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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Batesian-Wallacian or prey mimicry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batesian-Wallacian_or_prey_mimicry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wicklerian-Eisnerian_or_cryptic_aggressive_mimicry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicklerian-Eisnerian_or_cryptic_aggressive_mimicry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Wicklerian-Eisnerian or cryptic aggressive mimicry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicklerian-Eisnerian_or_cryptic_aggressive_mimicry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mimicry_of_cleaner_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mimicry_of_cleaner_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mimicry of cleaner fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mimicry_of_cleaner_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites_mimicking_host_prey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites_mimicking_host_prey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Parasites mimicking host prey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites_mimicking_host_prey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wolf_in_sheep's_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wolf_in_sheep's_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wolf in sheep's clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wolf_in_sheep's_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="تقلید پرخاشگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقلید پرخاشگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimikri_agresif" title="Mimikri agresif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mimikri agresif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חקיינות אגרסיבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חקיינות אגרסיבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აგრესიული მიმიკრია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აგრესიული მიმიკრია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A0%E5%9E%8B%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B" title="ペッカム型擬態 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペッカム型擬態" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="یرغلیز تقلید – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یرغلیز تقلید" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimetismo_agressivo" title="Mimetismo agressivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mimetismo agressivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E5%9E%8B%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B" title="攻擊型擬態 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="攻擊型擬態" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deceptive mimicry of a harmless species by a predator</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humpback_anglerfish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Humpback_anglerfish.png/300px-Humpback_anglerfish.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Humpback_anglerfish.png/450px-Humpback_anglerfish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Humpback_anglerfish.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Humpback_anglerfish" title="Humpback anglerfish">humpback anglerfish</a> uses a modified dorsal spine as a fishing rod with a <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">bioluminescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Fin_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Fin ray">lure</a> to attract and capture prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Haddock_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haddock-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow_Leopard_in_Ladakh(_Photo_by_Tashi_Lonchay).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Snow_Leopard_in_Ladakh%28_Photo_by_Tashi_Lonchay%29.jpg/300px-Snow_Leopard_in_Ladakh%28_Photo_by_Tashi_Lonchay%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Snow_Leopard_in_Ladakh%28_Photo_by_Tashi_Lonchay%29.jpg/450px-Snow_Leopard_in_Ladakh%28_Photo_by_Tashi_Lonchay%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Snow_Leopard_in_Ladakh%28_Photo_by_Tashi_Lonchay%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged</a> <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predator</a>: <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>. The distinction between aggressive mimicry and predator camouflage depends on the signal given to the prey, not easily determined.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aggressive mimicry</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoids</a> share similar <a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">signals</a>, using a harmless model, allowing them to avoid being correctly identified by their prey or <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a>. Zoologists have repeatedly compared this strategy to a <a href="/wiki/Wolf_in_sheep%27s_clothing" title="Wolf in sheep's clothing">wolf in sheep's clothing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NelsonJackson2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NelsonJackson2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HenebergPerger2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HenebergPerger2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levine2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its broadest sense, aggressive mimicry could include various types of exploitation, as when an orchid exploits a male insect by mimicking a sexually receptive female (see <a href="/wiki/Pseudocopulation" title="Pseudocopulation">pseudocopulation</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_1965_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler_1965-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but will here be restricted to forms of exploitation involving feeding. For example, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous Australians</a> who dress up as and imitate <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroos</a> when <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> would not be considered aggressive mimics, nor would a human <a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">angler</a>, though they are undoubtedly practising <a href="/wiki/Self-decoration_camouflage" title="Self-decoration camouflage">self-decoration camouflage</a>. Treated separately is <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mimicry" title="Molecular mimicry">molecular mimicry</a>, which shares some similarity; for instance a <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> may mimic the molecular properties of its host, allowing it access to its cells. An alternative term, <b>Peckhamian mimicry</b>, has been suggested (after <a href="/wiki/George_and_Elizabeth_Peckham" title="George and Elizabeth Peckham">George and Elizabeth Peckham</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is seldom used.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aggressive mimicry is opposite in principle to <a href="/wiki/Mimicry#Defensive" title="Mimicry">defensive mimicry</a>, where the mimic generally benefits from being treated as harmful. The mimic may resemble its own prey, or some other organism which is beneficial or at least not harmful to the prey. The model, i.e. the organism being 'imitated', may experience increased or reduced <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a>, or may not be affected at all by the relationship. On the other hand, the signal receiver inevitably suffers from being tricked, as is the case in most mimicry complexes. </p><p>Aggressive mimicry often involves the predator employing signals which draw its potential prey towards it, a strategy which allows predators to simply sit and wait for prey to come to them. The promise of food or <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">sex</a> are most commonly used as lures. However, this need not be the case; as long as the predator's true identity is concealed, it may be able to approach prey more easily than would otherwise be the case. In terms of species involved, systems may be composed of two or three species; in two-species systems the signal receiver, or "dupe", is the model. </p><p>In terms of the <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual</a> dimension, the distinction between aggressive mimicry and <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> is not always clear. Authors such as Wickler<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have emphasized the significance of the signal to its receiver as delineating mimicry from camouflage. However, it is not easy to assess how 'significant' a signal may be for the dupe, and the distinction between the two can thus be rather fuzzy. Mixed signals may be employed: aggressive mimics often have a specific part of the body sending a deceptive signal, with the rest being hidden or camouflaged. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contrast_with_defensive_mimicry">Contrast with defensive mimicry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contrast with defensive mimicry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrphid_fly_Mallota_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Syrphid_fly_Mallota_1.jpg/220px-Syrphid_fly_Mallota_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Syrphid_fly_Mallota_1.jpg/330px-Syrphid_fly_Mallota_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Syrphid_fly_Mallota_1.jpg/440px-Syrphid_fly_Mallota_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Defensive <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimics</a>, like this bumblebee-mimicking hoverfly, are the antithesis of aggressive mimics.</figcaption></figure><p> Aggressive mimicry stands in semantic contrast with <i>defensive mimicry</i>, where it is the <i>prey</i> that acts as a mimic, with <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> being duped. Defensive mimicry includes the well-known <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian</a> forms of mimicry, where the mimic shares outward characteristics with an <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematic</a> or harmful model. In Batesian mimicry, the mimic is modeled on a dangerous (usually unpalatable) species, while in Müllerian mimicry both species are harmful, and act as comimics, converging on a common set of signals and sharing the burden of 'educating' their predators. Included in defensive mimicry is the lesser known <a href="/wiki/Mertensian_mimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mertensian mimicry">Mertensian mimicry</a>, where the mimic is <i>more</i> harmful than the model, and <a href="/wiki/Vavilovian_mimicry" title="Vavilovian mimicry">Vavilovian mimicry</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a> come to mimic crops through unintentional artificial selection. In defensive mimicry, the mimic benefits by avoiding a harmful interaction with another organism that would be more likely to take place without the deceptive signals employed. Harmful interactions might involve being eaten, or pulled out of the ground as a weed. In contrast, the aggressive mimic benefits from an interaction that would be less likely to take place without the deception, at the expense of its target.