiv.hr/dvb-t2-prijelaz/">"Prijelaz na DVB-T2 TV signal s HEVC (H.265) sažimanjem | OIV digitalni signali i mreže"</a>. <i>gledajbezbrige.oiv.hr</i> (in Croatian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240102104019/https://gledajbezbrige.oiv.hr/dvb-t2-prijelaz/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gledajbezbrige.oiv.hr&rft.atitle=Prijelaz+na+DVB-T2+TV+signal+s+HEVC+%28H.265%29+sa%C5%BEimanjem+%7C+OIV+digitalni+signali+i+mre%C5%BEe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgledajbezbrige.oiv.hr%2Fdvb-t2-prijelaz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-6870993/siaran-tv-analog-disetop-di-seluruh-ri-12-agustus-2023">"Siaran TV Analog Disetop di Seluruh RI 12 Agustus 2023"</a>. <i>detik.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015124141/https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-6870993/siaran-tv-analog-disetop-di-seluruh-ri-12-agustus-2023">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=detik.com&rft.atitle=Siaran+TV+Analog+Disetop+di+Seluruh+RI+12+Agustus+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detik.com%2Fjabar%2Fberita%2Fd-6870993%2Fsiaran-tv-analog-disetop-di-seluruh-ri-12-agustus-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdm.com.mo/en/news-detail/850844">"TDM to switch off analogue television transmission system"</a>. <i>TDM</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713035410/https://www.tdm.com.mo/en/news-detail/850844">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TDM&rft.atitle=TDM+to+switch+off+analogue+television+transmission+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdm.com.mo%2Fen%2Fnews-detail%2F850844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nkom.no/fritid/digital-radio/digitalt-bakkenett/digitalt-bakkenett-i-norge">"TV og radio"</a>. 17 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161208003447/http://www.nkom.no/fritid/digital-radio/digitalt-bakkenett/digitalt-bakkenett-i-norge">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TV+og+radio&rft.date=2020-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkom.no%2Ffritid%2Fdigital-radio%2Fdigitalt-bakkenett%2Fdigitalt-bakkenett-i-norge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/dvbt2/zmiana-standardu-nadawania-kanalow-tvp-na-dvb-t2hevc2">"Zmiana standardu nadawania kanałów TVP na DVB-T2/HEVC - Nowa telewizja cyfrowa (DVB-T2) - Portal Gov.pl"</a>. <i>Nowa telewizja cyfrowa (DVB-T2)</i> (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241006175838/https://www.gov.pl/web/dvbt2/zmiana-standardu-nadawania-kanalow-tvp-na-dvb-t2hevc2">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nowa+telewizja+cyfrowa+%28DVB-T2%29&rft.atitle=Zmiana+standardu+nadawania+kana%C5%82%C3%B3w+TVP+na+DVB-T2%2FHEVC+-+Nowa+telewizja+cyfrowa+%28DVB-T2%29+-+Portal+Gov.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Fdvbt2%2Fzmiana-standardu-nadawania-kanalow-tvp-na-dvb-t2hevc2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APAL" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:PAL" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:PAL">PAL</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205005309/http://www.paradiso-design.net/videostandards_en.html">Review of the different refresh rates of PAL, NTSC and motion picture films</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709033551/http://www.radios-tv.co.uk/Pembers/World-TV-Standards/Colour-Standards.html#Top">World TV standards</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_formats" title="Template:Video formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_formats" title="Template talk:Video formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_video_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Broadcast video formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Television</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-MAC" title="B-MAC">B-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">N</a> (Color systems: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">PAL</a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#PALN">PAL-N</a>, <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1125 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1250 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">BTSC (MTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ_MTS" title="EIAJ MTS">EIAJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGMS-A" title="CGMS-A">CGMS-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost-canceling_reference" title="Ghost-canceling reference">GCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Delivery_Control" title="Programme Delivery Control">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">VBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Encoded_Invisible_Light" title="Video Encoded Invisible Light">VEIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_interval_timecode" title="Vertical interval timecode">VITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">WSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Data_Services" title="Extended Data Services">XDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_systems_before_1940" title="Television systems before 1940">Pre-1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">Mechanical television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/567-line_television_system" title="567-line television system">567-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">Field-sequential color system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television#OSKM" title="Soviet Central Television">OSKM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlaced</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">LDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">240p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">288p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">576p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">MPEG-2 Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB_3D-TV" title="DVB 3D-TV">DVB 3D-TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS+</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">MPEG-4 AVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards#H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" title="ATSC standards">ATSC A/72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">MPEG-H HEVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">HD DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">5.1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">AFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-CPCM" title="DVB-CPCM">CPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-avs-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avs_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avs_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mobaho-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Defunct.