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decoding=\"async\" width=\"90\" height=\"21\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg/135px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg/180px-Logo_for_e-Science_Photo_Competition_v2_without_text.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"668\" data-file-height=\"154\" /\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/span\u003E Alanud on artiklivõistlus \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Vikipeedia:Teadus_Vikipeediasse_2024\" title=\"Vikipeedia:Teadus Vikipeediasse 2024\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ETeadus Vikipeediasse\u003C/b\u003E\u003C/a\u003E ning \u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Vikipeedia:Teadusfoto_pildikorje_2024\" title=\"Vikipeedia:Teadusfoto pildikorje 2024\"\u003Eteadusfoto pildikorje\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E! \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Cspan title=\"Teadus 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terminivõistlus\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E!\u003C/small\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sait"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sisukord" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ruunid_ja_Eesti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruunid_ja_Eesti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ruunid ja Eesti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruunid_ja_Eesti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ajalugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajalugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ajalugu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ajalugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruunisüsteemid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruunisüsteemid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ruunisüsteemid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ruunisüsteemid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Ruunisüsteemid"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ruunisüsteemid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vanem_futhark_(kuni_800._a)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanem_futhark_(kuni_800._a)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vanem futhark (kuni 800. a)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanem_futhark_(kuni_800._a)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noorem_futhark_(800.–1100._a)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noorem_futhark_(800.–1100._a)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Noorem futhark (800.–1100. a)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noorem_futhark_(800.–1100._a)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hilisemad_ruunid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hilisemad_ruunid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hilisemad ruunid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hilisemad_ruunid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruunide_tõlgendamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruunide_tõlgendamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ruunide tõlgendamine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruunide_tõlgendamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasutamine_20._ja_21._sajandil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasutamine_20._ja_21._sajandil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kasutamine 20. ja 21. sajandil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasutamine_20._ja_21._sajandil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruunid_mütoloogias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruunid_mütoloogias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ruunid mütoloogias</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ruunid_mütoloogias-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Ruunid mütoloogias"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ruunid_mütoloogias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lühiülevaade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lühiülevaade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lühiülevaade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lühiülevaade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruunid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 83 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune-alfabet" title="Rune-alfabet – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rune-alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futhark" title="Futhark – šveitsisaksa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Futhark" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="šveitsisaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%BEorc" title="Fuþorc – vanainglise" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fuþorc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="vanainglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية رونية – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية رونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_r%C3%BAnicu" title="Alfabetu rúnicu – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu rúnicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Run əlifbası – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Run əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Rune" title="Alfabet Rune – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Rune" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Рун яҙмаһы – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рун яҙмаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Руны – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – baieri" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="baieri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runo%C3%B9" title="Runoù – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Runoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руни – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_r%C3%BAnic" title="Alfabet rúnic – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet rúnic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%C4%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Рунăсем – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рунăсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy" title="Runy – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Runy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runealfabet" title="Runealfabet – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Runealfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ρούνοι – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρούνοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_r%C3%BAnico" title="Alfabeto rúnico – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto rúnico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaj_alfabetoj" title="Runaj alfabetoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Runaj alfabetoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_erruniko" title="Alfabeto erruniko – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfabeto erruniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="خط رونی – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط رونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAnir" title="Rúnir – fääri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rúnir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fääri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbyrlhit_Roonagh" title="Abbyrlhit Roonagh – mänksi" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abbyrlhit Roonagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mänksi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_r%C3%BAnico" title="Alfabeto rúnico – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto rúnico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃 – gooti" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐌽𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gooti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%AC_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="룬 문자 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="룬 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռուներ – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="रूनी लिपि – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूनी लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runo-skribajo" title="Runo-skribajo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Runo-skribajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAnir" title="Rúnir – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rúnir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_runico" title="Alfabeto runico – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto runico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="אלפבית רוני – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית רוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რუნები – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Руналық жазу – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Руналық жазу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runae" title="Runae – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Runae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABnu_raksts" title="Rūnu raksts – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūnu raksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runos" title="Runos – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Runos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runas" title="Runas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Runas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAna%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Rúnaírás – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rúnaírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рунска азбука – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рунска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_ronika" title="Abidy ronika – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy ronika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="သစ်ထွင်းစာ – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သစ်ထွင်းစာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes_(skrift)" title="Runes (skrift) – Hollandi alamsaksa" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Runes (skrift)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Hollandi alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ルーン文字 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーン文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruunen" title="Ruunen – põhjafriisi" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="põhjafriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runer" title="Runer – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Runer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runer" title="Runer – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Runer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_runic" title="Alfabet runic – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet runic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik_yozuv" title="Runik yozuv – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Runik yozuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੂਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੂਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="رونی لپی – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رونی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy" title="Runy – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Runy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runas" title="Runas – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Runas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run%C4%83" title="Rună – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Руны – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Руны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Руналар – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Руналар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runen" title="Runen – saterfriisi" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Runen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_runik" title="Alfabeti runik – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti runik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes" title="Runes – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Runes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runy_(germ%C3%A1nske_p%C3%ADsmo)" title="Runy (germánske písmo) – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Runy (germánske písmo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa" title="Runa – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Runa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Руне – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руне" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" title="Rune – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rune" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riimukirjoitus" title="Riimukirjoitus – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Riimukirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runor" title="Runor – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Runor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" title="อักษรรูน – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรรูน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Rune" title="Chữ Rune – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Rune" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runik_yaz%C4%B1" title="Runik yazı – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Runik yazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руни – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Руни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="رونی حروف تہجی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رونی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_(abakadahan)" title="Rune (abakadahan) – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rune (abakadahan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%8F%E5%8C%BF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="虏匿字母 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="虏匿字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%81%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="盧恩字母 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盧恩字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabey_Runki" title="Alfabey Runki – dõmli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabey Runki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dõmli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%81%A9%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="盧恩字母 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盧恩字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82996#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" 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.mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}</style></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edit-copy_orange_button.svg/35px-Edit-copy_orange_button.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edit-copy_orange_button.svg/53px-Edit-copy_orange_button.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edit-copy_orange_button.svg/70px-Edit-copy_orange_button.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="43" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>See artikkel</b> <b>vajab <a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Artiklite_toimetamine" title="Vikipeedia:Artiklite toimetamine">toimetamist</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"> <br /><small>Palun aita <a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit">artiklit toimetada</a>.</small> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Toimetusm%C3%A4rkuste_eemaldamine" title="Juhend:Toimetusmärkuste eemaldamine">Kuidas ja millal see märkus eemaldada?</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6739384"></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Emblem-important.svg/35px-Emblem-important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Emblem-important.svg/53px-Emblem-important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Emblem-important.svg/70px-Emblem-important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>See artikkel</b> <b>ootab <a href="/wiki/Keeletoimetamine" title="Keeletoimetamine">keeletoimetamist</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small><i>(September 2023)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"> <br /><small>Kui oskad, siis palun aita <a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit">artiklit keeleliselt parandada</a>.</small> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Toimetusm%C3%A4rkuste_eemaldamine" title="Juhend:Toimetusmärkuste eemaldamine">Kuidas ja millal see märkus eemaldada?</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Trikvetra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Trikvetra.JPG/220px-Trikvetra.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Trikvetra.JPG/330px-Trikvetra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Trikvetra.JPG/440px-Trikvetra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Rootsis <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_%C3%9Clikool" title="Uppsala Ülikool">Uppsala</a> ülikooli pargis seisev ruunikivi, mis leiti <a href="/wiki/Frantsisklased" title="Frantsisklased">frantsisklaste</a> kloostri müürist, pärineb 11. sajandist ja kannab kirja "Tägn ja Gunnar püstitasid selle kirja Väderile, tema vennale".</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ruunid</b> on vanade <a href="/wiki/Germaanlased" title="Germaanlased">germaanlaste</a> tähestik, mis tekkis esimestel sajanditel <a href="/wiki/PKr" title="PKr">pKr</a> väidetavalt <a href="/wiki/Ladina_t%C3%A4hestik" title="Ladina tähestik">ladina tähestiku</a> eeskujul. 2021. aastal leiti seni vanim teadaolev ruunikivi <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> lähistel <a href="/wiki/Norra" title="Norra">Norras</a>, mis pärineb 1–250 pKr. Sellele eelnevad vanimad ruunikirjad pärinesid teise sajandi keskpaigast, ja kuna kirja väljakujunemine pidi samuti eelnevalt aega võtma, nihkub selle kirja algusperiood veel kaugemasse minevikku.