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aggressive_Mimicry_(4_diagrams).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aggressive_Mimicry_%284_diagrams%29.svg/880px-Aggressive_Mimicry_%284_diagrams%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="880" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aggressive_Mimicry_%284_diagrams%29.svg/1320px-Aggressive_Mimicry_%284_diagrams%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aggressive_Mimicry_%284_diagrams%29.svg/1760px-Aggressive_Mimicry_%284_diagrams%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Aggressive mimicry compared to a defensive form, <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a>. The mechanism is often called "<a href="/wiki/Wolf_in_sheep%27s_clothing" title="Wolf in sheep's clothing">Wolf in sheep's clothing</a>". The model for an aggressive mimic can be a harmless species, in which case the 3 roles are separate, or the model can be the prey itself, in which case there are only 2 species involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luring_prey">Luring prey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Luring prey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases the dupe is lured toward the mimic. This involves mimicry of a resource that is often vital to the prey's survival (or more precisely, the survival of its <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>) such as nutrition or a mate. If the bait offered is of little value to prey they would not be expected to take such a risk. For example, in all known cases of sexual signal mimicry it is always the male <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> that is deceived (in fact, it has been suggested that females of some species have evolved mimicry as a strategy to avoid <a href="/wiki/Sexual_conflict" title="Sexual conflict">unwanted matings</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these cases the predator need not move about <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> for prey, but may simply stay still and allow prey to come to it. Some studies suggest that the <a href="/wiki/Northern_shrike" title="Northern shrike">northern shrike</a> (<i>Lanius excubitor</i>) sings in winter often imitating small passerines that may be preyed upon when lured within reach.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been one report of a <a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">margay</a> using mimicry of the cry of an infant <a href="/wiki/Saguinus_bicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguinus bicolor">pied tamarin</a> to try to lure an adult tamarin within striking distance.<sup id="cite_ref-Calleia_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calleia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appearance_of_food">Appearance of food</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appearance of food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alligator_Snapping_Turtle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alligator_Snapping_Turtle.jpg/220px-Alligator_Snapping_Turtle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alligator_Snapping_Turtle.jpg/330px-Alligator_Snapping_Turtle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alligator_Snapping_Turtle.jpg/440px-Alligator_Snapping_Turtle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle" title="Alligator snapping turtle">alligator snapping turtle</a> uses its <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> to lure fish.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many aggressive mimics use the promise of nourishment as a way of attracting prey. The <a href="/wiki/Alligator_snapping_turtle" title="Alligator snapping turtle">alligator snapping turtle</a> (<i>Macrochelys temminckii</i>) is a well-camouflaged <a href="/wiki/Ambush_predator" title="Ambush predator">ambush predator</a>. Its tongue bears a conspicuous pink extension that resembles a <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worm</a> and can be wriggled around;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fish that try to eat the "worm" are themselves eaten by the turtle. Similarly, some snakes employ <a href="/wiki/Caudal_luring" title="Caudal luring">caudal luring</a> (using the tail)<sup id="cite_ref-vanewright_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanewright-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shuettetal84_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuettetal84-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Lingual_luring" title="Lingual luring">lingual luring</a> (using the tongue) to entice small vertebrates into striking range.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A.argentata01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/A.argentata01.jpg/170px-A.argentata01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/A.argentata01.jpg/255px-A.argentata01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/A.argentata01.jpg/340px-A.argentata01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Argiope_argentata" title="Argiope argentata">Argiope argentata</a></i> and its web</figcaption></figure> <p>Aggressive mimicry is common amongst <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, both in luring prey and stealthily approaching predators.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One case is the <a href="/wiki/Golden_orb_weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden orb weaver">golden orb weaver</a> (<i>Nephila clavipes</i>), which spins a conspicuous golden coloured web in well-lit areas. Experiments show that bees are able to associate the webs with danger when the yellow pigment is not present, as occurs in less well-lit areas where the web is much harder to see. Other colours too were learned and avoided, but bees seemed least able to effectively associate yellow pigmented webs with danger. Yellow is the colour of many nectar bearing flowers, however, so perhaps avoiding yellow is not worthwhile. Another form of mimicry is based not on colour but pattern. Species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Argiope_argentata" title="Argiope argentata">Argiope argentata</a></i> employ <a href="/wiki/Web_decoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Web decoration">prominent patterns</a> in the middle of their webs, such as zigzags. These may reflect <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light, and mimic the pattern seen in many flowers known as <a href="/wiki/Nectar_guide" title="Nectar guide">nectar guides</a>. Spiders change their web day to day, which can be explained by bees' ability to remember web patterns. Bees are able to associate a certain pattern with a spatial location, meaning the spider must spin a new pattern regularly or suffer diminishing prey capture.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg/170px-Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg/255px-Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg/340px-Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>The bright leaves of the <a href="/wiki/Venus_flytrap" title="Venus flytrap">Venus flytrap</a> (<i>Dionaea muscipula</i>) attract insects in the same way as flowers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Spiders can be the prey of aggressive mimics. The <a href="/wiki/Assassin_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassin bug">assassin bug</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Stenolemus_bituberus" title="Stenolemus bituberus">Stenolemus bituberus</a></i> preys on spiders, entering their web and plucking its silk threads until the spider approaches. This vibrational aggressive mimicry matches a general pattern of vibrations which spiders treat as prey, having a similar temporal structure and amplitude to leg and body movements of typical prey caught in the web.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Carabidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carabidae">ground beetle</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Epomis" title="Epomis">Epomis</a></i> move their mandibles one after another to lure amphibians toward them and then prey on them. Their body structure allows them to bite and feed on the amphibians even when they are ingested by larger prey such as frogs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> are better known for defensive mimicry, there are exceptions. For example, many flowers use mimicry to attract pollinators, while others may trick insects into dispersing their seeds. Nonetheless, most mimicry in plants<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would not be classified as aggressive, as although <a href="/wiki/Entomophily" title="Entomophily">luring pollinators</a> is similar to cases above, they are certainly not eaten by the plant. However some <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivorous plants</a> may be able to increase their rate of capture through mimicry.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, some have patterns in the ultraviolet region of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, much like the spider webs described above.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bipolar_mimicry_systems">Bipolar mimicry systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bipolar mimicry systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mimicry systems involving only two species are known as <i>bipolar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one bipolar arrangement is possible here, namely where the dupe is itself the model.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two such variants on this arrangement of mimic imitating its target. In one case, Kirbyan mimicry, the model is the host of a <a href="/wiki/Brood_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasite">brood parasite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_1823_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_1823-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the other case, termed <i>Batesian-Wallacian mimicry</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after <a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the model is the prey species. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Kirbyan"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kirbyan_or_brood_parasite_mimicry">Kirbyan or brood parasite mimicry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kirbyan or brood parasite mimicry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">Brood parasitism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG/170px-Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG/255px-Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG/340px-Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">Brood parasitism</a>: four clutches of <a href="/wiki/Reed_warbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed warbler">reed warbler</a> eggs, each containing one (larger) <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoo</a> egg</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Host-parasite mimicry</i> is a situation where a parasite mimics its own host. As with mimicry of the female sex outlined previously, only two species are involved, the model and mimic being of the same species. <a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">Brood parasitism</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">kleptoparasitism</a> where the mother has its offspring raised by another unwitting organism, is one such situation where host-parasite mimicry has evolved. Georges Pasteur<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> terms this form of aggressive-reproductive mimicry <i>Kirbyan mimicry</i>, after the English <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomologist</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Kirby_(entomologist)" title="William Kirby (entomologist)">William Kirby</a>, who noticed that the young of <a href="/wiki/Syrphid" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrphid">syrphid</a> hoverflies are raised by <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">bumblebees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_1823_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_1823-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Batesian-Wallacian_or_prey_mimicry">Batesian-Wallacian or prey mimicry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Batesian-Wallacian or prey mimicry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Batesian-Wallacian mimicry, the model is a sexually receptive female, which provides a strong attractive effect on males. Some spiders use chemical rather than visual means to ensnare prey. Female <a href="/wiki/Bolas_spider" title="Bolas spider">bolas spiders</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Mastophora_(spider)" title="Mastophora (spider)">Mastophora</a></i> lure male moth-flies (<a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a>, true flies, but resembling moths) by producing analogues of the fly species' <a href="/wiki/Sex_pheromone" title="Sex pheromone">sex pheromones</a>. Each species of spider appears to <a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">specialize</a> in a particular species of prey in the family <a href="/wiki/Psychodidae" title="Psychodidae">Psychodidae</a>. Juveniles use their front pair of legs to capture prey, such as <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a>. Older spiders use a different strategy however, swinging a sticky ball known as a <i>bolas</i> suspended by a silk thread at moths. But both old and juvenile are able to lure prey via this olfactory signal; even young spiderlings have been shown to attract prey species.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 273.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastophora_et_sa_proie_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mastophora spider holding its bolas with a leg, attracting and capturing a male moth"><img alt="Mastophora spider holding its bolas with a leg, attracting and capturing a male moth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mastophora_et_sa_proie_2.jpg/410px-Mastophora_et_sa_proie_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mastophora_et_sa_proie_2.jpg/615px-Mastophora_et_sa_proie_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mastophora_et_sa_proie_2.jpg/820px-Mastophora_et_sa_proie_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mastophora spider holding its bolas with a leg, attracting and capturing a male moth</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_katydid_QL.RIA_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The spotted predatory katydid (Chlorobalius leucoviridis) is an acoustic aggressive mimic of cicadas."><img alt="The spotted predatory katydid (Chlorobalius leucoviridis) is an acoustic aggressive mimic of cicadas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marshall_katydid_QL.RIA_small.jpg/274px-Marshall_katydid_QL.RIA_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marshall_katydid_QL.RIA_small.jpg/410px-Marshall_katydid_QL.RIA_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marshall_katydid_QL.RIA_small.jpg/547px-Marshall_katydid_QL.RIA_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The spotted predatory katydid (<i>Chlorobalius leucoviridis</i>) is an acoustic aggressive mimic of cicadas.</div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorobalius_leucoviridis_mimicry1.ogg" title="File:Chlorobalius leucoviridis mimicry1.ogg"><i>Chlorobalius leucoviridis</i> mimicry of <i>Kobonga oxleyi</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="20" data-mwtitle="Chlorobalius_leucoviridis_mimicry1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/Chlorobalius_leucoviridis_mimicry1.ogg/Chlorobalius_leucoviridis_mimicry1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Chlorobalius_leucoviridis_mimicry1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><i>Kobonga oxleyi</i> cicada song with reply clicks from a <i>Chlorobalius leucoviridis</i></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorobalius_leucoviridis_mimicry2.ogg" title="File:Chlorobalius leucoviridis mimicry2.ogg"><i>Chlorobalius leucoviridis</i> mimicry of <i>Pauropsalta</i> sp.</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="Chlorobalius_leucoviridis_mimicry2.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Chlorobalius_leucoviridis_mimicry2.ogg/Chlorobalius_leucoviridis_mimicry2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Chlorobalius_leucoviridis_mimicry2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><i>Pauropsalta</i> sp. "Sandstone" song with reply clicks from a <i>Chlorobalius leucoviridis</i></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The listroscelidine katydid <i><a href="/wiki/Chlorobalius_leucoviridis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorobalius leucoviridis">Chlorobalius leucoviridis</a></i> of inland Australia is capable of attracting male cicadas of the Tribe Cicadettini by imitating the species-specific reply clicks of sexually receptive female cicadas. This example of acoustic aggressive mimicry is similar to the <i>Photuris</i> firefly case in that the predator's mimicry is remarkably versatile – playback experiments show that <i>C. leucoviridis</i> is able to attract males of many cicada species, including Cicadettine cicadas from other continents, even though cicada mating signals are species-specific. The evolution of versatile mimicry in <i>C. leucoviridis</i> may have been facilitated by constraints on song evolution in duetting communication systems in which reply signals are recognizable only by their precise timing in relation to the male song (<< 100 ms reply latency).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Female <a href="/wiki/Firefly" title="Firefly">fireflies</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Photuris_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Photuris (genus)">Photuris</a></i> emit the same light signals that females of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Photinus_(beetle)" title="Photinus (beetle)">Photinus</a></i> use as a mating signal.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male fireflies from several different <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> are attracted to these mimics, and are subsequently captured and eaten. Female signals are based on that received from the male, each female having a repertoire of signals matching the delay and duration of the female of the corresponding species. This mimicry may have evolved from non-mating signals that have become modified for predation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Wicklerian-Eisnerian"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wicklerian-Eisnerian_or_cryptic_aggressive_mimicry">Wicklerian-Eisnerian or cryptic aggressive mimicry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wicklerian-Eisnerian or cryptic aggressive mimicry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZonetailedHawk2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ZonetailedHawk2.jpg/220px-ZonetailedHawk2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ZonetailedHawk2.jpg/330px-ZonetailedHawk2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ZonetailedHawk2.jpg/440px-ZonetailedHawk2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The zone-tailed hawk resembles the harmless <a href="/wiki/Turkey_vulture" title="Turkey vulture">turkey vulture</a> in flight, but attacks other species.</figcaption></figure> <p>The prey does not have to be attracted towards the predator for the predator to benefit: it is sufficient for the predator simply not to be identified as a threat. Wicklerian-Eisnerian mimics may resemble a <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> ally, or a species of little significance to the prey such as a <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">hemipteran</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Arachnocoris" title="Arachnocoris">Arachnocoris berytoides</a></i> resembles <i><a href="/wiki/Faiditus" title="Faiditus">Faiditus caudatus</a></i>, a spider commensal of ants.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cryptic_aggressive_mimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptic aggressive mimicry">cryptic aggressive mimicry</a>, the predator mimics an organism that its prey is indifferent to. This allows the predator to avoid detection until the prey are close enough for the predator to strike, effectively a form of <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zone-tailed_hawk" title="Zone-tailed hawk">zone-tailed hawk</a> (<i>Buteo albonotatus</i>), which resembles the <a href="/wiki/Turkey_vulture" title="Turkey vulture">turkey vulture</a> (<i>Cathartes aura</i>), may provide one such example. It flies amongst them, suddenly breaking from the formation and ambushing its prey.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some controversy over whether this is a true case of mimicry.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mimicry_of_cleaner_fish">Mimicry of cleaner fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mimicry of cleaner fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cleaning_symbiosis" title="Cleaning symbiosis">Cleaning symbiosis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg/220px-Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg/330px-Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg/440px-Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroides_dimidiatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Two bluestreak cleaner wrasse cleaning a <a href="/wiki/Potato_grouper" title="Potato grouper">potato grouper</a>, <i>Epinephelus tukula</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Mimicry of mutualistic species is seen in coral reef fish, where the models, certain <a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">cleaner fish</a>, are greatly disadvantaged by the presence of the mimic. Cleaner fish are <a href="/wiki/Cleaning_symbiosis" title="Cleaning symbiosis">mutually beneficial</a> to many other species, which allows them to eat their parasites and dead skin. Some allow the cleaner to venture inside their mouths and gill cavities to hunt these parasites. However, one species of cleaner, the <a href="/wiki/Bluestreak_cleaner_wrasse" title="Bluestreak cleaner wrasse">bluestreak cleaner wrasse</a> (<i>Labroides dimidiatus</i>), is the model of a mimic, the <a href="/wiki/Sabre-toothed_blenny" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabre-toothed blenny">sabre-toothed blenny</a> (<i>Aspidontus taeniatus</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Cleaner_wrasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleaner wrasse">cleaner wrasse</a>, shown in the image cleaning a <a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">grouper</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Epinephelus" title="Epinephelus">Epinephelus</a></i>, resides in <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> in the Indian and the Pacific Oceans, and is recognised by other fishes who allow it to clean them. The <a href="/wiki/Blenny" class="mw-redirect" title="Blenny">blenny</a> lives in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and not only looks like the cleaner wrasse in terms of size and <a href="/wiki/Animal_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal colouration">coloration</a>, but even mimics the cleaner wrasse's 'dance'. Having fooled its prey into letting its guard down, the sabre-toothed blenny bites it, <a href="/wiki/Lepidophagy" title="Lepidophagy">tearing off scales</a> or pieces of fin. Fish grazed upon in this fashion learn to distinguish mimic from model, but because of the similarity between the two, they become much more cautious of the model as well, such that both are affected. Due to victims' ability to discriminate between foe and helper, the blennies have evolved close similarity, down to the regional level.