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Technical_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Technical issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14:9" class="mw-redirect" title="14:9">14:9 compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">Digital cinema</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Cinema Initiative">DCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_motion_blur" title="Display motion blur">Display motion blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_image_formats" title="Moving image formats">Moving image formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Standards_Conversion" title="Reverse Standards Conversion">Reverse Standards Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_standards_conversion" title="Television standards conversion">Standards conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">Test card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">Video processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">Widescreen signaling</a></li> <li>Templates (<a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics">Analogue TV Topics</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colour_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible Colour navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_space" title="Template:Color space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_space" title="Template talk:Color space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colour_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colour_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour space">Colour space</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of colour spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour model">Colour models</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_appearance_model" title="Color appearance model">CAM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIECAM02" title="CIECAM02">CIECAM02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAM_(color_appearance_model)" title="ICAM (color appearance model)">iCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAM16" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM16">CAM16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIECAM16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIECAM16 (page does not exist)">CIECAM16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">CIE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">XYZ (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space#CIE_RGB_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">RGB (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1960_color_space" title="CIE 1960 color space">YUV (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIE_1964_color_space" title="CIE 1964 color space">UVW (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIELAB_color_space" title="CIELAB color space">CIELAB (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIELUV" title="CIELUV">CIELUV (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIECAM02" title="CIECAM02">CIECAM02</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CIECAM16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CIECAM16 (page does not exist)">CIECAM16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_spaces" title="RGB color spaces">RGB color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rg_chromaticity" title="Rg chromaticity">rg chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RGB_color_space" title="Adobe RGB color space">Adobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-gamut_RGB_color_space" title="Wide-gamut RGB color space">Wide-gamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProPhoto_RGB_color_space" title="ProPhoto RGB color space">ProPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScRGB" title="ScRGB">scRGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCI-P3" title="DCI-P3">DCI-P3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC#SMPTE_C" title="NTSC">SMPTE 240M/"C"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">Y′UV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Y%E2%80%B2UV" title="Y′UV">YUV</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PAL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDbDr" title="YDbDr">YDbDr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIQ" title="YIQ">YIQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICtCp" title="ICtCp">ICtCp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rec._2100" title="Rec. 2100">Rec. 2100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPbPr" title="YPbPr">YPbPr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XvYCC" title="XvYCC">xvYCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YCoCg" title="YCoCg">YCoCg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CcMmYK_color_model" title="CcMmYK color model">CcMmYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorADD" title="ColorADD">ColorADD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloroid" title="Coloroid">Coloroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMS_color_space" title="LMS color space">LMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexachrome" title="Hexachrome">Hexachrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSL, HSV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_color_space" title="HCL color space">HCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Imaginary colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklab_color_space" title="Oklab color space">Oklab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSA-UCS" title="OSA-UCS">OSA-UCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Color_Coordinate_System" title="Practical Color Coordinate System">PCCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RG_color_models" title="RG color models">RG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RYB_color_model" title="RYB color model">RYB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HWB_color_model" title="HWB color model">HWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YJK" title="YJK">YJK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSL_color_space" title="TSL color space">TSL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour systems<br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Color_Encoding_System" title="Academy Color Encoding System">ACES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Media_Alliance" title="News Media Alliance">ANPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">Colour Index International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">CI list of dyes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIC_Corporation" title="DIC Corporation">DIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Standard_595" title="Federal Standard 595">Federal Standard 595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HKS_(colour_system)" title="HKS (colour system)">HKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICC_profile" title="ICC profile">ICC profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Color_System" title="Natural Color System">NCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_color_system" title="Ostwald color system">Ostwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAL_colour_standard" title="RAL colour standard">RAL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JIS_Z8102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JIS Z8102 (page does not exist)">JIS Z8102</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS%E6%85%A3%E7%94%A8%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D" class="extiw" title="ja:JIS慣用色名">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For the vision capacities of organisms or machines, see <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_physiology" title="Template:Eye