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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Theodor Heuss</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="تيودور هويس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تيودور هويس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Тэадор Хойс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэадор Хойс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Тэадор Гойс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэадор Гойс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Теодор Хойс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теодор Хойс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%A7%CF%8C%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Τέοντορ Χόις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τέοντορ Χόις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تئودور هویس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تئودور هویس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%96%B4_%ED%98%B8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="테오도어 호이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테오도어 호이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1" title="תיאודור הויס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תיאודור הויס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="თეოდორ ჰოისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეოდორ ჰოისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorus_Heuss" title="Theodorus Heuss – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theodorus Heuss" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodors_Heiss" title="Teodors Heiss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teodors Heiss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="تيودور هويس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيودور هويس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%AA%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="テオドール・ホイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テオドール・ホイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88%D8%B1_%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تھیوڈر ہیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھیوڈر ہیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81,_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хойс, Теодор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хойс, Теодор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81" title="Теодор Хојс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теодор Хојс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เทโอดอร์ ฮ็อยส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทโอดอร์ ฮ็อยส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%81" title="Теодор Ҳойсс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Теодор Ҳойсс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Теодор Гойс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теодор Гойс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF" title="特奥多尔·豪斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="特奥多尔·豪斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Theodor Heuss" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF" title="特奥多尔·豪斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特奥多尔·豪斯" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German politician and president of West Germany from 1949 to 1959</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Theodor Heuss</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-098-20a,_Heuss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-098-20a%2C_Heuss.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-098-20a%2C_Heuss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-098-20a%2C_Heuss.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="294" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Heuss in 1953</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of West Germany</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 September 1949 – 12 September 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Arnold" title="Karl Arnold">Karl Arnold</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(acting)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Leader of the Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Leader</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 December 1948 – 12 September 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Franz Blücher</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Franz Blücher</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)#Leader_of_the_FDP_in_the_Bundestag" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Leader</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a><br />in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 September 1949 – 12 September 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Hermann Schäfer </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary constituencies </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_German_Bundestag" title="Member of the German Bundestag">Member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> <br /> for <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">7 September 1949</a> – 15 September 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Margarete Hütter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Germany" title="Electoral system of Germany">Free Democratic Party List</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Parlamentarischer_Rat" title="Parlamentarischer Rat">Parliamentary Council</a> <br /> for <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 September 1948 – 5 August 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the<br />Landtag of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 December 1946 – 16 September 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Anna Hartnagel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Germany" title="Electoral system of Germany">Democratic People's Party List</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 October 1930 – 8 July 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 January 1925 – 13 June 1928</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1884-01-31</span>)</span>31 January 1884<br /><a href="/wiki/Brackenheim" title="Brackenheim">Brackenheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1963<span style="display:none">(1963-12-12)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Progressive People's Party (Germany)">FVP</a> (1910–1918)<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a> (1918–1933)<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Democratic Party of Germany">DPD</a> (1947–1948)<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> (1948–1963)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elly_Heuss-Knapp" title="Elly Heuss-Knapp">Elly Knapp</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1908; died 1952)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/LMU_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="LMU Munich">LMU Munich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Journalist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Heuss_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodor Heuss's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Theodor_Heuss_Signature.svg/128px-Theodor_Heuss_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Theodor_Heuss_Signature.svg/192px-Theodor_Heuss_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Theodor_Heuss_Signature.svg/256px-Theodor_Heuss_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="79" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Theodor Heuss</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈteːodoːɐ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhɔʏs]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e0\/De-Theodor_Heuss.ogg\/De-Theodor_Heuss.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Theodor Heuss.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/De-Theodor_Heuss.ogg/De-Theodor_Heuss.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Theodor_Heuss.ogg" title="File:De-Theodor Heuss.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 31 January 1884 – 12 December 1963) was a German liberal politician who served as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="President of West Germany">president of West Germany</a> from 1949 to 1959. His cordial nature – something of a contrast to the stern character of <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> – largely contributed to the stabilization of democracy in West Germany during the <i><a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a></i> years. Before beginning his career as a politician, Heuss had been a political journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Heuss&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heuss was born in <a href="/wiki/Brackenheim" title="Brackenheim">Brackenheim</a>, a small town and wine-making community near <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a> in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, on the border between the historic regions of <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He attended the Karlsgymnasium in Heilbronn, from which he graduated in 1902. This selective secondary school has since been renamed the <a href="/wiki/Theodor-Heuss-Gymnasium_Heilbronn" title="Theodor-Heuss-Gymnasium Heilbronn">Theodor-Heuss-Gymnasium</a>, in honor of its famous alumnus. </p><p>Heuss studied <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> at the universities of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Munich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He received his doctorate at Munich, with <a href="/wiki/Lujo_Brentano" title="Lujo Brentano">Lujo Brentano</a> serving as his thesis adviser, in 1905. Heuss was also a student of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann" title="Friedrich Naumann">Friedrich Naumann</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a German politician and theologian. On 11 April 1908, he married <a href="/wiki/Elly_Heuss-Knapp" title="Elly Heuss-Knapp">Elly Heuss-Knapp</a> (1881–1952), with whom he had a son. The minister presiding over the Lutheran wedding ceremony held in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Straßburg</a> was <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a>, a close friend of Elly.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Heuss&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Theodor_Heuss" title="Special:EditPage/Theodor Heuss">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Theodor+Heuss%22">"Theodor Heuss"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Theodor+Heuss%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Theodor+Heuss%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Theodor+Heuss%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Theodor+Heuss%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Theodor+Heuss%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After his studies Heuss worked as a political journalist in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and from 1905 until 1912 presided over the magazine <i>Die Hilfe</i> ("The Aid") published by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann" title="Friedrich Naumann">Friedrich Naumann</a>. From 1912 to 1918, he was editor in chief of the <i>Neckarzeitung</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a> Newspaper) in Heilbronn. In Berlin, he worked as editor for the weekly newsletter <i>Deutsche Politik</i> ("German Politics"). With Naumann, Heuss in 1903 joined the liberal <a href="/wiki/German_Free-minded_Party" title="German Free-minded Party">Free-minded Union</a>, which in 1910 merged into the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Progressive People's Party (Germany)">Progressive People's Party</a> (<i>Fortschrittliche Volkspartei</i>), in which he was engaged until its dissolution in 1918. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Heuss between 1923 and 1926 published the magazine <i>Die Deutsche Nation</i> ("The German Nation"). He had become a member of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> (<i>Deutsche Demokratische Partei</i>, DDP), from 1930 renamed <a href="/wiki/German_State_Party" title="German State Party">German State Party</a> (<i>Deutsche Staatspartei</i>, DStP), the political heir of the Fortschrittliche Volkspartei in 1918 and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> parliament from 1924 to 1928 and again from 1930 to 1933. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Heuss&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 23 March 1933, along with his four fellow DStP parliamentarians, Heuss voted in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a> (Ermächtigungsgesetz), granting Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> quasi-dictatorial powers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had set out to abstain, but after <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a> indicated that with regard to the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a></i> the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> MPs would assent, ultimately subordinated to party discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternative views of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Dietrich" title="Hermann Dietrich">Hermann Dietrich</a>, Weimar Republic finance minister claim that he was part of the majority in favor of voting for the enabling law.