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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_in_Cologne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_in_Cologne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Leader in Cologne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_in_Cologne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_under_the_Nazi_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_under_the_Nazi_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Years under the Nazi government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_under_the_Nazi_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II_and_the_founding_of_the_CDU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II_and_the_founding_of_the_CDU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>After World War II and the founding of the CDU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II_and_the_founding_of_the_CDU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellor_of_West_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellor_of_West_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chancellor of West Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chancellor_of_West_Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chancellor of West Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chancellor_of_West_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ending_denazification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_denazification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Ending denazification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_denazification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_Oder–Neisse_Line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_Oder–Neisse_Line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Opposition to the Oder–Neisse Line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_Oder–Neisse_Line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy_for_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy_for_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Advocacy for European Coal and Steel Community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy_for_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_rearmament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_rearmament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>German rearmament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_rearmament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amnesty_and_employment_of_Nazis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amnesty_and_employment_of_Nazis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Amnesty and employment of Nazis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amnesty_and_employment_of_Nazis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejecting_the_reunification_offer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejecting_the_reunification_offer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Rejecting the reunification offer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejecting_the_reunification_offer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reparation_to_victims_of_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reparation_to_victims_of_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Reparation to victims of Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reparation_to_victims_of_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>Assassination attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interior_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Interior affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interior_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Military affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Third government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fourth government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Social policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence_services_and_spying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_services_and_spying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Intelligence services and spying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_services_and_spying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Late years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distinctions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distinctions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distinctions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>National orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Foreign orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Konrad Adenauer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كونراد أديناور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كونراد أديناور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="কনরাড আডেনাউয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কনরাড আডেনাউয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Конрад Адэнаўэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Конрад Адэнаўэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Конрад Адэнаўэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Конрад Адэнаўэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Конрад Аденауер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конрад Аденауер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Κόνραντ Αντενάουερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόνραντ Αντενάουερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="کنراد آدناوئر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنراد آدناوئر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EB%8D%B0%EB%82%98%EC%9B%8C" title="콘라트 아데나워 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘라트 아데나워" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4_%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կոնրադ Ադենաուեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնրադ Ադենաուեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8" title="קונראד אדנאואר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונראד אדנאואר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93_%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კონრად ადენაუერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონრად ადენაუერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Конрад Аденауэр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Конрад Аденауэр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Аденауэр Конрад – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аденауэр Конрад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conradus_Adenauer" title="Conradus Adenauer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conradus Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konr%C4%81ds_Adenauers" title="Konrāds Adenauers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konrāds Adenauers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Конрад Аденауер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Конрад Аденауер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC" title="കോൺറാഡ് അഡനോവെർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോൺറാഡ് അഡനോവെർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0" title="कोन्राड आडेनाउअर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोन्राड आडेनाउअर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93_%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კონრად ადენაუერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კონრად ადენაუერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كونراد اديناور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كونراد اديناور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کنراد آدناور – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کنراد آدناور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Конрад Аденауэр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Конрад Аденауэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC" title="コンラート・アデナウアー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンラート・アデナウアー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کونراڈ ایڈینار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کونراڈ ایڈینار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کونراد ادناور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کونراد ادناور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Аденауэр, Конрад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аденауэр, Конрад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1" title="کۆنراد ئەدیناوەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنراد ئەدیناوەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Конрад Аденауер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конрад Аденауер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கொன்ராடு அடேனார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொன்ராடு அடேனார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Конрад Аденауэр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Конрад Аденауэр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ค็อนราท อาเดอเนาเออร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ค็อนราท อาเดอเนาเออร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Конрад Аденауер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Конрад Аденауер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Конрад Аденауер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конрад Аденауер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="کونارڈ ایڈنائر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کونارڈ ایڈنائر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%99%BB%E7%B4%8D" title="康拉德·阿登納 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="康拉德·阿登納" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%99%BB%E7%BA%B3" title="康拉德·阿登纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="康拉德·阿登纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="קאנראד אדענאער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאנראד אדענאער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%B8%B9%E6%8B%BF" title="阿丹拿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿丹拿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Konrad Adenauer" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%99%BB%E7%BA%B3" title="康拉德·阿登纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="康拉德·阿登纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2492#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chancellor of West Germany from 1949 to 1963</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Konrad Adenauer (disambiguation)">Konrad Adenauer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Konrad Adenauer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004,_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Adenauer in 1952</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of West Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 September 1949 – 16 October 1963<sup id="cite_ref-KAS_111063_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAS_111063-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Franz Blücher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />15 March 1951 – 6 June 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Leader of the Christian Democratic Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 March 1946 – 23 March 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Bundestag Leader</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Heinrich Krone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Parlamentarischer_Rat" title="Parlamentarischer Rat">President of the Parliamentary Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 September 1948 – 23 May 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Cologne" title="List of mayors of Cologne">Lord Mayor of Cologne</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 October 1917 – 13 March 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Max_Wallraf" title="Max Wallraf">Max Wallraf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Riesen" title="Günter Riesen">Günter Riesen</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 May 1945 – 6 October 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Willi Suth</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Willi Suth</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_State_Council_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the State Council of Prussia">President of the Prussian State Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 May 1921 – 26 April 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office established in 1921</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Bundestag" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Bundestag">Member of the Bundestag</a><br /> for <a href="/wiki/Bonn_(electoral_district)" title="Bonn (electoral district)">Bonn</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 September 1949 – 19 April 1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Constituency established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alo Hauser</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1876-01-05</span>)</span>5 January 1876<br /><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1967<span style="display:none">(1967-04-19)</span> (aged 91)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B6ndorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhöndorf">Rhöndorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Waldfriedhof, <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B6ndorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhöndorf">Rhöndorf</a>, Bad Honnef</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> (1906–1933)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> (1945–1967)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Emma Weyer</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1904; died 1916)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Auguste Zinsser</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1919; died 1948)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">University of Munich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konrad_Adenauer_signature_transparent.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Konrad Adenauer's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Konrad_Adenauer_signature_transparent.png/128px-Konrad_Adenauer_signature_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Konrad_Adenauer_signature_transparent.png/192px-Konrad_Adenauer_signature_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Konrad_Adenauer_signature_transparent.png/256px-Konrad_Adenauer_signature_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Category:Conservatism in Germany">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/80px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/120px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/160px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism"><i>Völkisch</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right-Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">Historical School</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Kultur</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Germany" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology#Germany" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" title="2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">2015–16 New Year's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mannheim_stabbing" title="2024 Mannheim stabbing">2024 Mannheim stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018"><i>Erklärung</i> 2018</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German <i>Reich</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Manifesto" title="Heidelberg Manifesto">Heidelberg Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">The Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture#Berlin's_reputation_for_decadence" title="Weimar culture">Perceived Weimar decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_school_(sociology)" title="Leipzig school (sociology)">Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">von Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Gogarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger (Ernst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Jünger (Friedrich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%BCbbe" title="Hermann Lübbe">Lübbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Plessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reck-Malleczewen" title="Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen">Reck-Malleczewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter (Gerhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Ritter (Joachim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Rüstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Schelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Peter_Sieferle" title="Rolf Peter Sieferle">Sieferle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Steinbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Weber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1806)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(book)" title="Ressentiment (book)">Ressentiment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918, 1922)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Man_in_Despair" title="Diary of a Man in Despair">Diary of a Man in Despair</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Questionnaire_(Salomon_novel)" title="The Questionnaire (Salomon novel)">The Questionnaire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Its_Epoch" title="Fascism in Its Epoch">Fascism in Its Epoch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_und_Hypermoral" title="Moral und Hypermoral">Moral und Hypermoral</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germany_Abolishes_Itself" title="Germany Abolishes Itself">Germany Abolishes Itself</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finis_Germania" title="Finis Germania">Finis Germania</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Anrich" title="Ernst Anrich">Anrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Aust" title="Stefan Aust">Aust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_M._Broder" title="Henryk M. Broder">Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Deschner" title="Günther Deschner">Deschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_H%C3%B6hler" title="Gertrud Höhler">Höhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Krause_Landt" title="Andreas Krause Landt">Krause Landt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kuby" title="Gabriele Kuby">Kuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Gerhard Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Mann (Golo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Maurer" title="Reinhart Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Nagel" title="Tilman Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Nebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Otte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Pirinçci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Röhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Strauss (Botho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Tichy" title="Roland Tichy">Tichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Weißmann</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Barschel" title="Uwe Barschel">Barschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">von Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Filbinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Gerlach" title="Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach">von Gerlach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Goerdeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Held" title="Heinrich Held">Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jongen" title="Marc Jongen">Jongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Kapp</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Krah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">von Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen" title="Hans-Georg Maaßen">Maaßen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">von Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4ffler" title="Frank Schäffler">Schäffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom und zum Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Stoecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_von_Storch" title="Beatrix von Storch">von Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Weidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">von Westarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Wolfgang_B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde" title="Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde">Böckenförde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">von Gierke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">von Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sabaditsch-Wolff" title="Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff">Sabaditsch-Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Seibt" title="Naomi Seibt">Seibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Stürzenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AfD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CSU)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ÖDP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(REP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(WU)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FKP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DkP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DNVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DVP)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Vereinigung" title="Aufbau Vereinigung">Aufbau Vereinigung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung" title="Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung">Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen_Konservativen" title="Die Deutschen Konservativen">Die Deutschen Konservativen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_German_Catholics" title="Forum of German Catholics">Forum of German Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal_Prize" title="Gerhard Löwenthal Prize">Gerhard Löwenthal Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Burschenschaft" title="German Burschenschaft">German Burschenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pax_Europa" title="Citizens' Movement Pax Europa">Citizens' Movement Pax Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns Seidel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger_Foundation" title="Hans Filbinger Foundation">Hans Filbinger Foundation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#Germany" title="Identitarian movement">Identitäre Aktion</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Staatspolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Staatspolitik">Institut für Staatspolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">PEGIDA</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Studienzentrum_Weikersheim" title="Studienzentrum Weikersheim">Studienzentrum Weikersheim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Foundation" title="Germany Foundation">Germany Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Louise_League" title="Queen Louise League">Queen Louise League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Achse_des_Guten" title="Die Achse des Guten">Die Achse des Guten</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Cato_(Magazin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato (Magazin)">Cato</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(magazine)" title="Cicero (magazine)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">COMPACT</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rundschau" title="Deutsche Rundschau">Deutsche Rundschau</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kreuzzeitung" title="Kreuzzeitung">Kreuzzeitung</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung">Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_T%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Türmer">Der Türmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Verlag_Antaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag Antaios">Verlag Antaios</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde_dilemma" title="Böckenförde dilemma">Böckenförde dilemma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_collective_guilt" title="German collective guilt">Collective guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#Germany" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free-floating_intellectuals" title="Free-floating intellectuals">Freischwebende Intelligenz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime_in_Germany" title="Immigration and crime in Germany">Immigrant criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lying_press#Germany" title="Lying press">Lügenpresse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#Germany" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm-Fraktion" title="Stahlhelm-Fraktion">Stahlhelm-Fraktion</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> from 1949 to 1963. From 1946 to 1966, he was the first leader of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU), a newly founded <a href="/wiki/Christian_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian democratic">Christian-democratic</a> party, which became the dominant force in the country under his leadership. </p><p>As a devout <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, Adenauer was a leading politician of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, serving as <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Cologne">Mayor of Cologne</a> (1917–1933) and as president of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_State_Council" title="Prussian State Council">Prussian State Council</a>. In the early years of the Federal Republic, he switched focus from <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> to recovery, and led his country to close relations with France, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his years in power, he worked to restore the <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany#Economic_miracle_and_beyond" title="Economic history of Germany">West German economy</a> from the destruction of World War II to a central position in Europe with a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, stability, international respect and economic prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adenauer belied his age by his intense work habits and his uncanny political instinct. As a strong <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a>, Adenauer was deeply committed to an <a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticist</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">foreign policy</a> and restoring the position of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> on the world stage. Adenauer was a driving force in re-establishing national military forces (the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></i></span>) and intelligence services (the <a href="/wiki/Bundesnachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesnachrichtendienst">Bundesnachrichtendienst</a>) in West Germany in 1955 and 1956. Adenauer refused the diplomatic recognition of the rival <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> as an East-German state and the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> as a post-war frontier to <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Under Adenauer, West Germany joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. As a proponent of <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European unity</a>, he signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> in 1957. Adenauer is claimed as one of the "<a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founding fathers of the European Union</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cologne_years">Cologne years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cologne years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1896_Konrad_Adenauer_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1896_Konrad_Adenauer_01.JPG/170px-1896_Konrad_Adenauer_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1896_Konrad_Adenauer_01.JPG/255px-1896_Konrad_Adenauer_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1896_Konrad_Adenauer_01.JPG/340px-1896_Konrad_Adenauer_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="3238" /></a><figcaption>Adenauer in 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>Konrad Adenauer was born as the third of five children of Johann Konrad Adenauer (1833–1906) and his wife Helene (née Scharfenberg; 1849–1919) in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhenish Prussia</a>, on 5 January 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-oryx_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oryx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His siblings were August (1872–1952), Johannes (1873–1937), Lilli (1879–1950) and Elisabeth, who died shortly after birth <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880. One of the formative influences of Adenauer's youth was the so-called <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a>, the struggle of the Prussian state with the Catholic church, an experience that as related to him by his parents left him with a lifelong dislike for "<a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a>", and led him like many other Catholic Rhinelanders of the 19th century to deeply resent the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>'s inclusion in Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having a passion for inventing, Adenauer started experimenting with plants in the back garden as a child, which was not welcomed by his father who told him "One should not try to meddle with the Lord's hand", then in 1904 he invented a reaction steam engine which was supposed to filter out dust produced by cars. However, as his hobby of inventing grew ever more costly, Adenauer's activities in this area slowly diminished.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After final school examination (<a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a>) in 1894, Adenauer studied law and politics at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Freiburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Munich</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">Bonn</a>, demonstrating competent but not exceptional academic ability.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, he was mustered for the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian army</a>, but did not pass the physical exam due to chronic respiratory problems he had experienced since childhood. He was a member of several <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> students' associations. He graduated in 1900,<sup id="cite_ref-oryx_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oryx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and afterwards worked as a lawyer at the court in Cologne for four years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_in_Cologne">Leader in Cologne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leader in Cologne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Cologne_orange_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/City_of_Cologne_orange_1928.jpg/170px-City_of_Cologne_orange_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/City_of_Cologne_orange_1928.jpg/255px-City_of_Cologne_orange_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/City_of_Cologne_orange_1928.jpg/340px-City_of_Cologne_orange_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Bond of the City of Cologne, issued 1 October 1928; Faksimile signature of Adenauer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05952,_Wilhelmshaven,_Stapellauf_Kreuzer_%C2%BBK%C3%B6ln%C2%AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05952%2C_Wilhelmshaven%2C_Stapellauf_Kreuzer_%C2%BBK%C3%B6ln%C2%AB.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05952%2C_Wilhelmshaven%2C_Stapellauf_Kreuzer_%C2%BBK%C3%B6ln%C2%AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05952%2C_Wilhelmshaven%2C_Stapellauf_Kreuzer_%C2%BBK%C3%B6ln%C2%AB.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05952%2C_Wilhelmshaven%2C_Stapellauf_Kreuzer_%C2%BBK%C3%B6ln%C2%AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05952%2C_Wilhelmshaven%2C_Stapellauf_Kreuzer_%C2%BBK%C3%B6ln%C2%AB.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05952%2C_Wilhelmshaven%2C_Stapellauf_Kreuzer_%C2%BBK%C3%B6ln%C2%AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a> in 1928, when a <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_K%C3%B6ln" title="German cruiser Köln">new cruiser</a> was given the name of <i>Köln</i> (Cologne), home city of Adenauer (centre, with left hand visible, next to him Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Groener" title="Wilhelm Groener">Wilhelm Groener</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Noske" title="Gustav Noske">Gustav Noske</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoerle_Zeitgenossen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hoerle_Zeitgenossen.jpg/220px-Hoerle_Zeitgenossen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hoerle_Zeitgenossen.jpg/330px-Hoerle_Zeitgenossen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hoerle_Zeitgenossen.jpg/440px-Hoerle_Zeitgenossen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hoerle" title="Heinrich Hoerle">Heinrich Hoerle</a>: <i>Zeitgenossen</i> (contemporaries). A 1931 <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> painting with mayor Adenauer (in grey) together with artists and a boxer.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a devout Catholic, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Deutsche Zentrumspartei</i> or just <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zentrum</i></span>) in 1906 and was elected to Cologne's city government in the same year. In 1909, he became Vice-Mayor of Cologne, an industrial metropolis with a population of 635,000 in 1914. Avoiding the extreme political movements that attracted so many of his generation, Adenauer was committed to bourgeois decency, diligence, order, Christian morals and values, and was dedicated to rooting out disorder, inefficiency, irrationality and political immorality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz199594_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz199594-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, he was unanimously elected as <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Cologne" title="List of mayors of Cologne">Mayor of Cologne</a> for a 12-year period, and re-elected in 1929. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he worked closely with the army to maximize the city's role as a rear base of supply and transportation for the Western Front. He paid special attention to the civilian food supply, enabling the residents to avoid the worst of the severe shortages that beset most German cities during 1918–1919.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz199597–99_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz199597–99-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, he invented a soy-based sausage called the <i>Cologne sausage</i> to help feed the city.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the face of the collapse of the old regime and the threat of revolution and widespread disorder in late 1918, Adenauer maintained control in Cologne using his good working relationship with the Social Democrats. In a speech on 1 February 1919 Adenauer called for the dissolution of Prussia, and for the Prussian Rhineland to become a new autonomous <i>Land</i> (state) in the <i>Reich</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967539_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967539-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer claimed this was the only way to prevent France from annexing the Rhineland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967539_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967539-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <i>Reich</i> and Prussian governments were completely against Adenauer's plans for breaking up Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967539–540_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967539–540-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> were presented to Germany in June 1919, Adenauer again suggested to Berlin his plan for an autonomous Rhineland state and again his plans were rejected by the <i>Reich</i> government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967540–541_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967540–541-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He established a good working relationship with the postwar British military authorities, using them to neutralize the <a href="/wiki/German_workers%27_and_soldiers%27_councils_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919">workers' and soldiers' council</a> that had become an alternative base of power for the city's left wing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995128–131_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995128–131-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, he was president of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_State_Council" title="Prussian State Council">Prussian State Council</a> from 1921 to 1933, which was the representation of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Prussia" title="Provinces of Prussia">provinces of Prussia</a> in its legislature. </p><p>A major debate had occurred within his Centre Party since 1906 regarding the question of whether it should "leave the tower" (i.e. allow Protestants to join, becoming a multi-faith party) or "stay in the tower" (i.e. continue to be a Catholic-only party). Adenauer was one of the leading advocates of "leaving the tower", which led to a dramatic clash at the 1922 <i><a href="/wiki/Katholikentag" title="Katholikentag">Katholikentag</a></i>, the annual meeting of German Catholics under the presidency of Adenauer. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Michael von Faulhaber</a> publicly admonished Adenauer for wanting to take the <i>Zentrum</i> "out of the tower".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201220_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201220-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-October 1923, the Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a> announced that Berlin would cease all financial payments to the Rhineland and that the new currency <a href="/wiki/German_Rentenmark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Rentenmark"><i>Rentenmark</i></a>, which had replaced the now worthless <i>Mark</i> would not circulate in the Rhineland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967541–542_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967541–542-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To save the Rhineland economy, Adenauer opened talks with the French High Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tirard" title="Paul Tirard">Paul Tirard</a> in late October 1923 for a Rhenish republic in a sort of economic union with France which would achieve Franco-German reconciliation, which Adenauer called a "grand design".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967542_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967542-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Adenauer clung to the hope that the <i>Rentenmark</i> might still circulate in the Rhineland. Adenauer's plans came to naught when Stresemann, who was resolutely opposed to Adenauer's "grand design", which he viewed as borderline treason, was able to negotiate an end to the crisis on his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967542_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967542-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, the <i>Zentrum</i> suggested Adenauer becoming Chancellor, an offer that he was interested in but ultimately rejected when the <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> insisted that one of the conditions for entering into a coalition under Adenauer's leadership was that <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a> stay on as Foreign Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer, who disliked Stresemann as "too Prussian," rejected that condition.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Years_under_the_Nazi_government">Years under the Nazi government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Years under the Nazi government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> won several municipal, state and national elections in between 1930 and 1932, Adenauer, a strong opponent of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, still believed that improvements in the national economy would make his strategy work: ignore the Nazis and concentrate on the Communist threat. He thought that based on election returns, the Nazis should become part of the Prussian and <i>Reich</i> governments, even when he was already the target of intense personal attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001201_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001201-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political maneuverings around the ageing <a href="/wiki/President_Hindenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="President Hindenburg">President Hindenburg</a> then <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">brought the Nazis to power</a> on 30 January 1933. </p><p>By early February, Adenauer finally realized the futility of all discussions and any attempts at compromise with the Nazis. Cologne's city council and the Prussian parliament had been dissolved; on 4 April 1933, he was officially dismissed as mayor and his bank accounts were frozen. "He had no money, no home and no job."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001212_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001212-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After arranging for the safety of his family, he appealed to the abbot of the Benedictine monastery at <a href="/wiki/Maria_Laach_Abbey" title="Maria Laach Abbey">Maria Laach</a> for a stay of several months. According to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Spandau:_The_Secret_Diaries" title="Spandau: The Secret Diaries">Spandau: The Secret Diaries</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> expressed admiration for Adenauer, noting his civic projects, the building of a road circling the city as a bypass, and a "green belt" of parks. However, both Hitler and Speer concluded that Adenauer's political views and principles made it impossible for him to play any role in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. </p><p>Adenauer was imprisoned for two days after the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a> on 30 June 1934; however, on 10 August 1934, maneuvering for his pension, he wrote a ten-page letter to <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, the Prussian interior minister. He stated that as Mayor he had violated Prussian laws in order to allow Nazi events in public buildings and Nazi flags to be flown from city flagpoles, and that in 1932 he had declared publicly that the Nazis should join the Reich government in a leading role.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 1932, Adenauer had indeed demanded a joint government by his Zentrum party and the Nazis for Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the next two years, Adenauer changed residences often for fear of reprisals against him, while living on the benevolence of friends. With the help of lawyers in August 1937 he was successful in claiming a pension. He received a cash settlement for his house, which had been taken over by the city of Cologne; his unpaid mortgage, penalties and taxes were waived. With reasonable financial security he managed to live in seclusion for some years. After the <a href="/wiki/July_20_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="July 20 Plot">failed assassination attempt on Hitler</a> of July 1944, he was imprisoned for a second time as an opponent of the regime. He fell ill and credited <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Zander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Zander (page does not exist)">Eugen Zander</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Zander" class="extiw" title="de:Eugen Zander">de</a>]</span>, a former municipal worker in Cologne and a communist, with saving his life. Zander, then a section <a href="/wiki/Kapo_(concentration_camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapo (concentration camp)">Kapo</a> of a labor camp near Bonn, discovered Adenauer's name on a deportation list to the East and managed to get him admitted to a hospital. Adenauer was subsequently rearrested (as was his wife), but was released from prison at <a href="/wiki/Brauweiler_Abbey" title="Brauweiler Abbey">Brauweiler</a> in November 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II_and_the_founding_of_the_CDU">After World War II and the founding of the CDU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After World War II and the founding of the CDU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F000656-0038,_Rh%C3%B6ndorf,_Konrad_Adenauer,_lesend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F000656-0038%2C_Rh%C3%B6ndorf%2C_Konrad_Adenauer%2C_lesend.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F000656-0038%2C_Rh%C3%B6ndorf%2C_Konrad_Adenauer%2C_lesend.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F000656-0038%2C_Rh%C3%B6ndorf%2C_Konrad_Adenauer%2C_lesend.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F000656-0038%2C_Rh%C3%B6ndorf%2C_Konrad_Adenauer%2C_lesend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F000656-0038%2C_Rh%C3%B6ndorf%2C_Konrad_Adenauer%2C_lesend.