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanade germaanlaste, arvatavasti kreeka-ladina või keldi-etruski päritoluga raidkiri, mis 4. sajandist alates esineb sageli haua- ja mälestuskividel.<sup id="cite_ref-EKI.ee_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKI.ee-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sõna <i>ruun</i> on seotud <a href="/wiki/Protogermaani" class="mw-redirect" title="Protogermaani">protogermaani</a> sõnaga <i><sup>*</sup>runo</i> (loits, salajane vestlus, sosin).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Keldi_keeled" title="Keldi keeled">Keldi</a> keeltes on sellel sarnane tähendus, kuid teistes keeltes võib tähendada noaga lõikamist, kõne või imet.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seos saladusega võib tuleneda sellest, et kirjaoskus loodi ja levis vaid rahva koorekihis.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Esimesed kindlad andmed ruunidest pärinevad umbes aastast 200 pKr (näiteks relvaohvrid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illerup_%C3%A5dal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illerup ådal (pole veel kirjutatud)">Illerup ådalis</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BC%C3%BCtimaa" title="Jüütimaa">Jüütimaal</a>). Skandinaavias võeti ruunikiri kasutusele 3. sajandil.<sup id="cite_ref-Mägi_2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mägi_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruunid (veidi erinevad variandid) olid kasutuses enamiku germaani rahvaste juures, kõige kauem – ligikaudu <a href="/wiki/13._sajand" title="13. sajand">13. sajandini</a>, rahva seas ka kauem – kasutati neid <a href="/wiki/Skandinaavia_maad" class="mw-redirect" title="Skandinaavia maad">Skandinaavia maades</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruunid_ja_Eesti">Ruunid ja Eesti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ruunid ja Eesti"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ruunid ja Eesti" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Birch_bark_letter_no._292_transcript.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Birch_bark_letter_no._292_transcript.PNG/220px-Birch_bark_letter_no._292_transcript.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Birch_bark_letter_no._292_transcript.PNG/330px-Birch_bark_letter_no._292_transcript.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Birch_bark_letter_no._292_transcript.PNG/440px-Birch_bark_letter_no._292_transcript.PNG 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Tõenäoliselt 13. sajandist pärinev läänemeresoomekeelne tohtkiri</figcaption></figure> <p>Eesti muinasjast säilinud <a href="/wiki/Stiilus" title="Stiilus">stiluste</a> (kirja kraapimiseks kasutatavad metallteravikud) põhjal oletatakse, et ka Eestis võidi ruunikirja näiteks kasetohul või puidul kasutada, kuigi seda kinnitavad ruunileiud puuduvad. Hilisemast ajaloost on säilinud <a href="/wiki/Sirvilauad" class="mw-disambig" title="Sirvilauad">sirvilauad</a> (puulauakeste peale märgitud kalendrid) ja <a href="/wiki/Perem%C3%A4rk" title="Peremärk">peremärgid</a>, kus kasutati samuti ruune.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Viitamine" title="Vikipeedia:Viitamine"><span title="See väide vajab viidet.">viide?</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Suurkask_2013_t185_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suurkask_2013_t185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirjalike allikate puudumisele vaatamata oletatakse ka, et muistsed eestlased tegid ülestähendusi rootslastelt laenatud ruunikirjas. Üksikud eestlased võisid kirjaoskusega kokku puutuda <a href="/wiki/Klooster" title="Klooster">kloostrites</a>, kus õpetati <a href="/wiki/Misjon%C3%A4r" title="Misjonär">misjonäre</a> ka Eesti tarbeks.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lääne-Eesti ja saarte rahvad käisid läbi Skandinaavia rahvastega, samuti oli Ida-Eestil sidemed Loode-Venemaa <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4nemeresoomlased" title="Läänemeresoomlased">läänemeresoomlastega</a>, kellest on säilinud slaavi tähestikus <a href="/wiki/Tohtkiri" title="Tohtkiri">kasetohuribasid</a>. Peamiselt märgiti neile loetelusid, võlanõudeid ja muud ametlikku, samuti igapäevaseid üksteisele lähetatud teateid, sajatusi ja armastuskirju.<sup id="cite_ref-Mägi_2018_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mägi_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Kesk-Rootsi ruunikividel on mainitud ka Eestit või selle erinevaid paiku – näiteks 11. sajandi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frug%C3%A5rden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frugården (pole veel kirjutatud)">Frugårdeni</a> ruunikivi <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötlandis</a> on püstitatud sõjamehe mälestuseks, kes langes “Eesti maadel”, Virumaad mainitakse kolmel <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Upplandi</a> ruunikivil ja kahel kivil <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%84ngby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ängby (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ängbys</a> on tekst Björni mälestuseks, kes langes Virumaal. Kolmandal Upplandis oleval kivil mälestab ema oma poega, kes tapeti Virumaal (a uirlanti).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Vg181_Frug%C3%A5rden,_Olsbro_-_KMB_-_16000300013820.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frugårdenis leitud ruunikivi on pühendatud Eestis surnud mehele"><img alt="Frugårdenis leitud ruunikivi on pühendatud Eestis surnud mehele" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Vg181_Frug%C3%A5rden%2C_Olsbro_-_KMB_-_16000300013820.jpg/80px-Vg181_Frug%C3%A5rden%2C_Olsbro_-_KMB_-_16000300013820.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Vg181_Frug%C3%A5rden%2C_Olsbro_-_KMB_-_16000300013820.jpg/120px-Vg181_Frug%C3%A5rden%2C_Olsbro_-_KMB_-_16000300013820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Vg181_Frug%C3%A5rden%2C_Olsbro_-_KMB_-_16000300013820.jpg/160px-Vg181_Frug%C3%A5rden%2C_Olsbro_-_KMB_-_16000300013820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frug%C3%A5rden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frugården (pole veel kirjutatud)">Frugårdenis</a> leitud ruunikivi on pühendatud Eestis surnud mehele</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ingvarstenen_U_439_(drawing_by_Johannes_Bureus).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joonistus Steninge lossist leitud ruunikivist, mis oli pühendatud Eestisse purjetanud mehele"><img alt="Joonistus Steninge lossist leitud ruunikivist, mis oli pühendatud Eestisse purjetanud mehele" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ingvarstenen_U_439_%28drawing_by_Johannes_Bureus%29.jpg/71px-Ingvarstenen_U_439_%28drawing_by_Johannes_Bureus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ingvarstenen_U_439_%28drawing_by_Johannes_Bureus%29.jpg/107px-Ingvarstenen_U_439_%28drawing_by_Johannes_Bureus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ingvarstenen_U_439_%28drawing_by_Johannes_Bureus%29.jpg/143px-Ingvarstenen_U_439_%28drawing_by_Johannes_Bureus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Joonistus <a href="/wiki/Steninge_loss" title="Steninge loss">Steninge</a> lossist leitud ruunikivist, mis oli pühendatud Eestisse purjetanud mehele </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:U_533,_Roslags-Bro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eestis surnud mehele pühendatud ruunid Roslags-Bro kirikus"><img alt="Eestis surnud mehele pühendatud ruunid Roslags-Bro kirikus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/U_533%2C_Roslags-Bro.jpg/90px-U_533%2C_Roslags-Bro.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/U_533%2C_Roslags-Bro.jpg/135px-U_533%2C_Roslags-Bro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/U_533%2C_Roslags-Bro.jpg/180px-U_533%2C_Roslags-Bro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eestis surnud mehele pühendatud ruunid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roslags-Bro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roslags-Bro (pole veel kirjutatud)">Roslags-Bro</a> kirikus</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ajalugu">Ajalugu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Bluetooth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bluetooth.svg/220px-Bluetooth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bluetooth.svg/330px-Bluetooth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bluetooth.svg/440px-Bluetooth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetoothi</a> tähistab ruun, kus on kombineeritud ruuni <b>ᚼ</b> ja <b>ᛒ</b>, <a href="/wiki/Harald_Sinihammas" title="Harald Sinihammas">Harald Sinihamba</a> initsiaale</figcaption></figure> <p>Arvatakse, et ruunitähestik tekkis germaanlaste aladel, mis olid kontaktis <a href="/wiki/Rooma_riik" title="Rooma riik">Rooma riigiga</a>, kuid mitte piiri vahetus läheduses. Viimasel juhul oleks tõenäoliselt üle võetud ladina tähestik ja mitte loodud oma, sellest märgatavalt erinevat tähestikku. Võimaliku tekkepiirkonnana on pakutud praegust Jüütimaa lõunaosa. Ruunimärkide kuju – pikad püstkriipsud ja lühikesed rõhtkriipsud – on väga sobivad puu või kivi sisse lõikamiseks või tahumiseks.