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Germany became a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>, the DStP was dissolved on 28 June 1933 and Heuss was divested of his Reichstag mandate by decree of Minister of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a> with effect from 8 July. </p><p>Following the end of his term he returned to private life. During the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi era</a>, he stayed in contact with a network of liberals, leading to contacts with the <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance</a> towards the end of the war, though he was not an active resister. In 1936 Heuss faced a publication ban, nevertheless in 1941 he became an employee of the <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Zeitung">Frankfurter Zeitung</a></i>, one of the few remaining liberal newspapers at that time. Heuss wrote under <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonyms</a> until publishing of the paper was finally prohibited in 1943. He spent the following years writing a biography of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch" title="Robert Bosch">Robert Bosch</a>. </p><p>Heuss was a contributor to the Nazi newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i>, launched by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> as a more intellectual version of the crude antisemitism spread by Nazi publications.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Heuss&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War II the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government,_United_States" title="Office of Military Government, United States">US Office of Military Government</a> on 24 September 1945 appointed Heuss the first Minister of Education and Cultural Affairs in the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">German</a> state of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> under his fellow party member Minister-president <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Maier" title="Reinhold Maier">Reinhold Maier</a>, in favour of whom he resigned in 1946. As a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Democratic People's Party (Germany)">Democratic People's Party</a> (<i>Demokratische Volkspartei</i>, DVP), the predecessor of the German <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Democratic Party of Germany">Free Democratic Party</a> (<i>Freie Demokratische Partei</i>, FDP) in the southwestern German states, he was a member of the Württemberg-Baden state parliament (<i><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></i>) from 1946 to 1949. Heuss also taught <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart" title="University of Stuttgart">Stuttgart Institute of Technology</a> in 1946 and 1947, receiving the title of an honorary <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> in 1948. </p><p>After plans elaborated with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BClz" title="Wilhelm Külz">Wilhelm Külz</a> to build up an all-German liberal party had failed, Heuss in December 1948 was elected head of West German and Berlin sections of the newly founded Free Democratic Party. He advocated uniting all liberal parties in the Western occupation zones, overcoming the split between right liberals and left liberals that had existed in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. In 1948, he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Parlamentarischer_Rat" title="Parlamentarischer Rat">Parlamentarischer Rat</a> (Parliamentary Council) at <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> with considerable influence in the drafting of West Germany's constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Heuss&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After being elected to the first German <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, he relinquished his parliamentary mandate on 12 September 1949, when he was <a href="/wiki/1949_German_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 German presidential election">elected</a> President by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Convention</a> (<i>Bundesversammlung</i>) defeating the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (Germany)">Social Democrat</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher" title="Kurt Schumacher">Kurt Schumacher</a> in the second ballot. He took the oath required by article 56 of the Basic Law before a joint session of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat on the same date.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time he was confirmed as the first democratic German president since <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, he refused to be called "<a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a>", preferring instead to be called simply "Herr Heuss",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Herr Bundespräsident</i> is the German term of address up to today. Heuss's plans for a new <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> were aborted by Adenauer, who – in rare accordance with Kurt Schumacher – had the third stanza of the old <i><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Deutschlandlied</a></i> established in 1952. </p><p>A widower since 1952, Heuss was re-elected in 1954 with practically no opposition, after the Social Democrats had renounced the nomination of a rival candidate. Not until May 1956, could he make his first state visit, invited by King <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Greece" title="Paul of Greece">Paul of Greece</a>. The president, accompanied by Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a>, was overwhelmed by the warm reception in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, considering that the country had heavily suffered under German occupation in World War II. He held office until the end of his term on 12 September 1959, succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a>. He had declined a third term in office, as this would have necessitated changing the constitution. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F006929-0004,_Bundeskanzler_Adenauer_mit_Theodor_Heuss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F006929-0004%2C_Bundeskanzler_Adenauer_mit_Theodor_Heuss.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F006929-0004%2C_Bundeskanzler_Adenauer_mit_Theodor_Heuss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F006929-0004%2C_Bundeskanzler_Adenauer_mit_Theodor_Heuss.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F006929-0004%2C_Bundeskanzler_Adenauer_mit_Theodor_Heuss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F006929-0004%2C_Bundeskanzler_Adenauer_mit_Theodor_Heuss.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F006929-0004%2C_Bundeskanzler_Adenauer_mit_Theodor_Heuss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a> and Heuss on 14 September 1959.</figcaption></figure> <p>Heuss shaped the office of president by his <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-partisan">non-partisan</a> governing. As a representative of the democratic-liberal and cultural traditions of Germany, he was a symbol of confidence in the German post-war republic in the international community. His further state visits to Turkey, Italy, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom contributed greatly to the increase of appreciation toward the still young Federal Republic of Germany. He was opposed to <a href="/wiki/Wiederbewaffnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiederbewaffnung">re-armament</a> and the founding of the new <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">West German Army</a> in 1955, but had no power to stop it. His ironic speech at the swearing in of the first new soldiers, <i>"Nun siegt mal schön!"</i> ("Happy war-winning!"), is well remembered. In 1959, Heuss was awarded the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Friedenspreis_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels" title="Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels">Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels</a>. In addressing the memory of Nazism and the Nazi dictatorship, Heuss introduced the concept of collective shame as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Collective_responsibility" title="Collective responsibility">collective guilt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rhetoric encouraged the Germans to never forget the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and precisely described the crimes against the Jews but he refrained from citing those who were responsible for their suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 December 1963 Heuss died in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, aged 79. </p><p>In 1957 Heuss donated a sculpted portal entry to the Camposanto of the Teutons and the Flemish in Vatican city. The portal, by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Elmar_Hillebrand" title="Elmar Hillebrand">Elmar Hillebrand</a> of Cologne, gives access from the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a> to the Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Piet%C3%A0_in_Camposanto_dei_Teutonici" title="Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici">Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici</a>, the National Church in Rome of Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-stato_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stato-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Heuss&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Theodor_Heuss" title="Special:EditPage/Theodor Heuss">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Heuss was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Heuss&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1964, the Theodor Heuss Prize has been awarded for exemplary democratic disposition. Heuss's former residence is now open to the public as the <i>Theodor-Heuss-Haus</i>. His image appeared on one series of the two-<a href="/wiki/German_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German mark">mark</a> coin and numerous streets and squares all over Germany have been named in his honour. During his time in office, his image also appeared on <a href="/wiki/Definitive_stamp" title="Definitive stamp">definitive stamps</a> in West Germany issued between 1954 and 1960. An <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a> aircraft of the <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Luftwaffe</a> used by the German head of government also carries his name. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Heuss&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Free University of Berlin</a> (1949)</li> <li>Special Class of the Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (1952)</li> <li>Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> (31 December 1953)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross with Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Falcon" title="Order of the Falcon">Order of the Falcon</a> (Iceland, 1955)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justus_Moser_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justus Moser Medal (page does not exist)">Justus Moser Medal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus-M%C3%B6ser-Medaille" class="extiw" title="de:Justus-Möser-Medaille">de</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a>, 1956)</li> <li>Honorary Citizen of <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece#Modern_Olympia" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoration_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria">Great Star of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria</a> (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> (1958)</li> <li>Honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/Laval_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Laval University">Laval University</a> (1958)</li> <li>Theodor Heuss Chair at <a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Heuss&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWieckLenz2003" class="citation book cs1">Wieck, Michael; Lenz, Siegfried (2003). <i>A Childhood Under Hitler and Stalin: Memoirs of a "certified" Jew</i>. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 146, 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299185443" title="Special:BookSources/0299185443"><bdi>0299185443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Childhood+Under+Hitler+and+Stalin%3A+Memoirs+of+a+%22certified%22+Jew&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=146%2C+266&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0299185443&rft.aulast=Wieck&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Lenz%2C+Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2013" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Bernard (2013). <i>Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia</i>. Oxon, UK: Routledge. p. 569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815313366" title="Special:BookSources/9780815313366"><bdi>9780815313366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Since+1945%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Oxon%2C+UK&rft.pages=569&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780815313366&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentz_III2013" class="citation book cs1">Lentz III, Harris (2013). <i>Heads of States and Governments Since 1945</i>. Oxon: Routledge. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1884964442" title="Special:BookSources/978-1884964442"><bdi>978-1884964442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heads+of+States+and+Governments+Since+1945&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1884964442&rft.aulast=Lentz+III&rft.aufirst=Harris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOermann2016" class="citation book cs1">Oermann, N.O. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egiDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT110"><i>Albert Schweitzer: A Biography</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108704-2"><bdi>978-0-19-108704-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Schweitzer%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-108704-2&rft.aulast=Oermann&rft.aufirst=N.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DegiDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrabazon2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Brabazon" title="James Brabazon">Brabazon, J.