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converter subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-isolated_Ćuk_converter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operating_principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Operating principle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuous_mode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_mode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Continuous mode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_mode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discontinuous_mode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discontinuous_mode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Discontinuous mode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discontinuous_mode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolated_Ćuk_converter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolated_Ćuk_converter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Isolated Ćuk converter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolated_Ćuk_converter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related structures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_structures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related structures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inductor_coupling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inductor_coupling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Inductor coupling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inductor_coupling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zeta_converter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeta_converter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Zeta converter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeta_converter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter_(SEPIC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter_(SEPIC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter_(SEPIC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83" title="مبدل تشوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبدل تشوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Чук преобразувател – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чук преобразувател" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertidor_%C4%86uk" title="Convertidor Ćuk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Convertidor Ćuk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86uk-konverter" title="Ćuk-konverter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ćuk-konverter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86uk-Wandler" title="Ćuk-Wandler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ćuk-Wandler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertidor_%C4%86uk" title="Convertidor Ćuk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convertidor Ćuk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86uk_bihurgailu" title="Ćuk bihurgailu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ćuk bihurgailu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84_%DA%86%D9%88%DA%A9" title="مبدل چوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مبدل چوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertisseur_%C4%86uk" title="Convertisseur Ćuk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convertisseur Ćuk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversor_%C4%86uk" title="Conversor Ćuk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conversor Ćuk" data-language-autonym="Português" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of electrical current converter</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commutation_cell_in_converters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Commutation_cell_in_converters.svg/300px-Commutation_cell_in_converters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="505" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Commutation_cell_in_converters.svg/450px-Commutation_cell_in_converters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Commutation_cell_in_converters.svg/600px-Commutation_cell_in_converters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of non-isolated switching DC-to-DC converter topologies: <a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">Buck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck-Boost</a>, Ćuk. The input is left side, the output with load is right side. The switch is typically a <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a>, <a href="/wiki/IGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="IGBT">IGBT</a>, or <a href="/wiki/BJT" class="mw-redirect" title="BJT">BJT</a> transistor.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Ćuk converter</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Serbo-Croatian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sh-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[tɕûːk]</a></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">buck-boost converter</a> with low <a href="/wiki/Ripple_(electrical)" title="Ripple (electrical)">ripple current</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Ćuk converter can be seen as a combination of <a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">boost converter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">buck converter</a>, having one switching device and a mutual capacitor, to couple the energy. </p><p>Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">buck-boost converter</a> with inverting topology, the output voltage of non-isolated Ćuk converter is typically inverted, with lower or higher values with respect to the input voltage. While <a href="/wiki/DC-to-DC_converter" title="DC-to-DC converter">DC-to-DC converters</a> usually use the <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductor</a> as a main energy-storage component, the Ćuk converter instead uses the capacitor as the main energy-storage component. It is named after <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_%C4%86uk" title="Slobodan Ćuk">Slobodan Ćuk</a> of the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>, who first presented the design.