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another aggressive mimic of the cleaner wrasse, the <a href="/wiki/Bluestriped_fangblenny" title="Bluestriped fangblenny">bluestriped fangblenny</a>, has evolved an <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a>-containing venom which dulls pain and lowers blood pressure, confusing the bitten host and giving the mimic time to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasites_mimicking_host_prey">Parasites mimicking host prey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parasites mimicking host prey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a></div> <p>Just as predators such as <a href="/wiki/Angler_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Angler fish">angler fish</a> have a structure that lures prey, so some parasites mimic their host's natural prey, but with roles reversed; the parasite gets eaten by the host. This <a href="/wiki/Deception_in_animals" title="Deception in animals">deception</a> provides the parasite easy entry into the host, which they can then feed upon, allowing them to continue their life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One such case is a genus of mussel, <i><a href="/wiki/Lampsilis" title="Lampsilis">Lampsilis</a></i>, which feeds on the <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> of fish in the larval stage of their development. Once they mature, they leave the fish as adult mollusc. Gaining entry into the host is not an easy task though, despite the fact that several hundred thousand larvae are released at once. This is especially the case in flowing water bodies such as streams, where they cannot lie on the substrate and wait to be taken up in the course of foraging. Female <i>Lampsilis</i> have evolved a special technique for delivering their offspring into a suitable host, however. Structures on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">mantle</a> are able to capture the interest of fish. Some resemble small fish themselves, with eye spots, a "tail" and horizontal stripes, and may even move in a similar fashion, as if facing the current (<a href="/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">rheotaxis</a>). When overshadowed by a fish, the larvae are forcefully expelled, becoming ecto-parasites on their unsuspecting host.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of <i><a href="/wiki/Lampsilis" title="Lampsilis">Lampsilis</a></i>, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Lampsilis_ovata" title="Lampsilis ovata">Lampsilis ovata</a></i>, attract fish in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Micropterus" title="Micropterus">Micropterus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Villosa" title="Villosa">Villosa</a></i> has fish-like mantle lures that attract predatory fish <i><a href="/wiki/Percina" title="Percina">Percina</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Cercaria mirabilis</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Trematode" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematode">trematode</a>, has an especially large larval stage, a <a href="/wiki/Cercaria" title="Cercaria">cercaria</a>, which looks much like a small crustacean or mosquito larva. It mimics the <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotory</a> behavior of such animals, allowing it to be eaten by predaceous fish.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another parasitic trematode example is seen in a terrestrial setting. <i><a href="/wiki/Leucochloridium" title="Leucochloridium">Leucochloridium</a></i> is a genus of <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworm</a> (phylum Platyhelminthes) which matures in the intestine of <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbirds</a>. Their eggs pass out of the bird in the <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> and are then taken in by <i><a href="/wiki/Succinea" title="Succinea">Succinea</a></i>, a terrestrial snail that lives in moist environments. The eggs develop into larvae inside this <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_host" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate host">intermediate host</a>, and then must find their way into the digestive system of a suitable bird. The problem here is that these birds do not eat snails, so the sporocyst must find some way of manipulating its future host into eating it. Unlike related species, these parasites are brightly colored and able to move in a pulsating manner. A sporocyst sac forces its way into the snail's eye stalks, and pulsates at high speed, enlarging the tentacle in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It affects the host's behavior: the snail moves towards light, which it usually avoids. These combined factors make the sporocysts highly conspicuous, such that they are soon eaten by a hungry songbird. The snail then regenerates its tentacles, and <i>Leucochloridium</i> carries on with its life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickler_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wolf_in_sheep's_clothing"><span id="Wolf_in_sheep.27s_clothing"></span>Wolf in sheep's clothing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wolf in sheep's clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wolf_in_sheep%27s_clothing" title="Wolf in sheep's clothing">Wolf in sheep's clothing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf_in_Sheep%27s_Clothing_-_J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer_-_Sztuka_polska_-_Malarstwo_1903_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wolf_in_Sheep%27s_Clothing_-_J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer_-_Sztuka_polska_-_Malarstwo_1903_%28detail%29.jpg/180px-Wolf_in_Sheep%27s_Clothing_-_J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer_-_Sztuka_polska_-_Malarstwo_1903_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wolf_in_Sheep%27s_Clothing_-_J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer_-_Sztuka_polska_-_Malarstwo_1903_%28detail%29.jpg/270px-Wolf_in_Sheep%27s_Clothing_-_J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer_-_Sztuka_polska_-_Malarstwo_1903_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Wolf_in_Sheep%27s_Clothing_-_J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer_-_Sztuka_polska_-_Malarstwo_1903_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption><i>Wolf in Sheep's Clothing</i> by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer" title="Józef Mehoffer">Józef Mehoffer</a>, 1903. Detail of album cover</figcaption></figure> <p>Zoologists have repeatedly compared aggressive mimicry to the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_in_sheep%27s_clothing" title="Wolf in sheep's clothing">wolf in sheep's clothing</a> strategy of <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cross_2018_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross_2018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including when describing <a href="/wiki/Salticidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salticidae">jumping spiders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NelsonJackson2009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NelsonJackson2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HenebergPerger2018_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HenebergPerger2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chrysopa" title="Chrysopa">lacewings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EisnerHicks1978_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EisnerHicks1978-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ant_mimicry" title="Ant mimicry">ant-mimicking</a> <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SalazarFürstenau2015_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalazarFürstenau2015-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">hemipteran</a> bugs mimicking <a href="/wiki/Chrysomelidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysomelidae">chrysomelid beetles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bird-dropping_spider" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird-dropping spider">bird-dropping spiders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Levine2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flower_mantis" title="Flower mantis">orchid mantises</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Levine2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cichlidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichlidae">cichlid fish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BoileauCortesi2015_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoileauCortesi2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the zone-tailed hawk which flies with <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a>, enabling it to approach terrestrial prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2009_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2009-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stolesen_2010_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stolesen_2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These animals have <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> to <a href="/wiki/Deception_in_animals" title="Deception in animals">deceive their prey</a> by appearing as other prey, or like <a href="/wiki/Angler_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Angler fish">angler fish</a><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2009_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2009-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Macroclemys" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroclemys">snapping turtles</a><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2009_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2009-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lure the prey by appearing as the prey's prey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasteur (1982) describes the term as redundant and states that there are many different forms of aggressive mimicry. The term was used earlier by Bates (1862) and Kirby & Spence (1823).