</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albertschweitzer00jame"><i>Albert Schweitzer: A Biography</i></a></span>. Albert Schweitzer library. Syracuse University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albertschweitzer00jame/page/422">422</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0675-8"><bdi>978-0-8156-0675-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Schweitzer%3A+A+Biography&rft.series=Albert+Schweitzer+library&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0675-8&rft.aulast=Brabazon&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbertschweitzer00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierhal1956" class="citation book cs1">Pierhal, J. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cyq1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Albert Schweitzer: the life of a great man</i></a>. Lutterworth. p. 63<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Schweitzer%3A+the+life+of+a+great+man&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Lutterworth&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Pierhal&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCyq1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierhal1957" class="citation book cs1">Pierhal, J. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OflHAAAAMAAJ"><i>Albert Schweitzer: the story of his life</i></a>. Philosophical Library. p. 63f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802219756" title="Special:BookSources/9780802219756"><bdi>9780802219756</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Schweitzer%3A+the+story+of+his+life&rft.pages=63f&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=9780802219756&rft.aulast=Pierhal&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOflHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o03jAAAAMAAJ&q=schweitzer+wedding">"The Bulletin"</a>, <i>Bulletin des Presse- und Informationsamtes der Bundesregierung. ... [Englische Ausgabe] = the Bulletin</i>, <b>9–10</b>, Bonn, West Germany: Press and Information Office: 36, 1962, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-7794">0032-7794</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+des+Presse-+und+Informationsamtes+der+Bundesregierung.+...+%26%2391%3BEnglische+Ausgabe%26%2393%3B+%3D+the+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Bulletin&rft.volume=9-10&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1962&rft.issn=0032-7794&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do03jAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dschweitzer%2Bwedding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reichstagsprotokolle.de/Blatt2_w8_bsb00000141_00049.html">Official Record of the Reichstag</a> <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Library" title="Bavarian State Library">Bavarian State Library</a>, 23 March 1933, last access: 27 November 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodor-heuss-haus.de/theodor-heuss/nationalsozialismus/">Information on the webpage of the German foundation 'Stiftung Bundespräsident-Theodor-Heuss-Haus' (Foundation Federal President Theodor Heuss House)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hjamar Schacht. The Magic of Money, London: Oldbourne, 1967, p.105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoonz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Koonz" title="Claudia Koonz">Koonz, Claudia</a> (2003). <i>The Nazi Conscience</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01172-4"><bdi>978-0-674-01172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Conscience&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01172-4&rft.aulast=Koonz&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundestag.de/parlament/aufgaben/bundesversammlung/1bundesversammlung/485168">"Deutscher Bundestag - 1. Bundesversammlung (12. September 1949)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutscher+Bundestag+-+1.+Bundesversammlung+%2812.+September+1949%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundestag.de%2Fparlament%2Faufgaben%2Fbundesversammlung%2F1bundesversammlung%2F485168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131061322/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800754,00.html">GERMANY: Out by the Kitchen</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TIME_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME Magazine">TIME Magazine</a></i>, 26 September 1949</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKansteiner2006" class="citation book cs1">Kansteiner, Wulf (2006). <i>In Pursuit of German Memory: History, Television, and Politics After Auschwitz</i>. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0821416383" title="Special:BookSources/0821416383"><bdi>0821416383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Pursuit+of+German+Memory%3A+History%2C+Television%2C+and+Politics+After+Auschwitz&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0821416383&rft.aulast=Kansteiner&rft.aufirst=Wulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stato-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stato_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/stato-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/org-scientifici/item/343-campo-santo-teutonico.html">"Campo Santo Teutonico", Stato Della Città del Vaticano</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=32143">"HEUSS Dott. Theodor decorato di Gran Cordone"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HEUSS+Dott.+Theodor+decorato+di+Gran+Cordone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirinale.it%2Felementi%2FDettaglioOnorificenze.aspx%3Fdecorato%3D32143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Icelandic Presidency Website (<i>Icelandic</i>), Order of the Falcon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://falkadb.forseti.is/orduskra/fal03.php?term=Heuss%2C+Theodor&sub=Leita">Heuss, Theodor</a>, 29 January 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf">"Reply to a parliamentary question"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). p. 26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reply+to+a+parliamentary+question&rft.pages=26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlament.gv.at%2FPAKT%2FVHG%2FXXIV%2FAB%2FAB_10542%2Fimfname_251156.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodor+Heuss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Heuss&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Theodor_Heuss" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/HeussTheodor/">dhm.de</a> – Museum of German History <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stiftung-heuss-haus.de/">stiftung-heuss-haus.de</a> – Foundation <i>Theodor-Heuss-Haus</i> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028115738/http://www.bundespraesident.de/-,11062/Theodor-Heuss.htm">bundespraesident.de</a> – Office of the President <span class="languageicon">(in German and English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/007766">Newspaper clippings about Theodor Heuss</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundespraesident.de/EN/TheGermanFederalPresidents/TheodorHeuss/theodorheuss-node.html">The German Federal Presidents</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of West Germany</a> </b><br />1949–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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id="Presidents_of_Germany_(since_1949)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Presidents of Germany (since 1949)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> <br />Bundespräsident (1949–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodor Heuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of the President of Germany"><img alt="Standard of the President of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="2657" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_State_of_Germany_(since_1871)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Germany" title="Template:Heads of State of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_State_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Heads of State of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of State of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_State_of_Germany_(since_1871)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Germany" title="List of heads of state of Germany">Heads of State of Germany (since 1871)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> <br />(1871–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><b>Emperors</b></i>: <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a><br /> <i><b>Presidents</b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (<i>Führer and Reichskanzler</i>) • <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> <br />(since 1949)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodor Heuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> <br />(1949–1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Stoph" title="Willi Stoph">Willi Stoph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Gerlach" title="Manfred Gerlach">Manfred Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Bergmann-Pohl" title="Sabine Bergmann-Pohl">Sabine Bergmann-Pohl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates acting holder</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Template:Free Democratic Party (Germany)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Template talk:Free Democratic Party (Germany)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free Democratic Party (Germany)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;;width:1%">President of Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodor Heuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Leader of the Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Federal chairmen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Dehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Maier" title="Reinhold Maier">Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Genscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bangemann" title="Martin Bangemann">Bangemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Graf_Lambsdorff" title="Otto Graf Lambsdorff">Lambsdorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel" title="Klaus Kinkel">Kinkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gerhardt" title="Wolfgang Gerhardt">Gerhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Westerwelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_R%C3%B6sler" title="Philipp Rösler">Rösler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Lindner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;;width:1%">Leaders in the <br /> Bundestag</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Hermann Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August-Martin_Euler" title="August-Martin Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Hermann Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Dehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Becker_(politician)" title="Max Becker (politician)">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm" title="Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm">Kühlmann-Stumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick" title="Wolfgang Mischnick">Mischnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Otto_Solms" title="Hermann Otto Solms">Solms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gerhardt" title="Wolfgang Gerhardt">Gerhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Westerwelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Homburger" title="Birgit Homburger">Homburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Br%C3%BCderle" title="Rainer Brüderle">Brüderle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Lindner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;;width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Adenauer_cabinet" title="First Adenauer cabinet">Adenauer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Second Adenauer cabinet">Adenauer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Fourth Adenauer cabinet">Adenauer IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Adenauer_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Adenauer cabinet">Adenauer V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Erhard_cabinet" title="First Erhard cabinet">Erhard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Erhard_cabinet" title="Second Erhard cabinet">Erhard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Brandt_cabinet" title="First Brandt cabinet">Brandt I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Brandt_cabinet" title="Second Brandt cabinet">Brandt II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Schmidt_cabinet" title="First Schmidt cabinet">Schmidt I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Schmidt_cabinet" title="Second Schmidt cabinet">Schmidt II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Schmidt_cabinet" title="Third Schmidt cabinet">Schmidt III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Kohl_cabinet" title="First Kohl cabinet">Kohl I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kohl_cabinet" title="Second Kohl cabinet">Kohl II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Kohl_cabinet" title="Third Kohl cabinet">Kohl III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Kohl_cabinet" title="Fourth Kohl cabinet">Kohl IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Kohl_cabinet" title="Fifth Kohl cabinet">Kohl V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Merkel_cabinet" title="Second Merkel cabinet">Merkel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholz_cabinet" title="Scholz cabinet">Scholz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;;width:1%">Affiliated <br /> organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Association_of_Liberal_Students_Groups" title="Federal Association of Liberal Students Groups">Federal Association of Liberal Students Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann_Foundation" title="Friedrich Naumann Foundation">Friedrich Naumann Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Liberals_(Germany)" title="Young Liberals (Germany)">Young Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party">European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFED00;color:black;;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_coalition_(politics)" title="Jamaica coalition (politics)">Jamaica coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-liberal_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-liberal coalition">Social-liberal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition" title="Traffic light coalition">Traffic light coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag_(1949–1953)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag" title="Template:Members of the 1st Bundestag"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag" title="Template talk:Members of the 1st Bundestag"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 1st Bundestag"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag_(1949–1953)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/20px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/30px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/39px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="348" /></span></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/29px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/57px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_1st_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 1st Bundestag">Members of the 1st Bundestag (1949–1953)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%B6hler" title="Erich Köhler">Erich Köhler</a> until 18 October 1950; <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ehlers" title="Hermann Ehlers">Hermann Ehlers</a> from 19 October 1950 (CDU)</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">CDU/CSU</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Template:1st Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_CDU_and_CSU" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cducsu_fraktion_logo_rgb.svg/64px-Cducsu_fraktion_logo_rgb.