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F000656-0038%2C_Rh%C3%B6ndorf%2C_Konrad_Adenauer%2C_lesend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Adenauer in 1951, reading in his house in Rhöndorf he had built in 1937. It is now a museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after the war ended, the American occupation forces once again installed him as Mayor of Cologne, which had been heavily <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">bombed</a>. After the city was transferred into the <a href="/wiki/British_zone_of_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="British zone of occupation">British zone of occupation</a>, however, the Director of its military government, General <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Gerald Templer</a>, dismissed Adenauer for incompetence in December 1945. Adenauer considered the Germans the political equals of the occupying Allies, a view that angered Templer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995321–323_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995321–323-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer's dismissal by the British contributed much to his subsequent political success and allowed him to pursue a policy of alliance with the occupying Allies in the 1950s without facing charges of being a "sell-out". </p><p>After being dismissed, Adenauer devoted himself to building a new political party, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU), which he hoped would embrace both Protestants and Catholics in a single party. According to Adenauer, a Catholic-only party would lead to German politics being dominated by anti-democratic parties yet again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995335–337_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995335–337-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1946, Adenauer initiated a political meeting of the future CDU in the British zone in his role as doyen (the oldest man in attendance, <i>Alterspräsident</i>) and was informally confirmed as its leader. During the Weimar Republic, Adenauer had often been considered a future Chancellor and after 1945, his claims for leadership were even stronger. The other surviving <i>Zentrum</i> leaders were considered unsuitable for the tasks that lay ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995344–346_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995344–346-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reflecting his background as a Catholic Rhinelander who had long chafed under Prussian rule, Adenauer believed that <a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> was the root cause of National Socialism, and that only by driving out Prussianism could Germany become a democracy. In a December 1946 letter, Adenauer wrote that the Prussian state in the early 19th century had become an "almost God-like entity" that valued state power over the rights of individuals. Adenauer's dislike of Prussia even led him to oppose Berlin as a future capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201296–97_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201296–97-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adenauer viewed the most important battle in the postwar world as between the forces of Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, especially Communism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2012132_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2012132-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxism meant both the Communists and the Social Democrats as the latter were officially a Marxist party until the <a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Bad Godesberg conference</a> of 1959. The same anti-Marxist viewpoints led Adenauer to denounce the Social Democrats as the heirs to Prussianism and National Socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2012133_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2012133-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer's ideology was at odds with parts of the CDU, who wished to unite <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001307_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001307-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer worked diligently at building up contacts and support in the CDU over the following years, and he sought with varying success to impose his particular ideology on the party. </p><p>Adenauer's leading role in the CDU of the British zone won him a position at the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Council_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Council of 1948">Parliamentary Council of 1948</a>, which had been called into existence by the Western <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> to draft a constitution for the three western zones of Germany. He was the chairman of this constitutional convention and vaulted from this position to being chosen as the first head of government once the new "<a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law</a>" had been promulgated in May 1949. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chancellor_of_West_Germany">Chancellor of West Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chancellor of West Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">History of Germany (1945–1990)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_government">First government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl001.JPG/170px-CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl001.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl001.JPG/255px-CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl001.JPG/340px-CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4677" data-file-height="6622" /></a><figcaption>Election poster, 1949: "With Adenauer for peace, freedom and unity of Germany, therefore CDU"</figcaption></figure> <p>The first election to the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> of West Germany was <a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">held on 15 August 1949</a>, with the Christian Democrats emerging as the strongest party. There were two clashing visions of a future Germany held by Adenauer and his main rival, the Social Democrat <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher" title="Kurt Schumacher">Kurt Schumacher</a>. Adenauer favored integrating the Federal Republic with other Western states, especially France and the United States in order to fight the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, even if the price of this was the continued division of Germany. Schumacher by contrast, though an anti-communist, wanted to see a united, socialist and neutral Germany. As such, Adenauer was in favor of joining NATO, something that Schumacher strongly opposed. </p><p>The Free Democrat <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> was elected the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of the Republic</a>, and Adenauer was elected Chancellor (head of government) on 15 September 1949 with the support of his own CDU, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a>, the liberal <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Democratic Party of Germany">Free Democratic Party</a>, and the right-wing <a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a>. It was said that Adenauer was elected Chancellor by the new German parliament by "a majority of one vote – his own".<sup id="cite_ref-Adenauer_at_90_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adenauer_at_90-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 73, it was thought that Adenauer would only be a caretaker Chancellor.<sup id="cite_ref-1970s_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1970s-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he would go on to hold this post for 14 years, a period spanning most of the preliminary phase of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. During this period, the post-war division of Germany was consolidated with the establishment of two separate German states, the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> (West Germany) and the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (East Germany). </p><p>In the controversial selection for a "provisional capital" of the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>, Adenauer championed <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> over <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>. The British had agreed to detach Bonn from their zone of occupation and convert the area to an autonomous region wholly under German sovereignty; the Americans were not prepared to grant the same for Frankfurt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001340_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001340-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also resisted the claims of <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, which had better communications and had survived the war in better condition; partly because the Nazis had been popular there before they came to power and partly, as he said, because the world would not take them seriously if they set up their state in a city that was the setting for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Student_Prince" title="The Student Prince">The Student Prince</a></i>, at the time a popular American operetta based on the drinking culture of <a href="/wiki/Studentenverbindung" title="Studentenverbindung">German student fraternities</a>. </p><p>As chancellor, Adenauer tended to make most major decisions himself, treating his ministers as mere extensions of his authority. While this tendency decreased under his successors, it established the image of West Germany (and later reunified Germany) as a "chancellor democracy". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ending_denazification">Ending denazification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ending denazification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a speech on 20 September 1949, Adenauer denounced the entire <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> process pursued by the Allied military governments, announcing in the same speech that he was planning to bring in an amnesty law for the Nazi war criminals and he planned to apply to "the High Commissioners for a corresponding amnesty for punishments imposed by the Allied military courts".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei20023_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei20023-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer argued the continuation of denazification would "foster a growing and extreme nationalism" as the millions who supported the Nazi regime would find themselves excluded from German life forever.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerf1997217_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerf1997217-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also demanded an "end to this sniffing out of Nazis."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 31 January 1951, the amnesty legislation had benefited 792,176 people. They included 3,000 functionaries of the SA, the SS, and the Nazi Party who participated in dragging victims to jails and camps; 20,000 Nazis sentenced for "deeds against life" (presumably murder); 30,000 sentenced for causing bodily injury, and about 5,200 charged with "crimes and misdemeanors in office.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_to_the_Oder–Neisse_Line"><span id="Opposition_to_the_Oder.E2.80.93Neisse_Line"></span>Opposition to the Oder–Neisse Line</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opposition to the Oder–Neisse Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Adenauer government refused to accept the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> as Germany's eastern frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This refusal was in large part motivated by his desire to win the votes of <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">expellees</a> and right-wing nationalists to the CDU, which is why he supported <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Heimatrecht</i></span>, i.e. the right of expellees to return to their former homes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995638_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995638-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also intended to be a deal-breaker if negotiations ever began to reunite Germany on terms that Adenauer considered unfavorable such as the neutralization of Germany as Adenauer knew well that the Soviets would never revise the Oder–Neisse line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995638_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995638-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Privately, Adenauer considered Germany's eastern provinces to be lost forever.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhonen199848_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhonen199848-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F002449-0027,_Bonn,_Bundestag,_Pariser_Vertr%C3%A4ge,_Adenauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F002449-0027%2C_Bonn%2C_Bundestag%2C_Pariser_Vertr%C3%A4ge%2C_Adenauer.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F002449-0027%2C_Bonn%2C_Bundestag%2C_Pariser_Vertr%C3%A4ge%2C_Adenauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F002449-0027%2C_Bonn%2C_Bundestag%2C_Pariser_Vertr%C3%A4ge%2C_Adenauer.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F002449-0027%2C_Bonn%2C_Bundestag%2C_Pariser_Vertr%C3%A4ge%2C_Adenauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F002449-0027%2C_Bonn%2C_Bundestag%2C_Pariser_Vertr%C3%A4ge%2C_Adenauer.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F002449-0027%2C_Bonn%2C_Bundestag%2C_Pariser_Vertr%C3%A4ge%2C_Adenauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Adenauer speaking in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></i></span>, 1955</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advocacy_for_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community">Advocacy for European Coal and Steel Community</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Advocacy for European Coal and Steel Community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Petersberg_Agreement" title="Petersberg Agreement">Petersberg Agreement</a> in November 1949 he achieved some of the first concessions granted by the Allies, such as a decrease in the number of factories to be dismantled, but in particular his agreement to join the <a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr</a> led to heavy criticism. In the following debate in parliament Adenauer stated: </p> <dl><dd><blockquote><p><i>The Allies have told me that dismantling would be stopped only if I satisfy the Allied desire for security, does the Socialist Party want dismantling to go on to the bitter end?</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995450_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995450-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></dd></dl> <p>The opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher" title="Kurt Schumacher">Kurt Schumacher</a> responded by labeling Adenauer "Chancellor of the Allies", accusing Adenauer of putting good relations with the West for the sake of the Cold War ahead of German national interests. </p><p>After a year of negotiations, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed on 18 April 1951 establishing the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>. The treaty was unpopular in Germany where it was seen as a French attempt to take over German industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995608_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995608-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty conditions were favorable to the French, but for Adenauer, the only thing that mattered was European integration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995612_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995612-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer was keen to see Britain join the European Coal and Steel Community as he believed the more free-market British would counterbalance the influence of the more <a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme"><i>dirigiste</i></a> French, and to achieve that purpose he visited London in November 1951 to meet with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995612–613_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995612–613-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill said Britain would not join the European Coal and Steel Community because doing so would mean sacrificing relations with the U.S. and Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995613_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995613-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_rearmament">German rearmament</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: German rearmament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the beginning of his Chancellorship, Adenauer had been pressing for <a href="/wiki/German_rearmament_(post-WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="German rearmament (post-WWII)">German rearmament</a>. After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> on 25 June 1950, the U.S. and Britain agreed that West Germany had to be rearmed to strengthen the defenses of Western Europe against a possible Soviet invasion. Further contributing to the crisis atmosphere of 1950 was the bellicose rhetoric of the East German leader <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a>, who proclaimed the reunification of Germany under communist rule to be imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998124_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998124-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge199666_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge199666-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To soothe French fears of German rearmament, the French Premier <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">René Pleven</a> suggested the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pleven_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleven plan">Pleven plan</a> in October 1950 under which the Federal Republic would have its military forces function as part of the armed wing of the multinational <a href="/wiki/European_Defense_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Defense Community">European Defense Community</a> (EDC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998125_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998125-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer deeply disliked the "Pleven plan", but was forced to support it when it became clear that this plan was the only way the French would agree to German rearmament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995592–594_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995592–594-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0062,_Bonn,_Ermekeilkaserne,_Adenauer,_Blank,_Heusinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0062%2C_Bonn%2C_Ermekeilkaserne%2C_Adenauer%2C_Blank%2C_Heusinger.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0062%2C_Bonn%2C_Ermekeilkaserne%2C_Adenauer%2C_Blank%2C_Heusinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0062%2C_Bonn%2C_Ermekeilkaserne%2C_Adenauer%2C_Blank%2C_Heusinger.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0062%2C_Bonn%2C_Ermekeilkaserne%2C_Adenauer%2C_Blank%2C_Heusinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0062%2C_Bonn%2C_Ermekeilkaserne%2C_Adenauer%2C_Blank%2C_Heusinger.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0062%2C_Bonn%2C_Ermekeilkaserne%2C_Adenauer%2C_Blank%2C_Heusinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Adenauer in 1950 at the Ermekeil barracks in Bonn with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Heusinger" title="Adolf Heusinger">Adolf Heusinger</a> (right), one of the authors of the Himmerod memorandum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amnesty_and_employment_of_Nazis">Amnesty and employment of Nazis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Amnesty and employment of Nazis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1950, a major controversy broke out when it emerged that Adenauer's State Secretary <a href="/wiki/Hans_Globke" title="Hans Globke">Hans Globke</a> had played a major role in drafting anti-semitic <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Race Laws</a> in Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer kept Globke on as State Secretary as part of his strategy of integration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerf1997289–290_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerf1997289–290-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in August 1950, Adenauer began to pressure the Western Allies to free all of the war criminals in their custody, especially those from the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>, whose continued imprisonment he claimed made <a href="/wiki/West_German_rearmament" title="West German rearmament">West German rearmament</a> impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoda2007101–149_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoda2007101–149-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer had been opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a> in 1945–46, and after becoming Chancellor, he demanded the release of the so-called "Spandau Seven", as the seven war criminals convicted at Nuremberg and imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Spandau_Prison" title="Spandau Prison">Spandau Prison</a> were known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoda2007149_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoda2007149-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1950, Adenauer received the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Himmerod_memorandum" title="Himmerod memorandum">Himmerod memorandum</a>" drafted by four former Wehrmacht generals at the <a href="/wiki/Himmerod_Abbey" title="Himmerod Abbey">Himmerod Abbey</a> that linked freedom for German war criminals as the price of German rearmament, along with public statements from the Allies that the <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht committed no war crimes</a> in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge199697–98_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge199697–98-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies were willing to do whatever necessary to get the much-needed German rearmament underway, and in January 1951, General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>, commander of NATO forces, issued a statement which declared the great majority of the Wehrmacht had acted honorably.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 January 1951, Adenauer met with the American High Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a>, to argue that executing the <a href="/wiki/Landsberg_Prison" title="Landsberg Prison">Landsberg prisoners</a> would ruin forever any effort at having the Federal Republic play its role in the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei2002157_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei2002157-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, American occupation authorities had 28 Nazi war criminals left on death row in their custody. In response to Adenauer's demands and pressure from the German public, McCloy and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Handy" title="Thomas T. Handy">Thomas T. Handy</a> on 31 January 1951 reduced the death sentences of all but the 7 worst offenders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei2002164–165_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei2002164–165-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1951 laws were passed by the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> ending denazification. <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a> was viewed by the United States as counterproductive and ineffective, and its demise was not opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer's intention was to switch government policy to reparations and compensation for the victims of Nazi rule (<i><a href="/wiki/Wiedergutmachung" title="Wiedergutmachung">Wiedergutmachung</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Art_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Officials were allowed to retake jobs in civil service, with the exception of people assigned to Group I (Major Offenders) and II (Offenders) during the denazification review process.<sup id="cite_ref-Art_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer pressured his rehabilitated ex-Nazis by threatening that stepping out of line could trigger the reopening of individual de-Nazification prosecutions. The construction of a "competent Federal Government effectively from a standing start was one of the greatest of Adenauer's formidable achievements".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001391_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001391-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary critics accused Adenauer of cementing the division of Germany, sacrificing reunification and the recovery of territories lost in the westward shift of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> with his determination to secure the Federal Republic to the West. Adenauer's German policy was based upon <i>Politik der Stärke</i> (Policy of Strength), and upon the so-called "magnet theory", in which a prosperous, democratic West Germany integrated with the West would act as a "magnet" that would eventually bring down the East German regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge199670_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge199670-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rejecting_the_reunification_offer">Rejecting the reunification offer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rejecting the reunification offer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Stalin_Note" title="Stalin Note">Stalin Note</a>, as it became known, "caught everybody in the West by surprise".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001376_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001376-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It offered to unify the two German entities into a single, neutral state with its own, non-aligned national army to effect superpower disengagement from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. Adenauer and his cabinet were unanimous in their rejection of the Stalin overture; they shared the Western Allies' suspicion about the genuineness of that offer and supported the Allies in their cautious replies. Adenauer's flat rejection was, however, still out of step with public opinion; he then realized his mistake and he started to ask questions. Critics denounced him for having missed an opportunity for <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>. The Soviets sent a second note, courteous in tone. Adenauer by then understood that "all opportunity for initiative had passed out of his hands,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001378_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001378-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the matter was put to rest by the Allies. Given the realities of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, German reunification and recovery of <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany#Potsdam_Agreement,_1945" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">lost territories in the east</a> were not realistic goals as both of Stalin's notes specified the retention of the existing "Potsdam"-decreed boundaries of Germany. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P092352,_Israel,_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Salmann_Schasar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P092352%2C_Israel%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Salmann_Schasar.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P092352%2C_Israel%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Salmann_Schasar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P092352%2C_Israel%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Salmann_Schasar.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P092352%2C_Israel%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Salmann_Schasar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P092352%2C_Israel%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Salmann_Schasar.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P092352%2C_Israel%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Salmann_Schasar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Adenauer with Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Shazar" title="Zalman Shazar">Zalman Shazar</a>, 1966</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reparation_to_victims_of_Nazi_Germany">Reparation to victims of Nazi Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reparation to victims of Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adenauer recognized the obligation of the West German government to compensate <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> West Germany started negotiations with Israel for restitution of lost property and the payment of damages to victims of Nazi persecution. In the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany">Luxemburger Abkommen</a></i></span>, West Germany agreed to pay compensation to Israel. Jewish claims were bundled in the <a href="/wiki/Claims_Conference" title="Claims Conference">Jewish Claims Conference</a>, which represented the Jewish victims of Nazi Germany. West Germany then initially paid about 3 billion <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Mark</a> to Israel and about 450 million to the Claims Conference, although payments continued after that, as new claims were made.<sup id="cite_ref-bpb_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpb-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the face of severe opposition both from the public and from his own cabinet, Adenauer was only able to get the reparations agreement ratified by the <i>Bundestag</i> with the support of the SPD.<sup id="cite_ref-Moeller,_Robert_pages_26-27_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moeller,_Robert_pages_26-27-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli public opinion was divided over accepting the money, but ultimately the fledgling state under <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> agreed to take it, opposed by political parties such as <a href="/wiki/Herut" title="Herut">Herut</a>, who were against such treaties. Those treaties were cited as a main reason for the assassination attempt by Zionists against Adenauer.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assassination_attempt">Assassination attempt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Assassination attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 March 1952, a package addressed to Chancellor Adenauer exploded in the <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> Police Headquarters, killing one Bavarian police officer, Karl Reichert.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigations revealed the mastermind behind the assassination attempt to be <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a>, who would later become the Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Begin had been the commander of <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> and at that time headed <a href="/wiki/Herut" title="Herut">Herut</a> and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>. His goal was to put pressure on the German government and prevent the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany</a>, which he vehemently opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The West German government kept all proof under seal in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> responses from the German public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_government">Second government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Second government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interior_affairs">Interior affairs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Interior affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004214-0033,_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004214-0033%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004214-0033%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004214-0033%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004214-0033%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004214-0033%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004214-0033%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Konrad Adenauer with minister of economics <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a>, 1956</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a> was harshly suppressed by the Red Army in June 1953, Adenauer took political advantage of the situation and was handily re-elected to a second term as Chancellor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001406_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001406-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDU/CSU came up one seat short of an outright majority. Adenauer could thus have governed in a coalition with only one other party, but retained/gained the support of nearly all of the parties in the Bundestag that were to the right of the SPD. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Restitution_Laws" title="German Restitution Laws">German Restitution Laws</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesentschädigungsgesetz</i></span>) were passed in 1953 that allowed some victims of Nazi prosecution to claim restitution.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the 1953 restitution law, those who had suffered for "racial, religious or political reasons" could collect compensation, which were defined in such a way as to sharply limit the number of people entitled to collect compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1954, Adenauer's lobbying efforts on behalf of the "Spandau Seven" finally bore fruit with the release of <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoda2007129–131_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoda2007129–131-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer congratulated Neurath on his release, sparking controversy all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoda2007130–131_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoda2007130–131-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Adenauer's efforts to win freedom for Admiral <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> ran into staunch opposition from the British Permanent Secretary at the Foreign Office, <a href="/wiki/Ivone_Kirkpatrick" title="Ivone Kirkpatrick">Ivone Kirkpatrick</a>, who argued Dönitz would be an active danger to German democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoda2007149–151_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoda2007149–151-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer then traded with Kirkpatrick no early release for Admiral Dönitz with an early release for Admiral <a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a> on medical grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoda2007152–155_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoda2007152–155-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adenauer is closely linked to the implementation of an enhanced <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> system, which ensured unparalleled prosperity for retired people. Along with his Minister for Economic Affairs and successor <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a>, the West German model of a "<a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>" (a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> moderated by elements of <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a>) allowed for the boom period known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a></i></span> ('economic miracle') that produced broad prosperity, but Adenauer acted more leniently towards the trade unions and employers' associations than Erhard. The Adenauer era witnessed a dramatic rise in the standard of living of average Germans, with real wages doubling between 1950 and 1963. This rising affluence was accompanied by a 20% fall in working hours during that same period, together with a fall in the unemployment rate from 8% in 1950 to 0.4% in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition, an advanced welfare state was established.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_affairs">Military affairs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27146-0001,_Paris,_NATO-Vertrag,_Unterzeichnung_Adenauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27146-0001%2C_Paris%2C_NATO-Vertrag%2C_Unterzeichnung_Adenauer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27146-0001%2C_Paris%2C_NATO-Vertrag%2C_Unterzeichnung_Adenauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27146-0001%2C_Paris%2C_NATO-Vertrag%2C_Unterzeichnung_Adenauer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27146-0001%2C_Paris%2C_NATO-Vertrag%2C_Unterzeichnung_Adenauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27146-0001%2C_Paris%2C_NATO-Vertrag%2C_Unterzeichnung_Adenauer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27146-0001%2C_Paris%2C_NATO-Vertrag%2C_Unterzeichnung_Adenauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Signing the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> in Paris, 1954 (Adenauer at the left)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1998-006-34,_Andernach,_Adenauer_besucht_Bundeswehr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1998-006-34%2C_Andernach%2C_Adenauer_besucht_Bundeswehr.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1998-006-34%2C_Andernach%2C_Adenauer_besucht_Bundeswehr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1998-006-34%2C_Andernach%2C_Adenauer_besucht_Bundeswehr.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1998-006-34%2C_Andernach%2C_Adenauer_besucht_Bundeswehr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1998-006-34%2C_Andernach%2C_Adenauer_besucht_Bundeswehr.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1998-006-34%2C_Andernach%2C_Adenauer_besucht_Bundeswehr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Minister <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Blank</a> and Adenauer with General <a href="/wiki/Hans_Speidel" title="Hans Speidel">Speidel</a> inspect formations of the newly created <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundeswehr</i></span> on 20 January 1955.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1954, opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Pleven_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleven plan">Pleven plan</a> grew within the French <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>.,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge1996209_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge1996209-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in August 1954, it died when an alliance of conservatives and Communists in the National Assembly joined forces to reject the EDC treaty under the grounds that West German rearmament in any form was an unacceptable danger to France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998134_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998134-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> told Adenauer that Britain would ensure that West German rearmament would happen, regardless if the National Assembly ratified the EDC treaty or not,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge1996211_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge1996211-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> used the failure of the EDC to argue for independent West German rearmament and West German NATO membership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998134_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998134-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks in part to Adenauer's success in rebuilding West Germany's image, the British proposal met with considerable approval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998134_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998134-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences" title="London and Paris Conferences">London conference</a>, Eden assisted Adenauer by promising the French that Britain would always maintain at least four divisions in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine" title="British Army of the Rhine">British Army of the Rhine</a> as long as there was a Soviet threat, with the strengthened British forces also aimed implicitly against any German revanchism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge1996217_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge1996217-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer then promised that Germany would never seek to have nuclear, chemical and biological weapons as well as capital ships, strategic bombers, long-range artillery, and guided missiles, although these promises were non-binding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge1996217_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge1996217-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French had been assuaged that West German rearmament would be no threat to France. Additionally, Adenauer promised that the West German military would be under the operational control of NATO general staff, though ultimate control would rest with the West German government; and that above all he would never violate the strictly defensive NATO charter and invade East Germany to achieve German reunification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge1996220_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge1996220-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1955, West Germany joined NATO and in November a West German military, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></i></span>, was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998134_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998134-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Adenauer made use of a number of former <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></span> generals and admirals in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundeswehr</i></span>, he saw the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundeswehr</i></span> as a new force with no links to the past, and wanted it to be kept under <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control</a> at all times.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve these aims, Adenauer gave a great deal of power to the military reformer <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Graf_von_Baudissin" title="Wolf Graf von Baudissin">Wolf Graf von Baudissin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge1996177–178_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge1996177–178-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adenauer reached an agreement for his "nuclear ambitions" with a NATO Military Committee in December 1956 that stipulated West German forces were to be "equipped for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear warfare</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001442_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001442-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concluding that the United States would eventually pull out of Western Europe, Adenauer pursued nuclear cooperation with other countries. The French government then proposed that France, West Germany and Italy jointly develop and produce <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_delivery" title="Nuclear weapons delivery">delivery systems</a>, and an agreement was signed in April 1958. With the ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, the agreement for joint production and control was shelved indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001458_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001458-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, an ardent foe of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>, considered sales of such weapons moot since "in the event of war the United States would, from the outset, be prepared to defend the Federal Republic."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001490_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001490-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physicists of the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Institute</a> for Theoretical Physics at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> and other renowned universities would have had the scientific capability for in-house development, but the will was absent,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001444_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001444-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor was there public support. With Adenauer's fourth-term election in November 1961 and the end of his chancellorship in sight, his "nuclear ambitions" began to taper off. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-101-01A,_Moskau,_Besuch_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-101-01A%2C_Moskau%2C_Besuch_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-101-01A%2C_Moskau%2C_Besuch_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-101-01A%2C_Moskau%2C_Besuch_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-101-01A%2C_Moskau%2C_Besuch_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-101-01A%2C_Moskau%2C_Besuch_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-101-01A%2C_Moskau%2C_Besuch_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Malenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a> greeting Adenauer in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in September 1955</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-107546,_K%C3%B6ln-Bonn,_Adenauer,_Mutter_eines_Kriegsgefangenen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-107546%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Bonn%2C_Adenauer%2C_Mutter_eines_Kriegsgefangenen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-107546%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Bonn%2C_Adenauer%2C_Mutter_eines_Kriegsgefangenen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-107546%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Bonn%2C_Adenauer%2C_Mutter_eines_Kriegsgefangenen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-107546%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Bonn%2C_Adenauer%2C_Mutter_eines_Kriegsgefangenen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-107546%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Bonn%2C_Adenauer%2C_Mutter_eines_Kriegsgefangenen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-107546%2C_K%C3%B6ln-Bonn%2C_Adenauer%2C_Mutter_eines_Kriegsgefangenen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Adenauer with the mother of a German <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POW</a> brought home in 1955 from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, due to Adenauer's visit to Moscow</figcaption></figure> <p>In return for the release of the last German prisoners of war in 1955, the Federal Republic established diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, but refused to recognize East Germany and broke off diplomatic relations with countries (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>) that established relations with the East German régime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001450this_principle_became_known_as_the_[[Hallstein_Doctrine]]_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001450this_principle_became_known_as_the_[[Hallstein_Doctrine]]-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer was also ready to consider the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> as the German border in order to pursue a more flexible policy with Poland but he did not command sufficient domestic support for this, and opposition to the Oder–Neisse line continued, causing considerable disappointment among Adenauer's Western allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhonen199844–46_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhonen199844–46-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, Adenauer fully supported the Anglo-French-Israeli attack on Egypt, arguing to his Cabinet that Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> was a pro-Soviet force that needed to be cut down to size.