<sup id="cite_ref-Mägi_2018_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mägi_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruunikirja märke on peetud <a href="/wiki/Gooti_t%C3%A4hestik" title="Gooti tähestik">gooti tähestiku</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Kirillitsa" title="Kirillitsa">kirillitsa</a> tähestiku üheks võimalikuks lähtepunktiks.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruunid on olnud alati ennekõike tähestik nagu tänapäevased kirjadki, kuid nende abil on ka ennustatud ja nendes väljendub ka rahvaste mütoloogia.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20. sajandi algul kasvas ruunide maagiline rakendamine seoses Saksamaal levinud <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCstitsism" title="Müstitsism">müstitsismiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> aitas kaasa selle ikonograafia levikule seoses <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B6lkisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Völkisch (pole veel kirjutatud)">völkisch</a></i> liikumisega, pärast Natsi-Saksamaa langust selle populaarsus vähenes.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_2022_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barowski-Morley_2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barowski-Morley_2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruune kasutatakse endiselt Skandinaavia maades valdavalt dekoratiivelementidena ja <a href="/wiki/Hauasammas" title="Hauasammas">hauakividel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_2022_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruunisüsteemid"><span id="Ruunis.C3.BCsteemid"></span>Ruunisüsteemid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Ruunisüsteemid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Ruunisüsteemid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruune pole vaid üks komplekt, eristuvad kolm põhilist süsteemi: <b>vanem futhark</b> ja <b>noorem futhark</b> ning anglosaksi <b>futhorc</b>. Viimane jõudis germaani hõimude vahendusel Inglismaale.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noorem futhark jaguneb kolmeks: pikaharulised ruunid, <i>rök</i> ruunid ja <i>stavlösa</i> ehk <i>hälsinge</i> ruunid. Kõiki neid leidub kogu ruunide levikupiirkonnas, kuid pikaharulised on levinumad <a href="/wiki/Taani" title="Taani">Taanis</a> ning <i>rök</i> levis pigem <a href="/wiki/Rootsi" title="Rootsi">Rootsis</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Norra" title="Norra">Norras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noorem futhark arenes pärast <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viikingite_ajastu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viikingite ajastu (pole veel kirjutatud)">viikingite ajastut</a> <b>keskaegseteks ruunideks</b>, oletatavasti vastuhakuna <a href="/wiki/Ladina_t%C3%A4hestik" title="Ladina tähestik">ladina tähestiku</a> levikule. Tänapäeval on tõenäoliselt tuntuimad just keskaegsed ruunid.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keskaegsetest ruunides kujunesid 16. sajandil omakorda <b>dalruunid</b> ehk <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" class="mw-disambig" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a> ruunid, mis olid Rootsi <a href="/wiki/Dalarna_l%C3%A4%C3%A4n" title="Dalarna lään">Dalarna läänis</a> kasutusel kuni 20. sajandini. Seetõttu peetakse Dalarnat germaani kirja viimaseks kantsiks.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vanem_futhark_(kuni_800._a)"><span id="Vanem_futhark_.28kuni_800._a.29"></span>Vanem futhark (kuni 800. a)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Vanem futhark (kuni 800. a)"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Vanem futhark (kuni 800. a)" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viikingite ajastu alguses kasutati endiselt vanemat futharki, mis sarnanes Itaalia algupärale, sealjuures polnud kirjade päritolu ühesuunaline, 4. sajandi <a href="/wiki/Gooti_kirjad" title="Gooti kirjad">gooti</a> tähestik sisaldab kaht tähemärki, mis saavad pärineda vaid ruunidest. Futhark koosneb 24 ruunist, igal ruunil oma nimetus, mis esindab selle kõla. Ruunid paiknesid tavaliselt 8 komplektis ehk <i>ætt</i> või <i>ættir.</i> Vanemas futharkis on ruunid f u þ a r k g w; h n i j ï p z s; t b e m l ŋ o d, milles mitmed on otseselt seoses ladina tähestikuga: g, a, f, i, t, m,l = x, a, f, i, t, m, l. Üldiselt arvatakse, et u, r, k, h, s, b, o vastavad ladina tähestikus tähtedele v, r, c, h, s, b ja o. Ülejäänud on uued tähed või ebavajalike ladina tähtede kohandused. </p><p>Üks tuntumaid futharki kujutis pärineb 400. aasta paiku <a href="/wiki/Gotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotland">Gotlandile</a> püstitatud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kylveri_kivi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kylveri kivi (pole veel kirjutatud)">Kylveri kivilt</a>. </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Kylverstenens_futhark-inskrift_1384-1385.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruunid Kylveri kivil"><img alt="Ruunid Kylveri kivil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kylverstenens_futhark-inskrift_1384-1385.jpg/1000px-Kylverstenens_futhark-inskrift_1384-1385.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kylverstenens_futhark-inskrift_1384-1385.jpg/1500px-Kylverstenens_futhark-inskrift_1384-1385.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kylverstenens_futhark-inskrift_1384-1385.jpg/2000px-Kylverstenens_futhark-inskrift_1384-1385.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="364" /></a></span> </p><p>Vanema futharki loomine omistatakse ühele isikule või väiksele rühmale, kelleks olid tõenäoliselt Rooma palgasõdurid või selles piirkonnas tegutsenud kaupmehed. Nende loomise algsetes põhjustes üksmeel puudub, kuid enamik varasemaid leide osutab sellele, et need loodi pigem <a href="/wiki/Rooma" title="Rooma">Rooma</a> kirjaviisi kujundliku imitatsiooni ja mängulise tagamõttega, mitte niivõrd tõsimeelse kirjaloomena.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vanema futharki ruunid võivad tähendada ühtaegu nii tähte kui ka sõna, näiteks s-i tähistav ruun tähendab samas ka päikest.<sup id="cite_ref-Howgego_2023_h449_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howgego_2023_h449-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noorem_futhark_(800.–1100._a)"><span id="Noorem_futhark_.28800..E2.80.931100._a.29"></span>Noorem futhark (800.–1100. a)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Noorem futhark (800.–1100. a)"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Noorem futhark (800.–1100. a)" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samal ajal kui muud tähestikud pigem paisusid, kujutas noorem futhark endast ruunide lihtsustumist ja kondenseerumist, kahanedes 16 tähemärgile, ehkki samal ajal keeles endas häälikute ehk <a href="/wiki/Foneem" title="Foneem">foneemide</a> hulk hoopis kasvas. Kui vanem futhark oli eliidi pärusmaa, siis noorem futhark levis kogu piirkonna elanikkonna seas ja seetõttu leiab sellest märksa rohkem jälgi ning seda on kasutatud palju argisemate, igapäevasemate sündmuste tähistamiseks. Esimene <i>ætt</i> ei sisalda enam g ega w tähti, järele jäävad f, u, þ, a, r, k. Teisest kadus æ ja p, järele jäid h, n, i, j, z, s. Kolmandast kadus neli tähte (e, n, o, d), alles jäid t, b, m, l.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hilisemad_ruunid">Hilisemad ruunid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Hilisemad ruunid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Hilisemad ruunid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:EBay_025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EBay_025.jpg/220px-EBay_025.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EBay_025.jpg/330px-EBay_025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EBay_025.jpg/440px-EBay_025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption>Ruunid (ᛋᛆᚴᚱᛁᛏ ᛏᚮ) 1886. aasta hauakivil Inglismaal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parkendis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parkendis (pole veel kirjutatud)">Parkendis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Viikingite ajastu lõpul võeti seoses Skandinaavias kristluse levikuga kasutusele valdavalt ladina tähestik, kuid ruunid veel ei kadunud. Ruunidele lisandusid nüüd täpid, millega tähistati uusi foneeme, näiteks ruun e loodi olemasolevale ruunile i täpi lisamisega. Sellest ajastust leiab <a href="/wiki/Piibel" title="Piibel">piiblikirjade</a> ülestähendusi ruunidega. Samuti kasutasid <a href="/wiki/Talunik" class="mw-redirect" title="Talunik">talunikud</a> jätkuvalt ruune kaupade tähistamiseks ning suhtlemiseks. Hiljem surid ruunid välja, kuid olid siiski aktiivselt kasutuses kuni 20. sajandi lõpuni.