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cducsu_fraktion_logo_rgb.svg/98px-Cducsu_fraktion_logo_rgb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cducsu_fraktion_logo_rgb.svg/128px-Cducsu_fraktion_logo_rgb.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="227" /></span></span> CDU and CSU</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> until 21 September 1949; <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a> from 30 September 1949</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>CDU:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Albers" title="Johannes Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Arndgen" title="Josef Arndgen">Arndgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bartram" title="Walter Bartram">Bartram</a> <small>(from 13 May 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Bauknecht" title="Bernhard Bauknecht">Bauknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Baur_(politician)" title="Georg Baur (politician)">Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bausch" title="Paul Bausch">Bausch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Becker_(politician,_born_1905)" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Becker (politician, born 1905)">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aenne_Brauksiepe" title="Aenne Brauksiepe">Brauksiepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Brese" title="Wilhelm Brese">Brese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Br%C3%B6kelschen" title="Else Brökelschen">Brökelschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Br%C3%B6nner" title="Josef Brönner">Brönner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brookmann" title="Walter Brookmann">Brookmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Bucerius" title="Gerd Bucerius">Bucerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Degener" title="Johannes Degener">Degener</a> <small>(until 31 December 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Dietz" title="Maria Dietz">Dietz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Dresbach" title="August Dresbach">Dresbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Eckstein" title="Heinrich Eckstein">Eckstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ehlers" title="Hermann Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ehren" title="Hermann Ehren">Ehren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_A._Epl%C3%A9e" title="Hermann A. Eplée">Eplée</a> <small>(from 16 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Etzel" title="Franz Etzel">Etzel</a> <small>(until 4 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Etzenbach" title="Peter Etzenbach">Etzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Even" title="Johannes Even">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Feldmann" title="Aloys Feldmann">Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frey" title="Martin Frey">Frey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Friedensburg" title="Ferdinand Friedensburg">Friedensburg</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gengler" title="Karl Gengler">Gengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gerns" title="Heinrich Gerns">Gerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier" title="Eugen Gerstenmaier">Gerstenmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gibbert" title="Paul Gibbert">Gibbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Giencke" title="Christian Giencke">Giencke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gl%C3%BCsing" title="Hermann Glüsing">Glüsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Gockeln" title="Josef Gockeln">Gockeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6tz_(politician,_born_1914)" title="Hermann Götz (politician, born 1914)">Götz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Gr%C3%B6wel" title="Margarete Gröwel">Gröwel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_G%C3%BCnther_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Günther (politician)">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hagge" title="Johannes Hagge">Hagge</a> <small>(from 24 June 1953 FDP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Handschumacher" title="Johannes Handschumacher">Handschumacher</a> <small>(from 21 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Heiler" title="Anne Marie Heiler">Heiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heix" title="Martin Heix">Heix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Henle" title="Günter Henle">Henle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Hilbert" title="Anton Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Hilpert" title="Werner Hilpert">Hilpert</a> <small>(until 10 October 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_H%C3%B6fler" title="Heinrich Höfler">Höfler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hohl" title="Heinrich Hohl">Hohl</a> <small>(from 3 November 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Holzapfel" title="Friedrich Holzapfel">Holzapfel</a> <small>(until 20 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hoogen" title="Matthias Hoogen">Hoogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Hoppe" title="Anton Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Horn_(politician)" title="Peter Horn (politician)">Horn</a> <small>(from 10 June 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Huth" title="Eugen Huth">Huth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Junglas" title="Johann Junglas">Junglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Kaiser" title="Jakob Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Kather" title="Linus Kather">Kather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kemper_(politician,_born_1888)" title="Heinrich Kemper (politician, born 1888)">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kern" title="Karl Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kiesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%B6hler" title="Erich Köhler">Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kopf" title="Hermann Kopf">Kopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_K%C3%BChling" title="Georg Kühling">Kühling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kuntscher" title="Ernst Kuntscher">Kuntscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kunze_(politician)" title="Johannes Kunze (politician)">Kunze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lehr" title="Robert Lehr">Lehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Leibfried" title="Eugen Leibfried">Leibfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer" title="Ernst Lemmer">Lemmer</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Lenz_(politician,_born_1910)" title="Aloys Lenz (politician, born 1910)">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leonhard" title="Gottfried Leonhard">Leonhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Lübke</a> <small>(until 30 September 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke" title="Paul Lücke">Lücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Majonica" title="Ernst Majonica">Majonica</a> <small>(from 19 November 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Massoth" title="Willy Massoth">Massoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Katharina_Maxsein" title="Agnes Katharina Maxsein">Maxsein</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Mayer_(politician,_born_1899)" title="Hugo Mayer (politician, born 1899)">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Mehs" title="Matthias Joseph Mehs">Mehs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mensing" title="Fritz Mensing">Mensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelin_Morgenthaler" title="Wendelin Morgenthaler">Morgenthaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Muckermann" title="Richard Muckermann">Muckermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BChlenberg" title="Franz Mühlenberg">Mühlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1884)" title="Karl Müller (politician, born 1884)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann" title="Ernst Müller-Hermann">Müller-Hermann</a> <small>(from 1 January 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Naegel" title="Wilhelm Naegel">Naegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Neber" title="Jakob Neber">Neber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nellen" title="Peter Nellen">Nellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Neuburger" title="August Neuburger">Neuburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Niggemeyer" title="Maria Niggemeyer">Niggemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oetzel" title="Richard Oetzel">Oetzel</a> <small>(from 24 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Orth" title="Eduard Orth">Orth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Pelster" title="Georg Pelster">Pelster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Pfender" title="Franz Pfender">Pfender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pferdmenges" title="Robert Pferdmenges">Pferdmenges</a> <small>(from 12 January 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Povel" title="Bernard Povel">Povel</a> <small>(until 21 October 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_P%C3%BCnder" title="Hermann Pünder">Pünder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Raestrup" title="Bernhard Raestrup">Raestrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Rehling" title="Luise Rehling">Rehling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_R%C3%B6sch" title="Julie Rösch">Rösch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R%C3%BCmmele" title="Oskar Rümmele">Rümmele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Sabel" title="Anton Sabel">Sabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Scharnberg" title="Hugo Scharnberg">Scharnberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Schill" title="Lambert Schill">Schill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schlange-Sch%C3%B6ningen" title="Hans Schlange-Schöningen">Schlange-Schöningen</a> <small>(until 9 June 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schmitt_(politician)" title="Joseph Schmitt (politician)">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schmitz" title="Hans Schmitz">Schmitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker" title="Kurt Schmücker">Schmücker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schr%C3%B6ter_(politician)" title="Carl Schröter (politician)">Schröter</a> <small>(until 25 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Schuler_(politician,_born_1885)" title="Fritz Schuler (politician, born 1885)">Schuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Schulze-Pellengahr" title="Hubert Schulze-Pellengahr">Schulze-Pellengahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Sch%C3%BCttler" title="Josef Schüttler">Schüttler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Serres" title="Günther Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Sewald" title="Günther Sewald">Sewald</a> <small>(until 25 November 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Siebel" title="Theodor Siebel">Siebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stauch" title="Robert Stauch">Stauch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktoria_Steinbi%C3%9F" title="Viktoria Steinbiß">Steinbiß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Storch" title="Anton Storch">Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Struve" title="Detlef Struve">Struve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tillmanns" title="Robert Tillmanns">Tillmanns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vogel_(politician,_born_1906)" title="Rudolf Vogel (politician, born 1906)">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Wacker" title="Oskar Wacker">Wacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Wackerzapp" title="Oskar Wackerzapp">Wackerzapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wahl" title="Eduard Wahl">Wahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Weber" title="Helene Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weber_(politician,_born_1898)" title="Karl Weber (politician, born 1898)">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Wei%C3%9F_(politician,_born_1887)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Weiß (politician, born 1887)">Weiß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Winkelheide" title="Bernhard