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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">cairo (graphics)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(biblioteca)" title="Cairo (biblioteca) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cairo (biblioteca)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(grafick%C3%A1_knihovna)" title="Cairo (grafická knihovna) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cairo (grafická knihovna)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(Grafikbibliothek)" title="Cairo (Grafikbibliothek) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cairo (Grafikbibliothek)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(biblioteca)" title="Cairo (biblioteca) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cairo (biblioteca)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(grafikoak)" title="Cairo (grafikoak) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cairo (grafikoak)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88_(%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C)" title="کایرو (کتابخانه گرافیکی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کایرو (کتابخانه گرافیکی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(logiciel)" title="Cairo (logiciel) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cairo (logiciel)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%9C_(%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD%EC%8A%A4)" title="카이로 (그래픽스) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카이로 (그래픽스)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(grafica)" title="Cairo (grafica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cairo (grafica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(computerbibliotheek)" title="Cairo (computerbibliotheek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cairo (computerbibliotheek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(grafikkbibliotek)" title="Cairo (grafikkbibliotek) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cairo (grafikkbibliotek)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(grafika_wektorowa)" title="Cairo (grafika wektorowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cairo (grafika wektorowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(gr%C3%A1ficos)" title="Cairo (gráficos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cairo (gráficos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Cairo" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_(ohjelmisto)" title="Cairo (ohjelmisto) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cairo (ohjelmisto)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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vevent"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_banner_closeup.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cairo_banner_closeup.svg/150px-Cairo_banner_closeup.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cairo_banner_closeup.svg/225px-Cairo_banner_closeup.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cairo_banner_closeup.svg/300px-Cairo_banner_closeup.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="88" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_graphics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_graphics.svg/125px-Cairo_graphics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_graphics.svg/188px-Cairo_graphics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_graphics.svg/250px-Cairo_graphics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="90" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Packard" title="Keith Packard">Keith Packard</a>, Carl Worth<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Carl Worth, <a href="/wiki/Behdad_Esfahbod" title="Behdad Esfahbod">Behdad Esfahbod</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">Before 2003<span class="noprint">; 22 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2003</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-xrols2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xrols2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.18.4 (March 8, 2025<span class="noprint">; 9 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2025-03-08</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/cairo&action=edit">[±]</a></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/cairo/cairo">gitlab<wbr />.freedesktop<wbr />.org<wbr />/cairo<wbr />/cairo</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Graphics_library" title="Graphics library">Graphics library</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> version 2.1 (only) or <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">Mozilla Public License</a> 1.1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairographics.org">www<wbr />.cairographics<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cairo</b> (stylized as <b>cairo</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_library" title="Graphics library">graphics library</a> that provides a <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a>-based, device-independent <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> for <a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">software developers</a>. It provides primitives for <a href="/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)" title="Plane (mathematics)">two-dimensional</a> drawing across a number of different <a href="/wiki/Front_and_back_ends" class="mw-redirect" title="Front and back ends">backends</a>. Cairo uses <a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">hardware acceleration</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when available. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_architecture">Software architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_(graphics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Software architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_bindings">Language bindings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_(graphics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language bindings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A library written in one programming language may be used in another language if <a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">bindings</a> are written; Cairo has a range of bindings for various languages including <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">CLI languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi (programming language)">Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factor_(programming_language)" title="Factor (programming language)">Factor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbour_(programming_language)" title="Harbour (programming language)">Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> and several others like <a href="/wiki/Gambas" title="Gambas">Gambas</a> (Visual Basic like).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toolkit_bindings">Toolkit bindings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_(graphics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Toolkit bindings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since Cairo is only a drawing library, it can be quite useful to integrate it with a graphical user interface toolkit. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FLTK" title="FLTK">FLTK</a> has full Cairo support (through <code>--enable-cairo</code> compile switch).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> began in 2005, with version 2.8, to use Cairo to render the majority of its <a href="/wiki/Graphical_control_element_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical control element (software)">graphical control elements</a>, and since version 3.0 all <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendering</a> is done through Cairo.