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-isolated_Ćuk_converter"><span id="Non-isolated_.C4.86uk_converter"></span>Non-isolated Ćuk converter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Non-isolated Ćuk converter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are variations on the basic Ćuk converter. For example, the coils may share a single magnetic core, which drops the output ripple, and adds efficiency. Because the power transfer flows continuously via the capacitor, this type of switcher has minimized <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">EMI radiation</a>. The Ćuk converter allows energy to flow bidirectionally by using a diode and a switch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_principle">Operating principle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operating principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A non-isolated Ćuk converter comprises two <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductors</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>, a switch (usually a <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diode</a>. Its schematic can be seen in figure 1. It is an inverting converter, so the output voltage is negative with respect to the input voltage. </p><p>The main <b>advantage</b> of this converter is the continuous currents at the input and output of the converter.  The main <b>disadvantage</b> is the high current stress on the switch.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuk_converter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cuk_converter.png/960px-Cuk_converter.png" decoding="async" width="640" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cuk_converter.png/1280px-Cuk_converter.png 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Fig. 1: Cuk converter circuit diagram.</figcaption></figure> <p>The capacitor C<sub>1</sub> is used to transfer energy. It is connected alternately to the input and to the output of the converter <i>via</i> the commutation of the transistor and the diode (see figures 2 and 3). </p><p>The two inductors L<sub>1</sub> and L<sub>2</sub> are used to convert respectively the input voltage source (<i>V<sub>s</sub></i>) and the output voltage (<i>V<sub>o</sub></i>) into current sources. At a short time scale, an inductor can be considered as a current source as it maintains a constant current. This conversion is necessary because if the capacitor were connected directly to the voltage source, the current would be limited only by the parasitic resistance, resulting in high energy loss. Charging a capacitor with a current source (the inductor) prevents resistive current limiting and its associated energy loss. </p><p>As with other converters (<a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">buck converter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">boost converter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">buck–boost converter</a>) the Ćuk converter can operate in either continuous or discontinuous current mode. However, unlike these converters, it can also operate in <i>discontinuous voltage mode</i> (the voltage across the capacitor drops to zero during the commutation cycle). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous_mode">Continuous mode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Continuous mode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuk_operating.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cuk_operating.svg/300px-Cuk_operating.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cuk_operating.svg/450px-Cuk_operating.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cuk_operating.svg/600px-Cuk_operating.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption> Fig. 2: The two operating states of a non-isolated Ćuk converter.</figcaption></figure> <p>In steady state, the energy stored in each inductor has to remain the same at the beginning and at the end of a commutation cycle. The energy in an inductor is given by: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}LI^{2}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>L</mi> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}LI^{2}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2e48ec784ec03deed07adc4486d07f7b9737c48f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.373ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}LI^{2}.}" /></span> </p><p>This implies that the current through each inductor has to be the same at the beginning and the end of the commutation cycle. As the evolution of the current through an inductor is related to the voltage across it: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{L}=L{\frac {dI}{dt}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{L}=L{\frac {dI}{dt}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a09c92433b89a785c8319e25cedd7bfb0715b11" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.259ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{L}=L{\frac {dI}{dt}},}" /></span> </p><p>it can be seen that the average value of each inductor's voltage over a commutation period has to be zero to satisfy the steady-state requirements. (Another way to see this is to recognize that the average voltage across any inductor must be zero lest its current rise without limit.) </p><p>If we consider that the capacitors <i>C<sub>1</sub></i> and <i>C<sub>2</sub></i> are large enough for the voltage ripple across them to be negligible, the inductor voltages become: </p> <ul><li>in the <b>off-state</b>, inductor <i>L<sub>1</sub></i> is connected in series with <i>V<sub>s</sub></i> and <i>C<sub>1</sub></i> (see figure 2). Therefore <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle V_{L1}=V_{s}-V_{C1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle V_{L1}=V_{s}-V_{C1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a2e8115d62d7762e1985fb48e4518306631d412" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.485ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle V_{L1}=V_{s}-V_{C1}}" /></span>. As the diode <i>D</i> is forward biased (we consider zero voltage drop), <i>L<sub>2</sub></i> is directly connected to the output capacitor. Therefore <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{L2}=V_{o}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{L2}=V_{o}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8daee2d8df983b9d1f7cd08a4ce4475503da763" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.012ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{L2}=V_{o}}" /></span></li> <li>in the <b>on-state</b>, inductor <i>L<sub>1</sub></i> is directly connected to the input source. Therefore <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle V_{L1}=V_{s}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle V_{L1}=V_{s}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f600984758dd3b526aa6693b8964cad58a589405" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.986ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle V_{L1}=V_{s}}" /></span>. Inductor <i>L<sub>2</sub></i> is connected in series with <i>C</i> and the output capacitor, so <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{L2}=V_{o}+V_{C}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{L2}=V_{o}+V_{C}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2648cab0fd2e65ccddd7e325c19117566dae83ee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.689ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{L2}=V_{o}+V_{C}}" /></span></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuk_operating2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cuk_operating2.svg/960px-Cuk_operating2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="640" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cuk_operating2.svg/1280px-Cuk_operating2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption> Fig. 3: The two operating states of a non-isolated Ćuk converter. The diode and the switch are simplified as either a short circuit when they are on or by an open circuit when they are off. When in the off-state, the capacitor <i>C</i> is charged by the input source through the inductor <i>L<sub>1</sub></i>. When in the on-state, the capacitor <i>C</i> transfers the energy to the output capacitor through the inductance <i>L<sub>2</sub></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The converter operates in <i>on state</i> from <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle t=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle t=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd7fae9c72e84282de6cf66b6381e224eb33852c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle t=0}" /></span> to <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle t=DT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle t=DT}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8edd950ef4f85024afc5067b1916e75795522373" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\textstyle t=DT}" /></span> (<i>D</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Duty_cycle" title="Duty cycle">duty cycle</a>), and in <i>off state</i> from <i>D·T</i> to <i>T</i> (that is, during a period equal to <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle (1-D)T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle (1-D)T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2bcce4759b161d13cac01461065ed272f4b39306" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.373ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle (1-D)T}" /></span>). The average values of <i>V<sub>L1</sub></i> and <i>V<sub>L2</sub></i> are therefore: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {V}}_{L1}=D\cdot V_{s}+\left(1-D\right)\cdot \left(V_{s}-V_{C}\right)=\left(V_{s}-(1-D)\cdot V_{C}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {V}}_{L1}=D\cdot V_{s}+\left(1-D\right)\cdot \left(V_{s}-V_{C}\right)=\left(V_{s}-(1-D)\cdot V_{C}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b1d7036ef95dae3038c823d63222752233d658a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:57.48ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {V}}_{L1}=D\cdot V_{s}+\left(1-D\right)\cdot \left(V_{s}-V_{C}\right)=\left(V_{s}-(1-D)\cdot V_{C}\right)}" /></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {V}}_{L2}=D\left(V_{o}+V_{C}\right)+\left(1-D\right)\cdot V_{o}=\left(V_{o}+D\cdot V_{C}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {V}}_{L2}=D\left(V_{o}+V_{C}\right)+\left(1-D\right)\cdot V_{o}=\left(V_{o}+D\cdot V_{C}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bdecb6ad8875db68d9b0d79e4dc4120db7a195c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:50.455ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {V}}_{L2}=D\left(V_{o}+V_{C}\right)+\left(1-D\right)\cdot V_{o}=\left(V_{o}+D\cdot V_{C}\right)}" /></span> </p><p>As both average voltage have to be zero to satisfy the steady-state conditions, using the last equation we can write: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{C}=-{\frac {V_{o}}{D}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>D</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{C}=-{\frac {V_{o}}{D}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/169e80d7df28d5ef1c641da7f101ff1aa9827f85" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.964ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{C}=-{\frac {V_{o}}{D}}}" /></span> </p><p>So the average voltage across L<sub>1</sub> becomes: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {V}}_{L1}=\left(V_{s}+(1-D)\cdot {\frac {V_{o}}{D}}\right)=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>D</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {V}}_{L1}=\left(V_{s}+(1-D)\cdot {\frac {V_{o}}{D}}\right)=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e907347c74e19f0882735f15b8d0ecee8051d172" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:32.577ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {V}}_{L1}=\left(V_{s}+(1-D)\cdot {\frac {V_{o}}{D}}\right)=0}" /></span> </p><p>Which can be written as: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{o}}{V_{s}}}=-{\frac {D}{1-D}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>D</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{o}}{V_{s}}}=-{\frac {D}{1-D}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/443f782e5bd0a4ad21ec997f5fa5309683fa1e41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:14.891ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {V_{o}}{V_{s}}}=-{\frac {D}{1-D}}}" /></span> </p><p>It can be seen that this relation is the same as that obtained for the <a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">buck–boost converter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discontinuous_mode">Discontinuous mode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discontinuous mode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like all DC/DC converters, Ćuk converters rely on the ability of the inductors in the circuit to provide continuous current, in much the same way a capacitor in a rectifier filter provides continuous voltage. If this inductor is too small or below the "critical inductance", then the inductor current slope will be discontinuous where the current goes to zero. This state