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997241–242_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997241–242-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer was appalled that the Americans had come out against the attack on Egypt alongside the Soviets, which led Adenauer to fear that the United States and Soviet Union would "carve up the world" with no thought for European interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997242_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997242-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the height of the Suez crisis, Adenauer visited Paris to meet the French Premier <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Guy Mollet</a> in a show of moral support for France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997243_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997243-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day before Adenauer arrived in Paris, the Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a> sent the so-called "Bulganin letters" to the leaders of Britain, France, and Israel threatening nuclear strikes if they did not end the war against Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997243_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997243-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The news of the "Bulganin letters" reached Adenauer mid-way on the train trip to Paris. The threat of a Soviet nuclear strike that could destroy Paris at any moment added considerably to the tension of the summit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997244_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997244-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paris summit helped to strengthen the bond between Adenauer and the French, who saw themselves as fellow European powers living in a world dominated by Washington and Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997245_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997245-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adenauer was deeply shocked by the Soviet threat of nuclear strikes against Britain and France, and even more so by the apparent quiescent American response to the Soviet threat of nuclear annihilation against two of NATO's key members.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Adenauer became more interested in the French idea of a European "Third Force" in the Cold War as an alternative security policy.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helped to lead to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> in 1957, which was intended to be the foundation stone of the European "Third Force".<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adenauer's achievements include the establishment of a stable democracy in West Germany and a lasting reconciliation with <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Treaty" title="Élysée Treaty">Élysée Treaty</a>. His political commitment to the Western powers achieved full sovereignty for West Germany, which was formally laid down in the <a href="/wiki/General_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="General Treaty">General Treaty</a>, although there remained Allied restrictions concerning the status of a potentially reunited Germany and the state of emergency in West Germany. Adenauer firmly integrated the country with the emerging Euro-Atlantic community (<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for European Economic Cooperation</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_government">Third government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Third government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Segni_and_Konrad_Adenauer_by_Giuseppe_Moro,_August_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Antonio_Segni_and_Konrad_Adenauer_by_Giuseppe_Moro%2C_August_1959.jpg/170px-Antonio_Segni_and_Konrad_Adenauer_by_Giuseppe_Moro%2C_August_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Antonio_Segni_and_Konrad_Adenauer_by_Giuseppe_Moro%2C_August_1959.jpg/255px-Antonio_Segni_and_Konrad_Adenauer_by_Giuseppe_Moro%2C_August_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Antonio_Segni_and_Konrad_Adenauer_by_Giuseppe_Moro%2C_August_1959.jpg/340px-Antonio_Segni_and_Konrad_Adenauer_by_Giuseppe_Moro%2C_August_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6172" data-file-height="6172" /></a><figcaption>Adenauer and Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a> in August 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1957 the <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> was reintegrated into Germany as a federal state of the Federal Republic. The election of 1957 essentially dealt with national matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001444_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001444-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His re-election campaign centered around the slogan "Keine Experimente" <i>(No Experiments)</i> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_experimentalism" title="Democratic experimentalism">democratic experimentalism</a> reform proposed by his opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-1970s_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1970s-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riding a wave of popularity from the return of the last <a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">POWs</a> from Soviet labor camps, as well as an extensive pension reform, Adenauer led the CDU/CSU to an outright majority, something never previously achieved in a free German election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001445_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001445-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, the Federal Republic signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> and became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>. In September 1958, Adenauer first met President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> of France, who was to become a close friend and ally in pursuing Franco-German rapprochement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997365–366_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997365–366-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer saw de Gaulle as a "rock" and the only foreign leader whom he could completely trust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997402–403_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997402–403-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> in 1958, Adenauer set up the <a href="/wiki/Central_Office_of_the_State_Justice_Administrations_for_the_Investigation_of_National_Socialist_Crimes" title="Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes">Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor,_Frederick_page_373_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor,_Frederick_page_373-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 November 1958 <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1958%E2%80%931959" title="Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959">another Berlin crisis</a> broke out when <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a> submitted an <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a> with a six-month expiry date to Washington, London and Paris, where he demanded that the Allies pull all their forces out of West Berlin and agree that West Berlin become a "free city", or else he would sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998140_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998140-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer was opposed to any sort of negotiations with the Soviets, arguing if only the West were to hang tough long enough, Khrushchev would back down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997399_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997399-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the 27 May deadline approached, the crisis was defused by the British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, who visited <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to meet with Khrushchev and managed to extend the deadline while not committing himself or the other Western powers to concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998141_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998141-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer believed Macmillan to be a spineless "appeaser", who had made a secret deal with Khrushchev at the expense of the Federal Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorpe,_D.R._page_428_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorpe,_D.R._page_428-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997396_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997396-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adenauer tarnished his image when he announced he would run for the office of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">federal president</a> in 1959, only to pull out when he discovered that he did not have political backing to strengthen the office of president and change the balance of power. After his reversal he supported the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a> as the CDU presidential candidate whom he believed weak enough not to interfere with his actions as Federal Chancellor. One of Adenauer's reasons for not pursuing the presidency was his fear that Ludwig Erhard, whom Adenauer thought little of, would become the new chancellor. </p><p>By early 1959, Adenauer came under renewed pressure from his Western allies to recognize the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a>, with the Americans being especially insistent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhonen199856_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhonen199856-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer gave his "explicit and unconditional approval" to the idea of <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">non-aggression pacts</a> in late January 1959, which effectively meant recognising the Oder–Neisse line, since realistically speaking Germany could only regain the lost territories through force. After Adenauer's intention to sign non-aggression pacts with Poland and Czechoslovakia became clear, the <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">German expellee lobby</a> swung into action and organized protests all over the Federal Republic while bombarding the offices of Adenauer and other members of the cabinet with thousands of letters, telegrams and telephone calls promising never to vote CDU again if the non-aggression pacts were signed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhonen199859_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhonen199859-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with this pressure, Adenauer promptly capitulated to the expellee lobby.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhonen199859_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhonen199859-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1959, a controversy broke out when it emerged that <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Oberl%C3%A4nder" title="Theodor Oberländer">Theodor Oberländer</a>, the Minister of Refugees since 1953 and one of the most powerful leaders of the expellee lobby, had committed war crimes against Jews and Poles during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his past, on 10 December 1959, a statement was released to the press declaring that "Dr. Oberländer has the full confidence of the Adenauer cabinet".<sup id="cite_ref-Tetens,_T.H._page_192_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tetens,_T.H._page_192-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Christian Democrats made it clear to Adenauer that they would like to see Oberländer out of the cabinet, and finally in May 1960 Oberländer resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_government">Fourth government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fourth government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy,_Brandt_und_Adenauer_-_geo.hlipp.de_-_26870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kennedy%2C_Brandt_und_Adenauer_-_geo.hlipp.de_-_26870.jpg/220px-Kennedy%2C_Brandt_und_Adenauer_-_geo.hlipp.de_-_26870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kennedy%2C_Brandt_und_Adenauer_-_geo.hlipp.de_-_26870.jpg/330px-Kennedy%2C_Brandt_und_Adenauer_-_geo.hlipp.de_-_26870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kennedy%2C_Brandt_und_Adenauer_-_geo.hlipp.de_-_26870.jpg/440px-Kennedy%2C_Brandt_und_Adenauer_-_geo.hlipp.de_-_26870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>U.S. president <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>, and Adenauer at Berlin Wall in 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1961, Adenauer had his concerns about both the status of Berlin and US leadership confirmed, as the Soviets and East Germans built the Berlin Wall. Adenauer had come into the year distrusting the new US president, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. He doubted Kennedy's commitment to a free Berlin and a unified Germany and considered him undisciplined and naïve.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his part, Kennedy thought that Adenauer was a relic of the past. Their strained relationship impeded effective Western action on Berlin during 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in August 1961 and the sealing of borders by the East Germans made Adenauer's government look weak. Adenauer continued his campaign trail and made a disastrous misjudgement in a speech on 14 August 1961 in <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> with a personal attack on the SPD lead candidate <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>, Lord Mayor of West-Berlin, saying that Brandt's illegitimate birth had disqualified him from holding any sort of office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004135_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004135-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After failing to keep their majority in the general election on 17 September, the CDU/CSU again needed to include the FDP in a coalition government. Adenauer was forced to make two concessions: to relinquish the chancellorship before the end of the new term, his fourth, and to replace his foreign minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001494Foreign_Minister_[[Heinrich_von_Brentano]]_was_considered_too_subservient_to_the_Chancellor_and_[[Gerhard_Schröder_(CDU)|Gerhard_Schröder]]_became_foreign_minister_[Williams,_p._495_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001494Foreign_Minister_[[Heinrich_von_Brentano]]_was_considered_too_subservient_to_the_Chancellor_and_[[Gerhard_Schröder_(CDU)|Gerhard_Schröder]]_became_foreign_minister_[Williams,_p._495-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his last years in office, Adenauer used to take a nap after lunch and, when he was traveling abroad and had a public function to attend, he sometimes asked for a bed in a room close to where he was supposed to be speaking, so that he could rest briefly before he appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Gunther_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Gunther-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F015892-0010,_Bonn,_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Charles_de_Gaulle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F015892-0010%2C_Bonn%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Charles_de_Gaulle.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F015892-0010%2C_Bonn%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Charles_de_Gaulle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F015892-0010%2C_Bonn%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Charles_de_Gaulle.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F015892-0010%2C_Bonn%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Charles_de_Gaulle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F015892-0010%2C_Bonn%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Charles_de_Gaulle.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F015892-0010%2C_Bonn%2C_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Charles_de_Gaulle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="3845" /></a><figcaption>Adenauer with French president Charles de Gaulle (1963)</figcaption></figure> <p>During this time, Adenauer came into conflict with the Economics Minister <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> over the depth of German integration to the West. Erhard was in favor of allowing Britain to join to create a trans-Atlantic free trade zone, while Adenauer was for strengthening ties amongst the original founding six nations of West Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004153_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004153-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Adenauer's viewpoint, the Cold War meant that the NATO alliance with the United States and Britain was essential, but there could be no deeper integration into a trans-Atlantic community beyond the existing military ties as that would lead to a "mishmash" between different cultural systems that would be doomed to failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004154–155_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004154–155-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Adenauer had tried to get Britain to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> in 1951–52, by the early 1960s Adenauer had come to share General de Gaulle's belief that Britain simply did not belong in the EEC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004155_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004155-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Treaty" title="Élysée Treaty">Élysée Treaty</a> was signed in January 1963 to solidify relations with France. </p><p>In October 1962, <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiegel scandal">a scandal erupted</a> when police arrested five <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> journalists, charging them with espionage for publishing a memo detailing weaknesses in the West German armed forces. Adenauer had not initiated the arrests, but initially defended the person responsible, Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauss</a>, and called the Spiegel memo "abyss of treason". After public outrage and heavy protests from the coalition partner FDP he dismissed Strauss, but the reputation of Adenauer and his party had already suffered.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konrad_Adenauer_-_14._CDU-Bundesparteitag-kasf0094.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Konrad_Adenauer_-_14._CDU-Bundesparteitag-kasf0094.JPG/220px-Konrad_Adenauer_-_14._CDU-Bundesparteitag-kasf0094.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Konrad_Adenauer_-_14._CDU-Bundesparteitag-kasf0094.JPG/330px-Konrad_Adenauer_-_14._CDU-Bundesparteitag-kasf0094.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Konrad_Adenauer_-_14._CDU-Bundesparteitag-kasf0094.JPG/440px-Konrad_Adenauer_-_14._CDU-Bundesparteitag-kasf0094.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2568" /></a><figcaption>Adenauer delivering a speech at the March 1966 CDU party rally, one year before his death</figcaption></figure> <p>Adenauer managed to remain in office for almost another year, but the scandal increased the pressure already on him to fulfill his promise to resign before the end of the term. Adenauer was not on good terms in his last years of power with his economics minister <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> and tried to block him from the chancellorship. In January 1963, Adenauer privately supported General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>'s veto of Britain's attempt to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, and was only prevented from saying so openly by the need to preserve unity in his cabinet as most of his ministers led by Erhard supported Britain's application.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">Francophile</a>, Adenauer saw a Franco-German partnership as the key for European peace and prosperity and shared de Gaulle's view that Britain would be a disputative force in the EEC.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer failed in his efforts to block Erhard as his successor, and in October 1963 he turned the office over to Erhard. He remained chairman of the CDU until his resignation in December 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004191_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004191-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adenauer ensured a generally free and democratic society, and laid the groundwork for Germany to re-enter the community of nations and to evolve as a dependable member of the Western world. The British historian <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Taylor_(historian)" title="Frederick Taylor (historian)">Frederick Taylor</a> argued that in many ways the Adenauer era was a transition period in values and viewpoints from the authoritarianism that characterized Germany in the first half of the 20th century to the more democratic values that characterized the western half of Germany in the second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_policies">Social policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Social policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adenauer's years in the Chancellorship saw the realization of a number of important initiatives in the domestic field, such as in housing, pension rights, and unemployment provision. A major housebuilding programme was launched, while measures introduced to assist war victims<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and expellees.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A savings scheme for homeownership was set up in 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Housebuilding Act of 1956 reinforced incentives for owner-occupation. Employer-funded child allowances for three or more children were established in 1954, and in 1957 the indexation of pension schemes was introduced, together with an old age assistance scheme for agricultural workers.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1952 Maternity Leave Law foresaw 12 weeks of paid leave for working mothers, who were also safeguarded from unfair dismissal,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and improvements in unemployment benefits were carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soldiers' Law of 1956 laid down that soldiers had the same rights as other citizens, "limited only by the demands of military service."<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a Federal Act of 1961, social assistance provided a safety net of minimum income "for those not adequately catered for by social insurance."<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controversially, however, a school lunch programme was abolished in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence_services_and_spying">Intelligence services and spying</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Intelligence services and spying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 1960s, connections between the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> under Adenauer and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)">intelligence services (<i>"Bundesnachrichtendienst"</i> / BND)</a> had become significantly closer than would be generally known until more than 50 years later. Thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)">BND</a>, information on the internal machinations of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> party were available to the entire CDU leadership, and not merely to Adenauer in his capacity as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor</a>. It was Adenauer himself who personally instructed the BND to spy on his SPD rival, the future <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KAuBNDlautSpiegel_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAuBNDlautSpiegel-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_years">Late years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Late years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adenauer, who resigned as Chancellor at the age of 87 and remained head of the governing CDU until his retirement at 90, was often dubbed "Der Alte" ("the old one"). He also remained a Member of the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> for the constituency of Bonn until his death. </p><p>In May 1966, the former Chancellor made a private visit to the new state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and was awarded an honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The friendship with <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> was particularly close to the ex-Chancellor's heart: he visited the neighbouring country three times in 1964, 1966 and 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his last trip abroad in February 1967, Adenauer met with <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">General Franco</a> and, as the art lover he had been all his life, took advantage of the stay to visit the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Prado</a>. His last major speech in Madrid's Ateneo Palace was marked by the admonition not to let up, to continue the process of <a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">European unification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, Adenauer remains the oldest-ever European head of government and one of the oldest elected European statesmen (paralleled only by <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a>); however, the governments of Tunisia and Malaysia had older heads of government during the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F024568-0014,_K%C3%B6ln,_Trauerfeier_f%C3%BCr_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F024568-0014%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Trauerfeier_f%C3%BCr_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F024568-0014%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Trauerfeier_f%C3%BCr_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F024568-0014%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Trauerfeier_f%C3%BCr_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F024568-0014%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Trauerfeier_f%C3%BCr_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F024568-0014%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Trauerfeier_f%C3%BCr_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F024568-0014%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Trauerfeier_f%C3%BCr_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Funeral service for Adenauer in <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnellboot-Kondor-25.-April-1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schnellboot-Kondor-25.-April-1967.jpg/220px-Schnellboot-Kondor-25.-April-1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schnellboot-Kondor-25.-April-1967.jpg/330px-Schnellboot-Kondor-25.-April-1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Schnellboot-Kondor-25.-April-1967.jpg/440px-Schnellboot-Kondor-25.-April-1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Crowds look on as Adenauer's remains are conveyed along the Rhine.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adenauer_Grab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Adenauer_Grab.jpg/220px-Adenauer_Grab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Adenauer_Grab.jpg/330px-Adenauer_Grab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Adenauer_Grab.jpg/440px-Adenauer_Grab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Adenauer's grave in Rhöndorf</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_of_Konrad_Adenauer_and_Charles_de_Gaulle_outside_the_Konrad_Adenauer_Stiftung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sculpture_of_Konrad_Adenauer_and_Charles_de_Gaulle_outside_the_Konrad_Adenauer_Stiftung.jpg/170px-Sculpture_of_Konrad_Adenauer_and_Charles_de_Gaulle_outside_the_Konrad_Adenauer_Stiftung.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sculpture_of_Konrad_Adenauer_and_Charles_de_Gaulle_outside_the_Konrad_Adenauer_Stiftung.jpg/255px-Sculpture_of_Konrad_Adenauer_and_Charles_de_Gaulle_outside_the_Konrad_Adenauer_Stiftung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sculpture_of_Konrad_Adenauer_and_Charles_de_Gaulle_outside_the_Konrad_Adenauer_Stiftung.jpg/340px-Sculpture_of_Konrad_Adenauer_and_Charles_de_Gaulle_outside_the_Konrad_Adenauer_Stiftung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Berlin plaque commemorating restoration of relations between Germany and France, showing Adenauer and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konrad-Adenauer-TIME-1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Konrad-Adenauer-TIME-1954.jpg/170px-Konrad-Adenauer-TIME-1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Konrad-Adenauer-TIME-1954.jpg/255px-Konrad-Adenauer-TIME-1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Konrad-Adenauer-TIME-1954.jpg/340px-Konrad-Adenauer-TIME-1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Man of the Year: Adenauer on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> (4 January 1954)</figcaption></figure> <p>Adenauer died on 19 April 1967 in his family home at <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B6ndorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhöndorf">Rhöndorf</a>. According to his daughter, his last words were "<span title="Kölsch-language text"><i lang="ksh">Da jitt et nix zo kriesche!</i></span>" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ksh-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Colognian" title="Help:IPA/Colognian">[dɔ²<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈjɪdət<span class="wrap"> </span>nɪks<span class="wrap"> </span>tsə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkʁiːʃə]</a></span>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">what does "²" mean?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Cologne dialect</a> for "There's nothin' to weep about!").<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adenauer's <a href="/wiki/Requiem_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem mass">requiem mass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> was attended by a large number of international guests which represented over one hundred countries and organizations :<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> president <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> president <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Vanden_Boeynants" title="Paul Vanden Boeynants">Paul Vanden Boeynants</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran"><img alt="Pahlavi Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Iran">Iranian</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Amir-Abbas_Hoveyda" title="Amir-Abbas Hoveyda">Amir Abbas Hoveida</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Benediktsson_(born_1908)" title="Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1908)">Bjarni Benediktsson</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtensteiner</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Batliner" title="Gerard Batliner">Gerard Batliner</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Pierre Werner</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Piet_de_Jong" title="Piet de Jong">Piet de Jong</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Per_Borten" title="Per Borten">Per Borten</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> chancellor <a href="/wiki/Josef_Klaus" title="Josef Klaus">Josef Klaus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Tage Erlander</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> prime minister <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> President of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></span> Secretary-General of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Manlio_Brosio" title="Manlio Brosio">Manlio Brosio</a></li></ul> <p>Thereafter his remains were taken upstream to Rhöndorf on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> aboard the <a href="/wiki/Seeadler-class_fast_attack_craft" title="Seeadler-class fast attack craft"><i>Seeadler</i>-class fast attack craft</a> <i>Kondor</i> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a>, with two more, <i>Seeadler</i> and <i>Sperber</i>, as escorts, "past the thousands who stood in silence on both banks of the river".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001537_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001537-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is interred at the <i>Waldfriedhof</i> ("Forest Cemetery") at Rhöndorf.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When after his death, Germans were asked what they admired most about Adenauer, the majority responded that he had brought home the last German prisoners of war from the USSR, which had become known as the "Return of the 10,000".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Adenauer was voted the 'greatest German of all time' in a contest called <i><a href="/wiki/Unsere_Besten" title="Unsere Besten">Unsere Besten</a></i> ("Our Best") run on German <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public-service television broadcaster</a> <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a> in which more than three million votes were cast.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_29_November_2003_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_29_November_2003-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adenauer was the main motive for the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins_(Belgium)#2002_coinage" title="Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Belgium)">3 pioneers of the European unification commemorative coin</a>, minted in 2002. The obverse side shows a portrait with the names <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a>, and Konrad Adenauer.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinctions">Distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Special:EditPage/Konrad Adenauer">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_orders">National orders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: National orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a>, Special Class, of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (January 1954)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>: 4th class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Order of the Red Eagle</a> (1918)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Order_of_Merit" title="Bavarian Order of Merit">Bavarian Order of Merit</a> (May 1958)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_orders">Foreign orders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Foreign orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator_General_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Order of the Liberator General San Martín">Order of the Liberator General San Martín</a></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_May" title="Order of May">Order of May</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>: <ul><li>Grand Decoration of Honour of the <a href="/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria" title="Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria">Order for Services to the Republic of Austria</a> (first Austrian republic, 1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria" title="Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria">Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria</a> (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold (Belgium)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Condor_of_the_Andes" title="Order of the Condor of the Andes">Order of the Condor of the Andes</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Order of the Southern Cross</a> (July 1953)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Chile)" title="Order of Merit (Chile)">Order of Merit (Chile)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Order of Boyacá">Order of Boyacá</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>: Grand Cross of the Order of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>: Grand Cross with Silver Breast Star of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_Duarte,_S%C3%A1nchez_and_Mella" title="Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella">Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Ecuador_%281900%E2%80%932009%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador_%281900%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Ecuador_%281900%E2%80%932009%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador_%281900%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Ecuador_%281900%E2%80%932009%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ecuador_%281900%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(Ecuador)" title="National Order of Merit (Ecuador)">National Order of Merit (Ecuador)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Sime%C3%B3n_Ca%C3%B1as&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of José Simeón Cañas (page does not exist)">Order of José Simeón Cañas</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Trinity_(Ethiopia)" title="Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)">Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (1962)<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281859%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Honour_and_Merit" title="National Order of Honour and Merit">National Order of Honour and Merit</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Falcon" title="Order of the Falcon">Order of the Falcon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Iran)" title="Order of the Crown (Iran)">Order of the Crown (Iran)</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> (1953)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cordon <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a> (1960)<sup id="cite_ref-stiftung_orden_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stiftung_orden-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – "because of his long-standing commitment to an understanding of the Japanese–German friendship, and for the peace and prosperity in the world"</li> <li>Grand Cordon with <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Paulownia_Flowers" title="Order of the Paulownia Flowers">Paulownia Flowers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a> (1963)<sup id="cite_ref-stiftung_orden_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stiftung_orden-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281931%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Supreme_Sun" title="Order of the Supreme Sun">Order of the Supreme Sun</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_George_I" title="Order of George I">Order of George I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Oak_Crown" title="Order of the Oak Crown">Order of the Oak Crown</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Madagascar" title="National Order of Madagascar">National Order of Madagascar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle" title="Order of the Aztec Eagle">Order of the Aztec Eagle</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Order of the Netherlands Lion</a> (1960)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orden_de_la_Independencia_Cultural_Rub%C3%A9n_Dar%C3%ADo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orden de la Independencia Cultural Rubén Darío (page does not exist)">Orden de la Independencia Cultural Rubén Darío</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nishan-e-Imtiaz" title="Nishan-e-Imtiaz">Nishan-e-Imtiaz</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Sun (Peru)">Order of the Sun</a> (1953)<sup id="cite_ref-stiftung_orden_162-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stiftung_orden-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: <ul><li>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a> (24 January 1956)<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Tower and Sword">Order of the Tower and Sword</a> (1 October 1963)<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Lion" title="National Order of the Lion">National Order of the Lion</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> (1951)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a> (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-stiftung_orden_162-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stiftung_orden-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Civil_Merit" title="Order of Civil Merit">Order of Civil Merit</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>: <ul><li>Knight Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand" title="Order of the Crown of Thailand">Order of the Crown of Thailand</a></li> <li>Knight Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Order of the White Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Independence (1961)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a> (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-stiftung_orden_162-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stiftung_orden-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Christ" title="Supreme Order of Christ">Supreme Order of Christ</a> (September 1963)<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Spur" title="Order of the Golden Spur">Order of the Golden Spur</a> (December 1955)</li> <li>Honorary Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> (1958)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a> (1964)</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>: Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator" title="Order of the Liberator">Order of the Liberator</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> magazine (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, May 1954) – as a "powerful promoter of a united Europe"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of German inventors and discoverers">List of German inventors and discoverers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to the division of Germany, Konrad Adenauer was not an all-German Chancellor, despite his legal title. The term <b>West Germany</b> is the common English name for the <b>Federal Republic of Germany</b> in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> through the accession of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> on 3 October 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="/aʊər/: 'our' in 'hour'">aʊər</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">A(H)D</span>-ən-our</i></a>; <span class="IPA-label">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈkɔnʁaːt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhɛʁman<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈjoːzɛf<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔaːdənaʊɐ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cd\/De-Konrad_Hermann_Joseph_Adenauer.ogg\/De-Konrad_Hermann_Joseph_Adenauer.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/De-Konrad_Hermann_Joseph_Adenauer.ogg/De-Konrad_Hermann_Joseph_Adenauer.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Konrad_Hermann_Joseph_Adenauer.ogg" title="File:De-Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. <a href="/wiki/Beji_Caid_Essebsi" title="Beji Caid Essebsi">Beji Caid Essebsi</a> was Tunisian president (2014–2019) from age 88 to 92, and Malaysian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> (2018–2020) was in office aged 92 to 94; Italian president <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a> who turned 88 in 2013 and remained in office until 2015, age 89, was merely a titular leader and did <i>not</i> run the government of Italy).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 10,000 returnees were Wehrmacht personnel and some civilians convicted by Soviet Military Tribunals of war crimes. Among those returned in 1955 were Luftwaffe fighter ace <a href="/wiki/Erich_Hartmann" title="Erich Hartmann">Erich Hartmann</a>, Generals Leopold von Babenhausen, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Foertsch" title="Friedrich Foertsch">Friedrich Foertsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Seydlitz-Kurzbach" title="Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach">Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach</a> and Hitler's personal pilot <a href="/wiki/Hans_Baur" title="Hans Baur">Hans Baur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KAS_111063-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KAS_111063_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713012127/https://www.konrad-adenauer.de/kalendarium/tageskalender?date=1963-10-11">"11.10.63 10:45 – Herr Bundeskanzler zu Herrn Bundespräsident – Übergabe des Rücktrittsschreibens"</a> [Adenauer surrenders his letter of resignation to the head of state]. <i>Konrad Adenauer Stiftung</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.konrad-adenauer.de/kalendarium/tageskalender/?date=1963-10-11">the original</a> on 13 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Konrad+Adenauer+Stiftung&rft.atitle=11.10.63+10%3A45+%E2%80%93+Herr+Bundeskanzler+zu+Herrn+Bundespr%C3%A4sident+%E2%80%93+%C3%9Cbergabe+des+R%C3%BCcktrittsschreibens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.konrad-adenauer.de%2Fkalendarium%2Ftageskalender%2F%3Fdate%3D1963-10-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/adenauer_konrad.shtml">"Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226150449/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/adenauer_konrad.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Konrad+Adenauer+%281876%E2%80%931967%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fadenauer_konrad.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Hiscocks, <i>The Adenauer era</i> (1975) p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oryx-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oryx_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oryx_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_W._Del_Testa2001" class="citation book cs1">David W. Del Testa, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313231545/https://www.questia.com/read/106890738/government-leaders-military-rulers-and-political">"Adenauer, Konrad"</a>. <i>Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists</i>. Westport, CT: Oryx Press. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/106890738/government-leaders-military-rulers-and-political">the original</a> on 13 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adenauer%2C+Konrad&rft.btitle=Government+Leaders%2C+Military+Rulers%2C+and+Political+Activists&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F106890738%2Fgovernment-leaders-military-rulers-and-political&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, Roy. <i>Portraits and Miniatures</i>, London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2012. p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/geschichte/grosse-politik-fragwuerdige-erfindungen-konrad-adenauer_id_1824639.html">"Konrad AdenauerGroße Politik, fragwürdige Erfindungen"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Focus_(German_magazine)" title="Focus (German magazine)">Focus</a> Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826180558/https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/geschichte/grosse-politik-fragwuerdige-erfindungen-konrad-adenauer_id_1824639.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Konrad+AdenauerGro%C3%9Fe+Politik%2C+fragw%C3%BCrdige+Erfindungen&rft.pub=Focus+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.de%2Fwissen%2Fmensch%2Fgeschichte%2Fgrosse-politik-fragwuerdige-erfindungen-konrad-adenauer_id_1824639.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmannWilliams2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffmann, Stanley; Williams, Charles (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20050192">"Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>80</b> (3): 141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20050192">10.2307/20050192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20050192">20050192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Adenauer%3A+The+Father+of+the+New+Germany&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=141&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20050192%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20050192&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Williams%2C+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F20050192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803005403/https://www.konrad-adenauer.de/biographie/lebenslauf/uebersicht">"Lebenslauf – Ein kurzer Überblick"</a> (in German). Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.konrad-adenauer.de/biographie/lebenslauf/uebersicht">the original</a> on 3 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebenslauf+%E2%80%93+Ein+kurzer+%C3%9Cberblick&rft.pub=Konrad+Adenauer+Stiftung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.konrad-adenauer.de%2Fbiographie%2Flebenslauf%2Fuebersicht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz199594-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz199594_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz199597–99-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz199597–99_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, pp. 97–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Schlott2015" class="citation news cs1">René Schlott (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/erfindungen-von-konrad-adenauer-konrad-das-brot-a-1031059.html">"Konrad das Brot"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616151642/https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/erfindungen-von-konrad-adenauer-konrad-das-brot-a-1031059.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Konrad+das+Brot&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Schlott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fgeschichte%2Ferfindungen-von-konrad-adenauer-konrad-das-brot-a-1031059.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/032607911/publication/GB131402A?q=pn%3DGB131402">GB patent 131402</a>, "Improvements in the Composition and Manufacture of Sausage Meat and the like", published 1918-06-26</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=131402&rft.cc=GB&rft.title=Improvements+in+the+Composition+and+Manufacture+of+Sausage+Meat+and+the+like&rft.pubdate=1918-06-26"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418011835/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/032607911/publication/GB131402A?q=pn%3DGB131402">Archived</a> 18 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967539-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967539_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967539_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1967">Epstein 1967</a>, p. 539.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967539–540-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967539–540_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1967">Epstein 1967</a>, pp. 539–540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967540–541-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967540–541_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1967">Epstein 1967</a>, pp. 540–541.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995128–131-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995128–131_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, pp. 128–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201220-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201220_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2012">Mitchell 2012</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967541–542-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967541–542_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1967">Epstein 1967</a>, pp. 541–542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967542-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967542_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein1967542_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1967">Epstein 1967</a>, p. 542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, Roy. <i>Portraits and Miniatures</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Reader">Bloomsbury Reader</a>, 2012. p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, Roy. <i>Portraits and Miniatures</i>, London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2012. pp. 81, 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001201-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001201_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001212-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001212_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited by Peter Koch: <i>Adenauer</i>. Reinbek 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to the Prussian Interior Minister of 10 August 1934 (after his firing), available online in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.konrad-adenauer.de/seite/10-august-1934/">https://www.konrad-adenauer.de/seite/10-august-1934/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531082849/https://www.konrad-adenauer.de/seite/10-august-1934/">Archived</a> 31 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Additional letter of 18 September 1962 that confirms the content of the 1934 letter, both reproduced in: Delmer, Sefton; Die Deutschen und ich; Hamburg 1963, S.751 (1962 Faksimilie), 752-60 (1934)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugstein1986" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Augstein, Rudolf (29 September 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13521797.html">"Ein Hohenzoller oder meinetwegen auch Hitler"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114160201/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13521797.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Ein+Hohenzoller+oder+meinetwegen+auch+Hitler&rft.date=1986-09-29&rft.aulast=Augstein&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-13521797.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/history-eu/eu-pioneers/konrad-adenauer_en">"Konrad Adenauer: a pragmatic democrat and tireless unifier"</a>. Directorate-General for Communication<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Konrad+Adenauer%3A+a+pragmatic+democrat+and+tireless+unifier&rft.pub=Directorate-General+for+Communication&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropean-union.europa.eu%2Fprinciples-countries-history%2Fhistory-eu%2Feu-pioneers%2Fkonrad-adenauer_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995321–323-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995321–323_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, pp. 321–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995335–337-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995335–337_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, pp. 335–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995344–346-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995344–346_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, pp. 344–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell201296–97-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell201296–97_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2012">Mitchell 2012</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2012132-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2012132_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2012">Mitchell 2012</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2012133-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2012133_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2012">Mitchell 2012</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001307-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001307_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adenauer_at_90-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adenauer_at_90_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellen1966" class="citation journal cs1">Kellen, Konrad (January 1966). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/1966-01-01/adenauer-90">"Adenauer at 90"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. <b>44</b> (2): 275–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20039164">10.2307/20039164</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039164">20039164</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181218182722/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/1966-01-01/adenauer-90">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Adenauer+at+90&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=275-290&rft.date=1966-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20039164&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20039164%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kellen&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Feurope%2F1966-01-01%2Fadenauer-90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1970s-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1970s_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1970s_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/8"><i>How We Got Here: The 1970s</i></a>. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7"><bdi>0-465-04195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+1970s&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001340-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001340_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei20023-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei20023_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrei2002">Frei 2002</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerf1997217-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerf1997217_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerf1997">Herf 1997</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesteBönischDarnstaedtFriedmann2012" class="citation news cs1">Beste, Ralf; Bönisch, Georg; Darnstaedt, Thomas; Friedmann, Jan; Fröhlingsdorf, Michael; Wiegrefe, Klaus (6 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/from-dictatorship-to-democracy-the-role-ex-nazis-played-in-early-west-germany-a-810207.html">"From Dictatorship to Democracy: The Role Ex-Nazis Played in Early West Germany"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=From+Dictatorship+to+Democracy%3A+The+Role+Ex-Nazis+Played+in+Early+West+Germany&rft.date=2012-03-06&rft.aulast=Beste&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft.au=B%C3%B6nisch%2C+Georg&rft.au=Darnstaedt%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Friedmann%2C+Jan&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6hlingsdorf%2C+Michael&rft.au=Wiegrefe%2C+Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Ffrom-dictatorship-to-democracy-the-role-ex-nazis-played-in-early-west-germany-a-810207.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/66780/amnesty-and-amnesia">"Amnesty and Amnesia By Jeffrey Herf March 10, 2003 Adenauer's Germany Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration By Norbert Frei"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825025151/https://newrepublic.com/article/66780/amnesty-and-amnesia">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Amnesty+and+Amnesia+By+Jeffrey+Herf+March+10%2C+2003+Adenauer%27s+Germany+Nazi+Past%3A+The+Politics+of+Amnesty+and+Integration+By+Norbert+Frei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F66780%2Famnesty-and-amnesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffy, Christopher <i>Red Storm on the Reich</i>, Routledge: London, 1991 page 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995638-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995638_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995638_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, p. 638.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhonen199848-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhonen199848_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhonen1998">Ahonen 1998</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131043551/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,805208,00.html">A Good European</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> 5 December 1949</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995450-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995450_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, p. 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995608-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995608_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, p. 608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995612-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995612_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, p. 612.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995612–613-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995612–613_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, pp. 612–613.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995613-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995613_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, p. 613.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998124-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998124_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaddis1998">Gaddis 1998</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge199666-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge199666_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarge1996">Large 1996</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998125-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998125_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaddis1998">Gaddis 1998</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995592–594-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1995592–594_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1995">Schwarz 1995</a>, pp. 592–594.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetens, T.H. <i>The New Germany and the Old Nazis</i>, New York: Random House, 1961 pages 37–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerf1997289–290-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerf1997289–290_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerf1997">Herf 1997</a>, pp. 289–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoda2007101–149-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoda2007101–149_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoda2007">Goda 2007</a>, pp. 101–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoda2007149-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoda2007149_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoda2007">Goda 2007</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge199697–98-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge199697–98_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarge1996">Large 1996</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bickford, Andrew <i>Fallen Elites: The Military Other in Post–Unification Germany</i>, Stanford: 2011 pages 116–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei2002157-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei2002157_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrei2002">Frei 2002</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei2002164–165-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei2002164–165_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrei2002">Frei 2002</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Nazi-ferreting questionnaire cited 136 mandatory reasons for exclusion from employment and created red-tape nightmares for both the hapless and the guilty; see <i>The New York Times</i>, 22 February 2003, p. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bundeszentrale+f%C3%BCr+politische+Bildung+%E2%80%93+Wiedergutmachung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fpublikationen%2FJNSEQM%2C0%2C0%2CWiedergutmachung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moeller,_Robert_pages_26-27-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moeller,_Robert_pages_26-27_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moeller, Robert <i>War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany</i>, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001 pages 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luke_Harding" title="Luke Harding">Harding, Luke</a> (15 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/15/germany.lukeharding">"Menachem Begin 'plotted to kill German chancellor'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504055705/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/15/germany.lukeharding">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213144515/https://www.theguardian.com/germany/article/0,,1797768,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Menachem+Begin+%27plotted+to+kill+German+chancellor%27&rft.date=2006-06-15&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fgermany%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C1797768%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001406-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001406_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/beg/index.html">"<i>Bundesgesetz zur Entschädigung für Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014001635/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/beg/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#CITEREFGaddis1998">Gaddis 1998</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge1996211-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge1996211_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarge1996">Large 1996</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge1996217-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge1996217_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge1996217_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarge1996">Large 1996</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge1996220-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge1996220_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarge1996">Large 1996</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritz Erler, 'Politik und nicht Prestige,' in Erler and Jaeger, Sicherheit und Rustung, 1962, p.82-3, cited in Julian Lider, <i>Origins and Development of West German Military Thought</i>, Vol. I, 1949–1966, Gower Publishing Company Ltd, Aldershot/Brookfield VT, 1986, p.125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge1996177–178-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge1996177–178_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarge1996">Large 1996</a>, pp. 177–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001442-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001442_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001458-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001458_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001490-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001490_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001444-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001444_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001444_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001450this_principle_became_known_as_the_[[Hallstein_Doctrine]]-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001450this_principle_became_known_as_the_[[Hallstein_Doctrine]]_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 450, this principle became known as the <a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhonen199844–46-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhonen199844–46_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhonen1998">Ahonen 1998</a>, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997241–242-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997241–242_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1997">Schwarz 1997</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997242-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997242_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1997">Schwarz 1997</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997243-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997243_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997243_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1997">Schwarz 1997</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997244-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997244_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1997">Schwarz 1997</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997245-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997245_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1997">Schwarz 1997</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietl, Ralph "Suez 1956: A European Intervention?" pp. 259–273 from <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>, Volume 43, Issue # 2, April 2008 p. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietl, Ralph "Suez 1956: A European Intervention?" pp. 259–273 from <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>, Volume 43, Issue # 2, April 2008, pp. 273–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietl, Ralph "Suez 1956: A European Intervention?" pp. 259–273 from <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>, Volume 43, Issue # 2, April 2008, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourdequinHavlick2016" class="citation book cs1">Hourdequin, Marion; Havlick, David G. (2016). <i>Restoring Layered Landscapes</i>. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-024032-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-024032-5"><bdi>978-0-19-024032-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoring+Layered+Landscapes&rft.place=Oxford+%3B+New+York&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-024032-5&rft.aulast=Hourdequin&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft.au=Havlick%2C+David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001445-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001445_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997365–366-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997365–366_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1997">Schwarz 1997</a>, pp. 365–366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997402–403-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997402–403_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1997">Schwarz 1997</a>, pp. 402–403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor,_Frederick_page_373-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor,_Frederick_page_373_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Frederick <i>Exorcising Hitler</i>, London: Bloomsbury Press, 2011 page 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998140-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998140_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaddis1998">Gaddis 1998</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997399-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997399_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1997">Schwarz 1997</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998141-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis1998141_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaddis1998">Gaddis 1998</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorpe,_D.R._page_428-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thorpe,_D.R._page_428_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorpe, D.R. <i>Supermac</i>, London: Chatto & Windus, 2010 page 428</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997396-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1997396_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1997">Schwarz 1997</a>, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhonen199856-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhonen199856_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhonen1998">Ahonen 1998</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhonen199859-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhonen199859_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhonen199859_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhonen1998">Ahonen 1998</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetens, T.H. <i>The New Germany and the Old Nazis</i>, New York: Random House, 1961 pages 191–192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tetens,_T.H._page_192-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tetens,_T.H._page_192_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetens, T.H. <i>The New Germany and the Old Nazis</i>, New York: Random House, 1961 page 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetens, T.H. <i>The New Germany and the Old Nazis</i>, New York: Random House, 1961 pages 192–193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempe2011" class="citation book cs1">Kempe, Frederick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/98"><i>Berlin 1961</i></a>. Penguin Group (USA). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5"><bdi>978-0-399-15729-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+1961&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+%28USA%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-399-15729-5&rft.aulast=Kempe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberlin1961kenned0000kemp%2Fpage%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempe2011" class="citation book cs1">Kempe, Frederick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/101"><i>Berlin 1961</i></a>. Penguin Group (USA). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-15729-5"><bdi>978-0-399-15729-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+1961&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+%28USA%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-399-15729-5&rft.aulast=Kempe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberlin1961kenned0000kemp%2Fpage%2F101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004135-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004135_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGranieri2004">Granieri 2004</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001494Foreign_Minister_[[Heinrich_von_Brentano]]_was_considered_too_subservient_to_the_Chancellor_and_[[Gerhard_Schröder_(CDU)|Gerhard_Schröder]]_became_foreign_minister_[Williams,_p._495-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001494Foreign_Minister_[[Heinrich_von_Brentano]]_was_considered_too_subservient_to_the_Chancellor_and_[[Gerhard_Schröder_(CDU)|Gerhard_Schröder]]_became_foreign_minister_[Williams,_p._495_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 494, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a> was considered too subservient to the Chancellor and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Gerhard Schröder</a> became foreign minister [Williams, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Gunther-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Gunther_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">John Gunther</a>: <i>Inside Europe Today</i>, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1961; Library of Congress catalog card number: 61-9706</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004153-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004153_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGranieri2004">Granieri 2004</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004154–155-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004154–155_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGranieri2004">Granieri 2004</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004155-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004155_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGranieri2004">Granieri 2004</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eleanor L. Turk, <i>The history of Germany</i> (1999) p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald F. Bunn, <i>German politics and the Spiegel affair: a case study of the Bonn system</i> (1968) pp. 159–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, Roy. <i>Portraits and Miniatures</i>, London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2012. p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins, Roy. <i>Portraits and Miniatures</i>, London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2012. p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004191-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranieri2004191_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGranieri2004">Granieri 2004</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Frederick <i>Exorcising Hitler</i>, London: Bloomsbury Press, 2011 page 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wcEpHsC-RvgC&q=west+germany+1950+social+housing&pg=PA87"><i>Shouldering the Burdens of Defeat: West Germany and the Reconstruction of Social Justice</i></a>. The University of North Carolina Press. 1999. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807824948" title="Special:BookSources/9780807824948"><bdi>9780807824948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shouldering+the+Burdens+of+Defeat%3A+West+Germany+and+the+Reconstruction+of+Social+Justice&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780807824948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwcEpHsC-RvgC%26q%3Dwest%2Bgermany%2B1950%2Bsocial%2Bhousing%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8O4nBQAAQBAJ&q=west+germany+Lastenausgleichsgesetz+1952&pg=PT83"><i>Germans as Victims: Remembering the Past in Contemporary Germany</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137138729" title="Special:BookSources/9781137138729"><bdi>9781137138729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germans+as+Victims%3A+Remembering+the+Past+in+Contemporary+Germany&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781137138729&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8O4nBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwest%2Bgermany%2BLastenausgleichsgesetz%2B1952%26pg%3DPT83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AW1P-ejQUScC&q=west+germany+Savings+housebuilding+1952&pg=PA154"><i>Bridging the Gap Between Social and Market Rented Housing in Six European countries</i></a>. Delft University Press. 2009. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781607500353" title="Special:BookSources/9781607500353"><bdi>9781607500353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridging+the+Gap+Between+Social+and+Market+Rented+Housing+in+Six+European+countries&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Delft+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781607500353&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAW1P-ejQUScC%26q%3Dwest%2Bgermany%2BSavings%2Bhousebuilding%2B1952%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Federal Republic of Germany: The End of an era edited by Eva Kolinsky</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Zbnxmd0dJsC&q=west+germany+1952+maternity+leave+law&pg=PA121"><i>The Politics of Parental Leave Policies: Children, Parenting, Gender and the labour market</i></a>. The Policy Press. 2009. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847429032" title="Special:BookSources/9781847429032"><bdi>9781847429032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Parental+Leave+Policies%3A+Children%2C+Parenting%2C+Gender+and+the+labour+market&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=The+Policy+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781847429032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Zbnxmd0dJsC%26q%3Dwest%2Bgermany%2B1952%2Bmaternity%2Bleave%2Blaw%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vNrwmI5zuzEC&q=west+germany+reform+of+unemployment+benefits+1956&pg=PT63"><i>Politics of Segmentation: Party Competition and Social Protection in Europe</i></a>. Routledge. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136476815" title="Special:BookSources/9781136476815"><bdi>9781136476815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Segmentation%3A+Party+Competition+and+Social+Protection+in+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136476815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNrwmI5zuzEC%26q%3Dwest%2Bgermany%2Breform%2Bof%2Bunemployment%2Bbenefits%2B1956%26pg%3DPT63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChildsJohnson1981" class="citation book cs1">Childs, David; Johnson, Jeffrey (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02bfBQAAQBAJ&q=The+Soldiers%E2%80%99+Law+of+1956+limited+only+by+the+demands+of+military+service&pg=PA195"><i>West Germany (RLE: German Politics): Politics and Society</i></a>. Routledge. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317537601" title="Special:BookSources/9781317537601"><bdi>9781317537601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Germany+%28RLE%3A+German+Politics%29%3A+Politics+and+Society&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9781317537601&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02bfBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BSoldiers%25E2%2580%2599%2BLaw%2Bof%2B1956%2Blimited%2Bonly%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bdemands%2Bof%2Bmilitary%2Bservice%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1996" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Malcolm (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L6WqvxTeFUoC&q=west+germany+Federal+Social+Assistance+Act+1961&pg=PA184"><i>Social Work and the European Community: The Social Policy and Practice Contexts</i></a>. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853020919" title="Special:BookSources/9781853020919"><bdi>9781853020919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Work+and+the+European+Community%3A+The+Social+Policy+and+Practice+Contexts&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781853020919&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL6WqvxTeFUoC%26q%3Dwest%2Bgermany%2BFederal%2BSocial%2BAssistance%2BAct%2B1961%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022102/http://www.ghi-dc.org/files/publications/bulletin/bu048/bu_48_059.pdf">"Matters of taste: The Politics of Food in Divided Germany, 1945–1971"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghi-dc.org/files/publications/bulletin/bu048/bu_48_059.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matters+of+taste%3A+The+Politics+of+Food+in+Divided+Germany%2C+1945%E2%80%931971&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghi-dc.org%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fbulletin%2Fbu048%2Fbu_48_059.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KAuBNDlautSpiegel-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KAuBNDlautSpiegel_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFklw2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">klw (29 April 2017). "Spionage für die CDU". <i>Zeitgeschichte</i>. 18/2017 (reference is also made to a more detailed article in volume 15/2017). <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>: 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=Spionage+f%C3%BCr+die+CDU&rft.volume=18%2F2017+%28reference+is+also+made+to+a+more+detailed+article+in+volume+15%2F2017%29&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2017-04-29&rft.au=klw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.konrad-adenauer.de/politikfelder/seite/israel-und-judentum/">"Israel und Judentum"</a>. <i>Konrad-Adenauer.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023140942/https://www.konrad-adenauer.de/politikfelder/seite/israel-und-judentum/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Konrad-Adenauer.de&rft.atitle=Israel+und+Judentum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.konrad-adenauer.de%2Fpolitikfelder%2Fseite%2Fisrael-und-judentum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_MorseyHans-Peter_Schwarz2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rudolf Morsey; Hans-Peter Schwarz (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30965/9783657767762"><i>Adenauer – Die letzten Lebensjahre 1963–1967</i></a> (in German). Munich; Vienna; Zurich: <a href="/wiki/Verlag_Ferdinand_Sch%C3%B6ningh" title="Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh">Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30965%2F9783657767762">10.30965/9783657767762</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-657-76776-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-657-76776-2"><bdi>978-3-657-76776-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adenauer+%E2%80%93+Die+letzten+Lebensjahre+1963%E2%80%931967&rft.place=Munich%3B+Vienna%3B+Zurich&rft.pub=Verlag+Ferdinand+Sch%C3%B6ningh&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30965%2F9783657767762&rft.isbn=978-3-657-76776-2&rft.au=Rudolf+Morsey&rft.au=Hans-Peter+Schwarz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.30965%2F9783657767762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On his last trip abroad in February 1967, Adenauer met with General Franco and, as the art lover he had been all his life, took advantage of the stay to visit the Prado. His last major speech in Madrid's Ateneo Palace was marked by the admonition not to let up, to continue the process of European unification.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/adenauers-begraebnis-a-949789.html">"Da jitt et nix zo kriesche</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102082204/https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/adenauers-begraebnis-a-949789.html">Archived</a> 2 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>, 14 May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.konrad-adenauer.de/seite/19-april-1967-nachruf-von-bundespraesident-dr-h-c-heinrich-luebke-auf-konrad-adenauer-12/">"25. April 1967"</a>. <i>Konrad Adenauer</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209200317/https://www.konrad-adenauer.de/seite/19-april-1967-nachruf-von-bundespraesident-dr-h-c-heinrich-luebke-auf-konrad-adenauer-12/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Konrad+Adenauer&rft.atitle=25.+April+1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.konrad-adenauer.de%2Fseite%2F19-april-1967-nachruf-von-bundespraesident-dr-h-c-heinrich-luebke-auf-konrad-adenauer-12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001537-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2001537_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More than 14000 Famous Persons, Scott Wilson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9AQ3ssWJmnsC"><i>Germany and Eastern Europe Since 1945</i></a>. 1973. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+Eastern+Europe+Since+1945&rft.pages=114&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9AQ3ssWJmnsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_29_November_2003-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_29_November_2003_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeger2003" class="citation news cs1">Kroeger, Alix (29 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3248516.stm">"Adenauer voted Germany's greatest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509072322/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3248516.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Adenauer+voted+Germany%27s+greatest&rft.date=2003-11-29&rft.aulast=Kroeger&rft.aufirst=Alix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F3248516.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313100718/http://coinsville.com/coin-catalog/europe/western-europe/belgium/euro-1999-present/collector-s-coins/100-euros-50-years-of-the-european-coal-and-steel/2002">"50 Years of the European Coal and Steel 100 Euro 2002"</a>. <i>Coinville</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coinsville.com/Coin-Catalog/Europe/Western-Europe/Belgium/Euro-1999-Present/Collector-S-Coins/100-Euros-50-Years-Of-The-European-Coal-And-Steel/2002">the original</a> on 13 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coinville&rft.atitle=50+Years+of+the+European+Coal+and+Steel+100+Euro+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoinsville.com%2FCoin-Catalog%2FEurope%2FWestern-Europe%2FBelgium%2FEuro-1999-Present%2FCollector-S-Coins%2F100-Euros-50-Years-Of-The-European-Coal-And-Steel%2F2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf">"Reply to a parliamentary question"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). p. 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200501061109/https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reply+to+a+parliamentary+question&rft.pages=26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlament.gv.at%2FPAKT%2FVHG%2FXXIV%2FAB%2FAB_10542%2Fimfname_251156.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kas.de/documents/252038/253252/11-01-31_Paris_Orden.pdf/0928392c-f666-d9c7-55c8-8eb89b044d10">"Remise de l'insigne de "Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur" par Monsieur le Président Nicolas Sarkozy"</a>. <i>kas.de</i> (in French). 31 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118130431/https://www.kas.de/documents/252038/253252/11-01-31_Paris_Orden.pdf/0928392c-f666-d9c7-55c8-8eb89b044d10">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kas.de&rft.atitle=Remise+de+l%27insigne+de+%22Commandeur+de+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27Honneur%22+par+Monsieur+le+Pr%C3%A9sident+Nicolas+Sarkozy&rft.date=2011-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kas.de%2Fdocuments%2F252038%2F253252%2F11-01-31_Paris_Orden.pdf%2F0928392c-f666-d9c7-55c8-8eb89b044d10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stiftung_orden-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stiftung_orden_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stiftung_orden_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stiftung_orden_162-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stiftung_orden_162-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stiftung_orden_162-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konrad-adenauer.de/index.html">Konrad Adenauer <i>Stiftung</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518114701/http://www.konrad-adenauer.de/index.html">Archived</a> 18 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konrad-adenauer.de/orden_ehrenzeichen.html"><i>Biographie, Orden und Ehrenzeichen.</i></a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705044158/http://www.konrad-adenauer.de/orden_ehrenzeichen.html">Archived</a> 5 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1&pos=450#list">"ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS – Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206002327/http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1&pos=450#list">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENTIDADES+ESTRANGEIRAS+AGRACIADAS+COM+ORDENS+PORTUGUESAS+%E2%80%93+P%C3%A1gina+Oficial+das+Ordens+Honor%C3%ADficas+Portuguesas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordens.presidencia.pt%2F%3Fidc%3D154%26list%3D1%26pos%3D450%23list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.presidencia.pt/details?id=123525">Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada – Processos de Estrangeiros: Konrad Adenauer (Chanceler da República Federal da Alemanha)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204044720/http://arquivo.presidencia.pt/details?id=123525">Archived</a> 4 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (in Portuguese), <i>Arquivo Histórico da Presidência da República</i>. Retrieved 29 August 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/11th-january-1957/5/dr-adenauer-grand-cross">"Dr. Adenauer Grand Cross"</a>. <i>Catholic Herald</i>. 11 January 1957. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020224736/http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/11th-january-1957/5/dr-adenauer-grand-cross">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=Dr.+Adenauer+Grand+Cross&rft.date=1957-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.catholicherald.co.uk%2Farticle%2F11th-january-1957%2F5%2Fdr-adenauer-grand-cross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konrad-adenauer.de/orden_ehrenzeichen.html">Konrad Adenauer, Orden und Ehrenzeichen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705044158/http://www.konrad-adenauer.de/orden_ehrenzeichen.html">Archived</a> 5 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhonen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ahonen, Pertti (1998). "Domestic Constraints on West German Ostpolitik: The Role of the Expellee Organizations in the Adenauer Era". <i>Central European History</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 31–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938900016034">10.1017/S0008938900016034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143471607">143471607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Domestic+Constraints+on+West+German+Ostpolitik%3A+The+Role+of+the+Expellee+Organizations+in+the+Adenauer+Era&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-63&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938900016034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143471607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ahonen&rft.aufirst=Pertti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1967" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, Klaus (October 1967). "Adenauer and Rhenish Separatism". <i>The Review of Politics</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 536–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0034670500040614">10.1017/s0034670500040614</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143511307">143511307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Adenauer+and+Rhenish+Separatism&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=536-545&rft.date=1967-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0034670500040614&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143511307%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrei2002" class="citation book cs1">Frei, Norbert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adenauersgermany00frei"><i>Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11882-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11882-1"><bdi>0-231-11882-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adenauer%27s+Germany+and+the+Nazi+Past%3A+The+Politics+of+Amnesty+and+Integration&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-231-11882-1&rft.au=Frei%2C+Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadenauersgermany00frei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis1998" class="citation book cs1">Gaddis, John Lewis (1998). <i>We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878070-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878070-0"><bdi>978-0-19-878070-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Now+Know%3A+Rethinking+Cold+War+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878070-0&rft.au=Gaddis%2C+John+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoda2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_J.W._Goda" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman J.W. Goda">Goda, Norman J. W.