</li> <li>The Cairo development team maintains up-to-date instructions for rendering surfaces to <a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Available_back-ends">Available back-ends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_(graphics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Available back-ends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cairo supports output (including <a href="/wiki/Rasterisation" title="Rasterisation">rasterisation</a>) to a number of different <a href="/wiki/Front_and_back_ends" class="mw-redirect" title="Front and back ends">back-ends</a>, known as "surfaces" in its code. Back-ends support includes output to the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>, via both <a href="/wiki/Xlib" title="Xlib">Xlib</a> and <a href="/wiki/XCB" title="XCB">XCB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">Win32 GDI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz_Compositor" title="Quartz Compositor">OS X Quartz Compositor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a> API, <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a> contexts (directly<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and via glitz), local image buffers, <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a> files, <a href="/wiki/Portable_document_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable document format">PDF</a>, <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/DirectFB" title="DirectFB">DirectFB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> files. </p><p>There are other back-ends in development targeting the graphics APIs <a href="/wiki/OpenVG" title="OpenVG">OpenVG</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qt_(framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qt (framework)">Qt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skia_Graphics_Engine" title="Skia Graphics Engine">Skia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Direct2D" title="Direct2D">Direct2D</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BeOS, OS/2, DirectFB and OpenGL backends were dropped in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drawing_model">Drawing model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_(graphics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Drawing model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo%27s_drawing_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cairo%27s_drawing_model.svg/220px-Cairo%27s_drawing_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cairo%27s_drawing_model.svg/330px-Cairo%27s_drawing_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cairo%27s_drawing_model.svg/440px-Cairo%27s_drawing_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>The Cairo drawing model</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cairo drawing model relies on a three-layer model. </p><p>Any drawing process takes place in three steps: </p> <ol><li>First a mask is created, which includes one or more vector primitives or forms, i.e., circles, squares, <a href="/wiki/TrueType" title="TrueType">TrueType</a> fonts, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a>, etc.</li> <li>Then source must be defined, which may be a color, a color gradient, a bitmap or some vector graphics, and from the painted parts of this source a die cut is made with the help of the above defined mask.</li> <li>Finally the result is transferred to the destination or surface, which is provided by the back-end for the output.</li></ol> <p>This constitutes a fundamentally different approach from <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">Scalable Vector Graphics</a> (SVG), which specifies the color of shapes with <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS) rules.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Whereas Cairo would create a mask of a shape, then make a source for it, and then transfer them onto the surface, an SVG file would simply specify the shape with a <code>style</code> attribute. That said, the models are not incompatible; many SVG renderers use Cairo for heavy lifting.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Example">Example</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_(graphics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quite complex "<a href="/wiki/Hello_world_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello world program">Hello world</a>" graphics can be drawn with the help of Cairo with only a few lines of <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cairo_example.svg/180px-Cairo_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cairo_example.svg/270px-Cairo_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cairo_example.svg/360px-Cairo_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption>SVG picture generated by this example</figcaption></figure> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: black;border-width: 2px;background-color: white;color: black;margin: 3px;"><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><cairo-svg.h></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><stdio.h></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="5"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_surface_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">surface</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_svg_surface_create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Cairo_example.svg"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">100.0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">100.0</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="6"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">cr</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">surface</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="7"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="8"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* Draw the squares in the background */</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="9"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">++</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="10"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">++</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="11"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_rectangle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">10.0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">10.0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="12"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="13"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_pattern_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_pattern_create_radial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="14"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0.75</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0.15</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0.99</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="15"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">0.9</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="16"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="17"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_set_source</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="18"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_fill</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cr</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="19"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="20"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* Writing in the foreground */</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="21"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_set_font_size</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="22"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_select_font_face</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Georgia"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CAIRO_FONT_SLANT_NORMAL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CAIRO_FONT_WEIGHT_BOLD</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="23"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_set_source_rgb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="24"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="25"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_move_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="26"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_show_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Hallo"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="27"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="28"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_move_to</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">75</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="29"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_show_text</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cr</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Wikipedia!"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="30"></span> <span class="linenos" data-line="31"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_destroy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cr</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="32"></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">cairo_surface_destroy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">surface</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="linenos" data-line="33"></span><span class="p">}</span> </pre></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_usage">Notable usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_(graphics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cairo is popular in the open source community for providing cross-platform support for advanced 2D drawing. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a>, starting in 2005 with version 2.8, uses Cairo to render the majority of its <a href="/wiki/Graphical_control_element_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical control element (software)">graphical control elements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since GTK version 3, all the rendering is done using Cairo. <ul><li>A program called <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">gtk-vector-screenshot</span> found in <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> allows for taking vector (SVG, PDF, or PostScript) <a href="/wiki/Screenshot" title="Screenshot">screenshots</a> of GTK 3 applications.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono Project</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Moonlight_(runtime)" title="Moonlight (runtime)">Moonlight</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been using Cairo since very early in conception to power the back-ends of its <a href="/wiki/GDI%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="GDI+">GDI+</a> (libgdiplus) and System.Drawing <a href="/wiki/Namespaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Namespaces">namespaces</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> project has made use of Cairo in its <a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko layout engine</a>, used for rendering the graphical output of Mozilla products. Gecko 1.8, the layout engine for Mozilla Firefox 2.0 and <a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a> 1.0, used Cairo to render SVG and <a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element"><canvas></a> content. Gecko 1.9,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the release of Gecko that serves as the basis of <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox 3">Firefox 3</a>, uses Cairo as the graphics back-end for rendering both web page content and the <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> (or "chrome").</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a> framework uses Cairo for all rendering in the <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries" title="Enlightenment Foundation Libraries">EFL</a> ports. Support has also been added for SVG and <canvas> content using Cairo.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Poppler_(software)" title="Poppler (software)">Poppler</a> library uses Cairo to render PDF documents. Cairo enables the drawing of antialiased vector graphics and transparent objects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The vector graphics application <a href="/wiki/Inkscape" title="Inkscape">Inkscape</a> uses the Cairo library for its outline mode display, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a> and <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> export since release 0.46.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The original version of <a href="/wiki/Manim" class="mw-redirect" title="Manim">Manim</a> referred to as ManimCairo, a mathematical animation engine used in the animations of 3Blue1Brown's YouTube Videos. Manim has since moved to using <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a>. This version is referred to as ManimGL.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a> 2.5 features a shared library implementation of Cairo, which was available as stand-alone release for earlier MorphOS versions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a> 4.1 supports a shared object library of Cairo (libcairo.so) in its default installation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FontForge" title="FontForge">FontForge</a> enabled Cairo by default for rendering in mid-October 2008.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> can output plots in <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a>, <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> formats using Cairo if available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnuplot" title="Gnuplot">Gnuplot</a> 4.4 now uses Cairo for rendering <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a> output.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Internet Browser for PlayStation 3 uses Cairo since system software update 4.10.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synfig" title="Synfig">Synfig</a> 0.64 now supports optional Cairo rendering.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>On-demand graphing of time series data in <a href="/wiki/Graphite_(software)" title="Graphite (software)">Graphite</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Konfabulator/Yahoo widget engine uses Cairo for identical output to both Win32 and Quartz on <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS/X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS/X">Mac OS/X</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SolveSpace" title="SolveSpace">SolveSpace</a>, free and open source 2D and <a href="/wiki/3D_CAD" class="mw-redirect" title="3D CAD">3D CAD</a> software.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_(graphics)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Keith_Packard" title="Keith Packard">Keith Packard</a> and Carl Worth founded the Cairo project for use in the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-xrols2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xrols2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally (until at least 2003) called <b>Xr</b> or <b>Xr/Xc</b>. The name was changed to emphasize the idea of a cross-platform library to access <a href="/wiki/Display_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Display server">display server</a>, not tied to the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Cairo</i> derives from the original name <i>Xr</i>, interpreted as the Greek letters <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rho_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho (letter)">rho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complex_text_layout">Complex text layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_(graphics)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Complex text layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cairo handles Latin and CJK based fonts, but does not directly support <a href="/wiki/Complex_text_layout" title="Complex text layout">complex text layout</a> fonts, which require shaping the glyphs. The Cairo developers recommend using <a href="/wiki/Pango" title="Pango">Pango</a>, which provides complex text layout and can integrate with Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_(graphics)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Display_PostScript" title="Display PostScript">Display PostScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz_2D" title="Quartz 2D">Quartz 2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skia_Graphics_Engine" title="Skia Graphics Engine">Skia Graphics Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starling_Framework" title="Starling Framework">Starling Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_(graphics)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cworth.org/">"Carl's boring web pages"</a>. <i>cworth.org</i>. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnuplot.info/announce.4.4.0">the original</a> on May 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gnuplot+homepage&rft.atitle=Gnuplot+version+4.4.0+announcement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnuplot.info%2Fannounce.4.4.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+%28graphics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.cairographics.org/archives/cairo/2003-July/000192.html">"Mailing list thread about the Cairo name change"</a>. July 15, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mailing+list+thread+about+the+Cairo+name+change&rft.date=2003-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.cairographics.org%2Farchives%2Fcairo%2F2003-July%2F000192.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+%28graphics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/cairo/2003-July/000184.html">"Mailing list thread about the Cairo name change"</a>. July 12, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mailing+list+thread+about+the+Cairo+name+change&rft.date=2003-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.freedesktop.org%2Farchives%2Fcairo%2F2003-July%2F000184.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACairo+%28graphics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairographics.org/FAQ/#using_pango">"How do I use Pango instead of Cairo's "toy" text API?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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