of operation is usually not studied in much depth as it is generally not used beyond a demonstrating of why the minimum inductance is crucial, although it may occur when maintaining a standby voltage at a much lower current than the converter was designed for. </p><p>The minimum inductance is given by: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{1}min={\frac {(1-D)^{2}R}{2Df_{s}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>m</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>D</mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>D</mi> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{1}min={\frac {(1-D)^{2}R}{2Df_{s}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5db6eb1ae47f309e617f7f9b2a7d09502915a6da" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:21.364ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{1}min={\frac {(1-D)^{2}R}{2Df_{s}}}}" /></span> </p><p>Where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{s}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{s}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/34f933ad7a8dc310b3fa8e9f7b0b2558cba136db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.143ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{s}}" /></span> is the switching frequency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isolated_Ćuk_converter"><span id="Isolated_.C4.86uk_converter"></span>Isolated Ćuk converter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isolated Ćuk converter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zero-IO-ripple-isolated-cuk-converter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zero-IO-ripple-isolated-cuk-converter.png/330px-Zero-IO-ripple-isolated-cuk-converter.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Zero-IO-ripple-isolated-cuk-converter.png/432px-Zero-IO-ripple-isolated-cuk-converter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Zero-IO-ripple-isolated-cuk-converter.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coupled inductor isolated Ćuk converter.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zero-ripple-isolated-cuk-converter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Zero-ripple-isolated-cuk-converter.png/330px-Zero-ripple-isolated-cuk-converter.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Zero-ripple-isolated-cuk-converter.png/432px-Zero-ripple-isolated-cuk-converter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Zero-ripple-isolated-cuk-converter.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Integrated magnetics Ćuk converter.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>For isolated version of Ćuk converter, an AC transformer and an additional capacitor must be added.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the isolated Ćuk converter is isolated, the output-voltage polarity can be chosen freely. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuk_converter_with_AC_transformer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cuk_converter_with_AC_transformer.svg/640px-Cuk_converter_with_AC_transformer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="640" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cuk_converter_with_AC_transformer.svg/960px-Cuk_converter_with_AC_transformer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cuk_converter_with_AC_transformer.svg/1280px-Cuk_converter_with_AC_transformer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Isolated Ćuk converter with gapless AC transformer.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the non-isolated Ćuk converter, the isolated Ćuk converter can have an output voltage magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude, even with a 1:1 AC transformer. However, the turns ratio can be controlled to reduce device stress on the input side. Additionally, the parasitic elements of the transformer, namely <a href="/wiki/Leakage_inductance" title="Leakage inductance">leakage inductance</a> and magnetizing inductance can be used to modify the circuit into a <a href="/wiki/Resonant_converter" title="Resonant converter">resonant converter</a> circuit which has much improved efficiency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_structures">Related structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Related structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inductor_coupling">Inductor coupling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inductor coupling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instead of using two discrete inductor components, many designers implement a <i>coupled inductor Ćuk converter</i>, using a single magnetic component that includes both inductors on the same core. The transformer action between the inductors inside that component gives a <i>coupled inductor Ćuk converter</i> with lower output ripple than a Ćuk converter using two independent discrete inductor components.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeta_converter">Zeta converter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Zeta converter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A zeta converter is a non-isolated, non-inverting, buck-boost power supply topology. Unlike the Ćuk and SEPIC converters, which are configured with a standard boost converter consisting of a series inductor and parallel switch, a zeta converter is configured with a buck converter constructed from a series switch and parallel inductor. The zeta converter typically uses a high-side PFET for the series switch, in contrast to the typical implementation of a low-side NFET in Ćuk and SEPIC converters. The zeta converter topology benefits from lower output voltage ripple and easier compensation than SEPIC converters. The tradeoff is higher input voltage ripple, the need for a large capacitor, and a specialised controller capable of driving a PFET.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter_(SEPIC)"><span id="Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter_.28SEPIC.29"></span>Single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SEPIC_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="SEPIC converter">SEPIC converter</a></div> <p>A SEPIC converter is able to step-up or step-down the voltage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>US Patent 4257087,<sup id="cite_ref-Patent4257087_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent4257087-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> filed in 1979, "<i>DC-to-DC switching converter with zero input and output current ripple and integrated magnetics circuits</i>", inventor <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_%C4%86uk" title="Slobodan Ćuk">Slobodan Ćuk</a>.