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talesfromspandau00goda"><i>Tales from Spandau: Nazi Criminals and the Cold War</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86720-7"><bdi>978-0-521-86720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+from+Spandau%3A+Nazi+Criminals+and+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86720-7&rft.au=Goda%2C+Norman+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftalesfromspandau00goda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranieri2004" class="citation book cs1">Granieri, Ronald J. (2004). <i>The Ambivalent Alliance: Konrad Adenauer, the CDU/CSU, and the West, 1949–1966</i>. New York: Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-492-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-492-0"><bdi>978-1-57181-492-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ambivalent+Alliance%3A+Konrad+Adenauer%2C+the+CDU%2FCSU%2C+and+the+West%2C+1949%E2%80%931966&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-492-0&rft.au=Granieri%2C+Ronald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerf1997" class="citation book cs1">Herf, Jeffrey (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674213036"><i>Divided Memory: The Nazi Past in the Two Germanys</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-21303-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-21303-3"><bdi>0-674-21303-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+Memory%3A+The+Nazi+Past+in+the+Two+Germanys&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-674-21303-3&rft.au=Herf%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780674213036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge1996" class="citation book cs1">Large, David Clay (1996). <i>Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4539-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-4539-6"><bdi>0-8078-4539-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germans+to+the+Front%3A+West+German+Rearmament+in+the+Adenauer+Era&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8078-4539-6&rft.au=Large%2C+David+Clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2012" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Maria (2012). <i>The Origins of Christian Democracy: Politics and Confession in Modern Germany</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11841-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11841-0"><bdi>978-0-472-11841-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Christian+Democracy%3A+Politics+and+Confession+in+Modern+Germany&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11841-0&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz1995" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Hans-Peter (1995). <i>Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction. Vol. 1: From the German Empire to the Federal Republic, 1876–1952</i>. Oxford: Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-870-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-870-7"><bdi>1-57181-870-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konrad+Adenauer%3A+A+German+Politician+and+Statesman+in+a+Period+of+War%2C+Revolution+and+Reconstruction.+Vol.+1%3A+From+the+German+Empire+to+the+Federal+Republic%2C+1876%E2%80%931952&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-57181-870-7&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/konradadenauerge0000schw/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz1997" class="citation book cs1">— (1997). <i>Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction. Vol. 2: The Statesman: 1952–1967</i>. Providence: Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-960-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-960-6"><bdi>1-57181-960-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konrad+Adenauer%3A+A+German+Politician+and+Statesman+in+a+Period+of+War%2C+Revolution+and+Reconstruction.+Vol.+2%3A+The+Statesman%3A+1952%E2%80%931967&rft.place=Providence&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-57181-960-6&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams,_Baron_Williams_of_Elvel" title="Charles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel">Williams, Charles</a> (2001). <i>Konrad Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-40737-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-40737-9"><bdi>978-0-471-40737-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konrad+Adenauer%3A+The+Father+of+the+New+Germany&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-471-40737-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. <i>A History of West Germany. Vol. 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963. Vol. 2: Democracy and Its Discontents, 1963–1991</i> (1993), a standard scholarly history.</li> <li>Bozo, Frédéric, and Christian Wenkel, eds. <i>France and the German Question, 1945–1990</i> (Berghahn, 2019)</li> <li>Brady, Steven J<i>. Eisenhower and Adenauer: Alliance maintenance under pressure, 1953–1960</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2009).</li> <li>Craig, Gordon. <i>From Bismarck to Adenauer: aspects of German statecraft</i> (1958) pp 124–148 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frombismarcktoad00crai">online</a>.</li> <li>Craig, Gordon A. "Konrad Adenauer and His Diplomats." in <i>The Diplomats, 1939–1979</i> (Princeton University Press, 2019) pp. 201–227. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8pz9nc.12">online</a></li> <li>Cudlipp, E. <i>Adenauer</i> (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/konradadenauer0000cudl">online</a>. for middle schools.</li> <li>Daugherty III, Leo J. "'Tip of the Spear': The Formation and Expansion of the Bundeswehr, 1949–1963." <i>Journal of Slavic Military Studies</i> 24.1 (2011): 147–177.</li> <li>Dönhoff, Marion. <i>Foe into friend: the makers of the new Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt</i> (1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foeintofriendmak0000dnho">online</a></li> <li>Dülffer, Jost. "'No more Potsdam!' Konrad Adenauer's Nightmare and the Basis of his International Orientation." <i>German Politics and Society</i> 25.2 (2007): 19–42.</li> <li>Feldman, Lily Gardner. <i>Germany's Foreign Policy of Reconciliation: From Enmity to Amity</i> (Rowman & Littlefield; 2012) 393 pages; on German relations with France, Israel, Poland, and Czechoslovakia/the Czech Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0742526127/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220403/https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0742526127/">Archived</a> 5 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Grundy, Steven Crawford. "The Sino-Soviet Alliance in Konrad Adenauer's Chancellorship, 1945–1963." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 47.1 (2023): 139–160.</li> <li>Hanrieder, Wolfram F. <i>Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy</i> (1989)</li> <li>Hanrieder, Wolfram F. <i>West German Foreign Policy, 1949–1979</i> (Routledge, 2019)</li> <li>Heidenheimer, Arnold J. <i>Adenauer and the CDU: the Rise of the Leader and the Integration of the Party</i> (1960)</li> <li>Hiscocks, Richard. <i>The Adenauer Era</i> (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adenauerera00hiscrich">online</a></li> <li>Ivanova, Teodora. "A Founding Father of Europe: Konrad Adenauer's Role in the Construction of the European Union." <i>Amsterdam Review of European Affairs</i> 1 (2022): 119–26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeanhorizonsamsterdam.org/_files/ugd/79a695_dbd76026a17f488ea00cae358bfebe8d.pdf#page=124">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728044149/https://www.europeanhorizonsamsterdam.org/_files/ugd/79a695_dbd76026a17f488ea00cae358bfebe8d.pdf#page=124">Archived</a> 28 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kleuters, Joost. "Adenauer's Long Shadow." in <i>Reunification in West German Party Politics from Westbindung to Ostpolitik</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2012) pp. 107–122.</li> <li>Maulucci Jr., Thomas W. <i>Adenauer's Foreign Office: West German Diplomacy in the Shadow of the Third Reich</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Adenauers-Foreign-Office-German-Diplomacy/dp/0875804632/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922035309/https://www.amazon.com/Adenauers-Foreign-Office-German-Diplomacy/dp/0875804632">Archived</a> 22 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Merk, Dorothea, and Rüdiger Ahrens. "'Suspicious Federal Chancellor' Versus 'Weak Prime Minister': Konrad Adenauer and Harold Macmillan in the British and West German Quality Press during the Berlin Crisis (1958 to 1962). A Critical Discourse Analysis." in <i>Europe in Discourse: Identity, Diversity, Borders</i> (2016) pp 101–116 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Katerina-Strani-2/publication/325536705_Diversity_in_a_European_context_the_Challenge_of_Creating_a_Shared_Critical_Vocabulary/links/5b133e6a4585150a0a64291d/Diversity-in-a-European-context-the-Challenge-of-Creating-a-Shared-Critical-Vocabulary.pdf#page=102">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728100356/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Katerina-Strani-2/publication/325536705_Diversity_in_a_European_context_the_Challenge_of_Creating_a_Shared_Critical_Vocabulary/links/5b133e6a4585150a0a64291d/Diversity-in-a-European-context-the-Challenge-of-Creating-a-Shared-Critical-Vocabulary.pdf#page=102">Archived</a> 28 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Rovan, Joseph. <i>Konrad Adenauer</i> (1987) 182 pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3dHtW4yojJIC&q=intitle:Konrad+intitle:Adenauer">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708120205/https://books.google.com/books?id=3dHtW4yojJIC&q=intitle:Konrad+intitle:Adenauer">Archived</a> 8 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Schwarz, Hans-Peter. "Adenauer's Ostpolitik." in <i>West German Foreign Policy: 1949–1979</i> (Routledge, 2020) pp. 127–143.</li> <li>Schoenborn, Benedikt. "Bargaining with the bear: Chancellor Erhard's bid to buy German reunification, 1963–64." <i>Cold War History</i> 8.1 (2008): 23–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/54108366/Schoenborn_Bargaining_with_the_Bear.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Schoenborn, Benedikt. "Chancellor Erhard's silent rejection of de Gaulle's plans: the example of monetary union." <i>Cold War History</i> 14.3 (2014): 377–402 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/54108275/Schoenborn_monetary_union_Erhard_de_Gaulle.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Witzthum, David. "David Ben-Gurion and Konrad Adenauer: Building a Bridge across the Abyss." <i>Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs</i> 13.2 (2019): 223–237.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adenauer, Konrad. <i>Memoirs</i>, (4 vols. English edition 1966–70)</li> <li>McGhee, George C. <i>At the creation of a new Germany: from Adenauer to Brandt : an ambassador's account</i> (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atcreationofnewg00mcgh">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kreikamp, Hans-Dieter, ed. (2003). <i>Die Ära Adenauer 1949 – 1963</i> (in German). Darmstadt: wbg Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-12335-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-12335-3"><bdi>978-3-534-12335-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+%C3%84ra+Adenauer+1949+%E2%80%93+1963&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=wbg+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-534-12335-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKonrad+Adenauer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Konrad_Adenauer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.36087"><i>A Defeated People (1946)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.652015"><i>Interview with Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (1957)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/000135">Newspaper clippings about Konrad Adenauer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/German_Bundestag" class="mw-redirect" title="German Bundestag">German Bundestag</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> </b><br />1949–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alo Hauser (page does not exist)">Alo Hauser</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alo_Hauser" class="extiw" title="de:Alo Hauser">de</a>]</span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Max_Wallraf" title="Max Wallraf">Max Wallraf</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Cologne" title="List of mayors of Cologne">Mayor of Cologne</a> </b><br />1917–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Riesen" title="Günter Riesen">Günter Riesen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietlof_von_Arnim-Boitzenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietlof von Arnim-Boitzenburg (page does not exist)">Dietlof von Arnim-Boitzenburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietlof_von_Arnim-Boitzenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Dietlof von Arnim-Boitzenburg">de</a>]</span> </b><br /><small><i><b>as President of the Prussian House of Lords </b></i></small> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_State_Council_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the State Council of Prussia">President of the Prussian State Council</a> </b><br />1921–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Suth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Suth (page does not exist)">Willi Suth</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Suth" class="extiw" title="de:Willi Suth">de</a>]</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Cologne" title="List of mayors of Cologne">Mayor of Cologne</a> </b><br />1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Suth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Suth (page does not exist)">Willi Suth</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Suth" class="extiw" title="de:Willi Suth">de</a>]</span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Vacant</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of West Germany</a> </b><br />1949–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1951–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Zone_of_Occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Zone of Occupation">British Zone</a> </b><br />1946–1951 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Johnen" title="Wilhelm Johnen">Wilhelm Johnen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> Group in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> </b><br />1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Leader of the Christian Democratic Union</a> </b><br />1950–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Konrad_Adenauer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Konrad_Adenauer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Konrad Adenauer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_Germany_(since_1867)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_Germany" title="Template:Chancellors of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Chancellors of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_Germany_(since_1867)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellors of Germany (since 1867)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <br /> Bundeskanzler (1867–1871)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <br /> Reichskanzler (1871–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi" title="Leo von Caprivi">Leo von Caprivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlodwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst">Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">Bernhard von Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis">Georg Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Prince Maximilian of Baden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(3-2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <br /> Reichskanzler (1919–1933)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann" title="Philipp Scheidemann">Philipp Scheidemann</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(as Ministerpräsident)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bauer" title="Gustav Bauer">Gustav Bauer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Hermann Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Constantin Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Joseph Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Cuno" title="Wilhelm Cuno">Wilhelm Cuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx">Wilhelm Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther">Hans Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx">Wilhelm Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Hermann Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1933%E2%80%931935).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <br /> Reichskanzler (1933–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Count Schwerin von Krosigk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(as Leading Minister)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Bundeskanzler (1949–present)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU, 1949–1963)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU, 1963–1966)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU, 1966–1969)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SPD, 1969–1974)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SPD, 1974–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU, 1982–1998)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SPD, 1998–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU, 2005–2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SPD, 2021–present)</span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="List of chancellors of Germany">List of chancellors</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Adenauer_cabinet_(1949–1953)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cabinet_Adenauer_I" title="Template:Cabinet Adenauer I"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinet_Adenauer_I" title="Template talk:Cabinet Adenauer I"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_Adenauer_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet Adenauer I"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Adenauer_cabinet_(1949–1953)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Adenauer_cabinet" title="First Adenauer cabinet">First Adenauer cabinet</a> (1949–1953)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a></b> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Franz Blücher</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a> (until 11 October 1950, CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lehr" title="Robert Lehr">Robert Lehr</a> (since 11 October 1950, CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Thomas Dehler</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Fritz Schäffer</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Niklas" title="Wilhelm Niklas">Wilhelm Niklas</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Storch" title="Anton Storch">Anton Storch</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm" title="Hans-Christoph Seebohm">Hans-Christoph Seebohm</a> (DP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schuberth" title="Hans Schuberth">Hans Schuberth</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann-Eberhard_Wildermuth" title="Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth">Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth</a> (until 9 March 1952, FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Neumayer" title="Fritz Neumayer">Fritz Neumayer</a> (since 9 March 1952, FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lukaschek" title="Hans Lukaschek">Hans Lukaschek</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Kaiser" title="Jakob Kaiser">Jakob Kaiser</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hellwege" title="Heinrich Hellwege">Heinrich Hellwege</a> (DP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Adenauer_cabinet_(1953–1957)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cabinet_Adenauer_II" title="Template:Cabinet Adenauer II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinet_Adenauer_II" title="Template talk:Cabinet Adenauer II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_Adenauer_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet Adenauer II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Adenauer_cabinet_(1953–1957)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Second Adenauer cabinet">Second Adenauer cabinet</a> (1953–1957)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a></b> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Franz Blücher</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Gerhard Schröder (CDU)</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Neumayer" title="Fritz Neumayer">Fritz Neumayer</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">Hans-Joachim von Merkatz</a> (DP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Fritz Schäffer</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Storch" title="Anton Storch">Anton Storch</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Theodor Blank</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef Strauß">Franz Josef Strauß</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm" title="Hans-Christoph Seebohm">Hans-Christoph Seebohm</a> (DP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schuberth" title="Hans Schuberth">Hans Schuberth</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Balke" title="Siegfried Balke">Siegfried Balke</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer" title="Ernst Lemmer">Ernst Lemmer</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor-Emanuel_Preusker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor-Emanuel Preusker (page does not exist)">Victor-Emanuel Preusker</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Oberl%C3%A4nder" title="Theodor Oberländer">Theodor Oberländer</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Kaiser" title="Jakob Kaiser">Jakob Kaiser</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hellwege" title="Heinrich Hellwege">Heinrich Hellwege</a> (DP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling" title="Franz-Josef Wuermeling">Franz-Josef Wuermeling</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tillmanns" title="Robert Tillmanns">Robert Tillmanns</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Kraft" title="Waldemar Kraft">Waldemar Kraft</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Hermann Schäfer">Hermann Schäfer</a> (FDP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Third_Adenauer_cabinet_(1957–1961)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cabinet_Adenauer_III" title="Template:Cabinet Adenauer III"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinet_Adenauer_III" title="Template talk:Cabinet Adenauer III"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_Adenauer_III" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet Adenauer III"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Third_Adenauer_cabinet_(1957–1961)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Third Adenauer cabinet">Third Adenauer cabinet</a> (1957–1961)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a></b> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Fritz Schäffer</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Etzel" title="Franz Etzel">Franz Etzel</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Schwarz_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Schwarz (politician) (page does not exist)">Werner Schwarz</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Theodor Blank</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef Strauß">Franz Josef Strauß</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm" title="Hans-Christoph Seebohm">Hans-Christoph Seebohm</a> (DP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen" title="Richard Stücklen">Richard Stücklen</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke" title="Paul Lücke">Paul Lücke</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Oberl%C3%A4nder" title="Theodor Oberländer">Theodor Oberländer</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">Hans-Joachim von Merkatz</a> (DP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer" title="Ernst Lemmer">Ernst Lemmer</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Balke" title="Siegfried Balke">Siegfried Balke</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling" title="Franz-Josef Wuermeling">Franz-Josef Wuermeling</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lindrath" title="Hermann Lindrath">Hermann Lindrath</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wilhelmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Wilhelmi (page does not exist)">Hans Wilhelmi</a> (CDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fourth_Adenauer_cabinet_(1961–1962)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cabinet_Adenauer_IV" title="Template:Cabinet Adenauer IV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinet_Adenauer_IV" title="Template talk:Cabinet Adenauer IV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_Adenauer_IV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet Adenauer IV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fourth_Adenauer_cabinet_(1961–1962)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Fourth Adenauer cabinet">Fourth Adenauer cabinet</a> (1961–1962)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a></b> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Gerhard Schröder (CDU)</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl" title="Hermann Höcherl">Hermann Höcherl</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Stammberger" title="Wolfgang Stammberger">Wolfgang Stammberger</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Starke" title="Heinz Starke">Heinz Starke</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Schwarz_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Schwarz (politician) (page does not exist)">Werner Schwarz</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Theodor Blank</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef Strauß">Franz Josef Strauß</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm" title="Hans-Christoph Seebohm">Hans-Christoph Seebohm</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen" title="Richard Stücklen">Richard Stücklen</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke" title="Paul Lücke">Paul Lücke</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick" title="Wolfgang Mischnick">Wolfgang Mischnick</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer" title="Ernst Lemmer">Ernst Lemmer</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Balke" title="Siegfried Balke">Siegfried Balke</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling" title="Franz-Josef Wuermeling">Franz-Josef Wuermeling</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">Hans-Joachim von Merkatz</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Lenz (page does not exist)">Hans Lenz</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzhaupt" title="Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt">Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Heinrich Krone</a> (CDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fifth_Adenauer_cabinet_(1962–1963)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cabinet_Adenauer_V" title="Template:Cabinet Adenauer V"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Cabinet_Adenauer_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Cabinet Adenauer V (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_Adenauer_V" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet Adenauer V"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fifth_Adenauer_cabinet_(1962–1963)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Adenauer_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Adenauer cabinet">Fifth Adenauer cabinet</a> (1962–1963)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a></b> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Gerhard Schröder (CDU)</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl" title="Hermann Höcherl">Hermann Höcherl</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Bucher" title="Ewald Bucher">Ewald Bucher</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgr%C3%BCn" title="Rolf Dahlgrün">Rolf Dahlgrün</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Schwarz_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Schwarz (politician) (page does not exist)">Werner Schwarz</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Theodor Blank</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel" title="Kai-Uwe von Hassel">Kai-Uwe von Hassel</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm" title="Hans-Christoph Seebohm">Hans-Christoph Seebohm</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen" title="Richard Stücklen">Richard Stücklen</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke" title="Paul Lücke">Paul Lücke</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick" title="Wolfgang Mischnick">Wolfgang Mischnick</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Lenz (page does not exist)">Hans Lenz</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Heck" title="Bruno Heck">Bruno Heck</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alois_Niederalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alois Niederalt (page does not exist)">Alois Niederalt</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Dollinger" title="Werner Dollinger">Werner Dollinger</a> (CSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a> (FDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzhaupt" title="Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt">Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt</a> (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Heinrich Krone</a> (CDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellor_Candidate_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_Chancellor_Candidate" title="Template:German Chancellor Candidate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:German_Chancellor_Candidate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:German Chancellor Candidate (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_Chancellor_Candidate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German Chancellor Candidate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellor_Candidate_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor Candidate of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1961</a></b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a></b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef Strauß">Franz Josef Strauß</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stoiber" title="Edmund Stoiber">Edmund Stoiber</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a></b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Laschet" title="Armin Laschet">Armin Laschet</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For <a href="/wiki/SPD" class="mw-redirect" title="SPD">SPD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher" title="Kurt Schumacher">Kurt Schumacher</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer" title="Erich Ollenhauer">Erich Ollenhauer </a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a>, <a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a></b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1980</a></b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel" title="Hans-Jochen Vogel">Hans-Jochen Vogel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine" title="Oskar Lafontaine">Oskar Lafontaine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Scharping" title="Rudolf Scharping">Rudolf Scharping</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck" title="Peer Steinbrück">Peer Steinbrück</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a></b>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Guido Westerwelle</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For <a href="/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">Greens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock" title="Annalena Baerbock">Annalena Baerbock</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Note: The candidate became chancellor in the marked election years.</i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_Ministers_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Template:Foreign Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Foreign Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_Ministers_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Foreign Ministers of Germany</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1871–1918) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Thile" title="Hermann von Thile">Thile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ludwig_von_Balan" title="Hermann Ludwig von Balan">Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Ernst_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard Ernst von Bülow">B. E. von Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Maria_von_Radowitz_Jr." title="Joseph Maria von Radowitz Jr.">Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlodwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst">Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_zu_Limburg-Stirum" title="Friedrich zu Limburg-Stirum">Limburg-Stirum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Busch" title="Clemens Busch">Busch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hatzfeldt" title="Paul von Hatzfeldt">Hatzfeldt zu Wildenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bismarck" title="Herbert von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Marschall_von_Bieberstein" title="Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein">Marschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">B. von Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Richthofen" title="Oswald von Richthofen">Richthofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Tschirschky" title="Heinrich von Tschirschky">Tschirschky-Bögendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Schoen" title="Wilhelm von Schoen">Schoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Kiderlen-Waechter" title="Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter">Kiderlen-Waechter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_von_Jagow" title="Gottlieb von Jagow">Jagow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann" title="Arthur Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_K%C3%BChlmann" title="Richard von Kühlmann">Kühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hintze" title="Paul von Hintze">Hintze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Solf" title="Wilhelm Solf">Solf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau" title="Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau">Brockdorff-Rantzau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1918–33) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau" title="Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau">Brockdorff-Rantzau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_K%C3%B6ster" title="Adolf Köster">Köster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Simons" title="Walter Simons">Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Rosen" title="Friedrich Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Rosenberg" title="Hans von Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Curtius" title="Julius Curtius">Curtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Brüning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Neurath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1933–45) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Schwerin von Krosigk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a><span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"><sup>1</sup> (1949–90) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Dertinger" title="Georg Dertinger">Dertinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Ackermann" title="Anton Ackermann">Ackermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Bolz" title="Lothar Bolz">Bolz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Winzer" title="Otto Winzer">Winzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Fischer_(politician)" title="Oskar Fischer (politician)">O. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Meckel" title="Markus Meckel">Meckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Lothar de Maizière">de Maizière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1949–present) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">von Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Genscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li>Genscher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel" title="Klaus Kinkel">Kinkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joschka_Fischer" title="Joschka Fischer">J. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Steinmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Westerwelle</a></li> <li>Steinmeier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmar_Gabriel" title="Sigmar Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiko_Maas" title="Heiko Maas">Maas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock" title="Annalena Baerbock">Baerbock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%"><div><sup>1</sup> East Germany</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_Democratic_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#151518;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Template:Christian Democratic Union of Germany"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Christian Democratic Union of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian Democratic Union of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_Democratic_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany"><span style="color:white;">Christian Democratic Union</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">President of Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">Chancellor of Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">Federal chairmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annegret_Kramp-Karrenbauer" title="Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer">Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Laschet" title="Armin Laschet">Armin Laschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">Leaders in the <br /> Bundestag</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Heinrich Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dregger" title="Alfred Dregger">Alfred Dregger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Kauder" title="Volker Kauder">Volker Kauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brinkhaus" title="Ralph Brinkhaus">Ralph Brinkhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Friedrich Merz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">General Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Heck" title="Bruno Heck">Bruno Heck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Kraske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Kraske (page does not exist)">Konrad Kraske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf" title="Kurt Biedenkopf">Kurt Biedenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiner_Gei%C3%9Fler" title="Heiner Geißler">Heiner Geißler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_R%C3%BChe" title="Volker Rühe">Volker Rühe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hintze" title="Peter Hintze">Peter Hintze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruprecht_Polenz" title="Ruprecht Polenz">Ruprecht Polenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurenz_Meyer" title="Laurenz Meyer">Laurenz Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Kauder" title="Volker Kauder">Volker Kauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pofalla" title="Ronald Pofalla">Ronald Pofalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gr%C3%B6he" title="Hermann Gröhe">Hermann Gröhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tauber" title="Peter Tauber">Peter Tauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annegret_Kramp-Karrenbauer" title="Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer">Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ziemiak" title="Paul Ziemiak">Paul Ziemiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Czaja" title="Mario Czaja">Mario Czaja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adenauer (<a href="/wiki/First_Adenauer_cabinet" title="First Adenauer cabinet">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Second Adenauer cabinet">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Third Adenauer cabinet">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Fourth Adenauer cabinet">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Adenauer_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Adenauer cabinet">V</a>)</li> <li>Erhard (<a href="/wiki/First_Erhard_cabinet" title="First Erhard cabinet">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Erhard_cabinet" title="Second Erhard cabinet">II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiesinger_cabinet" title="Kiesinger cabinet">Kiesinger</a></li> <li>Kohl (<a href="/wiki/First_Kohl_cabinet" title="First Kohl cabinet">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kohl_cabinet" title="Second Kohl cabinet">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Kohl_cabinet" title="Third Kohl cabinet">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Kohl_cabinet" title="Fourth Kohl cabinet">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Kohl_cabinet" title="Fifth Kohl cabinet">V</a>)</li> <li>Merkel (<a href="/wiki/First_Merkel_cabinet" title="First Merkel cabinet">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Merkel_cabinet" title="Second Merkel cabinet">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Merkel_cabinet" title="Third Merkel cabinet">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Merkel_cabinet" title="Fourth Merkel cabinet">IV</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">Affiliated organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Union" title="Young Union">Young Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Christian_Democratic_Students" title="Association of Christian Democratic Students">Association of Christian Democratic Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Employees%27_Association" title="Christian Democratic Employees' Association">Christian Democratic Employees' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Working_Group_of_the_CDU/CSU" title="Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU">Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Council_Germany" title="Economic Council Germany">Economic Council Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_group" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party group">European People's Party group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#151518;color:white;;width:1%;text-align: left">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_coalition_(politics)" title="Jamaica coalition (politics)">Jamaica coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-red-green_coalition" title="Black-red-green coalition">Kenya coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#151518;color:white;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Category:Christian Democratic Union of Germany"><span style="color:white;">Category</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mayors_of_Cologne" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mayors_of_Cologne" title="Template:Mayors of Cologne"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mayors_of_Cologne" title="Template talk:Mayors of Cologne"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors_of_Cologne" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mayors of Cologne"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mayors_of_Cologne" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Cologne" title="List of mayors of Cologne">Mayors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Oberbürgermeister der Stadt Köln</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor">Lord Mayor</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">1815-1933</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Joseph_Freiherr_von_Mylius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Joseph Freiherr von Mylius (page does not exist)">Karl Joseph von Mylius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Rudolf_von_Monschaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Rudolf von Monschaw (page does not exist)">Franz Rudolf von Monschaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Adolf_Steinberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Adolf Steinberger (page does not exist)">Johann Adolf Steinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Gr%C3%A4ff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Gräff (page does not exist)">Friedrich Wilhelm Gräff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Joseph_Stupp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Joseph Stupp (page does not exist)">Hermann Joseph Stupp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Bachem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Bachem (page does not exist)">Alexander Bachem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Becker_(politician)" title="Hermann Heinrich Becker (politician)">Hermann Heinrich Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Bernard_von_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Bernard von Becker (page does not exist)">Friedrich von Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wallraf" title="Max Wallraf">Max Wallraf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Koeln_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Cologne"><img alt="Coat of arms of Cologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/40px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/60px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/80px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">1933-1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Riesen" title="Günter Riesen">Günter Riesen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Georg_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Georg Schmidt (page does not exist)">Karl Georg Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Winkelnkemper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Winkelnkemper (page does not exist)">Peter Winkelnkemper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Brandes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Brandes (page does not exist)">Robert Brandes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">since 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Suth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Suth (page does not exist)">Willi Suth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_P%C3%BCnder" title="Hermann Pünder">Hermann Pünder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schwering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Schwering (page does not exist)">Ernst Schwering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G%C3%B6rlinger" title="Robert Görlinger">Robert Görlinger</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schwering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Schwering (page does not exist)">Ernst Schwering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G%C3%B6rlinger" title="Robert Görlinger">Robert Görlinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schwering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Schwering (page does not exist)">Ernst Schwering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theo_Burauen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theo Burauen (page does not exist)">Theo Burauen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_van_Nes_Ziegler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John van Nes Ziegler (page does not exist)">John van Nes Ziegler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norbert_Burger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norbert Burger (page does not exist)">Norbert Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blum_(politician)" title="Harry Blum (politician)">Harry Blum</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Schramma" title="Fritz Schramma">Fritz Schramma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Roters" title="Jürgen Roters">Jürgen Roters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Reker" title="Henriette Reker">Henriette Reker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> elected by sortition, after stand-off in city council</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> first directly elected mayor</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template talk:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1950 <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951 <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952 <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953 <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1955</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956 <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957 <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959 <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1962</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1965</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966 <a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1968</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969 <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Seydoux_de_Clausonne" title="François Seydoux de Clausonne">François Seydoux de Clausonne</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1971</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972 <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973 <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1974</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1975</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976 <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978 <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979 <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Emilio Colombo</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1980</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981 <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a></span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1983</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1984</span></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:silver">1985</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986 <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">People of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989 <a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990 <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991 <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992 <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993 <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994 <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996 <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998 <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001 <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="György Konrád">György Konrád</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003 <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004 <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005 <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007 <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008 <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010 <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013 <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskaitė">Dalia Grybauskaitė</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014 <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018 <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019 <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020 <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022 <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023 <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">the Ukrainian people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024 <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Goldschmidt" title="Pinchas Goldschmidt">Pinchas Goldschmidt</a> and the Jewish communities in Europe</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Received extraordinary prize.