Winkelheide">Winkelheide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling" title="Franz-Josef Wuermeling">Wuermeling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>CSU:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bauereisen_(politician,_born_1895)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bauereisen (politician, born 1895)">Bauereisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bodensteiner" title="Hans Bodensteiner">Bodensteiner</a> <small>(from 14 November 1952 Non-attached (GVP))</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fuchs" title="Gustav Fuchs">Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Ernst_Graf_Fugger_von_Gl%C3%B6tt" title="Joseph-Ernst Graf Fugger von Glött">Fugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Funk" title="Friedrich Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horlacher" title="Michael Horlacher">Horlacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jaeger" title="Richard Jaeger">Jaeger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Kahn (page does not exist)">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Karpf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Karpf (page does not exist)">Karpf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Kemmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Kemmer (page does not exist)">Kemmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Ferdinand_Kleindinst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Ferdinand Kleindinst (page does not exist)">Kleindinst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Laforet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Laforet (page does not exist)">Laforet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Loibl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Loibl (page does not exist)">Loibl</a> <small>(until 16 April 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christof_Nickl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christof Nickl (page does not exist)">Nickl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Niklas" title="Wilhelm Niklas">Niklas</a> <small>(from 30 May 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Oesterle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Oesterle (page does not exist)">Oesterle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Probst" title="Maria Probst">Probst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Schatz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Schatz (page does not exist)">Schatz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Sch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Schütz (page does not exist)">Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Semler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Semler (page does not exist)">Semler</a> <small>(from 14 May 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Solleder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Solleder (page does not exist)">Solleder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Spies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Spies (page does not exist)">Spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Spreti" title="Karl von Spreti">Spreti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen" title="Richard Stücklen">Stücklen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">SPD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_SPD" title="Template:1st Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_SPD" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_SPD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SPD" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SPD</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher" title="Kurt Schumacher">Kurt Schumacher</a> until 20 August 1952; <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer" title="Erich Ollenhauer">Erich Ollenhauer</a> from 7 October 1952 </b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Albertz" title="Luise Albertz">Albertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Albrecht" title="Lisa Albrecht">Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Altmaier" title="Jakob Altmaier">Altmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Ansorge" title="Maria Ansorge">Ansorge</a> <small>(from 17 November 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Arndt" title="Adolf Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Arnholz" title="Otto Arnholz">Arnholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Baade" title="Fritz Baade">Baade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_B%C3%A4rsch" title="Siegfried Bärsch">Bärsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Baur" title="Valentin Baur">Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bazille" title="Helmut Bazille">Bazille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Behrisch" title="Arno Behrisch">Behrisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bergmann_(politician)" title="Karl Bergmann (politician)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Bergstr%C3%A4sser" title="Ludwig Bergsträsser">Bergsträsser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Berlin" title="August Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bettgenh%C3%A4user" title="Emil Bettgenhäuser">Bettgenhäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bielig" title="Karl Bielig">Bielig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Birkelbach" title="Willi Birkelbach">Birkelbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blachstein" title="Peter Blachstein">Blachstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blei%C3%9F" title="Paul Bleiß">Bleiß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_B%C3%B6hm_(politician)" title="Johannes Böhm (politician)">Böhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Brill" title="Hermann Brill">Brill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bromme" title="Paul Bromme">Bromme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Br%C3%BCnen" title="Eberhard Brünen">Brünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(politician,_born_1905)" title="Karl Brunner (politician, born 1905)">Brunner</a> <small>(until 13 November 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cramer_(politician)" title="Johann Cramer (politician)">Cramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dannebom" title="Otto Dannebom">Dannebom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Diel" title="Anton Diel">Diel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_D%C3%B6hring" title="Clara Döhring">Döhring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Eichler" title="Willi Eichler">Eichler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ekstrand" title="Hans Ekstrand">Ekstrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Erler_(politician)" title="Fritz Erler (politician)">Erler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Freitag_(politician)" title="Walter Freitag (politician)">Faller</a> <small>(from 4 December 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Fischer_(politician,_born_1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Fischer (politician, born 1904)">Fischer</a> <small>(until 21 October 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Franke_(politician)" title="Egon Franke (politician)">Franke</a> <small>(from 17 May 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Freidhof" title="Rudolf Freidhof">Freidhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Freitag_(politician)" title="Walter Freitag (politician)">Freitag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Geritzmann" title="Robert Geritzmann">Geritzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gleisner" title="Alfred Gleisner">Gleisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G%C3%B6rlinger" title="Robert Görlinger">Görlinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Graf_(politician,_born_1892)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Graf (politician, born 1892)">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Greve" title="Otto Heinrich Greve">Greve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_G%C3%BClich" title="Wilhelm Gülich">Gülich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Happe_(politician,_born_1894)" title="Heinrich Happe (politician, born 1894)">Happe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf-Ernst_Heiland" title="Rudolf-Ernst Heiland">Heiland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Heinen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Heinen (page does not exist)">Heinen</a> <small>(from 24 July 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Hennig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Hennig (page does not exist)">Hennig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hen%C3%9Fler" title="Fritz Henßler">Henßler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Herbig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Herbig (page does not exist)">Herbig</a> <small>(until 1 December 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matth%C3%A4us_Herrmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthäus Herrmann (page does not exist)">Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_H%C3%B6cker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Höcker (page does not exist)">Höcker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_H%C3%B6hne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Höhne (page does not exist)">Höhne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elinor Hubert (page does not exist)">Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Imig" title="Heinrich Imig">Imig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Jacobi" title="Werner Jacobi">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Jacobs_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Jacobs (politician) (page does not exist)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jahn" title="Hans Jahn">Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kalbfell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Kalbfell (page does not exist)">Kalbfell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Kalbitzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellmut Kalbitzer (page does not exist)">Kalbitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irma_Keilhack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irma Keilhack (page does not exist)">Keilhack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Keuning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietrich Keuning (page does not exist)">Keuning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Richard_Kinat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Richard Kinat (page does not exist)">Kinat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Kipp-Kaule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liesel Kipp-Kaule (page does not exist)">Kipp-Kaule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Klabunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Klabunde (page does not exist)">Klabunde</a> <small>(until 21 November 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldemar_von_Knoeringen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waldemar von Knoeringen (page does not exist)">Knoeringen</a> <small>(until 3 April 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Knothe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Knothe (page does not exist)">Knothe</a> <small>(until 20 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Koch" title="Harald Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_K%C3%B6nigswarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Königswarter (page does not exist)">Königswarter</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Korspeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisa Korspeter (page does not exist)">Korspeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anni_Krahnst%C3%B6ver" title="Anni Krahnstöver">Krahnstöver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kreyssig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Kreyssig (page does not exist)">Kreyssig</a> <small>(from 4 April 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kriedemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Kriedemann (page does not exist)">Kriedemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kurlbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kurlbaum (page does not exist)">Kurlbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Lange (page does not exist)">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Lausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Lausen (page does not exist)">Lausen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Leddin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Leddin (page does not exist)">Leddin</a> <small>(until 25 March 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%B6be" title="Paul Löbe">Löbe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrud_Lockmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gertrud Lockmann (page does not exist)">Lockmann</a> <small>(from 28 November 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Lohm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard Lohmüller (page does not exist)">Lohmüller</a> <small>(until 2 March 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Ludwig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Ludwig (page does not exist)">Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_L%C3%BCtkens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Lütkens (page does not exist)">Lütkens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marx_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Marx (politician) (page does not exist)">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Matzner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Matzner (page does not exist)">Matzner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Mayer (page does not exist)">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Meitmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Meitmann (page does not exist)">Meitmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Mellies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Mellies (page does not exist)">Mellies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Menzel (page does not exist)">Menzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Merten_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Merten (politician) (page does not exist)">Merten</a> <small>(from 23 April 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Mertins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Mertins (page does not exist)">Mertins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Meyer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Meyer (politician) (page does not exist)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Meyer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Meyer (politician) (page does not exist)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmy_Meyer-Laule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmy Meyer-Laule (page does not exist)">Meyer-Laule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedhelm_Missmahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedhelm Missmahl (page does not exist)">Missmahl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mommer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Mommer (page does not exist)">Mommer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Moosdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Moosdorf (page does not exist)">Moosdorf</a> <small>(from 4 May 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willibald_M%C3%BCcke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willibald Mücke (page does not exist)">Mücke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Müller (politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_M%C3%BCller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Müller (politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frieda_Nadig" title="Frieda Nadig">Nadig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Neubauer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Neubauer (politician) (page does not exist)">Neubauer</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Neumann_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Neumann (German politician) (page does not exist)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_N%C3%B6lting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Nölting (page does not exist)">Nölting</a> <small>(until 15 July 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nowack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Nowack (page does not exist)">Nowack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Odenthal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Odenthal (page does not exist)">Odenthal</a> <small>(from 28 September 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Ohlig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Ohlig (page does not exist)">Ohlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer" title="Erich Ollenhauer">Ollenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Paul" title="Ernst Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Peters" title="Georg Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Pohle (page does not exist)">Pohle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Preller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Preller (politician) (page does not exist)">Preller</a> <small>(from 16 March 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moritz-Ernst_Priebe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moritz-Ernst Priebe (page does not exist)">Priebe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Reitzner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Reitzner (page does not exist)">Reitzner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Richter (page does not exist)">Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Georg_Ritzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Georg Ritzel (page does not exist)">Ritzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Roth_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Roth (politician) (page does not exist)">Roth</a> <small>(until 14 May 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich-Wilhelm_Ruhnke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich-Wilhelm Ruhnke (page does not exist)">Ruhnke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Runge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Runge (page does not exist)">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Sander (page does not exist)">Sander</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Sassnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Sassnick (page does not exist)">Sassnick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marta_Schanzenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marta Schanzenbach (page does not exist)">Schanzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Schellenberg (page does not exist)">Schellenberg</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Schmid_(German_politician)" title="Carlo Schmid (German politician)">Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Schmidt (German politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schoettle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Schoettle (page does not exist)">Schoettle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Schönauer (page does not exist)">Schönauer</a> <small>(until 2 April 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Sch%C3%B6ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Schöne (page does not exist)">Schöne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Schroeder" title="Louise Schroeder">Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Schr%C3%B6ter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Schröter (page does not exist)">Schröter</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher" title="Kurt Schumacher">Schumacher</a> <small>(until 20 August 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Segitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Segitz (page does not exist)">Segitz</a> <small>(from 4 December 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Seuffert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Seuffert (page does not exist)">Seuffert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Stech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Stech (page does not exist)">Stech</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Steinh%C3%B6rster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Steinhörster (page does not exist)">Steinhörster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stierle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Stierle (page does not exist)">Stierle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Stopperich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Stopperich (page does not exist)">Stopperich</a> <small>(until 6 January 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Striebeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Striebeck (page does not exist)">Striebeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel" title="Käte Strobel">Strobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Suhr" title="Otto Suhr">Suhr</a> <small>(until 31 January 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Temmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Temmen (page does not exist)">Temmen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Tenhagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Tenhagen (page does not exist)">Tenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Troppenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Troppenz (page does not exist)">Troppenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Veit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Veit (page does not exist)">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner (page does not exist)">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wehner" title="Herbert Wehner">Wehner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Wehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Wehr (page does not exist)">Wehr</a> <small>(from 21 May 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Weinhold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Weinhold (page does not exist)">Weinhold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Welke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Welke (page does not exist)">Welke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Weltner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Weltner (page does not exist)">Weltner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wenzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Wenzel (page does not exist)">Wenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Winter_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Winter (politician) (page does not exist)">Winter</a> <small>(from 9 November 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeanette_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeanette Wolff (page does not exist)">Wolff</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_W%C3%B6nner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Wönner (page does not exist)">Wönner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_August_Zinn" title="Georg August Zinn">Zinn</a> <small>(until 21 January 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Z%C3%BChlke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Zühlke (page does not exist)">Zühlke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">FDP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_FDP" title="Template:1st Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_FDP" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_FDP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="FDP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">FDP</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodor Heuss</a> until 12 September 1949; <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Hermann Schäfer">Hermann Schäfer</a> until 10 January 1951; <a href="/wiki/August-Martin_Euler" title="August-Martin Euler">August-Martin Euler</a> until 6 May 1952; Hermann Schäfer from 6 May 1952</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Atzenroth" title="Karl Atzenroth">Atzenroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Becker_(politician)" title="Max Becker (politician)">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Blank_(politician)" title="Martin Blank (politician)">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dannemann" title="Robert Dannemann">Dannemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Dehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dirscherl" title="Hans Dirscherl">Dirscherl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Eberhard" title="Anton Eberhard">Eberhard</a> <small>(from 3 October 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August-Martin_Euler" title="August-Martin Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Fassbender" title="Heinrich Fassbender">Fassbender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Friedrich_(politician,_born_1917)" title="Hans Friedrich (politician, born 1917)">Friedrich</a> <small>(from 5 October 1950 Non-attached, from 16 November 1950 BHE/DG, from 2 April 1952 FDP-Gast)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Fr%C3%BChwald_(politician,_born_1890)" title="Konrad Frühwald (politician, born 1890)">Frühwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Funcke" title="Oscar Funcke">Funcke</a> <small>(from 14 September 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gaul" title="Karl Gaul">Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubertus_von_Golitschek" title="Hubertus von Golitschek">Golitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grundmann" title="Arthur Grundmann">Grundmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hammer_(politician)" title="Richard Hammer (politician)">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Hasemann" title="Walther Hasemann">Hasemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Henn_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Henn (politician) (page does not exist)">Henn</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heuss</a> <small>(until 15 September 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curt_Hoffmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curt Hoffmann (page does not exist)">Hoffmann</a> <small>(from 15 June 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hoffmann_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hoffmann (German politician) (page does not exist)">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6pker-Aschoff" title="Hermann Höpker-Aschoff">Höpker-Aschoff</a> <small>(until 9 September 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_H%C3%BCbner_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hübner (politician) (page does not exist)">Hübner</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_H%C3%BCtter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Hütter (page does not exist)">Hütter</a> <small>(from 15 September 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Ilk" title="Herta Ilk">Ilk</a> <small>(from 3 November 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hans_Jaeger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Hans Jaeger (page does not exist)">Jaeger</a> <small>(from 22 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Ludwig_Juncker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Ludwig Juncker (page does not exist)">Juncker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kneipp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Kneipp (page does not exist)">Kneipp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kohl_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kohl (politician) (page does not exist)">Kohl</a> <small>(until 31 January 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_K%C3%BChn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Kühn (page does not exist)">Kühn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Langer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Langer (page