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruunide_tõlgendamine"><span id="Ruunide_t.C3.B5lgendamine"></span>Ruunide tõlgendamine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Ruunide tõlgendamine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Ruunide tõlgendamine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuna ruunide hääldus ajapikku muutus, mõnikord koos keelemuutusega võeti vana ruun uue hääliku tähistuseks uuesti kasutusele, siis on nende tähendust hiljem kohati raske <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B5lkimine" title="Tõlkimine">tõlkida</a>, selleks on vaja teada ka loetava teksti konteksti. Mõne kirja puhul on <a href="/wiki/Kontekst" title="Kontekst">kontekst</a> teada ja siis on ka tähendust lihtsam tuletada. Noorema futharki kondenseerumisel võis üks ruun tähistada erinevaid häälikuid.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tõlkimist raskendab kohati ka see, et mõned ruunikirjad on krüpteeritud.<sup id="cite_ref-Howgego_2023_h449_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howgego_2023_h449-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasutamine_20._ja_21._sajandil">Kasutamine 20. ja 21. sajandil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Kasutamine 20. ja 21. sajandil"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Kasutamine 20. ja 21. sajandil" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:23rd_SS_Division_Logo_%22Nederland%22.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/23rd_SS_Division_Logo_%22Nederland%22.svg/150px-23rd_SS_Division_Logo_%22Nederland%22.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/23rd_SS_Division_Logo_%22Nederland%22.svg/225px-23rd_SS_Division_Logo_%22Nederland%22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/23rd_SS_Division_Logo_%22Nederland%22.svg/300px-23rd_SS_Division_Logo_%22Nederland%22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption><i>Othila</i> ruunile sarnanev <a href="/wiki/Madalmaad" title="Madalmaad">Madalmaade</a> <a href="/wiki/Relva-SS" title="Relva-SS">Waffen-SS</a>-i tähistav embleem</figcaption></figure> <p>Pärast igapäevasest kasutamisest kadumist on ruune kohati ja osaliselt taaselustatud. Austria <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCstitsism" title="Müstitsism">müstik</a> ja germaani revivalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guido_von_List&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guido von List (pole veel kirjutatud)">Guido von List</a> lõi 1902. aastal noorema futharki põhjal 18 pseudoruuni ehk <b>Armanen ruunid</b>, mida kirjeldas 1906. aastal oma artiklis <i>Das Geheimnis der Runen</i> (ee k "Ruunide Saladus") ning 1908. aastal eraldi teosena. Ruunide nimetuse kaudu püütakse neid seostada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armanen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armanen (pole veel kirjutatud)">armanenitega</a>, kelles List nägi iidseid <a href="/wiki/Aarjalased" title="Aarjalased">aaria</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preester-kuningas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preester-kuningas (pole veel kirjutatud)">preester-kuningaid</a>. Armaneni ruune kasutatakse tänini <a href="/wiki/Esoteerika" title="Esoteerika">esoteerikas</a> ja germaani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopaganlus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopaganlus (pole veel kirjutatud)">neopaganluses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Cirth_word.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cirth_word.png/220px-Cirth_word.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cirth_word.png/330px-Cirth_word.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cirth_word.png/440px-Cirth_word.png 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>Ruunide põhjal loodud Tolkieni Cirth kiri</figcaption></figure> <p>Paarkümmend aastat hiljem võeti Natsi-Saksamaal tarvitusele <i>sovulo</i> ruunist tuletatud SS-sümbol, samuti olid seal kindla tähendusega ruunid <i>eihwaz</i>, <i>algiz</i>, <i>othila</i> ja <i>hagal.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i><sup id="cite_ref-Beyer_2012_d702_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyer_2012_d702-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruune taaskasutavad rollimängudes osalejad (nt <a href="/wiki/Larp" title="Larp">LARP</a>), samuti võib neid kohata <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkieni</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B5rmuste_isand" title="Sõrmuste isand">Sõrmuste Isanda</a> saaga illustratsioonides, kaartidel. Tõenäoliselt üks tuntumaid ruunidest tuletatud sümboleid on <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetoothi</a> tehnoloogia tähis.<i><sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruunid_mütoloogias"><span id="Ruunid_m.C3.BCtoloogias"></span>Ruunid mütoloogias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Ruunid mütoloogias"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Ruunid mütoloogias" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/220px-01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/330px-01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg/440px-01_Runes_of_the_Elder_Futhark_painted_on_little_stones_-_Runen_des_%C3%A4lteren_Futhark_auf_kleine_Steine_gemalt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Futhark</figcaption></figure> <p>Ruunitähestik ehk futhark koosneb 24 tähest. Nimetus <i>fuþark</i> on tulnud tähestiku esimeste (ka vanemate) tähtede järgi: f, u, þ (th), a, r ja k. </p><p>Inglise keeles ja <a href="/wiki/Skandinaavia_riigid" class="mw-redirect" title="Skandinaavia riigid">Skandinaavia riikides</a> loobuti þ tähest ja võeti kasutusele tähed th, kuid <a href="/wiki/Islandi_keel" title="Islandi keel">islandi keeles</a> on <i>þ</i> endiselt kasutusel.<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tähed jagatakse kolme <i>aett</i>'i (vanaskandinaavia keeles "sugu"), igas 8 tähte. Tähtede järjekord on oluline, ainult kahte viimast võib omavahel vahetada. Igale ruunile vastab kindel iseloomujoon, värvus, vääriskivi ja loodusnähtus. Ruunide kombinatsioone kasutati <a href="/wiki/Loits" title="Loits">loitsimisel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lühiülevaade"><span id="L.C3.BChi.C3.BClevaade"></span>Lühiülevaade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Lühiülevaade"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Lühiülevaade" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_fehu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/15px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/23px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/30px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> fehu (või feah/fe). Häälik: <i>F</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: kari, rikkus. Jumalus: <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freyja" class="mw-redirect" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>. Element: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuli_(element)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuli (element) (pole veel kirjutatud)">tuli</a> (+ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maa_(element)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maa (element) (pole veel kirjutatud)">maa</a>). Värviliselt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulipunane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulipunane (pole veel kirjutatud)">tulipunasena</a>. </p><p>2. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_uruz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/15px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/23px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/30px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> uruz (või ur). Häälik: <i>U</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: <a href="/wiki/Tarvas" title="Tarvas">tarvas</a> (ürgveis). Seega jõud, visadus, vaprus. Kasutatakse ka tervendamisel. Jumalus: <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>. Element: maa. Värviliselt <a href="/wiki/Punane" title="Punane">punasena</a>. </p><p>3. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/15px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/23px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/30px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> thurisaz (või thorn). → Häälik: <i>þ</i> ehk <i>Th</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: <a href="/wiki/Hiid" title="Hiid">hiid</a>. Kõige ohtlikum ja tugevam ruun. Kasutatakse kaitseks/rünnakuks. Jumalus: <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>. Element: tuli. Värviliselt punasena. </p><p>4. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_ansuz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/11px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/17px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/22px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> ansuz (või os, ass). Häälik: <i>A</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: jumal. Ka kord, intelligentsus, köidikutest vabanemine. Jumalus: <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>. Element: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%95hk_(element)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Õhk (element) (pole veel kirjutatud)">õhk</a>. Värviliselt <a href="/wiki/Sinine" title="Sinine">sinisena</a>. </p><p>5. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_raido.