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag_(1949–1953)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag" title="Template:Members of the 1st Bundestag"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag" title="Template talk:Members of the 1st Bundestag"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 1st Bundestag"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Members_of_the_1st_Bundestag_(1949–1953)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/20px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/30px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/39px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="348" /></span></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/29px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/57px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_1st_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 1st Bundestag">Members of the 1st Bundestag (1949–1953)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%B6hler" title="Erich Köhler">Erich Köhler</a> until 18 October 1950; <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ehlers" title="Hermann Ehlers">Hermann Ehlers</a> from 19 October 1950 (CDU)</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">CDU/CSU</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Template:1st Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_CDU_and_CSU" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cducsu_fraktion_logo_rgb.svg/64px-Cducsu_fraktion_logo_rgb.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cducsu_fraktion_logo_rgb.svg/98px-Cducsu_fraktion_logo_rgb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cducsu_fraktion_logo_rgb.svg/128px-Cducsu_fraktion_logo_rgb.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="227" /></span></span> CDU and CSU</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Konrad Adenauer</a> until 21 September 1949; <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a> from 30 September 1949</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>CDU:</b></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Albers" title="Johannes Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Arndgen" title="Josef Arndgen">Arndgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bartram" title="Walter Bartram">Bartram</a> <small>(from 13 May 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Bauknecht" title="Bernhard Bauknecht">Bauknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Baur_(politician)" title="Georg Baur (politician)">Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bausch" title="Paul Bausch">Bausch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Becker_(politician,_born_1905)" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Becker (politician, born 1905)">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aenne_Brauksiepe" title="Aenne Brauksiepe">Brauksiepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Brese" title="Wilhelm Brese">Brese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Br%C3%B6kelschen" title="Else Brökelschen">Brökelschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Br%C3%B6nner" title="Josef Brönner">Brönner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brookmann" title="Walter Brookmann">Brookmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Bucerius" title="Gerd Bucerius">Bucerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Degener" title="Johannes Degener">Degener</a> <small>(until 31 December 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Dietz" title="Maria Dietz">Dietz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Dresbach" title="August Dresbach">Dresbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Eckstein" title="Heinrich Eckstein">Eckstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ehlers" title="Hermann Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ehren" title="Hermann Ehren">Ehren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_A._Epl%C3%A9e" title="Hermann A. Eplée">Eplée</a> <small>(from 16 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Etzel" title="Franz Etzel">Etzel</a> <small>(until 4 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Etzenbach" title="Peter Etzenbach">Etzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Even" title="Johannes Even">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Feldmann" title="Aloys Feldmann">Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frey" title="Martin Frey">Frey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Friedensburg" title="Ferdinand Friedensburg">Friedensburg</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gengler" title="Karl Gengler">Gengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gerns" title="Heinrich Gerns">Gerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier" title="Eugen Gerstenmaier">Gerstenmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gibbert" title="Paul Gibbert">Gibbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Giencke" title="Christian Giencke">Giencke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gl%C3%BCsing" title="Hermann Glüsing">Glüsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Gockeln" title="Josef Gockeln">Gockeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6tz_(politician,_born_1914)" title="Hermann Götz (politician, born 1914)">Götz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Gr%C3%B6wel" title="Margarete Gröwel">Gröwel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_G%C3%BCnther_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Günther (politician)">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hagge" title="Johannes Hagge">Hagge</a> <small>(from 24 June 1953 FDP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Handschumacher" title="Johannes Handschumacher">Handschumacher</a> <small>(from 21 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Heiler" title="Anne Marie Heiler">Heiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heix" title="Martin Heix">Heix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Henle" title="Günter Henle">Henle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Hilbert" title="Anton Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Hilpert" title="Werner Hilpert">Hilpert</a> <small>(until 10 October 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_H%C3%B6fler" title="Heinrich Höfler">Höfler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hohl" title="Heinrich Hohl">Hohl</a> <small>(from 3 November 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Holzapfel" title="Friedrich Holzapfel">Holzapfel</a> <small>(until 20 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hoogen" title="Matthias Hoogen">Hoogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Hoppe" title="Anton Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Horn_(politician)" title="Peter Horn (politician)">Horn</a> <small>(from 10 June 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Huth" title="Eugen Huth">Huth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Junglas" title="Johann Junglas">Junglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Kaiser" title="Jakob Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Kather" title="Linus Kather">Kather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kemper_(politician,_born_1888)" title="Heinrich Kemper (politician, born 1888)">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kern" title="Karl Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kiesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%B6hler" title="Erich Köhler">Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kopf" title="Hermann Kopf">Kopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_K%C3%BChling" title="Georg Kühling">Kühling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kuntscher" title="Ernst Kuntscher">Kuntscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kunze_(politician)" title="Johannes Kunze (politician)">Kunze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lehr" title="Robert Lehr">Lehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Leibfried" title="Eugen Leibfried">Leibfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer" title="Ernst Lemmer">Lemmer</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Lenz_(politician,_born_1910)" title="Aloys Lenz (politician, born 1910)">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leonhard" title="Gottfried Leonhard">Leonhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Lübke</a> <small>(until 30 September 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke" title="Paul Lücke">Lücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Majonica" title="Ernst Majonica">Majonica</a> <small>(from 19 November 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Massoth" title="Willy Massoth">Massoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Katharina_Maxsein" title="Agnes Katharina Maxsein">Maxsein</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Mayer_(politician,_born_1899)" title="Hugo Mayer (politician, born 1899)">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Mehs" title="Matthias Joseph Mehs">Mehs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mensing" title="Fritz Mensing">Mensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelin_Morgenthaler" title="Wendelin Morgenthaler">Morgenthaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Muckermann" title="Richard Muckermann">Muckermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BChlenberg" title="Franz Mühlenberg">Mühlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1884)" title="Karl Müller (politician, born 1884)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann" title="Ernst Müller-Hermann">Müller-Hermann</a> <small>(from 1 January 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Naegel" title="Wilhelm Naegel">Naegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Neber" title="Jakob Neber">Neber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nellen" title="Peter Nellen">Nellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Neuburger" title="August Neuburger">Neuburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Niggemeyer" title="Maria Niggemeyer">Niggemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oetzel" title="Richard Oetzel">Oetzel</a> <small>(from 24 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Orth" title="Eduard Orth">Orth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Pelster" title="Georg Pelster">Pelster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Pfender" title="Franz Pfender">Pfender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pferdmenges" title="Robert Pferdmenges">Pferdmenges</a> <small>(from 12 January 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Povel" title="Bernard Povel">Povel</a> <small>(until 21 October 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_P%C3%BCnder" title="Hermann Pünder">Pünder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Raestrup" title="Bernhard Raestrup">Raestrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Rehling" title="Luise Rehling">Rehling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_R%C3%B6sch" title="Julie Rösch">Rösch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R%C3%BCmmele" title="Oskar Rümmele">Rümmele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Sabel" title="Anton Sabel">Sabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Scharnberg" title="Hugo Scharnberg">Scharnberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Schill" title="Lambert Schill">Schill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schlange-Sch%C3%B6ningen" title="Hans Schlange-Schöningen">Schlange-Schöningen</a> <small>(until 9 June 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schmitt_(politician)" title="Joseph Schmitt (politician)">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schmitz" title="Hans Schmitz">Schmitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker" title="Kurt Schmücker">Schmücker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schr%C3%B6ter_(politician)" title="Carl Schröter (politician)">Schröter</a> <small>(until 25 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Schuler_(politician,_born_1885)" title="Fritz Schuler (politician, born 1885)">Schuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Schulze-Pellengahr" title="Hubert Schulze-Pellengahr">Schulze-Pellengahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Sch%C3%BCttler" title="Josef Schüttler">Schüttler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Serres" title="Günther Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Sewald" title="Günther Sewald">Sewald</a> <small>(until 25 November 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Siebel" title="Theodor Siebel">Siebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stauch" title="Robert Stauch">Stauch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktoria_Steinbi%C3%9F" title="Viktoria Steinbiß">Steinbiß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Storch" title="Anton Storch">Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Struve" title="Detlef Struve">Struve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tillmanns" title="Robert Tillmanns">Tillmanns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vogel_(politician,_born_1906)" title="Rudolf Vogel (politician, born 1906)">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Wacker" title="Oskar Wacker">Wacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Wackerzapp" title="Oskar Wackerzapp">Wackerzapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wahl" title="Eduard Wahl">Wahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Weber" title="Helene Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weber_(politician,_born_1898)" title="Karl Weber (politician, born 1898)">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Wei%C3%9F_(politician,_born_1887)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Weiß (politician, born 1887)">Weiß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Winkelheide" title="Bernhard Winkelheide">Winkelheide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling" title="Franz-Josef Wuermeling">Wuermeling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>CSU:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bauereisen_(politician,_born_1895)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bauereisen (politician, born 1895)">Bauereisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bodensteiner" title="Hans Bodensteiner">Bodensteiner</a> <small>(from 14 November 1952 Non-attached (GVP))</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fuchs" title="Gustav Fuchs">Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Ernst_Graf_Fugger_von_Gl%C3%B6tt" title="Joseph-Ernst Graf Fugger von Glött">Fugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Funk" title="Friedrich Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horlacher" title="Michael Horlacher">Horlacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jaeger" title="Richard Jaeger">Jaeger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Kahn (page does not exist)">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Karpf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Karpf (page does not exist)">Karpf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Kemmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Kemmer (page does not exist)">Kemmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Ferdinand_Kleindinst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Ferdinand Kleindinst (page does not exist)">Kleindinst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Laforet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Laforet (page does not exist)">Laforet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Loibl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Loibl (page does not exist)">Loibl</a> <small>(until 16 April 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christof_Nickl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christof Nickl (page does not exist)">Nickl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Niklas" title="Wilhelm Niklas">Niklas</a> <small>(from 30 May 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Oesterle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Oesterle (page does not exist)">Oesterle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Probst" title="Maria Probst">Probst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Schatz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Schatz (page does not exist)">Schatz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Sch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Schütz (page does not exist)">Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Semler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Semler (page does not exist)">Semler</a> <small>(from 14 May 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Solleder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Solleder (page does not exist)">Solleder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Spies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Spies (page does not exist)">Spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Spreti" title="Karl von Spreti">Spreti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen" title="Richard Stücklen">Stücklen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">SPD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_SPD" title="Template:1st Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_SPD" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_SPD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SPD" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SPD</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher" title="Kurt Schumacher">Kurt Schumacher</a> until 20 August 1952; <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer" title="Erich Ollenhauer">Erich Ollenhauer</a> from 7 October 1952 </b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Albertz" title="Luise Albertz">Albertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Albrecht" title="Lisa Albrecht">Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Altmaier" title="Jakob Altmaier">Altmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Ansorge" title="Maria Ansorge">Ansorge</a> <small>(from 17 November 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Arndt" title="Adolf Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Arnholz" title="Otto Arnholz">Arnholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Baade" title="Fritz Baade">Baade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_B%C3%A4rsch" title="Siegfried Bärsch">Bärsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Baur" title="Valentin Baur">Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bazille" title="Helmut Bazille">Bazille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Behrisch" title="Arno Behrisch">Behrisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bergmann_(politician)" title="Karl Bergmann (politician)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Bergstr%C3%A4sser" title="Ludwig Bergsträsser">Bergsträsser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Berlin" title="August Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bettgenh%C3%A4user" title="Emil Bettgenhäuser">Bettgenhäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bielig" title="Karl Bielig">Bielig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Birkelbach" title="Willi Birkelbach">Birkelbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blachstein" title="Peter Blachstein">Blachstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blei%C3%9F" title="Paul Bleiß">Bleiß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_B%C3%B6hm_(politician)" title="Johannes Böhm (politician)">Böhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Brill" title="Hermann Brill">Brill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bromme" title="Paul Bromme">Bromme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Br%C3%BCnen" title="Eberhard Brünen">Brünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(politician,_born_1905)" title="Karl Brunner (politician, born 1905)">Brunner</a> <small>(until 13 November 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cramer_(politician)" title="Johann Cramer (politician)">Cramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dannebom" title="Otto Dannebom">Dannebom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Diel" title="Anton Diel">Diel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_D%C3%B6hring" title="Clara Döhring">Döhring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Eichler" title="Willi Eichler">Eichler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ekstrand" title="Hans Ekstrand">Ekstrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Erler_(politician)" title="Fritz Erler (politician)">Erler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Freitag_(politician)" title="Walter Freitag (politician)">Faller</a> <small>(from 4 December 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Fischer_(politician,_born_1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Fischer (politician, born 1904)">Fischer</a> <small>(until 21 October 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Franke_(politician)" title="Egon Franke (politician)">Franke</a> <small>(from 17 May 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Freidhof" title="Rudolf Freidhof">Freidhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Freitag_(politician)" title="Walter Freitag (politician)">Freitag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Geritzmann" title="Robert Geritzmann">Geritzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gleisner" title="Alfred Gleisner">Gleisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G%C3%B6rlinger" title="Robert Görlinger">Görlinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Graf_(politician,_born_1892)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Graf (politician, born 1892)">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Greve" title="Otto Heinrich Greve">Greve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_G%C3%BClich" title="Wilhelm Gülich">Gülich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Happe_(politician,_born_1894)" title="Heinrich Happe (politician, born 1894)">Happe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf-Ernst_Heiland" title="Rudolf-Ernst Heiland">Heiland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Heinen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Heinen (page does not exist)">Heinen</a> <small>(from 24 July 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Hennig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Hennig (page does not exist)">Hennig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hen%C3%9Fler" title="Fritz Henßler">Henßler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Herbig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Herbig (page does not exist)">Herbig</a> <small>(until 1 December 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matth%C3%A4us_Herrmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthäus Herrmann (page does not exist)">Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_H%C3%B6cker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Höcker (page does not exist)">Höcker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_H%C3%B6hne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Höhne (page does not exist)">Höhne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elinor Hubert (page does not exist)">Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Imig" title="Heinrich Imig">Imig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Jacobi" title="Werner Jacobi">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Jacobs_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Jacobs (politician) (page does not exist)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jahn" title="Hans Jahn">Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Kalbfell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Kalbfell (page does not exist)">Kalbfell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Kalbitzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellmut Kalbitzer (page does not exist)">Kalbitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irma_Keilhack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irma Keilhack (page does not exist)">Keilhack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Keuning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietrich Keuning (page does not exist)">Keuning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Richard_Kinat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Richard Kinat (page does not exist)">Kinat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Kipp-Kaule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liesel Kipp-Kaule (page does not exist)">Kipp-Kaule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Klabunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Klabunde (page does not exist)">Klabunde</a> <small>(until 21 November 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldemar_von_Knoeringen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waldemar von Knoeringen (page does not exist)">Knoeringen</a> <small>(until 3 April 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Knothe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Knothe (page does not exist)">Knothe</a> <small>(until 20 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Koch" title="Harald Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_K%C3%B6nigswarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Königswarter (page does not exist)">Königswarter</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Korspeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisa Korspeter (page does not exist)">Korspeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anni_Krahnst%C3%B6ver" title="Anni Krahnstöver">Krahnstöver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kreyssig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Kreyssig (page does not exist)">Kreyssig</a> <small>(from 4 April 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kriedemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Kriedemann (page does not exist)">Kriedemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kurlbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kurlbaum (page does not exist)">Kurlbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Lange (page does not exist)">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Lausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Lausen (page does not exist)">Lausen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Leddin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Leddin (page does not exist)">Leddin</a> <small>(until 25 March 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%B6be" title="Paul Löbe">Löbe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrud_Lockmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gertrud Lockmann (page does not exist)">Lockmann</a> <small>(from 28 November 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Lohm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard Lohmüller (page does not exist)">Lohmüller</a> <small>(until 2 March 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Ludwig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Ludwig (page does not exist)">Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_L%C3%BCtkens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Lütkens (page does not exist)">Lütkens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marx_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Marx (politician) (page does not exist)">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Matzner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Matzner (page does not exist)">Matzner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Mayer (page does not exist)">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Meitmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Meitmann (page does not exist)">Meitmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Mellies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Mellies (page does not exist)">Mellies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Menzel (page does not exist)">Menzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Merten_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Merten (politician) (page does not exist)">Merten</a> <small>(from 23 April 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Mertins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Mertins (page does not exist)">Mertins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Meyer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Meyer (politician) (page does not exist)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Meyer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Meyer (politician) (page does not exist)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmy_Meyer-Laule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmy Meyer-Laule (page does not exist)">Meyer-Laule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedhelm_Missmahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedhelm Missmahl (page does not exist)">Missmahl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mommer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Mommer (page does not exist)">Mommer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Moosdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Moosdorf (page does not exist)">Moosdorf</a> <small>(from 4 May 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willibald_M%C3%BCcke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willibald Mücke (page does not exist)">Mücke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Müller (politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_M%C3%BCller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Müller (politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frieda_Nadig" title="Frieda Nadig">Nadig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Neubauer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Neubauer (politician) (page does not exist)">Neubauer</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Neumann_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Neumann (German politician) (page does not exist)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_N%C3%B6lting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Nölting (page does not exist)">Nölting</a> <small>(until 15 July 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nowack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Nowack (page does not exist)">Nowack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Odenthal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Odenthal (page does not exist)">Odenthal</a> <small>(from 28 September 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Ohlig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Ohlig (page does not exist)">Ohlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer" title="Erich Ollenhauer">Ollenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Paul" title="Ernst Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Peters" title="Georg Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Pohle (page does not exist)">Pohle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Preller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Preller (politician) (page does not exist)">Preller</a> <small>(from 16 March 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moritz-Ernst_Priebe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moritz-Ernst Priebe (page does not exist)">Priebe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Reitzner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Reitzner (page does not exist)">Reitzner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Richter (page does not exist)">Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Georg_Ritzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Georg Ritzel (page does not exist)">Ritzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Roth_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Roth (politician) (page does not exist)">Roth</a> <small>(until 14 May 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich-Wilhelm_Ruhnke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich-Wilhelm Ruhnke (page does not exist)">Ruhnke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Runge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Runge (page does not exist)">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Sander (page does not exist)">Sander</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Sassnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Sassnick (page does not exist)">Sassnick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marta_Schanzenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marta Schanzenbach (page does not exist)">Schanzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Schellenberg (page does not exist)">Schellenberg</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Schmid_(German_politician)" title="Carlo Schmid (German politician)">Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Schmidt (German politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schoettle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Schoettle (page does not exist)">Schoettle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Schönauer (page does not exist)">Schönauer</a> <small>(until 2 April 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Sch%C3%B6ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Schöne (page does not exist)">Schöne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Schroeder" title="Louise Schroeder">Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Schr%C3%B6ter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Schröter (page does not exist)">Schröter</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schumacher" title="Kurt Schumacher">Schumacher</a> <small>(until 20 August 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Segitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Segitz (page does not exist)">Segitz</a> <small>(from 4 December 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Seuffert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Seuffert (page does not exist)">Seuffert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Stech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Stech (page does not exist)">Stech</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Steinh%C3%B6rster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Steinhörster (page does not exist)">Steinhörster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stierle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Stierle (page does not exist)">Stierle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Stopperich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Stopperich (page does not exist)">Stopperich</a> <small>(until 6 January 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Striebeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Striebeck (page does not exist)">Striebeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel" title="Käte Strobel">Strobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Suhr" title="Otto Suhr">Suhr</a> <small>(until 31 January 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Temmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Temmen (page does not exist)">Temmen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Tenhagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Tenhagen (page does not exist)">Tenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Troppenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Troppenz (page does not exist)">Troppenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Veit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Veit (page does not exist)">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner (page does not exist)">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wehner" title="Herbert Wehner">Wehner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Wehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Wehr (page does not exist)">Wehr</a> <small>(from 21 May 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Weinhold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Weinhold (page does not exist)">Weinhold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Welke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Welke (page does not exist)">Welke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Weltner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Weltner (page does not exist)">Weltner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wenzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Wenzel (page does not exist)">Wenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Winter_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Winter (politician) (page does not exist)">Winter</a> <small>(from 9 November 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeanette_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeanette Wolff (page does not exist)">Wolff</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_W%C3%B6nner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Wönner (page does not exist)">Wönner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_August_Zinn" title="Georg August Zinn">Zinn</a> <small>(until 21 January 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Z%C3%BChlke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Zühlke (page does not exist)">Zühlke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">FDP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_FDP" title="Template:1st Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_FDP" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_FDP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="FDP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">FDP</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> until 12 September 1949; <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Hermann Schäfer">Hermann Schäfer</a> until 10 January 1951; <a href="/wiki/August-Martin_Euler" title="August-Martin Euler">August-Martin Euler</a> until 6 May 1952; Hermann Schäfer from 6 May 1952</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Atzenroth" title="Karl Atzenroth">Atzenroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Becker_(politician)" title="Max Becker (politician)">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Blank_(politician)" title="Martin Blank (politician)">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dannemann" title="Robert Dannemann">Dannemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Dehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dirscherl" title="Hans Dirscherl">Dirscherl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Eberhard" title="Anton Eberhard">Eberhard</a> <small>(from 3 October 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August-Martin_Euler" title="August-Martin Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Fassbender" title="Heinrich Fassbender">Fassbender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Friedrich_(politician,_born_1917)" title="Hans Friedrich (politician, born 1917)">Friedrich</a> <small>(from 5 October 1950 Non-attached, from 16 November 1950 BHE/DG, from 2 April 1952 FDP-Gast)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Fr%C3%BChwald_(politician,_born_1890)" title="Konrad Frühwald (politician, born 1890)">Frühwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Funcke" title="Oscar Funcke">Funcke</a> <small>(from 14 September 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gaul" title="Karl Gaul">Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubertus_von_Golitschek" title="Hubertus von Golitschek">Golitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grundmann" title="Arthur Grundmann">Grundmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hammer_(politician)" title="Richard Hammer (politician)">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Hasemann" title="Walther Hasemann">Hasemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Henn_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Henn (politician) (page does not exist)">Henn</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Heuss</a> <small>(until 15 September 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curt_Hoffmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curt Hoffmann (page does not exist)">Hoffmann</a> <small>(from 15 June 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hoffmann_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hoffmann (German politician) (page does not exist)">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6pker-Aschoff" title="Hermann Höpker-Aschoff">Höpker-Aschoff</a> <small>(until 9 September 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_H%C3%BCbner_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hübner (politician) (page