does not exist)">Langer</a> <small>(from 10 June 1952 Non-attached, from 29 March 1953 WAV)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Leuchtgens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Leuchtgens (page does not exist)">Leuchtgens</a> <small>(from 21 January 1950 DRP, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 6 December 1950 DP, from 27 July 1953 partei- und Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Leuze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Leuze (page does not exist)">Leuze</a> <small>(from 21 March 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Linnert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Linnert (page does not exist)">Linnert</a> <small>(until 27 October 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Luchtenberg" title="Paul Luchtenberg">Luchtenberg</a> <small>(from 30 October 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Margulies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Margulies (page does not exist)">Margulies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Mauk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Mauk (page does not exist)">Mauk</a> <small>(from 7 April 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Mayer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Mayer (politician) (page does not exist)">Mayer</a> <small>(until 18 December 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Middelhauve" title="Friedrich Middelhauve">Middelhauve</a> <small>(until 17 October 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friederike_Mulert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friederike Mulert (page does not exist)">Mulert</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Neumayer" title="Fritz Neumayer">Neumayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Philipp_N%C3%B6ll_von_der_Nahmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Philipp Nöll von der Nahmer (page does not exist)">Nöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Nowack" title="Wilhelm Nowack">Nowack</a> <small>(until 30 September 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Oellers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Oellers (page does not exist)">Oellers</a> <small>(until 5 June 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Onnen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Onnen (page does not exist)">Onnen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Georg_Pfleiderer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Georg Pfleiderer (page does not exist)">Pfleiderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Prei%C3%9F" title="Ludwig Preiß">Preiß</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor-Emanuel_Preusker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor-Emanuel Preusker (page does not exist)">Preusker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Max_Rademacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Max Rademacher (page does not exist)">Rademacher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rath_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Rath (politician) (page does not exist)">Rath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Albrecht_Freiherr_von_Rechenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Albrecht Freiherr von Rechenberg (page does not exist)">Rechenberg</a> <small>(until 19 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Reif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Reif (page does not exist)">Reif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Revenstorff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Revenstorff (page does not exist)">Revenstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_R%C3%BCdiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Rüdiger (page does not exist)">Rüdiger</a> <small>(until 20 February 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Hermann Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Schneider_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)">Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Stahl (page does not exist)">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Stegner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Stegner (page does not exist)">Stegner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Trischler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Trischler (page does not exist)">Trischler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_de_Vries" title="Axel de Vries">Vries</a> <small>(from 5 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wellhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Wellhausen (page does not exist)">Wellhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann-Eberhard_Wildermuth" title="Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth">Wildermuth</a> <small>(until 9 March 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Will&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Will (page does not exist)">Will</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wirths" title="Carl Wirths">Wirths</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Zawadil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Zawadil (page does not exist)">Zawadil</a> <small>(from 26 November 1952 DP)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">DP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_DP" title="Template:1st Bundestag DP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_DP" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag DP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_DP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag DP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">DP</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hellwege" title="Heinrich Hellwege">Heinrich Hellwege</a> until 2 November 1949; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Klinge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Klinge (page does not exist)">Friedrich Klinge</a> until 21 December 1949; <a href="/wiki/Hans_M%C3%BChlenfeld" title="Hans Mühlenfeld">Hans Mühlenfeld</a> until 15 March 1953; <a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">Hans-Joachim von Merkatz</a> from 17 March 1953</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ahrens" title="Adolf Ahrens">Ahrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bahlburg" title="Wilhelm Bahlburg">Bahlburg</a> <small>(from 13 September 1951 Non-attached, from 24 January 1952 DP-Gast, from 10 September 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Campe" title="Carl von Campe">Campe</a> <small>(from 23 January 1950, until 8 January 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Eickhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Eickhoff (page does not exist)">Eickhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Ewers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Ewers (page does not exist)">Ewers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Farke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Farke (page does not exist)">Farke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Joachim_Fricke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Joachim Fricke (page does not exist)">Fricke</a> <small>(from 22 March 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Hedler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Hedler (page does not exist)">Hedler</a> <small>(from 19 January 1950 Non-attached, from 28 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 16 September 1950 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hellwege" title="Heinrich Hellwege">Hellwege</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jaff%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Jaffé (page does not exist)">Jaffé</a> <small>(from 9 January 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Kalinke" title="Margot Kalinke">Kalinke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Klinge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Klinge (page does not exist)">Klinge</a> <small>(until 21 December 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Kuhlemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Kuhlemann (page does not exist)">Kuhlemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Matthes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Matthes (page does not exist)">Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">Merkatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_M%C3%BChlenfeld" title="Hans Mühlenfeld">Mühlenfeld</a> <small>(until 15 May 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm" title="Hans-Christoph Seebohm">Seebohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tobaben" title="Peter Tobaben">Tobaben</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Walter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Walter (page does not exist)">Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wittenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Wittenburg (page does not exist)">Wittenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Woltje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Woltje (page does not exist)">Woltje</a> <small>(from 30 May 1953)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">BP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_BP" title="Template:1st Bundestag BP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_BP" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag BP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_BP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag BP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">BP</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gebhard_Seelos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gebhard Seelos (page does not exist)">Gebhard Seelos</a> until 25 September 1951; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Decker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Decker (page does not exist)">Hugo Decker</a> from 25 September 1951</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_von_Aretin" title="Anton von Aretin">Aretin</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Aumer" title="Hermann Aumer">Aumer</a> <small>(from 8 September 1950 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baumgartner" title="Joseph Baumgartner">Baumgartner</a> <small>(until 1 January 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Besold" title="Anton Besold">Besold</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Decker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Decker (page does not exist)">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Donhauser" title="Anton Donhauser">Donhauser</a> <small>(from 8 September 1950 Non-attached, from 17 September 1952 CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Eichner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Eichner (page does not exist)">Eichner</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Etzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Etzel (page does not exist)">Etzel</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU, from 3 December 1952 Non-attached (GVP))</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Falkner" title="Ernst Falkner">Falkner</a> <small>(until 27 October 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Fink" title="Conrad Fink">Fink</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU, from 5 January 1952 CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimar_Freiherr_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Elimar Freiherr von Fürstenberg">Fürstenberg</a> <small>(from 7 November 1950 Non-attached, from 19 January 1951 CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Lampl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Lampl (page does not exist)">Lampl</a> <small>(from 10 November 1950, from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Maerkl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Maerkl (page does not exist)">Maerkl</a> <small>(from 1 September 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Mayerhofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Mayerhofer (page does not exist)">Mayerhofer</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Meitinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Xaver Meitinger (page does not exist)">Meitinger</a> <small>(from 26 September 1951, from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_F%C3%BCrst_zu_Oettingen-Wallerstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Fürst zu Oettingen-Wallerstein (page does not exist)">Oettingen-Wallerstein</a> <small>(from 8 January 1951, from 14 December 1951 FU, until 1 September 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepp_Parzinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sepp Parzinger (page does not exist)">Parzinger</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Rahn (page does not exist)">Rahn</a> <small>(from 14 January 1950, from 8 September 1950 Non-attached, from 17 October 1950 WAV-Gast, from 14 February 1951 CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gebhard_Seelos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gebhard Seelos (page does not exist)">Seelos</a> <small>(until 25 September 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Volkholz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Volkholz (page does not exist)">Volkholz</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wartner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Wartner (page does not exist)">Wartner</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Ziegler_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Ziegler (politician) (page does not exist)">Ziegler</a> <small>(until 30 December 1949)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">KPD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_KPD" title="Template:1st Bundestag KPD"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_KPD" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag KPD"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_KPD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag KPD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="KPD" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">KPD</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Max_Reimann" title="Max