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/14px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/21px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/28px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> raido (või rad/reid). Häälik: <i>R</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: ratsutamine. Seega sõitmine, liikumine, peremees olemine. Jumalus: <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>. Element: õhk, tuli. Värviliselt punasena. </p><p>6. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_kauna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/15px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/23px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/30px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="26" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> kenaz (või cen/kaun). Häälik: <i>K</i> või <i>C</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: tõrvik, valgus. Ka õppimine, õpetamine, kunst, kindlustunne, varjatu välja toomine. Jumalus: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimdal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heimdal (pole veel kirjutatud)">Heimdal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freyja" class="mw-redirect" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>. Element: tuli. Värviliselt <a href="/wiki/Oran%C5%BE" title="Oranž">oranžina</a>. </p><p>7. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_gebo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/15px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/23px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/30px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> geibo (või gifu). Häälik: <i>G</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: kink. Seega andmine ja saamine, tasakaal. Jumalus: <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>. Element: õhk. Värviliselt sinise või <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuldne_v%C3%A4rvus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuldne värvus (pole veel kirjutatud)">kuldsena</a>. </p><p>8. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_wunjo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/12px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/18px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/24px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> wunjo (või wynn). Häälik: <i>W</i> või <i>V</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: täiuslikkus, soovide täitumine. Jumalus: <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>. Element: maa. Värviliselt kuldsena. </p><p>9. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_haglaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/15px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/23px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/30px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> hagalaz (või haegl, hagall). Häälik: <i>H</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: rahe. Seega purustav jõud, alateadvus. Vastab mütoloogias <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarökile</a> ehk maailma lõpule. Jumalus: <a href="/wiki/Hella" class="mw-disambig" title="Hella">Hella</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Holda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holda (pole veel kirjutatud)">Holda</a>. Element: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vesi_(element)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vesi (element) (pole veel kirjutatud)">vesi</a>. Värviliselt <a href="/wiki/Hall_(v%C3%A4rvus)" title="Hall (värvus)">hallina</a>. </p><p>10. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_naudiz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/15px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/23px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/30px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> nauthis (või need, naudr). Häälik: <i>N</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: häda. Seda kasutatakse rünnakute tõkestamiseks jne. Kaitseb pettuse ja reetmise eest. Jumalus: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skuld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skuld (pole veel kirjutatud)">Skuld</a>. Element: tuli. Värviliselt <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">mustana</a>. </p><p>11. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_isaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/2px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/3px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/4px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> isa (või is). Häälik: <i>I</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: jää. Ka individualism jne. Kasutatakse kaitseks, tõrjumiseks. Jumalused: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verdandi (pole veel kirjutatud)">Verdandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rind" title="Rind">Rind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skadi" title="Skadi">Skadi</a>. Element: vesi. Värviliselt <a href="/wiki/Valge" title="Valge">valgena</a>. </p><p>12. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_jeran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/18px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/27px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/36px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> jera (või ger, or). Häälik: <i>J</i> või <i>Y</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: aasta, viljasaak. Asjade muutumine ja aja kulg. Õigetpidisena kiire edasiliikumine, pööratuna (pilt pööratust: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cooolart.com/Runes/Jera.jpg">http://www.cooolart.com/Runes/Jera.jpg</a> ) aeglane liikumine. Jumalused: <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freyja" class="mw-redirect" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balder" class="mw-redirect" title="Balder">Balder</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holdur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holdur (pole veel kirjutatud)">Holdur</a>. Kõik elemendid. Värviliselt <a href="/wiki/Roheline" title="Roheline">rohelisena</a>. </p><p>13. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_iwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/16px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/32px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> eihwas (või eoh). Häälik: <i>æ</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: jugapuu, uljus, käsk "mine ja tee!". Jumalused: <a href="/wiki/Skadi" title="Skadi">Skadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>. Kõik elemendid. Värviliselt rohelisena. </p><p>14. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_pertho.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/12px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/18px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/24px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> pertho (või peorth). Häälik: <i>P</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: sünd, saladus. Ka varjatus teadmine. Jumalus: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerthus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Nerthus</a>. Element: vesi. Värviliselt hõbedasena. </p><p>15. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_algiz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/17px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/26px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/34px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> algiz (või eolk, yr). Häälik: <i>Z</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: kaitse. Õigetpidisena tähistab ka sünniaega; naist. Tagurpidisena surmaaega; meest. Kasutatakse ka tervendamisel. Jumalus: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimdal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heimdal (pole veel kirjutatud)">Heimdal</a>. Element: õhk. Värviliselt <a href="/wiki/Vikerkaar" title="Vikerkaar">vikerkaarevärvides</a>. </p><p>16. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_sowilo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/15px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/23px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/30px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> sowulo (või sigil, sol). Häälik: <i>S</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: päike. Ka enesest lugupidamine, kavatsus. Kasutati jällegi tervendamisel. Jumalus: <a href="/wiki/Balder" class="mw-redirect" title="Balder">Balder</a>. Element: õhk. Värvliselt kuldsena. </p><p>17. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/17px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/26px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/34px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> teiwas (või tyr). Häälik: <i>T</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: jumal <a href="/wiki/Tyr" title="Tyr">Tyr</a>. Ka õiglus. Element: õhk. Värviliselt punasena. </p><p>18. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_berkanan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/14px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/21px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/28px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> berkana (või beorc, bjorkan). Häälik: <i>B</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: kask. Ka naine, emadus, hoolitsus. Jumalused: <a href="/wiki/Berta" title="Berta">Berta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holda (pole veel kirjutatud)">Holda</a>. Element: maa. Värviliselt rohelisena. </p><p>19. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/15px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/23px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/30px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> ehwas (või eoh). Häälik: <i>E</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: hobune. Üldse liikumisvahendid ja nende juhtimine. Ka abielu (oleks nagu kaks <i>laguz</i>'i). Jumalused: <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freyja" class="mw-redirect" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> ja teised kaksikjumalused. Element: maa. Värviliselt rohelisena. </p><p>20. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_mannaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/15px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/23px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/30px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> mannaz (või man, madr). Häälik: <i>M</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: inimene. Ümberpööratult vaenlane. Jumalus: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimdallr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heimdallr (pole veel kirjutatud)">Heimdallr</a>. Element: õhk. Värviliselt sinisena. </p><p>21. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_laukaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/18px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> laguz (või lagu, logr). Häälik: <i>L</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: järv. Õigetpidi tõus, pööratult (1) mõõn. Võib olla ka elu või partnerluse sümbol. Jumalus: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerthus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerthus (pole veel kirjutatud)">Nerthus</a>. Element: vesi. Värviliselt <a href="/wiki/Rohekassinine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohekassinine">rohekas-sinisena</a>. </p><p>22. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/17px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/26px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/34px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> inguz (või ing). Häälik: <i>NG</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: Freyr. Ka "olema kellegi poeg/tütar" On ka "aken teise teadvusesse" vms. Jumalus: <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freyja" class="mw-redirect" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>. Element: vesi, maa. Värviliselt rohelisena. </p><p>23. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_othalan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/17px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/26px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/34px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="57" /></a></span> othila (või ethel). Häälik: <i>O</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: päritav maa, aadellik. Millegi kindlustamine ja keskendamine. Loob kokkukuuluvustunde. Jumalus: Odin. Element: maa. Värviliselt punasena. </p><p>24. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Runic_letter_dagaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/15px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/23px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/30px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> dagaz (või daeg). Häälik: <i>D</i>. </p><p>Tähendus: päev. Kasutatakse ka millegi nähtamatuks muutmisel. Jumalused: <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimdal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heimdal (pole veel kirjutatud)">Heimdal</a>. Element: tuli, õhk. Värviliselt punasena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sirvikalender" title="Sirvikalender">Sirvikalender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirvilauad" class="mw-disambig" title="Sirvilauad">Sirvilauad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perem%C3%A4rk" title="Peremärk">Peremärk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruunikivi" title="Ruunikivi">Ruunikivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piirikivi" title="Piirikivi">Piirikivi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6066747">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFERR2023" class="citation web cs1">ERR (19. jaanuar 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novaator.err.ee/1608855617/norras-leiti-teadaolevalt-maailma-vanim-ruunikivi">"Norras leiti teadaolevalt maailma vanim ruunikivi"</a>. <i>ERR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 5. septembril 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ERR&rft.atitle=Norras+leiti+teadaolevalt+maailma+vanim+ruunikivi&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft.au=ERR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovaator.err.ee%2F1608855617%2Fnorras-leiti-teadaolevalt-maailma-vanim-ruunikivi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARuunid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EKI.ee-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EKI.ee_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eki.ee/dict/vsl/index.cgi?Q=ruunid">"[VSL] Võõrsõnade leksikon"</a>. <i>EKI.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 5. mail 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EKI.ee&rft.atitle=%5BVSL%5D+V%C3%B5%C3%B5rs%C3%B5nade+leksikon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eki.ee%2Fdict%2Fvsl%2Findex.cgi%3FQ%3Druunid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARuunid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKay_2020_g160-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-0">3,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-1">3,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-2">3,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-3">3,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-4">3,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-5">3,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-6">3,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-7">3,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-8">3,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-9">3,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-10">3,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-11">3,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-12">3,12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-13">3,13</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-14">3,14</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKay_2020_g160_3-15">3,15</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2020" class="citation web cs1">McKay, Andrew (21. august 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifeinnorway.net/viking-runes/">"Viking Runes: The Historic Writing Systems of Northern Europe"</a>. <i>Life in Norway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 13. juulil 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life+in+Norway&rft.atitle=Viking+Runes%3A+The+Historic+Writing+Systems+of+Northern+Europe&rft.date=2020-08-21&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifeinnorway.net%2Fviking-runes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARuunid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2020" class="citation web cs1">Koch, John (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125063756/https://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Centre/2020/Celto-Germanic2020.pdf">"CELTO-GERMANIC Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Centre/2020/Celto-Germanic2020.pdf">Originaali</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> arhiivikoopia seisuga 25.11.2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 5.5.2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wales+Centre+for+Advanced+Welsh+and+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=CELTO-GERMANIC+Later+Prehistory+and%E2%80%83Post-Proto-Indo-European+vocabulary%E2%80%83in+the+North+and+West&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wales.ac.uk%2FResources%2FDocuments%2FCentre%2F2020%2FCelto-Germanic2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARuunid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mägi_2018-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mägi_2018_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mägi_2018_5-1">5,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mägi_2018_5-2">5,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFMägi2018" class="citation web cs1">Mägi, Marika (16. aprill 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novaator.err.ee/800305/kuidas-muinaseestlased-markmeid-tegid-kuigi-nad-kirjutada-ei-osanud">"Kuidas muinaseestlased märkmeid tegid, kuigi nad kirjutada ei osanud?"