</li> <li>US Patent 4274133,<sup id="cite_ref-Patent4274133_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent4274133-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> filed in 1979, "<i>DC-to-DC Converter having reduced ripple without need for adjustments</i>", inventor <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_%C4%86uk" title="Slobodan Ćuk">Slobodan Ćuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._D._Middlebrook" title="R. D. Middlebrook">R. D. Middlebrook</a>.</li> <li>US Patent 4184197,<sup id="cite_ref-Patent4184197_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent4184197-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> filed in 1977, "<i>DC-to-DC switching converter</i>", inventor <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_%C4%86uk" title="Slobodan Ćuk">Slobodan Ćuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._D._Middlebrook" title="R. D. Middlebrook">R. D. Middlebrook</a>.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Power Electronics, Vol. 4: State-Space Averaging and Ćuk Converters</i>; Ćuk Slobodan; 378 pages; 2016; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1519520289" title="Special:BookSources/978-1519520289">978-1519520289</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes incorrectly spelled <b>Cuk</b>, <b>Čuk</b> or <b>Cúk</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnushree2020" class="citation web cs1">Anushree, Anushree (2020-08-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eepower.com/technical-articles/intro-to-cuk-converters-part-1/">"What is a Ćuk Converter?"</a>. <i>eepower.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203082056/https://eepower.com/technical-articles/intro-to-cuk-converters-part-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eepower.com&rft.atitle=What+is+a+%C4%86uk+Converter%3F&rft.date=2020-08-03&rft.aulast=Anushree&rft.aufirst=Anushree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feepower.com%2Ftechnical-articles%2Fintro-to-cuk-converters-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%86uk+converter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFĆukMiddlebrook1976" class="citation conference cs1">Ćuk, Slobodan; Middlebrook, R. D. (June 8, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ee.bgu.ac.il/~kushnero/temp/guamicuk.pdf"><i>A General Unified Approach to Modelling Switching-Converter Power Stages</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Proceedings of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Cleveland, OH. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>86<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+General+Unified+Approach+to+Modelling+Switching-Converter+Power+Stages&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+OH.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1976-06-08&rft.aulast=%C4%86uk&rft.aufirst=Slobodan&rft.au=Middlebrook%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ee.bgu.ac.il%2F~kushnero%2Ftemp%2Fguamicuk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%86uk+converter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetrocelli2015" class="citation book cs1">Petrocelli, R. (2015). "One-Quadrant Switched-Mode Power Converters". In Bailey, R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/1641409"><i>Proceedings of the CAS–CERN Accelerator School: Power Converters</i></a>. Geneva: <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.02868">1607.02868</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5170%2FCERN-2015-003">10.5170/CERN-2015-003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789290834151" title="Special:BookSources/9789290834151"><bdi>9789290834151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=One-Quadrant+Switched-Mode+Power+Converters&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+CAS%E2%80%93CERN+Accelerator+School%3A+Power+Converters&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=CERN&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1607.02868&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5170%2FCERN-2015-003&rft.isbn=9789290834151&rft.aulast=Petrocelli&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F1641409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%86uk+converter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405041121/http://boostbuck.com/IsolationoftheCukConverter.html">boostbuck.com: Easy Design of the Optimum Topology Boostbuck (Cuk) Family of Power Converters: How to Design the Transformer in a Cuk Converter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406002915/http://boostbuck.com/TheFourTopologies.html">The Four Boostbuck Topologies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFalin2010" class="citation web cs1">Falin, Jeff (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slyt372/slyt372.pdf">"Designing DC/DC converters based on ZETA topology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ti.com</i>. Texas Instruments. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241215082115/https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slyt372/slyt372.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2024-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ti.com&rft.atitle=Designing+DC%2FDC+converters+based+on+ZETA+topology&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Falin&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ti.com%2Flit%2Fan%2Fslyt372%2Fslyt372.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%86uk+converter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patent4257087-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patent4257087_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4257087">U.S. Patent 4257087.</a>: "DC-to-DC switching converter with zero input and output current ripple and integrated magnetics circuits", filed 2 Apr 1979, retrieved 15 Jan 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patent4274133-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patent4274133_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4274133">U.S. Patent 4274133.</a>: "DC-to-DC Converter having reduced ripple without need for adjustments", filed 20 June 1979, retrieved 15 Jan 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patent4184197-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patent4184197_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4184197">U.S. Patent 4184197.