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of mimicry in plants, see Wiens, 1978. Some plants mimic inanimate objects such as stones, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Mesembryanthemum" title="Mesembryanthemum">Mesembryanthemum</a></i>, clearly not aggressive. Some <a href="/wiki/Entomophily" title="Entomophily">entomophilous</a> plants such as the <a href="/wiki/Bee_orchid" title="Bee orchid">bee orchid</a> attract pollinators by mimicking female insects, the males attempting to mate with the flower, but the duped insects are not eaten, and the mimicry is thus not aggressive. In <a href="/wiki/Vavilovian_mimicry" title="Vavilovian mimicry">Vavilovian mimicry</a>, weeds of crops have evolved seeds similar to those of the crop, enabling the weed to be propagated by being planted as crop seed. But again, this cannot be called aggressive.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiens_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiens-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barrett_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The only theoretical possibilities outside this scope are a) a two species system with a model-mimic - perhaps a predator pretending to be a <i>sleeping or dead</i> predator (this stretches the usual scope of mimicry somewhat); and b) a <a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (zoology)">cannibalistic</a> species where a cannibalistic organism individual mimics another species.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Haddock-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haddock_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaddockMolineCase2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Haddock" title="Steven Haddock">Haddock, Steven H.D.</a>; Moline, Mark A.; Case, James F. (2010). "Bioluminescence in the Sea". <i>Annual Review of Marine Science</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">443–</span>493. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ARMS....2..443H">2010ARMS....2..443H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-marine-120308-081028">10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21141672">21141672</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3872860">3872860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Bioluminescence+in+the+Sea&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E443-%3C%2Fspan%3E493&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-marine-120308-081028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3872860%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21141672&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010ARMS....2..443H&rft.aulast=Haddock&rft.aufirst=Steven+H.D.&rft.au=Moline%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Case%2C+James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NelsonJackson2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NelsonJackson2009_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NelsonJackson2009_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonJackson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, X. J.; Jackson, R. R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2827978">"Aggressive use of Batesian mimicry by an ant-like jumping spider"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>5</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">755–</span>757. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0355">10.1098/rsbl.2009.0355</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2827978">2827978</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19570776">19570776</a>. <q><i>Cosmophasis bitaeniata</i>, like comparable examples from insects (Eisner et al. 1978; Lucas & Brodeur 2001), can be likened to a wolf in sheep's clothing (e.g. Eisner et al. 1978). These predators practise aggressive mimicry by making it easy for prey to misidentify the predator as just another member of a prey group, as though lulling the prey into a false sense of security.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Aggressive+use+of+Batesian+mimicry+by+an+ant-like+jumping+spider&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E755-%3C%2Fspan%3E757&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2827978%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19570776&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0355&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=X.+J.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2827978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HenebergPerger2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HenebergPerger2018_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HenebergPerger2018_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenebergPergerRubio2018" class="citation journal cs1">Heneberg, Petr; Perger, Robert; Rubio, Gonzalo D. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5783343">"A wolf in sheep's clothing: The description of a fly resembling jumping spider of the genus <i>Scoturius</i> Simon, 1901 (Araneae: Salticidae: Huriini)"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>13</b> (1): e0190582. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1390582P">2018PLoSO..1390582P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0190582">10.1371/journal.pone.0190582</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5783343">5783343</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29364905">29364905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+wolf+in+sheep%27s+clothing%3A+The+description+of+a+fly+resembling+jumping+spider+of+the+genus+Scoturius+Simon%2C+1901+%28Araneae%3A+Salticidae%3A+Huriini%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e0190582&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5783343%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29364905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0190582&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1390582P&rft.aulast=Heneberg&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft.au=Perger%2C+Robert&rft.au=Rubio%2C+Gonzalo+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5783343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levine2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levine2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levine2014_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2014" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Timothy R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JmlBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA675"><i>Encyclopedia of Deception</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 675. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-8898-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-8898-4"><bdi>978-1-4833-8898-4</bdi></a>. <q>In aggressive mimicry, the predator is 'a wolf in sheep's clothing'. Mimicry is used to appear harmless or even attractive to lure its prey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Deception&rft.pages=675&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-8898-4&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Timothy+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JmlBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickler_1965-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wickler_1965_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickler1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wickler, Wolfgang</a> (1965). "Mimicry and the evolution of animal communication". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>208</b> (5010): <span class="nowrap">519–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965Natur.208..519W">1965Natur.208..519W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F208519a0">10.1038/208519a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37649827">37649827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Mimicry+and+the+evolution+of+animal+communication&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=5010&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E519-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37649827%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F208519a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965Natur.208..519W&rft.aulast=Wickler&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckham1889" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_and_Elizabeth_Peckham" title="George and Elizabeth Peckham">Peckham, Elizabeth G.</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peckhamia.com/editions/Peckham%201889%20Protective%20resemblances%20in%20spiders.pdf">"Protective resemblances of spiders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Occasional Papers of Natural History Society of Wisconsin</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">61–</span>113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+of+Natural+History+Society+of+Wisconsin&rft.atitle=Protective+resemblances+of+spiders&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peckhamia.com%2Feditions%2FPeckham%25201889%2520Protective%2520resemblances%2520in%2520spiders.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckhamPeckham1892" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_and_Elizabeth_Peckham" title="George and Elizabeth Peckham">Peckham, Elizabeth G.</a>; Peckham, George W. (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia600200.us.archive.org/22/items/biostor-118041/biostor-118041.pdf">"Ant-like spiders of the family Attidae"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Occasional Papers of Natural History Society of Wisconsin</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+of+Natural+History+Society+of+Wisconsin&rft.atitle=Ant-like+spiders+of+the+family+Attidae&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+G.&rft.au=Peckham%2C+George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia600200.us.archive.org%2F22%2Fitems%2Fbiostor-118041%2Fbiostor-118041.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickler-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wickler_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wickler_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wickler_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wickler_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickler,_Wolfgang1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wickler, Wolfgang</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mimicryinplantsa00wick"><i>Mimicry in plants and animals</i></a></span>. McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mimicry+in+plants+and+animals&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Wickler%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmimicryinplantsa00wick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pasteur-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pasteur_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasteur1982" class="citation journal cs1">Pasteur, Georges (1982). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_mercado_j001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life%3A+The+Excitement+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Multiple+Model+Mimicry+and+Feeding+Behavior+of+the+Spider+Web+-+Inhabiting+Damsel+Bug%2C+Arachnocoris+berytoides+Uhler+%28Hemiptera%3A+Nabidae%29%2C+from+Puerto+Rico&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9784%2FLEB3%281%29Mercado.01&rft.aulast=Mercado&rft.aufirst=Javier+E.&rft.au=Santiago-Blay%2C+Jorge+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Frm%2Fpubs_journals%2F2015%2Frmrs_2015_mercado_j001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1963" class="citation journal cs1">Willis, E. 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Series B, Biological Sciences</i>. <b>251</b> (772): <span class="nowrap">473–</span>474. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966RSPTB.251..473W">1966RSPTB.251..473W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1966.0036">10.1098/rstb.1966.0036</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Mimicry+in+Tropical+Fishes&rft.volume=251&rft.issue=772&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E474&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1966.0036&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966RSPTB.251..473W&rft.aulast=Wickler&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstb.1966.0036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasewell2017" class="citation journal cs1">Casewell, Nicholas R.; et al. 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"Mantle displays of freshwater mussels elicit attacks from fish". <i>Freshwater Biology</i>. <b>42</b>: <span class="nowrap">35–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2427.1999.00454.x">10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00454.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:50529814">50529814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freshwater+Biology&rft.atitle=Mantle+displays+of+freshwater+mussels+elicit+attacks+from+fish&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2427.1999.00454.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A50529814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haag&rft.aufirst=Wendell+R.&rft.au=Warren%2C+Melvin+L.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216232145/https://semioticon.com/seo/M/images/mimicry_2.jpg">here</a> for a photo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross_2018-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cross_2018_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2018" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Fiona R. (2018). "Aggressive Mimicry". <i>Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_113-1">10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_113-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47829-6"><bdi>978-3-319-47829-6</bdi></a>. <q>The sender can be thought of as behaving like a wolf in sheep's clothing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aggressive+Mimicry&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Animal+Cognition+and+Behavior&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-47829-6_113-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-47829-6&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Fiona+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EisnerHicks1978-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EisnerHicks1978_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisnerHicksEisnerRobson1978" class="citation journal cs1">Eisner, T.; Hicks, K.; Eisner, M.; Robson, D. S. (1978). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Wolf-in-Sheep's-Clothing" Strategy of a Predaceous Insect Larva". <i>Science</i>. <b>199</b> (4330): <span class="nowrap">790–</span>794. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Sci...199..790E">1978Sci...199..790E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.199.4330.790">10.1126/science.199.4330.790</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1745242">1745242</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17836295">17836295</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11558335">11558335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=%22Wolf-in-Sheep%27s-Clothing%22+Strategy+of+a+Predaceous+Insect+Larva&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=4330&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E790-%3C%2Fspan%3E794&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11558335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Sci...199..790E&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17836295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.199.4330.790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1745242%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Eisner&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Hicks%2C+K.&rft.au=Eisner%2C+M.&rft.au=Robson%2C+D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SalazarFürstenau2015-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SalazarFürstenau2015_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazarFürstenauQueroPérez-Hidalgo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Salazar, Adrián; Fürstenau, Benjamin; Quero, Carmen; Pérez-Hidalgo, Nicolás; Carazo, Pau; Font, Enrique; Martínez-Torres, David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313836">"Aggressive mimicry coexists with mutualism in an aphid"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>112</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1101–</span>1106. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.1101S">2015PNAS..112.1101S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1414061112">10.1073/pnas.1414061112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313836">4313836</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25583474">25583474</a>. <q>The dual strategy developed by the aphid P. cimiciformis outlines a complex evolutionary scenario. On the one hand, the round morph and the ants, engaged in a trophobiotic relationship, should be subjected to the conflicts of interest typical of mutualism, with selection driving each partner to maximize its benefit by giving the least of its own energy and resources. On the other hand, the flat morph and the ants can be expected to be engaged in an arms race, with selection favoring improved deceiving abilities in the aphid and increasingly finer discrimination abilities to detect noncolony members in the ants. ... We believe that, beyond providing an unusual case of a 'wolf in sheep's clothing,' this system opens up a host of interesting and potentially novel questions about the evolution of cooperation and exploitation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Aggressive+mimicry+coexists+with+mutualism+in+an+aphid&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1101-%3C%2Fspan%3E1106&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4313836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25583474&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1414061112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..112.1101S&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Adri%C3%A1n&rft.au=F%C3%BCrstenau%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Quero%2C+Carmen&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Hidalgo%2C+Nicol%C3%A1s&rft.au=Carazo%2C+Pau&rft.au=Font%2C+Enrique&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Torres%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4313836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolivetPetitpierreHsiao2012" class="citation book cs1">Jolivet, P.; Petitpierre, E.; Hsiao, T.H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3NHyCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA276"><i>Biology of Chrysomelidae</i></a>. Springer. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-3105-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-3105-3"><bdi>978-94-009-3105-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Chrysomelidae&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-009-3105-3&rft.aulast=Jolivet&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Petitpierre%2C+E.&rft.au=Hsiao%2C+T.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3NHyCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unibas.ch/en/News-Events/News/Uni-Research/Wolf-in-Sheep-s-Clothing.html">"Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: How Scale-Eating Cichlid Fish Trick Their Prey"</a>. University of Basel. 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>. <q>The results reveal the complexity of this so-called 'aggressive mimicry': the scale-eaters are actually imitating several blue and white striped species at once, in order to trick an entire natural community. The leader of the study, Prof. Walter Salzburger, summarizes the findings thus: 'The scale-eater pursues the strategy of a wolf that dresses up as a sheep only to then go for goats and cows.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wolf+in+Sheep%27s+Clothing%3A+How+Scale-Eating+Cichlid+Fish+Trick+Their+Prey&rft.pub=University+of+Basel&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unibas.ch%2Fen%2FNews-Events%2FNews%2FUni-Research%2FWolf-in-Sheep-s-Clothing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoileauCortesi2015-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoileauCortesi2015_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoileauCortesiEggerMuschick2015" class="citation journal cs1">Boileau, Nicolas; Cortesi, Fabio; Egger, Bernd; Muschick, Moritz; Indermaur, Adrian; Theis, Anya; Büscher, Heinz H.; Salzburger, Walter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4614428">"A complex mode of aggressive mimicry in a scale-eating cichlid fish"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>11</b> (9): 20150521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2015.0521">10.1098/rsbl.2015.0521</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4614428">4614428</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26399975">26399975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=A+complex+mode+of+aggressive+mimicry+in+a+scale-eating+cichlid+fish&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=20150521&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4614428%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26399975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2015.0521&rft.aulast=Boileau&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Cortesi%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Egger%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Muschick%2C+Moritz&rft.au=Indermaur%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Theis%2C+Anya&rft.au=B%C3%BCscher%2C+Heinz+H.&rft.au=Salzburger%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4614428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2009-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2009_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2009_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2009_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu2ML2rigZ4C&pg=PA381"><i>The Behavior of Communicating: an ethological approach</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04379-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04379-4"><bdi>978-0-674-04379-4</bdi></a>. <q>Others rely on the technique adopted by a wolf in sheep's clothing—they mimic a harmless species. ... Other predators even mimic their prey's prey: angler fish (Lophiiformes) and alligator snapping turtles <i>Macroclemys temmincki</i> can wriggle fleshy outgrowths of their fins or tongues and attract small predatory fish close to their mouths.