Reimann">Max Reimann</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Agatz" title="Willi Agatz">Agatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fisch" title="Walter Fisch">Fisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Gundelach" title="Gustav Gundelach">Gundelach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harig" title="Paul Harig">Harig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kohl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Kohl (page does not exist)">Kohl</a> <small>(from 26 January 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Leibbrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Leibbrand (page does not exist)">Leibbrand</a> <small>(until 26 January 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_M%C3%BCller_(politician)" title="Kurt Müller (politician)">Müller</a> <small>(from 10 May 1950 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_M%C3%BCller" title="Oskar Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Niebergall" title="Otto Niebergall">Niebergall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Niebes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Niebes (page does not exist)">Niebes</a> <small>(from 10 July 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Nuding" title="Hermann Nuding">Nuding</a> <small>(until 20 April 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Paul_(politician)" title="Hugo Paul (politician)">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Reimann" title="Max Reimann">Reimann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Renner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Renner (page does not exist)">Renner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Rische&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Rische (page does not exist)">Rische</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrud_Strohbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gertrud Strohbach (page does not exist)">Strohbach</a> <small>(from 16 May 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Thiele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grete Thiele (page does not exist)">Thiele</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Vesper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Vesper (page does not exist)">Vesper</a> <small>(until 30 June 1952)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">WAV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_WAV" title="Template:1st Bundestag WAV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_WAV" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag WAV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_WAV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag WAV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="WAV" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">WAV</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loritz" title="Alfred Loritz">Alfred Loritz</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Maria_Bieganowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Maria Bieganowski (page does not exist)">Bieganowski</a> <small>(from 21 March 1952, from 23 April 1952 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Gerd_Fr%C3%B6hlich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Gerd Fröhlich (page does not exist)">Fröhlich</a> <small>(from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Goetzendorff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter Goetzendorff (page does not exist)">Goetzendorff</a> <small>(from 29 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 29 April 1953 WAV)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfried_Keller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilfried Keller (page does not exist)">Keller</a> <small>(from 24 April 1952, from 6 December 1951 DP, Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_L%C3%B6fflad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Löfflad (page does not exist)">Löfflad</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 DP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loritz" title="Alfred Loritz">Loritz</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Paschek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Paschek (page does not exist)">Paschek</a> <small>(from 29 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached, from 30 January 1951 WAV, from 6 December 1951 DP, until 22 April 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Reindl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Reindl (page does not exist)">Reindl</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Schmidt_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Schuster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Schuster (page does not exist)">Schuster</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 DP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Tichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Tichi (page does not exist)">Tichi</a> <small>(from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Wallner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Wallner (page does not exist)">Wallner</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Weickert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephan Weickert (page does not exist)">Weickert</a> <small>(from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, until 16 March 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Wittmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Wittmann (page does not exist)">Wittmann</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 DP, from 9 May 1952 Non-attached, from 5 July 1952 CDU/CSU-Gast)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">ZENTRUM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_ZENTRUM" title="Template:1st Bundestag ZENTRUM"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_ZENTRUM" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag ZENTRUM"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_ZENTRUM" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag ZENTRUM"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ZENTRUM" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">ZENTRUM</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Helene_Wessel" title="Helene Wessel">Helene Wessel</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Amelunxen" title="Rudolf Amelunxen">Amelunxen</a> <small>(until 7 October 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thea_Arnold" title="Thea Arnold">Arnold</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached (GVP))</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bertram" title="Helmut Bertram">Bertram</a> <small>(from 3 November 1949, from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregor_Determann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregor Determann (page does not exist)">Determann</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Glasmeyer" title="Heinrich Glasmeyer">Glasmeyer</a> <small>(from 23 November 1951 CDU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Hamacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Hamacher (page does not exist)">Hamacher</a> <small>(until 29 July 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hoffmann_(CVP_politician)" title="Johannes Hoffmann (CVP politician)">Hoffmann</a> <small>(, from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krause_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Krause (politician) (page does not exist)">Krause</a> <small>(until 18 October 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Pannenbecker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Pannenbecker (page does not exist)">Pannenbecker</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Reismann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard Reismann (page does not exist)">Reismann</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Ribbeheger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Ribbeheger (page does not exist)">Ribbeheger</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Wessel" title="Helene Wessel">Wessel</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU, from 13 November 1952 Non-attached (GVP))</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Willenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Willenberg (page does not exist)">Willenberg</a> <small>(from 26 October 1950, from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">DRP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_DRP" title="Template:1st Bundestag DRP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_DRP" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag DRP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_DRP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag DRP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DRP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">DRP</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Dorls" title="Fritz Dorls">Dorls</a> <small>(from 13 December 1950 WAV-Gast, from 17 January 1951 WAV, from 26 September 1951 Non-attached, am 23 October 1952 Mandatsaberkennung)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frommhold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Frommhold (page does not exist)">Frommhold</a> <small>(from 7 September 1949 Nationale Rechte, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 26 March 1952 DP-Gast, from 11 February 1953 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfriede_Jaeger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elfriede Jaeger (page does not exist)">Jaeger</a> <small>(from 29 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herwart_Miessner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herwart Miessner (page does not exist)">Miessner</a> <small>(from 5 October 1950 FDP-Gast, from 20 December 1950 FDP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Richter_%E2%80%93_Fritz_R%C3%B6%C3%9Fler_alias_%E2%80%9EDr_Franz_Richter%E2%80%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Richter – Fritz Rößler alias „Dr Franz Richter“ (page does not exist)">Rößler</a> <small>(from 15 September 1949 Nationale Rechte, from 6 September 1950 Non-attached, from 13 December 1950 WAV-Gast, from 17 January 1951 WAV, from 26 September 1951 Non-attached, until 21 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a> <small>(from 15 September 1949 Nationale Rechte; 1950 DRP, from 20 April 1950 Non-attached)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">OTHER</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Template:1st Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="OTHER" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">OTHER</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Clausen" title="Hermann Clausen">Clausen</a> <small>(from 23 January 1952 FU-Gast, from 3 July 1953 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Edert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Edert (page does not exist)">Edert</a> <small>(CDU/CSU-Gast)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Freudenberg_(politician)" title="Richard Freudenberg (politician)">Freudenberg</a> <small>(from 5 December 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Ott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Ott (page does not exist)">Ott</a> <small>(Non-attached, from 4 May 1950 WAV-Gast, from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached, from 26 March 1952 DP/DPB-Gast, from 26 June 1952 Non-attached)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_1st_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 1st Bundestag">List of members of the 1st Bundestag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2594#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2594#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2594#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121252395">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27106174">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19884/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxB3VTBmbfmVRdtRKjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118550578">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50082858">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121632213">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121632213">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01188933">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Heuss, Theodor"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV047226">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36554759">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720105&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1223070">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068859619">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90062931">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000001318&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp3695n935q2cwf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810532183805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/134163">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262672705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14812054">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03116533?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500048713">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Theodor Heuss"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a2374723-992d-4a28-9c27-aa85a8fc59cf">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/255514">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1289521">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118550578.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118550578">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030159873">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581126">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hq4pw5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Heuss&oldid=1256342013">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Heuss&oldid=1256342013</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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