</a>: "DC-to-DC switching converter", filed 28 Sep 1977, retrieved 15 Jan 2017.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86uk_converter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuk_converters" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cuk converters">Cuk converters</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">PMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">BioFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">Complementary MOS</a> (CMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">Depletion-load NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">Fin field-effect transistor</a> (FinFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a> (FGMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">Insulated-gate bipolar transistor</a> (IGBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multi-gate field-effect transistor</a> (MuGFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">Thin-film transistor</a> (TFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMOS" title="VMOS">VMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET#UMOS" title="Power MOSFET">UMOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Other <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_transistor" title="Darlington transistor">Darlington transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_junction_transistor" title="Diffused junction transistor">Diffused junction transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">Field-effect transistor</a> (FET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">Junction Gate FET (JFET)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">Organic FET (OFET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_transistor" title="Light-emitting transistor">Light-emitting transistor</a> (LET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic LET (OLET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode_transistor" title="Pentode transistor">Pentode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">Point-contact transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_unijunction_transistor" title="Programmable unijunction transistor">Programmable unijunction transistor</a> (PUT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">Static induction transistor</a> (SIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode_transistor" title="Tetrode transistor">Tetrode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unijunction_transistor" title="Unijunction transistor">Unijunction transistor</a> (UJT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a> (CLD, CRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">Step recovery diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIAC" title="DIAC">DIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterostructure_barrier_varactor" title="Heterostructure barrier varactor">Heterostructure barrier varactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting capacitor">Light emitting capacitor</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">Metal-oxide varistor</a> (MOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> (MOS IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">Organic semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">Photodetector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier" title="Silicon controlled rectifier">Silicon controlled rectifier</a> (SCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaristor" title="Solaristor">Solaristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_thyristor" title="Static induction thyristor">Static induction thyristor</a> (SITh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trancitor" title="Trancitor">Trancitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">Linear regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator" title="Low-dropout regulator">Low-dropout regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching regulator">Switching regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck–boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-pi_topology" title="Split-pi topology">Split-pi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ćuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter" title="Single-ended primary-inductor converter">SEPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">Charge pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">Switched capacitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Barretter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">Triode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">RF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a> (BWO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Cavity magnetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossed-field_amplifier" title="Crossed-field amplifier">Crossed-field amplifier</a> (CFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrotron" title="Gyrotron">Gyrotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a> (IOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">Maser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> (TWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">Mercury-arc valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">Voltage-regulator tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Adjustable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">Potentiometer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">Variable capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Connector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_connector" title="RF connector">RF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">Electrolytic detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrite_core" title="Ferrite core">Ferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="EFUSE">eFUSE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">Thermistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_wire" title="Wollaston wire">Wollaston wire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">Reactive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor_types" title="Capacitor types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">Ceramic resonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">Crystal oscillator</a></li> <li><a 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