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Behavior+of+Communicating%3A+an+ethological+approach&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04379-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZu2ML2rigZ4C%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stolesen_2010-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stolesen_2010_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolesenSadoti2010" class="citation book cs1">Stolesen, Scott H.; Sadoti, Giancarlo (2010). "Chapter 17: Zone-tailed Hawk (<i>Buteo albonotatus</i>)". In Cartron, Jean-Luc E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025142724/https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2010_stoleson_s001.pdf"><i>Raptors of New Mexico</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of New Mexico Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">297–</span>313. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2010_stoleson_s001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-10-25. <q>Willis (1963) postulated that the Zone-tail's strong physical resemblance to the Turkey Vulture may be a form of aggressive mimicry, which allows the hawk to closely approach potential prey that are habituated to the presence of the ubiquitous vultures (but see Mueller 1972). Snyder and Snyder (1991) report the capture success rate of Zone-tails in Arizona was significantly greater when soaring with vultures (30% successful) than when flying alone (7% successful), based on a sample of 55 observations. It is noteworthy that once a Zone-tail flying among vultures has spotted potential prey (as indicated by its locking its gaze on one spot on the ground), it often continues soaring past until well beyond the intended victim, often beyond some cover, at which point it stoops back at an acute angle in a surprise attack (Snyder and Glinski 1988; SHS).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+17%3A+Zone-tailed+Hawk+%28Buteo+albonotatus%29&rft.btitle=Raptors+of+New+Mexico&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E313&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stolesen&rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&rft.au=Sadoti%2C+Giancarlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Frm%2Fpubs_other%2Frmrs_2010_stoleson_s001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wickler, W.</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mimicryinplantsa00wick"><i>Mimicry in Plants and Animals</i></a></span>. McGraw-Hill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mimicryinplantsa00wick/page/123">123–220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-070100-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-070100-8"><bdi>0-07-070100-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mimicry+in+Plants+and+Animals&rft.pages=123-220&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-07-070100-8&rft.au=Wickler%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmimicryinplantsa00wick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Pietsch, T. W.; Grobecker, D. B. (1978). "The Compleat Angler: Aggressive Mimicry in an Antennariid Anglerfish". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>201</b> (4353): <span class="nowrap">369–</span>370. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Sci...201..369P">1978Sci...201..369P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.201.4353.369">10.1126/science.201.4353.369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17793734">17793734</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45349001">45349001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Compleat+Angler%3A+Aggressive+Mimicry+in+an+Antennariid+Anglerfish&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=4353&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.201.4353.369&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45349001%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17793734&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Sci...201..369P&rft.aulast=Pietsch&rft.aufirst=T.+W.&rft.au=Grobecker%2C+D.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Lloyd, J. E. (1981). "Mimicry in the sexual signals of fireflies". <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>245</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">110–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981SciAm.245a.138L">1981SciAm.245a.138L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0781-138">10.1038/scientificamerican0781-138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Mimicry+in+the+sexual+signals+of+fireflies&rft.volume=245&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0781-138&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981SciAm.245a.138L&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Nicolai, J. (October 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mimicry-in-parasitic-birds/">"Mimicry in parasitic birds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>231</b>: <span class="nowrap">93–</span>98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Mimicry+in+parasitic+birds&rft.volume=231&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=1974-10&rft.au=Nicolai%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fmimicry-in-parasitic-birds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAggressive+mimicry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggressive_mimicry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frogfish.ch/frogfish-feeding.html">Feeding behavior of the frogfishes (Antennariidae)</a> Description, images and video of aggressive mimicry in <a href="/wiki/Frogfish" title="Frogfish">frogfish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004185">Acoustic aggressive mimicry of cicadas by an Australian predatory katydid</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mimicry" title="Template:Mimicry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mimicry" title="Template talk:Mimicry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mimicry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mimicry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mimicry217" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimicry#Classification" title="Mimicry">In animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aggressive/Wicklerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_mimicry" title="Ant mimicry">Ant/Myrmecomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distraction_display" title="Distraction display">Aristotelian/Distraction display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automimicry" title="Automimicry">Automimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locomotor_mimicry" title="Locomotor mimicry">Locomotor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">Brood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_mimicry" title="Chemical mimicry">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsleyan_mimicry" title="Emsleyan mimicry">Emsleyan/Mertensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_mimicry" title="Sexual mimicry">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_vertebrates" title="Mimicry in vertebrates">In vertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasmannian_mimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasmannian mimicry">Wasmannian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batesplate_ArM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Batesian mimicry in butterflies"><img alt="Batesian mimicry in butterflies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/70px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/105px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/140px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_plants" title="Mimicry in plants">In plants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_plants#Bakerian" title="Mimicry in plants">Bakerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_plants#Dodsonian" title="Mimicry in plants">Dodsonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbertian_mimicry" title="Gilbertian mimicry">Gilbertian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouyannian_mimicry" title="Pouyannian mimicry">Pouyannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavilovian_mimicry" title="Vavilovian mimicry">Vavilovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Co-evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloration_evidence_for_natural_selection" title="Coloration evidence for natural selection">Coloration evidence for natural selection</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dazzled_and_Deceived" title="Dazzled and Deceived">Dazzled and Deceived</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception_in_animals" title="Deception in animals">Deception in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry#Evolution" title="Mimicry">Mimicry#Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-dependent_selection" title="Frequency-dependent selection">Frequency-dependent selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagomimicry" title="Phagomimicry">Phagomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mimicry" title="Category:Mimicry">Category mimicry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Camouflage106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Camouflage" title="Template:Camouflage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Camouflage" title="Template talk:Camouflage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Camouflage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Camouflage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camouflage106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_camouflage_methods" title="List of camouflage methods">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">Countershading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_camouflage" title="Active camouflage">Active camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">Counter-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">Disruptive coloration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincident_disruptive_coloration" title="Coincident disruptive coloration">Coincident disruptive coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_eye_mask" title="Disruptive eye mask">Disruptive eye mask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distractive_markings" title="Distractive markings">Distractive markings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_camouflage" title="Motion camouflage">Motion camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-scale_camouflage" title="Multi-scale camouflage">Multi-scale camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-spectral_camouflage" title="Multi-spectral camouflage">Multi-spectral camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-decoration_camouflage" title="Self-decoration camouflage">Self-decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_camouflage" title="Snow camouflage">Snow camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_camouflage" title="Urban camouflage">Urban camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_(vertical).