does not exist)">Hübner</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_H%C3%BCtter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Hütter (page does not exist)">Hütter</a> <small>(from 15 September 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Ilk" title="Herta Ilk">Ilk</a> <small>(from 3 November 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hans_Jaeger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Hans Jaeger (page does not exist)">Jaeger</a> <small>(from 22 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Ludwig_Juncker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Ludwig Juncker (page does not exist)">Juncker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kneipp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Kneipp (page does not exist)">Kneipp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kohl_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kohl (politician) (page does not exist)">Kohl</a> <small>(until 31 January 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_K%C3%BChn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Kühn (page does not exist)">Kühn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Langer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Langer (page does not exist)">Langer</a> <small>(from 10 June 1952 Non-attached, from 29 March 1953 WAV)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Leuchtgens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Leuchtgens (page does not exist)">Leuchtgens</a> <small>(from 21 January 1950 DRP, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 6 December 1950 DP, from 27 July 1953 partei- und Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Leuze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Leuze (page does not exist)">Leuze</a> <small>(from 21 March 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Linnert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Linnert (page does not exist)">Linnert</a> <small>(until 27 October 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Luchtenberg" title="Paul Luchtenberg">Luchtenberg</a> <small>(from 30 October 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Margulies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Margulies (page does not exist)">Margulies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Mauk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Mauk (page does not exist)">Mauk</a> <small>(from 7 April 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Mayer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Mayer (politician) (page does not exist)">Mayer</a> <small>(until 18 December 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Middelhauve" title="Friedrich Middelhauve">Middelhauve</a> <small>(until 17 October 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friederike_Mulert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friederike Mulert (page does not exist)">Mulert</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Neumayer" title="Fritz Neumayer">Neumayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Philipp_N%C3%B6ll_von_der_Nahmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Philipp Nöll von der Nahmer (page does not exist)">Nöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Nowack" title="Wilhelm Nowack">Nowack</a> <small>(until 30 September 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Oellers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Oellers (page does not exist)">Oellers</a> <small>(until 5 June 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Onnen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Onnen (page does not exist)">Onnen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Georg_Pfleiderer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Georg Pfleiderer (page does not exist)">Pfleiderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Prei%C3%9F" title="Ludwig Preiß">Preiß</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor-Emanuel_Preusker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor-Emanuel Preusker (page does not exist)">Preusker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Max_Rademacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Max Rademacher (page does not exist)">Rademacher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rath_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Rath (politician) (page does not exist)">Rath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Albrecht_Freiherr_von_Rechenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Albrecht Freiherr von Rechenberg (page does not exist)">Rechenberg</a> <small>(until 19 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Reif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Reif (page does not exist)">Reif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Revenstorff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Revenstorff (page does not exist)">Revenstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_R%C3%BCdiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Rüdiger (page does not exist)">Rüdiger</a> <small>(until 20 February 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Hermann Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Schneider_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)">Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Stahl (page does not exist)">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Stegner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Stegner (page does not exist)">Stegner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Trischler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Trischler (page does not exist)">Trischler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_de_Vries" title="Axel de Vries">Vries</a> <small>(from 5 January 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wellhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Wellhausen (page does not exist)">Wellhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann-Eberhard_Wildermuth" title="Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth">Wildermuth</a> <small>(until 9 March 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Will&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Will (page does not exist)">Will</a> <small>(from 1 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wirths" title="Carl Wirths">Wirths</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Zawadil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Zawadil (page does not exist)">Zawadil</a> <small>(from 26 November 1952 DP)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">DP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_DP" title="Template:1st Bundestag DP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_DP" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag DP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_DP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag DP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">DP</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hellwege" title="Heinrich Hellwege">Heinrich Hellwege</a> until 2 November 1949; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Klinge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Klinge (page does not exist)">Friedrich Klinge</a> until 21 December 1949; <a href="/wiki/Hans_M%C3%BChlenfeld" title="Hans Mühlenfeld">Hans Mühlenfeld</a> until 15 March 1953; <a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">Hans-Joachim von Merkatz</a> from 17 March 1953</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ahrens" title="Adolf Ahrens">Ahrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bahlburg" title="Wilhelm Bahlburg">Bahlburg</a> <small>(from 13 September 1951 Non-attached, from 24 January 1952 DP-Gast, from 10 September 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Campe" title="Carl von Campe">Campe</a> <small>(from 23 January 1950, until 8 January 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Eickhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Eickhoff (page does not exist)">Eickhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Ewers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Ewers (page does not exist)">Ewers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Farke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Farke (page does not exist)">Farke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Joachim_Fricke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Joachim Fricke (page does not exist)">Fricke</a> <small>(from 22 March 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Hedler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Hedler (page does not exist)">Hedler</a> <small>(from 19 January 1950 Non-attached, from 28 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 16 September 1950 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hellwege" title="Heinrich Hellwege">Hellwege</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jaff%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Jaffé (page does not exist)">Jaffé</a> <small>(from 9 January 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Kalinke" title="Margot Kalinke">Kalinke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Klinge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Klinge (page does not exist)">Klinge</a> <small>(until 21 December 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Kuhlemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Kuhlemann (page does not exist)">Kuhlemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Matthes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Matthes (page does not exist)">Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">Merkatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_M%C3%BChlenfeld" title="Hans Mühlenfeld">Mühlenfeld</a> <small>(until 15 May 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm" title="Hans-Christoph Seebohm">Seebohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tobaben" title="Peter Tobaben">Tobaben</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Walter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Walter (page does not exist)">Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wittenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Wittenburg (page does not exist)">Wittenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Woltje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Woltje (page does not exist)">Woltje</a> <small>(from 30 May 1953)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">BP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_BP" title="Template:1st Bundestag BP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_BP" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag BP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_BP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag BP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">BP</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gebhard_Seelos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gebhard Seelos (page does not exist)">Gebhard Seelos</a> until 25 September 1951; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Decker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Decker (page does not exist)">Hugo Decker</a> from 25 September 1951</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_von_Aretin" title="Anton von Aretin">Aretin</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Aumer" title="Hermann Aumer">Aumer</a> <small>(from 8 September 1950 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baumgartner" title="Joseph Baumgartner">Baumgartner</a> <small>(until 1 January 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Besold" title="Anton Besold">Besold</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Decker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Decker (page does not exist)">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Donhauser" title="Anton Donhauser">Donhauser</a> <small>(from 8 September 1950 Non-attached, from 17 September 1952 CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Eichner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Eichner (page does not exist)">Eichner</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Etzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Etzel (page does not exist)">Etzel</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU, from 3 December 1952 Non-attached (GVP))</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Falkner" title="Ernst Falkner">Falkner</a> <small>(until 27 October 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Fink" title="Conrad Fink">Fink</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU, from 5 January 1952 CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimar_Freiherr_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Elimar Freiherr von Fürstenberg">Fürstenberg</a> <small>(from 7 November 1950 Non-attached, from 19 January 1951 CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Lampl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Lampl (page does not exist)">Lampl</a> <small>(from 10 November 1950, from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Maerkl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Maerkl (page does not exist)">Maerkl</a> <small>(from 1 September 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Mayerhofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Mayerhofer (page does not exist)">Mayerhofer</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Meitinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Xaver Meitinger (page does not exist)">Meitinger</a> <small>(from 26 September 1951, from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_F%C3%BCrst_zu_Oettingen-Wallerstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Fürst zu Oettingen-Wallerstein (page does not exist)">Oettingen-Wallerstein</a> <small>(from 8 January 1951, from 14 December 1951 FU, until 1 September 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sepp_Parzinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sepp Parzinger (page does not exist)">Parzinger</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Rahn (page does not exist)">Rahn</a> <small>(from 14 January 1950, from 8 September 1950 Non-attached, from 17 October 1950 WAV-Gast, from 14 February 1951 CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gebhard_Seelos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gebhard Seelos (page does not exist)">Seelos</a> <small>(until 25 September 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Volkholz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Volkholz (page does not exist)">Volkholz</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wartner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Wartner (page does not exist)">Wartner</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Ziegler_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Ziegler (politician) (page does not exist)">Ziegler</a> <small>(until 30 December 1949)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">KPD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_KPD" title="Template:1st Bundestag KPD"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_KPD" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag KPD"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_KPD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag KPD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="KPD" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">KPD</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Max_Reimann" title="Max Reimann">Max Reimann</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Agatz" title="Willi Agatz">Agatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fisch" title="Walter Fisch">Fisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Gundelach" title="Gustav Gundelach">Gundelach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harig" title="Paul Harig">Harig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kohl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Kohl (page does not exist)">Kohl</a> <small>(from 26 January 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Leibbrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Leibbrand (page does not exist)">Leibbrand</a> <small>(until 26 January 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_M%C3%BCller_(politician)" title="Kurt Müller (politician)">Müller</a> <small>(from 10 May 1950 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_M%C3%BCller" title="Oskar Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Niebergall" title="Otto Niebergall">Niebergall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Niebes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Niebes (page does not exist)">Niebes</a> <small>(from 10 July 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Nuding" title="Hermann Nuding">Nuding</a> <small>(until 20 April 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Paul_(politician)" title="Hugo Paul (politician)">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Reimann" title="Max Reimann">Reimann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Renner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Renner (page does not exist)">Renner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Rische&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Rische (page does not exist)">Rische</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrud_Strohbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gertrud Strohbach (page does not exist)">Strohbach</a> <small>(from 16 May 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grete_Thiele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grete Thiele (page does not exist)">Thiele</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Vesper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Vesper (page does not exist)">Vesper</a> <small>(until 30 June 1952)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">WAV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_WAV" title="Template:1st Bundestag WAV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_WAV" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag WAV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_WAV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag WAV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="WAV" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">WAV</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loritz" title="Alfred Loritz">Alfred Loritz</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Maria_Bieganowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Maria Bieganowski (page does not exist)">Bieganowski</a> <small>(from 21 March 1952, from 23 April 1952 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Gerd_Fr%C3%B6hlich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Gerd Fröhlich (page does not exist)">Fröhlich</a> <small>(from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Goetzendorff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter Goetzendorff (page does not exist)">Goetzendorff</a> <small>(from 29 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 29 April 1953 WAV)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfried_Keller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilfried Keller (page does not exist)">Keller</a> <small>(from 24 April 1952, from 6 December 1951 DP, Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_L%C3%B6fflad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Löfflad (page does not exist)">Löfflad</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 DP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Loritz" title="Alfred Loritz">Loritz</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Paschek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Paschek (page does not exist)">Paschek</a> <small>(from 29 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached, from 30 January 1951 WAV, from 6 December 1951 DP, until 22 April 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Reindl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Reindl (page does not exist)">Reindl</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Schmidt_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Schuster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Schuster (page does not exist)">Schuster</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 DP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Tichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Tichi (page does not exist)">Tichi</a> <small>(from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Wallner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Wallner (page does not exist)">Wallner</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Weickert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephan Weickert (page does not exist)">Weickert</a> <small>(from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, until 16 March 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Wittmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Wittmann (page does not exist)">Wittmann</a> <small>(from 6 December 1951 DP, from 9 May 1952 Non-attached, from 5 July 1952 CDU/CSU-Gast)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">ZENTRUM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_ZENTRUM" title="Template:1st Bundestag ZENTRUM"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_ZENTRUM" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag ZENTRUM"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_ZENTRUM" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag ZENTRUM"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ZENTRUM" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">ZENTRUM</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Helene_Wessel" title="Helene Wessel">Helene Wessel</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Amelunxen" title="Rudolf Amelunxen">Amelunxen</a> <small>(until 7 October 1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thea_Arnold" title="Thea Arnold">Arnold</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached (GVP))</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bertram" title="Helmut Bertram">Bertram</a> <small>(from 3 November 1949, from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregor_Determann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregor Determann (page does not exist)">Determann</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Glasmeyer" title="Heinrich Glasmeyer">Glasmeyer</a> <small>(from 23 November 1951 CDU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Hamacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Hamacher (page does not exist)">Hamacher</a> <small>(until 29 July 1951)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hoffmann_(CVP_politician)" title="Johannes Hoffmann (CVP politician)">Hoffmann</a> <small>(, from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Krause_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Krause (politician) (page does not exist)">Krause</a> <small>(until 18 October 1950)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Pannenbecker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Pannenbecker (page does not exist)">Pannenbecker</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Reismann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard Reismann (page does not exist)">Reismann</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Ribbeheger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Ribbeheger (page does not exist)">Ribbeheger</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Wessel" title="Helene Wessel">Wessel</a> <small>(from 14 December 1951 FU, from 13 November 1952 Non-attached (GVP))</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Willenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Willenberg (page does not exist)">Willenberg</a> <small>(from 26 October 1950, from 14 December 1951 FU)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">DRP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_DRP" title="Template:1st Bundestag DRP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_DRP" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag DRP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_DRP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag DRP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DRP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">DRP</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Dorls" title="Fritz Dorls">Dorls</a> <small>(from 13 December 1950 WAV-Gast, from 17 January 1951 WAV, from 26 September 1951 Non-attached, am 23 October 1952 Mandatsaberkennung)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frommhold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Frommhold (page does not exist)">Frommhold</a> <small>(from 7 September 1949 Nationale Rechte, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 26 March 1952 DP-Gast, from 11 February 1953 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfriede_Jaeger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elfriede Jaeger (page does not exist)">Jaeger</a> <small>(from 29 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herwart_Miessner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herwart Miessner (page does not exist)">Miessner</a> <small>(from 5 October 1950 FDP-Gast, from 20 December 1950 FDP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Richter_%E2%80%93_Fritz_R%C3%B6%C3%9Fler_alias_%E2%80%9EDr_Franz_Richter%E2%80%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Richter – Fritz Rößler alias „Dr Franz Richter“ (page does not exist)">Rößler</a> <small>(from 15 September 1949 Nationale Rechte, from 6 September 1950 Non-attached, from 13 December 1950 WAV-Gast, from 17 January 1951 WAV, from 26 September 1951 Non-attached, until 21 February 1952)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a> <small>(from 15 September 1949 Nationale Rechte; 1950 DRP, from 20 April 1950 Non-attached)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">OTHER</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1st_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Template:1st Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1st_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Template talk:1st Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1st_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1st Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="OTHER" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">OTHER</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Clausen" title="Hermann Clausen">Clausen</a> <small>(from 23 January 1952 FU-Gast, from 3 July 1953 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Edert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Edert (page does not exist)">Edert</a> <small>(CDU/CSU-Gast)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Freudenberg_(politician)" title="Richard Freudenberg (politician)">Freudenberg</a> <small>(from 5 December 1952 Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Ott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Ott (page does not exist)">Ott</a> <small>(Non-attached, from 4 May 1950 WAV-Gast, from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached, from 26 March 1952 DP/DPB-Gast, from 26 June 1952 Non-attached)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_1st_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 1st Bundestag">List of members of the 1st Bundestag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Members_of_the_2nd_Bundestag_(1953–1957)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_2nd_Bundestag" title="Template:Members of the 2nd Bundestag"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_2nd_Bundestag" title="Template talk:Members of the 2nd Bundestag"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_2nd_Bundestag" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 2nd Bundestag"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Members_of_the_2nd_Bundestag_(1953–1957)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/20px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/30px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/39px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="348" /></span></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/29px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/57px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_2nd_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 2nd Bundestag">Members of the 2nd Bundestag (1953–1957)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier" title="Eugen Gerstenmaier">Eugen Gerstenmaier</a> (CDU)</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">CDU/CSU</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2nd_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Template:2nd Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2nd_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Template talk:2nd Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2nd Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="CDU_and_CSU" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">CDU and CSU</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a> until 7 June 1955; <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Heinrich Krone</a> from 15 June 1955]]</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>CDU:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Ackermann" title="Annemarie Ackermann">Ackermann</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Albers" title="Johannes Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Albrecht_(politician,_born_1914)" title="Ernst Albrecht (politician, born 1914)">Albrecht</a> <small>(from 11 May 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Arndgen" title="Josef Arndgen">Arndgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Baier" title="Fritz Baier">Baier</a> <small>(from 26 June 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Barlage" title="Heinrich Barlage">Barlage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bartram" title="Walter Bartram">Bartram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Bauknecht" title="Bernhard Bauknecht">Bauknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bausch" title="Paul Bausch">Bausch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Becker_(politician,_born_1905)" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Becker (politician, born 1905)">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Berendsen" title="Fritz Berendsen">Berendsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Bergmeyer" title="Bernhard Bergmeyer">Bergmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Christian_Archibald_von_Bismarck" title="Otto Christian Archibald von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Bleyler" title="Hildegard Bleyler">Bleyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%B6cker" title="Hans Blöcker">Blöcker</a> <small>(from 8 November 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bock" title="Paul Bock">Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Bodelschwingh_(politician)" title="Ernst von Bodelschwingh (politician)">Bodelschwingh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6hm" title="Franz Böhm">Böhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wilhelm_Brand" title="Peter Wilhelm Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aenne_Brauksiepe" title="Aenne Brauksiepe">Brauksiepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Brenner_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Brenner (politician)">Brenner</a> <small>(from 5 May 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Brese" title="Wilhelm Brese">Brese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Br%C3%B6kelschen" title="Else Brökelschen">Brökelschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Br%C3%B6nner" title="Josef Brönner">Brönner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brookmann" title="Walter Brookmann">Brookmann</a> <small>(until 31 August 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Br%C3%BCck" title="Valentin Brück">Brück</a> <small>(until 17 September 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Bucerius" title="Gerd Bucerius">Bucerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Buchka" title="Karl von Buchka">Buchka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Burgemeister" title="Alfred Burgemeister">Burgemeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_B%C3%BCrkel" title="Dietrich Bürkel">Bürkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Caspers" title="Johannes Caspers">Caspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Cillien" title="Adolf Cillien">Cillien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Conring_(politician)" title="Hermann Conring (politician)">Conring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Czaja" title="Herbert Czaja">Czaja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Diedrichsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Diedrichsen (page does not exist)">Diedrichsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Dietz" title="Maria Dietz">Dietz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Dresbach" title="August Dresbach">Dresbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Eckstein" title="Heinrich Eckstein">Eckstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ehlers" title="Hermann Ehlers">Ehlers</a> <small>(until 29 October 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ehren" title="Hermann Ehren">Ehren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Engelbrecht-Greve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Engelbrecht-Greve (page does not exist)">Engelbrecht-Greve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Etzenbach" title="Peter Etzenbach">Etzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Even" title="Johannes Even">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Farny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Farny (page does not exist)">Farny</a> <small>(until 11 November 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Feldmann" title="Aloys Feldmann">Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Finckh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Finckh (page does not exist)">Finckh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Franzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Franzen (page does not exist)">Franzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Friedensburg" title="Ferdinand Friedensburg">Friedensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Friese_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Friese (politician) (page does not exist)">Friese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Furler" title="Hans Furler">Furler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisfrometh_Ganswindt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisfrometh Ganswindt (page does not exist)">Ganswindt</a> <small>(from 9 November 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathilde_Gantenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathilde Gantenberg (page does not exist)">Gantenberg</a> <small>(from 8 October 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav-Adolf_Gedat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav-Adolf Gedat (page does not exist)">Gedat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gengler" title="Karl Gengler">Gengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gerns" title="Heinrich Gerns">Gerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier" title="Eugen Gerstenmaier">Gerstenmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gibbert" title="Paul Gibbert">Gibbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Giencke" title="Christian Giencke">Giencke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Glasmeyer" title="Heinrich Glasmeyer">Glasmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gl%C3%BCsing" title="Hermann Glüsing">Glüsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Gockeln" title="Josef Gockeln">Gockeln</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Goldhagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Goldhagen (page does not exist)">Goldhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Gontrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Gontrum (page does not exist)">Gontrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6tz_(politician,_born_1914)" title="Hermann Götz (politician, born 1914)">Götz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Grantze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Grantze (page does not exist)">Grantze</a> <small>(from 17 November 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Griem_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Griem (politician) (page does not exist)">Griem</a> <small>(until 7 November 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_G%C3%BCnther_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Günther (politician)">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hahn_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hahn (politician) (page does not exist)">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Harnischfeger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Harnischfeger (page does not exist)">Harnischfeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel" title="Kai-Uwe von Hassel">Hassel</a> <small>(until 4 November 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_H%C3%A4ussler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Häussler (page does not exist)">Häussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hellwig" title="Fritz Hellwig">Hellwig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Hesberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Hesberg (page does not exist)">Hesberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Heye" title="Hellmuth Heye">Heye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Hilbert" title="Anton Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_H%C3%B6ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Höck (page does not exist)">Höck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_H%C3%B6fler" title="Heinrich Höfler">Höfler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Holla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Holla (page does not exist)">Holla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hoogen" title="Matthias Hoogen">Hoogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Horn_(politician)" title="Peter Horn (politician)">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Huth" title="Eugen Huth">Huth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Illerhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Illerhaus (page does not exist)">Illerhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Jahn (page does not exist)">Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedwig_Jochmus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedwig Jochmus (page does not exist)">Jochmus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Peter_Josten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Peter Josten (page does not exist)">Josten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pia_Kaiser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pia Kaiser (page does not exist)">Kaiser</a> <small>(from 17 September 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Kaiser" title="Jakob Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Kather" title="Linus Kather">Kather</a> <small>(from 15 June 1954 GB/BHE)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kemper_(politician,_born_1888)" title="Heinrich Kemper (politician, born 1888)">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kiesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peterheinrich_Kirchhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peterheinrich Kirchhoff (page does not exist)">Kirchhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kliesing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kliesing (page does not exist)">Kliesing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Knapp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Knapp (page does not exist)">Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Knobloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Knobloch (page does not exist)">Knobloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%B6hler" title="Erich Köhler">Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Kolbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Kolbe (page does not exist)">Kolbe</a> <small>(until 25 December 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Koops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Koops (page does not exist)">Koops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kopf" title="Hermann Kopf">Kopf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Kortmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Kortmann (page does not exist)">Kortmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Krammig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Krammig (page does not exist)">Krammig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Kratz_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Kratz (politician) (page does not exist)">Kratz</a> <small>(from 4 January 1957, until 11 April 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Kroll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Kroll (page does not exist)">Kroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_K%C3%BChlthau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Kühlthau (page does not exist)">Kühlthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kuntscher" title="Ernst Kuntscher">Kuntscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kunze_(politician)" title="Johannes Kunze (politician)">Kunze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Leibfried" title="Eugen Leibfried">Leibfried</a> <small>(until 21 June 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Leibing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Leibing (page does not exist)">Leibing</a> <small>(from 8 August 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Leiske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Leiske (page does not exist)">Leiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer" title="Ernst Lemmer">Lemmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lenz" title="Otto Lenz">Lenz</a> <small>(until 2 May 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Lenz_(politician,_born_1910)" title="Aloys Lenz (politician, born 1910)">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Lenze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Lenze (page does not exist)">Lenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leonhard" title="Gottfried Leonhard">Leonhard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Leverkuehn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Leverkuehn (page does not exist)">Leverkuehn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Lindenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Lindenberg (page does not exist)">Lindenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lindrath" title="Hermann Lindrath">Lindrath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_L%C3%B6hr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Löhr (page does not exist)">Löhr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Lotze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Lotze (page does not exist)">Lotze</a> <small>(from 1 November 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Lübke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke" title="Paul Lücke">Lücke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Adam_Lulay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Adam Lulay (page does not exist)">Lulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Majonica" title="Ernst Majonica">Majonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Massoth" title="Willy Massoth">Massoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Maucher" title="Eugen Maucher">Maucher</a> <small>(until 16 September 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Katharina_Maxsein" title="Agnes Katharina Maxsein">Maxsein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Mayer (page does not exist)">Mayer</a> <small>(from 20 November 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Mayer_(politician,_born_1899)" title="Hugo Mayer (politician, born 1899)">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Menke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Menke (page does not exist)">Menke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mensing" title="Fritz Mensing">Mensing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Moerchel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegfried Moerchel (page does not exist)">Moerchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelin_Morgenthaler" title="Wendelin Morgenthaler">Morgenthaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Muckermann" title="Richard Muckermann">Muckermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BChlenberg" title="Franz Mühlenberg">Mühlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_M%C3%BCller" title="Gebhard Müller">Müller</a> <small>(until 11 November 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1884)" title="Karl Müller (politician, born 1884)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann" title="Ernst Müller-Hermann">Müller-Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franzjosef_M%C3%BCser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franzjosef Müser (page does not exist)">Müser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Naegel" title="Wilhelm Naegel">Naegel</a> <small>(until 24 May 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nellen" title="Peter Nellen">Nellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Neuburger" title="August Neuburger">Neuburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Niggemeyer" title="Maria Niggemeyer">Niggemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oetzel" title="Richard Oetzel">Oetzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Orth" title="Eduard Orth">Orth</a> <small>(until 7 October 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Pelster" title="Georg Pelster">Pelster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pferdmenges" title="Robert Pferdmenges">Pferdmenges</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisfrometh_Pitz-Savelsberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisfrometh Pitz-Savelsberg (page does not exist)">Pitz-Savelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Platner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Platner (page does not exist)">Platner</a> <small>(from 12 December 1956 DP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Pohle (page does not exist)">Pohle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gisela_Praetorius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gisela Praetorius (page does not exist)">Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_P%C3%BCnder" title="Hermann Pünder">Pünder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Raestrup" title="Bernhard Raestrup">Raestrup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_Rasner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Will Rasner (page does not exist)">Rasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Rehling" title="Luise Rehling">Rehling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Richarts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Richarts (page