physiology">Colour vision</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analog_television_broadcasting_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template talk:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analog_television_broadcasting_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog television</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_television_broadcasting" title="Outline of television broadcasting">broadcasting topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/525-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="525-line television system">525-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/625-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="625-line television system">625-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">System C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">System D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">System G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">System H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">System I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">System K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">System L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">System N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">System F</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-S" title="PAL-S">PAL-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">Back porch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">front porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_level" title="Black level">Black level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanking_level" title="Blanking level">Blanking level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance_subcarrier" title="Chrominance subcarrier">Chrominance subcarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorburst" title="Colorburst">Colorburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_killer" title="Color killer">Color killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">Color TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (video)">Frame (video)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scan_rate" title="Horizontal scan rate">Horizontal scan rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval" title="Horizontal blanking interval">Horizontal blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_analogue_blanking" title="Nominal analogue blanking">Nominal analogue blanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overscan" title="Overscan">Overscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">Raster scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_area_(television)" title="Safe area (television)">Safe area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_lines" title="Television lines">Television lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">Vertical blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_clipper" title="White clipper">White clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">Multichannel television sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">Quadrature amplitude modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation#Vestigial_sideband_(VSB)" title="Single-sideband modulation">Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transmission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier#Electronic_amplifiers" title="Amplifier">Amplifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna (radio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_transmitter" title="Broadcast transmitter">Broadcast transmitter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transmitter_station" title="Transmitter station">Transmitter station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetic" title="Resonator">Cavity amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_gain" title="Differential gain">Differential gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_phase" title="Differential phase">Differential phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplexer" title="Diplexer">Diplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_load" title="Dummy load">Dummy load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">Frequency mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercarrier_method" title="Intercarrier method">Intercarrier method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">Intermediate frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_power_of_an_analog_TV_transmitter" title="Output power of an analog TV transmitter">Output power of an analog TV transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-emphasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emphasis">Pre-emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_carrier" title="Residual carrier">Residual carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sound_system" title="Split sound system">Split sound system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheterodyne_transmitter" title="Superheterodyne transmitter">Superheterodyne transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">Television receive-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite television">Direct-broadcast satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposer" title="Transposer">Transposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Frequencies</a> & bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_offset" title="Frequency offset">Frequency offset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">Microwave transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">Television channel frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Propagation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tilt" title="Beam tilt">Beam tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth bulge">Earth bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_in_free_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Field strength in free space">Field strength in free space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">Noise (electronics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_fill" title="Null fill">Null fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_loss" title="Path loss">Path loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skew_(antenna)" title="Skew (antenna)">Skew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_interference" title="Television interference">Television interference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distortionmeter" title="Distortionmeter">Distortionmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_meter" title="Field strength meter">Field strength meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectorscope" title="Vectorscope">Vectorscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_reference_pulse" title="Zero reference pulse">Zero reference pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dot_crawl" title="Dot crawl">Dot crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosting_(television)" title="Ghosting (television)">Ghosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_bars" title="Hanover bars">Hanover bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparklies" title="Sparklies">Sparklies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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