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/100px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/150px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/200px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="6438" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloration_evidence_for_natural_selection" title="Coloration evidence for natural selection">As evidence for natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorator_crab" title="Decorator crab">Decorator crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_mantis" title="Flower mantis">Flower mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Edward Bagnall Poulton</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals" title="The Colours of Animals">The Colours of Animals</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Handerson Thayer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camoufleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Camoufleurs">Camoufleurs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Taylor_Brush" title="Mary Taylor Brush">Mary Taylor Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien-Victor_Guirand_de_Sc%C3%A9vola" title="Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola">Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Kerr" title="John Graham Kerr">John Graham Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Warner" title="Everett Warner">Everett Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Underwood" title="Leon Underwood">Leon Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Otto_Schick" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Otto Schick">Johann Georg Otto Schick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh Cott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barkas" title="Geoffrey Barkas">Geoffrey Barkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_O%27Neill_(camoufleur)" title="Timothy O'Neill (camoufleur)">Timothy O'Neill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Behrens" title="Roy Behrens">Roy Behrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Caro" title="Tim Caro">Tim Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_Cuthill" title="Innes Cuthill">Innes Cuthill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_N._Sherratt" title="Thomas N. Sherratt">Thomas N. Sherratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stevens_(biologist)" title="Martin Stevens (biologist)">Martin Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Military camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_camouflage" title="Aircraft camouflage">Aircraft camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_clothing_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago">Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">Dazzle camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_prohibit_camouflage_clothing" title="List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing">List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Directorate" title="Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate">Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_camouflage" title="Ship camouflage">Ship camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_ship_camouflage_measures_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy">USN WWII camouflage measures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">Patterns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Up to WWII</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_World_War_II_camouflage_patterns" title="German World War II camouflage patterns">German<br />WWII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splittertarnmuster" title="Splittertarnmuster">Splittertarnmuster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanenmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Platanenmuster">Platanenmuster</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauchtarnmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rauchtarnmuster">Rauchtarnmuster</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmenmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmenmuster">Palmenmuster</a> (c 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpfmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumpfmuster">Sumpfmuster</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbsenmuster" title="Erbsenmuster">Erbsenmuster</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibermuster" title="Leibermuster">Leibermuster</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_tree" title="Camouflage tree">Camouflage tree</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_camouflage" title="Lozenge camouflage">Lozenge</a> (1917 aircraft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telo_mimetico" title="Telo mimetico">Telo mimetico</a> (1929 tent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_smock" title="Denison smock">Denison smock</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Skin" title="Frog Skin">Frog Skin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_(camouflage)" title="Lizard (camouflage)">Lizard</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strichtarn" title="Strichtarn">Strichtarn</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamuflirovannyi_Letnyi_Maskirovochnyi_Kombinezon" title="Kamuflirovannyi Letnyi Maskirovochnyi Kombinezon">KLMK</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_camouflage" title="Jigsaw camouflage">Jigsaw</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripe_camouflage" title="Tiger stripe camouflage">Tiger stripe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Brushstroke" title="Rhodesian Brushstroke">Rhodesian Brushstroke</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERDL_pattern" title="ERDL pattern">ERDL</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Material" title="Disruptive Pattern Material">Disruptive Pattern Material</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._68_Moro" title="Wz. 68 Moro">wz. 68 Moro</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Battle_Dress_Uniform" title="Desert Battle Dress Uniform">Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip)</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Woodland" title="U.S. Woodland">U.S. "M81" Woodland</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform">Australian Disruptive Pattern</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAZ_83" title="TAZ 83">TAZ 83</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubok_(camouflage)" title="Dubok (camouflage)">Dubok</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M84_camouflage_pattern" title="M84 camouflage pattern">M84</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_87_(camouflage)" title="Type 87 (camouflage)">Type 87 (China)</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._89_Puma" title="Wz. 89 Puma">wz. 89 Puma</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_Daguet" title="Camouflage Daguet">Camouflage Daguet</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M90_(camouflage)" title="M90 (camouflage)">M90</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Night_Camouflage" title="Desert Night Camouflage">Desert Night Camouflage</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flecktarn" title="Flecktarn">Flecktarn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropentarn" title="Tropentarn">Tropentarn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Desert Camouflage Uniform">Desert Camouflage Pattern</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_Central-Europe" title="Camouflage Central-Europe">Camouflage Central-Europe</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier_2000" title="Soldier 2000">Soldier 2000</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAZ_90" title="TAZ 90">TAZ 90</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._93_Pantera" title="Wz. 93 Pantera">wz. 93 Pantera</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CADPAT" title="CADPAT">CADPAT</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M98_camouflage_pattern" title="M98 camouflage pattern">M98</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_camouflage" title="Flora camouflage">Flora</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARPAT" title="MARPAT">MARPAT</a> (2001) (<a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Utility_Uniform" title="Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform">Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform</a> (2002))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiCam" title="MultiCam">MultiCam</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Assault_Camouflage" title="Tactical Assault Camouflage">Tactical Assault Camouflage</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Camouflage_Pattern" title="Universal Camouflage Pattern">Universal Camouflage Pattern</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESTDCU" title="ESTDCU">ESTDCU</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M05" title="M05">M05</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman_Battle_Uniform" title="Airman Battle Uniform">Airman Battle Uniform</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_07" title="Type 07">Type 07</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR_camouflage" title="EMR camouflage">EMR</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Terrain_Pattern" title="Multi-Terrain Pattern">Multi-Terrain Pattern</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Multicam_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform">Australian Multicam</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MM-14" title="MM-14">MM-14</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varan_(camouflage)" title="Varan (camouflage)">Varan (camouflage)</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_camouflage_pattern_2015M" title="Hungarian camouflage pattern 2015M">HunCam</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Camouflage_Pattern" title="Operational Camouflage Pattern">Operational Camouflage Pattern</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Fractal_Pattern" title="Netherlands Fractal Pattern">Netherlands Fractal Pattern</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingkong_(camouflage)" title="Xingkong (camouflage)">Xingkong</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berberys-R" title="Berberys-R">Berberys-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakidka" title="Nakidka">Nakidka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_lighting_camouflage" title="Diffused lighting camouflage">Diffused lighting camouflage</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_lights" title="Yehudi lights">Yehudi lights</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptiv" title="Adaptiv">Adaptiv</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dazzled_and_Deceived" title="Dazzled and Deceived">Dazzled and Deceived</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaking_device" title="Cloaking device">Cloaking device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility" title="Invisibility">Invisibility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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