</a>. <i>ERR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 5. mail 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ERR&rft.atitle=Kuidas+muinaseestlased+m%C3%A4rkmeid+tegid%2C+kuigi+nad+kirjutada+ei+osanud%3F&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4gi&rft.aufirst=Marika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovaator.err.ee%2F800305%2Fkuidas-muinaseestlased-markmeid-tegid-kuigi-nad-kirjutada-ei-osanud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARuunid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suurkask_2013_t185-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Suurkask_2013_t185_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFSuurkask2013" class="citation web cs1">Suurkask, Heiki (29. aprill 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forte.delfi.ee/artikkel/66046460/opime-lugema-iidne-pohjamaine-ruunitahestik-futhark">"Õpime lugema: iidne põhjamaine ruunitähestik futhark"</a>. <i>Forte</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 13. juulil 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forte&rft.atitle=%C3%95pime+lugema%3A+iidne+p%C3%B5hjamaine+ruunit%C3%A4hestik+futhark&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft.aulast=Suurkask&rft.aufirst=Heiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforte.delfi.ee%2Fartikkel%2F66046460%2Fopime-lugema-iidne-pohjamaine-ruunitahestik-futhark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARuunid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFKingisepp2001" class="citation web cs1">Kingisepp, Valve-Liivi (01.01.2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emakeeleselts.ee/omakeel/2001_1/OK_2001-1_01.pdf">"Eesti keele esimestest kirjapanekutest ja kirjaviisidest"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oma Keel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 13.07.2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oma+Keel&rft.atitle=Eesti+keele+esimestest+kirjapanekutest+ja+kirjaviisidest&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.aulast=Kingisepp&rft.aufirst=Valve-Liivi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emakeeleselts.ee%2Fomakeel%2F2001_1%2FOK_2001-1_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARuunid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFTvauri2012" class="citation web cs1">Tvauri, Andres (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arheo.ut.ee/EA4_Tvauri_2012.pdf">"RAHVASTERÄNNUAEG, EELVIIKINGIAEG JA VIIKINGIAEG EESTIS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Estonian Archaeology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 14.07.2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Estonian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=RAHVASTER%C3%84NNUAEG%2C+EELVIIKINGIAEG+JA+VIIKINGIAEG+EESTIS&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tvauri&rft.aufirst=Andres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arheo.ut.ee%2FEA4_Tvauri_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARuunid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13032710/Gotic_Contact_with_Latin_Gotica_Parisina_and_Wulfilas_Alphabet">Magnús Snædal. Gothic Contact with Latin, Gotica Parisina and Wulfila's Alphabet. – Early Germanic Languages in Contact. 2015. lk 91–105</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I. Sakk. Aa kuni Zz. Tüpograafia ülevaatlik ajalugu. Tallinn, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thornton_2022-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thornton_2022_11-0">11,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thornton_2022_11-1">11,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Thornton_2022_11-2">11,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFThornton2022" class="citation web cs1">Thornton, Astrid (11. juuni 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seekscandinavia.com/norse-runes/">"Norse Runes: Ultimate Guide to the Vikings' Nordic Alphabet"</a>. <i>Seek Scandinavia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 5. mail 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seek+Scandinavia&rft.atitle=Norse+Runes%3A+Ultimate+Guide+to+the+Vikings%E2%80%99+Nordic+Alphabet&rft.date=2022-06-11&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Astrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseekscandinavia.com%2Fnorse-runes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARuunid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barowski-Morley_2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Barowski-Morley_2014_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFBarowski-Morley2014" class="citation web cs1">Barowski-Morley, Adrien (28. veebruar 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6240698/Nazi_use_of_Norse_runes">"Nazi use of Norse runes"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 5. mail 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Nazi+use+of+Norse+runes&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.aulast=Barowski-Morley&rft.aufirst=Adrien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6240698%2FNazi_use_of_Norse_runes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARuunid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howgego_2023_h449-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Howgego_2023_h449_13-0">13,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Howgego_2023_h449_13-1">13,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFHowgego2023" class="citation web cs1">Howgego, Joshua (5. juuli 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2381177-ancient-scandinavians-wrote-encrypted-messages-in-runes-1500-years-ago/?fbclid=IwAR3zDbDLeSMlVcueOp2dSpq3kGV2Tvcx4eHd6Rt6HKEcLPm_59TzYcbRlb0">"Ancient Scandinavians wrote encrypted messages in runes 1500 years ago"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 17. juulil 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Ancient+Scandinavians+wrote+encrypted+messages+in+runes+1500+years+ago&rft.date=2023-07-05&rft.aulast=Howgego&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2381177-ancient-scandinavians-wrote-encrypted-messages-in-runes-1500-years-ago%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR3zDbDLeSMlVcueOp2dSpq3kGV2Tvcx4eHd6Rt6HKEcLPm_59TzYcbRlb0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARuunid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyer_2012_d702-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beyer_2012_d702_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer2012" class="citation web cs1">Beyer, Catherine (30. aprill 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.learnreligions.com/black-sun-95987">"Understanding the Meaning of the Nazi Black Sun Symbol"</a>. <i>Learn Religions</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 13. juulil 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learn+Religions&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Meaning+of+the+Nazi+Black+Sun+Symbol&rft.date=2012-04-30&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnreligions.com%2Fblack-sun-95987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3ARuunid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&action=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/eindex.htm">Erinevad ruunid</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pärit leheküljelt "<a dir="ltr" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&oldid=6719794">https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruunid&oldid=6719794</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Kategooriad" title="Eri:Kategooriad">Kategooriad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:T%C3%A4hestikud" title="Kategooria:Tähestikud">Tähestikud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Esoteerika" title="Kategooria:Esoteerika">Esoteerika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:New_Age" title="Kategooria:New Age">New Age</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Ajalugu" title="Kategooria:Ajalugu">Ajalugu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Germaanlased" title="Kategooria:Germaanlased">Germaanlased</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Skandinaavia_vanaaeg" title="Kategooria:Skandinaavia vanaaeg">Skandinaavia vanaaeg</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Peidetud kategooriad: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Toimetamist_ootavad" title="Kategooria:Toimetamist ootavad">Toimetamist ootavad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Keeletoimetamist_ootavad_(september_2023)" title="Kategooria:Keeletoimetamist ootavad (september 2023)">Keeletoimetamist ootavad (september 2023)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Keeletoimetamist_ootavad" title="Kategooria:Keeletoimetamist ootavad">Keeletoimetamist ootavad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategooria:Viideteta_v%C3%A4idetega_artiklid" title="Kategooria:Viideteta väidetega artiklid">Viideteta väidetega artiklid</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Selle lehekülje viimane muutmine: 18:05, 3. september 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst on kasutatav vastavalt Creative Commonsi litsentsile "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.et">Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel</a>"; sellele võivad lisanduda täiendavad tingimused. 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