does not exist)">Richarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_R%C3%B6der" title="Franz-Josef Röder">Röder</a> <small>(from 4 January 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_R%C3%B6sch" title="Julie Rösch">Rösch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ruf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Ruf (page does not exist)">Ruf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R%C3%BCmmele" title="Oskar Rümmele">Rümmele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Sabel" title="Anton Sabel">Sabel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Sch%C3%A4fer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Schäfer (politician) (page does not exist)">Schäfer</a> <small>(from 4 January 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Scharnberg" title="Hugo Scharnberg">Scharnberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Scheppmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Scheppmann (page does not exist)">Scheppmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Schill" title="Lambert Schill">Schill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Schlick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Schlick (page does not exist)">Schlick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karlfranz_Schmidt-Wittmack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karlfranz Schmidt-Wittmack (page does not exist)">Schmidt-Wittmack</a> <small>(from 22 April 1954 Non-attached, Loss of mandate 23 February 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker" title="Kurt Schmücker">Schmücker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schneider_(politician,_1892)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Schneider (politician, 1892) (page does not exist)">Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Schrader_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Schrader (politician) (page does not exist)">Schrader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Schuler_(politician,_born_1885)" title="Fritz Schuler (politician, born 1885)">Schuler</a> <small>(until 30 July 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Schulze-Pellengahr" title="Hubert Schulze-Pellengahr">Schulze-Pellengahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Sch%C3%BCttler" title="Josef Schüttler">Schüttler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Schwarz_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Schwarz (politician) (page does not exist)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisfrometh_Schwarzhaupt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisfrometh Schwarzhaupt (page does not exist)">Schwarzhaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_Seffrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Seffrin (page does not exist)">Seffrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Serres" title="Günther Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilmar_Sfroma%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilmar Sfromaß (page does not exist)">Sfromaß</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Sfromel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Sfromel (page does not exist)">Sfromel</a> <small>(until 16 September 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Siebel" title="Theodor Siebel">Siebel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J_Hermann_Siemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J Hermann Siemer (page does not exist)">Siemer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Solke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Solke (page does not exist)">Solke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Spies_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Spies (politician) (page does not exist)">Spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stauch" title="Robert Stauch">Stauch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktoria_Steinbi%C3%9F" title="Viktoria Steinbiß">Steinbiß</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Steinhauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Steinhauer (page does not exist)">Steinhauer</a> <small>(from 12 April 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stingl" title="Josef Stingl">Stingl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Storch" title="Anton Storch">Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Storm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Storm (page does not exist)">Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Struve" title="Detlef Struve">Struve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Teriete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Teriete (page does not exist)">Teriete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Thies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Thies (page does not exist)">Thies</a> <small>(from 30 May 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tillmanns" title="Robert Tillmanns">Tillmanns</a> <small>(until 12 November 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Varelmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Varelmann (page does not exist)">Varelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisfrometh_Vietje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisfrometh Vietje (page does not exist)">Vietje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vogel_(politician,_born_1906)" title="Rudolf Vogel (politician, born 1906)">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Vo%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Voß (page does not exist)">Voß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Wacker" title="Oskar Wacker">Wacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wahl" title="Eduard Wahl">Wahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Walz" title="Karl Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Weber" title="Helene Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weber_(politician,_born_1898)" title="Karl Weber (politician, born 1898)">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wehking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Wehking (page does not exist)">Wehking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Welskop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Welskop (page does not exist)">Welskop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmi_Welter" title="Emmi Welter">Welter</a> <small>(from 4 January 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Werber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Werber (page does not exist)">Werber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Wiedeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Wiedeck (page does not exist)">Wiedeck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Willeke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Willeke (page does not exist)">Willeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen" title="Heinrich Windelen">Windelen</a> <small>(from 28 September 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Winkelheide" title="Bernhard Winkelheide">Winkelheide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Wolf (page does not exist)">Wolf</a> <small>(from 13 November 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling" title="Franz-Josef Wuermeling">Wuermeling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wullenhaupt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Wullenhaupt (page does not exist)">Wullenhaupt</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>CSU:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Bauer_(politician)" title="Josef Bauer (politician)">Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bauereisen_(politician,_born_1895)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bauereisen (politician, born 1895)">Bauereisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Demmelmeier" title="Hans Demmelmeier">Demmelmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Dittrich" title="Stefan Dittrich">Dittrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Dollinger" title="Werner Dollinger">Dollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Donhauser" title="Anton Donhauser">Donhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Franz" title="Ludwig Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fuchs" title="Gustav Fuchs">Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Funk" title="Friedrich Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Geiger" title="Hugo Geiger">Geiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Geisend%C3%B6rfer" title="Ingeborg Geisendörfer">Geisendörfer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Gleissner_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Gleissner (politician) (page does not exist)">Gleissner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benno_Graf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benno Graf (page does not exist)">Graf</a> <small>(from 26 October 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Gumrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Gumrum (page does not exist)">Gumrum</a> <small>(from 26 October 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Graf_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck" title="Georg Graf Henckel von Donnersmarck">Henckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl" title="Hermann Höcherl">Höcherl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horlacher" title="Michael Horlacher">Horlacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jaeger" title="Richard Jaeger">Jaeger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Kahn (page does not exist)">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Karpf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Karpf (page does not exist)">Karpf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Kemmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Kemmer (page does not exist)">Kemmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Alfred_Kihn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Alfred Kihn (page does not exist)">Kihn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Klausner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Klausner (page does not exist)">Klausner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Ferdinand_Kleindinst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Ferdinand Kleindinst (page does not exist)">Kleindinst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Kramel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelo Kramel (page does not exist)">Kramel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edeltraud_Kuchtner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edeltraud Kuchtner (page does not exist)">Kuchtner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Lang (page does not exist)">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Lermer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Lermer (page does not exist)">Lermer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Leukert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Leukert (page does not exist)">Leukert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_August_L%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans August Lücker (page does not exist)">Lücker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Baron_Manteuffel-Szoege&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Baron Manteuffel-Szoege (page does not exist)">Manteuffel-Szoege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Meyer_(politician)" title="Philipp Meyer (politician)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Miller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Miller (politician) (page does not exist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alois_Niederalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alois Niederalt (page does not exist)">Niederalt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Oesterle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Oesterle (page does not exist)">Oesterle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Probst" title="Maria Probst">Probst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Freiherr_Riederer_von_Paar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Freiherr Riederer von Paar (page does not exist)">Riederer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rinke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Rinke (page does not exist)">Rinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schuberth" title="Hans Schuberth">Schuberth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Sch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Schütz (page does not exist)">Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Seidl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Seidl (page does not exist)">Seidl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Spies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Spies (page does not exist)">Spies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Sp%C3%B6rl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Spörl (page does not exist)">Spörl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Spreti" title="Karl von Spreti">Spreti</a> <small>(until 5 March 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stiller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Stiller (page does not exist)">Stiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen" title="Richard Stücklen">Stücklen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Unertl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Xaver Unertl (page does not exist)">Unertl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Wacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Wacher (page does not exist)">Wacher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wieninger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Wieninger (page does not exist)">Wieninger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Winter (page does not exist)">Winter</a> <small>(from 6 March 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Wittmann_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Wittmann (politician) (page does not exist)">Wittmann</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>CVP:</b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Ruland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Ruland (page does not exist)">Ruland</a> <small>(from 4 January 1957, from 23 May 1957 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Schneider_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)">Schneider</a> <small>(from 4 January 1957, Non-attached, from 23 May 1957 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">SPD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2nd_Bundestag_SPD" title="Template:2nd Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2nd_Bundestag_SPD" title="Template talk:2nd Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_Bundestag_SPD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2nd Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SPD" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SPD</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer" title="Erich Ollenhauer">Erich Ollenhauer</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Albertz" title="Luise Albertz">Albertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Albrecht" title="Lisa Albrecht">Albrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Altmaier" title="Jakob Altmaier">Altmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Arndt" title="Adolf Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Arnholz" title="Otto Arnholz">Arnholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Baade" title="Fritz Baade">Baade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Bals (page does not exist)">Bals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Banse" title="Wilhelm Banse">Banse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_B%C3%A4rsch" title="Siegfried Bärsch">Bärsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannsheinz_Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannsheinz Bauer (page does not exist)">Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Baur" title="Valentin Baur">Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bazille" title="Helmut Bazille">Bazille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Behrisch" title="Arno Behrisch">Behrisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franziska_Bennemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franziska Bennemann (page does not exist)">Bennemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bergmann_(politician)" title="Karl Bergmann (politician)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Berlin" title="August Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bettgenh%C3%A4user" title="Emil Bettgenhäuser">Bettgenhäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucie_Beyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucie Beyer (page does not exist)">Beyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Birkelbach" title="Willi Birkelbach">Birkelbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blachstein" title="Peter Blachstein">Blachstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blei%C3%9F" title="Paul Bleiß">Bleiß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_B%C3%B6hm_(politician)" title="Johannes Böhm (politician)">Böhm</a> <small>(until 18 July 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Bruse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Bruse (page does not exist)">Bruse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Corterier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Corterier (page does not exist)">Corterier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dannebom" title="Otto Dannebom">Dannebom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Daum_(politician)" title="Robert Daum (politician)">Daum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Deist" title="Heinrich Deist">Deist</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Dewald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Dewald (page does not exist)">Dewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Diekmann" title="Bruno Diekmann">Diekmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Diel" title="Anton Diel">Diel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_D%C3%B6hring" title="Clara Döhring">Döhring</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dopatka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Dopatka (page does not exist)">Dopatka</a> <small>(from 21 November 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Erler_(politician)" title="Fritz Erler (politician)">Erler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Eschmann" title="Fritz Eschmann">Eschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Faller" title="Walter Faller">Faller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Franke_(politician)" title="Egon Franke (politician)">Franke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frehsee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Frehsee (page does not exist)">Frehsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Freidhof" title="Rudolf Freidhof">Freidhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Frenzel" title="Alfred Frenzel">Frenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gefeller" title="Wilhelm Gefeller">Gefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geiger_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Geiger (politician) (page does not exist)">Geiger</a> <small>(from 1 January 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Geritzmann" title="Robert Geritzmann">Geritzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gleisner" title="Alfred Gleisner">Gleisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G%C3%B6rlinger" title="Robert Görlinger">Görlinger</a> <small>(until 10 February 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Greve" title="Otto Heinrich Greve">Greve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Grunner" title="Josef Grunner">Grunner</a> <small>(from 11 June 1957, until 21 June 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_G%C3%BClich" title="Wilhelm Gülich">Gülich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Hansen" title="Werner Hansen">Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Hansing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Hansing (page does not exist)">Hansing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hauffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Hauffe (page does not exist)">Hauffe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Karl_Heide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Karl Heide (page does not exist)">Heide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf-Ernst_Heiland" title="Rudolf-Ernst Heiland">Heiland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Heinrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Heinrich (page does not exist)">Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Heise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Heise (page does not exist)">Heise</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hellenbrock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Hellenbrock (page does not exist)">Hellenbrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Herklotz" title="Luise Herklotz">Herklotz</a> <small>(from 24 September 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hermsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Hermsdorf (page does not exist)">Hermsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Herold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Herold (page does not exist)">Herold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_H%C3%B6cker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Höcker (page does not exist)">Höcker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_H%C3%B6hne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Höhne (page does not exist)">Höhne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wilhelm_H%C3%B6rauf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Wilhelm Hörauf (page does not exist)">Hörauf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elinor Hubert (page does not exist)">Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hufnagel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Hufnagel (page does not exist)">Hufnagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Jacobi" title="Werner Jacobi">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Jacobs_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Jacobs (politician) (page does not exist)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jahn" title="Hans Jahn">Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Jaksch" title="Wenzel Jaksch">Jaksch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kahn-Ackermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kahn-Ackermann (page does not exist)">Kahn-Ackermann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Kalbitzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellmut Kalbitzer (page does not exist)">Kalbitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irma_Keilhack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irma Keilhack (page does not exist)">Keilhack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Kettig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alma Kettig (page does not exist)">Kettig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Keuning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietrich Keuning (page does not exist)">Keuning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Richard_Kinat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Richard Kinat (page does not exist)">Kinat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Kipp-Kaule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liesel Kipp-Kaule (page does not exist)">Kipp-Kaule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Klingelh%C3%B6fer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Klingelhöfer (page does not exist)">Klingelhöfer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Koenen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Koenen (page does not exist)">Koenen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_K%C3%B6nen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Könen (page does not exist)">Könen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_K%C3%B6nigswarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Königswarter (page does not exist)">Königswarter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Korspeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisa Korspeter (page does not exist)">Korspeter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kreyssig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Kreyssig (page does not exist)">Kreyssig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kriedemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Kriedemann (page does not exist)">Kriedemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_K%C3%BChn" title="Heinz Kühn">Kühn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kurlbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kurlbaum (page does not exist)">Kurlbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Ladebeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Ladebeck (page does not exist)">Ladebeck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Lange (page does not exist)">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Leitow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Leitow (page does not exist)">Leitow</a> <small>(from 3 August 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrud_Lockmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gertrud Lockmann (page does not exist)">Lockmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Ludwig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Ludwig (page does not exist)">Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_L%C3%BCtkens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Lütkens (page does not exist)">Lütkens</a> <small>(until 17 November 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marx_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Marx (politician) (page does not exist)">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Mattick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Mattick (page does not exist)">Mattick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Matzner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Matzner (page does not exist)">Matzner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Mayer (page does not exist)">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Meitmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Meitmann (page does not exist)">Meitmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Mellies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Mellies (page does not exist)">Mellies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Menzel (page does not exist)">Menzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Merten_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Merten (politician) (page does not exist)">Merten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Metzger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Metzger (page does not exist)">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Meyer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Meyer (politician) (page does not exist)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trudel_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trudel Meyer (page does not exist)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmy_Meyer-Laule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmy Meyer-Laule (page does not exist)">Meyer-Laule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedhelm_Missmahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedhelm Missmahl (page does not exist)">Missmahl</a> <small>(from 1 September 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthias_Moll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthias Moll (page does not exist)">Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mommer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Mommer (page does not exist)">Mommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_M%C3%BCller_(politician)" title="Hans Müller (politician)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_M%C3%BCller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Müller (politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frieda_Nadig" title="Frieda Nadig">Nadig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Neubauer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Neubauer (politician) (page does not exist)">Neubauer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Neumann_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Neumann (German politician) (page does not exist)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Odenthal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Odenthal (page does not exist)">Odenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Ohlig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Ohlig (page does not exist)">Ohlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer" title="Erich Ollenhauer">Ollenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Op_den_Orth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Op den Orth (page does not exist)">Op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Paul" title="Ernst Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luise_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luise Peter (page does not exist)">Peter</a> <small>(from 24 July 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Peters" title="Georg Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Pohle (page does not exist)">Pohle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_P%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Pöhler (page does not exist)">Pöhler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Preller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Preller (politician) (page does not exist)">Preller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Prennel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Prennel (page does not exist)">Prennel</a> <small>(from 9 November 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moritz-Ernst_Priebe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moritz-Ernst Priebe (page does not exist)">Priebe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Pusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Pusch (page does not exist)">Pusch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Putzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Putzig (page does not exist)">Putzig</a> <small>(from 13 February 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Rasch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Rasch (page does not exist)">Rasch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Ratzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Ratzel (page does not exist)">Ratzel</a> <small>(from 15 September 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Regling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Regling (page does not exist)">Regling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Rehs" title="Reinhold Rehs">Rehs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Reitz (page does not exist)">Reitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Reitzner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Reitzner (page does not exist)">Reitzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Renger" title="Annemarie Renger">Renger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Richter (page does not exist)">Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Georg_Ritzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Georg Ritzel (page does not exist)">Ritzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Rudoll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Rudoll (page does not exist)">Rudoll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich-Wilhelm_Ruhnke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich-Wilhelm Ruhnke (page does not exist)">Ruhnke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Runge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Runge (page does not exist)">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Sassnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Sassnick (page does not exist)">Sassnick</a> <small>(until 6 November 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marta_Schanzenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marta Schanzenbach (page does not exist)">Schanzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Schellenberg (page does not exist)">Schellenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Scheuren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Scheuren (page does not exist)">Scheuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Schmid_(German_politician)" title="Carlo Schmid (German politician)">Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Schmidt (German politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Schmitt (page does not exist)">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schoettle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Schoettle (page does not exist)">Schoettle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Sch%C3%B6ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Schöne (page does not exist)">Schöne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_Schreiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaus Schreiner (page does not exist)">Schreiner</a> <small>(from 4 January 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Schroeder" title="Louise Schroeder">Schroeder</a> <small>(until 4 June 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Schr%C3%B6ter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Schröter (page does not exist)">Schröter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Seidel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Seidel (page does not exist)">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Seither&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Seither (page does not exist)">Seither</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Seuffert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Seuffert (page does not exist)">Seuffert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stierle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Stierle (page does not exist)">Stierle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Str%C3%A4ter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Sträter (page does not exist)">Sträter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel" title="Käte Strobel">Strobel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_St%C3%BCmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Stümer (page does not exist)">Stümer</a> <small>(from 30 March 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Tausch-Treml&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Tausch-Treml (page does not exist)">Tausch-Treml</a> <small>(from 25 June 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Tenhagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Tenhagen (page does not exist)">Tenhagen</a> <small>(until 22 August 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Thieme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Thieme (page does not exist)">Thieme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Traub_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Traub (politician) (page does not exist)">Traub</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Traub_(Politiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Traub (Politiker)">de</a>]</span> <small>(until 8 September 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Trittelvitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Trittelvitz (page does not exist)">Trittelvitz</a> <small>(until 12 September 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Veit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Veit (page does not exist)">Veit</a> <small>(until 10 December 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner (page does not exist)">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Wagner_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Wagner (politician) (page does not exist)">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wehner" title="Herbert Wehner">Wehner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Wehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Wehr (page does not exist)">Wehr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Welke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Welke (page does not exist)">Welke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Weltner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Weltner (page does not exist)">Weltner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wenzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Wenzel (page does not exist)">Wenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wienand" title="Karl Wienand">Wienand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Peter_Will&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Peter Will (page does not exist)">Will</a> <small>(from 4 January 1957)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Winter_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Winter (politician) (page does not exist)">Winter</a> <small>(until 7 March 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wittrock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Wittrock (page does not exist)">Wittrock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeanette_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeanette Wolff (page does not exist)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Ziegler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Ziegler (page does not exist)">Ziegler</a> <small>(until 27 July 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Z%C3%BChlke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Zühlke (page does not exist)">Zühlke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">FDP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2nd_Bundestag_FDP" title="Template:2nd Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2nd_Bundestag_FDP" title="Template talk:2nd Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_Bundestag_FDP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2nd Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="FDP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">FDP</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Erich Mende</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Atzenroth" title="Karl Atzenroth">Atzenroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Becker_(politician)" title="Max Becker (politician)">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Berg_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Berg (politician)">Berg</a> <small>(from 27 June 1955, from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Blank_(politician)" title="Martin Blank (politician)">Blank</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Franz Blücher">Blücher</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Bucher" title="Ewald Bucher">Bucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dannemann" title="Robert Dannemann">Dannemann</a> <small>(until 1 July 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Dehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Drechsel" title="Walter Drechsel">Drechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Eberhard" title="Anton Eberhard">Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August-Martin_Euler" title="August-Martin Euler">Euler</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Fassbender" title="Heinrich Fassbender">Fassbender</a> <small>(from 18 November 1955 DP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Friese-Korn" title="Lotte Friese-Korn">Friese-Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Fr%C3%BChwald_(politician,_born_1890)" title="Konrad Frühwald (politician, born 1890)">Frühwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gaul" title="Karl Gaul">Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubertus_von_Golitschek" title="Hubertus von Golitschek">Golitschek</a> <small>(from 18 April 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Graaff" title="Carlo Graaff">Graaff</a> <small>(from 4 July 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hammer_(politician)" title="Richard Hammer (politician)">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Held&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Held (page does not exist)">Held</a> <small>(from 13 September 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Henn_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Henn (politician) (page does not exist)">Henn</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hepp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hepp (page does not exist)">Hepp</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hoffmann_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hoffmann (German politician) (page does not exist)">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_H%C3%BCbner_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hübner (politician) (page does not exist)">Hübner</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_H%C3%BCtter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Hütter (page does not exist)">Hütter</a> <small>(from 29 September 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Ilk" title="Herta Ilk">Ilk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Jentzsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Jentzsch (page does not exist)">Jentzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_K%C3%BChn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Kühn (page does not exist)">Kühn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Lahr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Lahr (page does not exist)">Lahr</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Lenz (page does not exist)">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubertus,_Prince_of_L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg" title="Hubertus, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg">Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg</a> <small>(from 6 June 1957 Non-attached, from 25 June 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Luchtenberg" title="Paul Luchtenberg">Luchtenberg</a> <small>(from 18 September 1954, until 9 April 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie-Elisfrometh_L%C3%BCders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie-Elisfrometh Lüders (page does not exist)">Lüders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasso_von_Manteuffel" title="Hasso von Manteuffel">Manteuffel</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Margulies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Margulies (page does not exist)">Margulies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Mauk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Mauk (page does not exist)">Mauk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhold Mayer (page does not exist)">Mayer</a> <small>(until 14 May 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Middelhauve" title="Friedrich Middelhauve">Middelhauve</a> <small>(until 10 September 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herwart_Miessner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herwart Miessner (page does not exist)">Miessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Neumayer" title="Fritz Neumayer">Neumayer</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Onnen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Onnen (page does not exist)">Onnen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Georg_Pfleiderer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Georg Pfleiderer (page does not exist)">Pfleiderer</a> <small>(until 20 September 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Prei%C3%9F" title="Ludwig Preiß">Preiß</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor-Emanuel_Preusker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor-Emanuel Preusker (page does not exist)">Preusker</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Max_Rademacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Max Rademacher (page does not exist)">Rademacher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Reif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Reif (page does not exist)">Reif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Hermann Schäfer">Schäfer</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Schlo%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanns Schloß (page does not exist)">Schloß</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Schneider_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)">Schneider</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schwann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Schwann (page does not exist)">Schwann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Stahl (page does not exist)">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Stammberger" title="Wolfgang Stammberger">Stammberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Starke" title="Heinz Starke">Starke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Stegner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Stegner (page does not exist)">Stegner</a> <small>(from 13 January 1954 Non-attached, from 6 February 1957 GB/BHE)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Weber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Weber (page does not exist)">Weber</a> <small>(from 15 May 1956)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wellhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Wellhausen (page does not exist)">Wellhausen</a> <small>(from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 23 June 1956 CDU/CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Weyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Weyer (page does not exist)">Weyer</a> <small>(until 17 September 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Will&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Will (page does not exist)">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wirths" title="Carl Wirths">Wirths</a> <small>(until 16 June 1955)</small></li></ul> <ul><li><b>DPS:</b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Schneider (page does not exist)">Schneider</a> <small>(from 4 January 1957, Guest of FDP-Fraktion)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Schwertner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Schwertner (page does not exist)">Schwertner</a> <small>(from 4 January 1957, from 8 January 1957 Guest of FDP-Fraktion)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wedel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Wedel (page does not exist)">Wedel</a> <small>(from 4 January 1957, Non-attached, from 8 January 1957 Guest of FDP-Fraktion)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">GB/BHE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2nd_Bundestag_GB/BHE" title="Template:2nd Bundestag GB/BHE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2nd_Bundestag_GB/BHE" title="Template talk:2nd Bundestag GB/BHE"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_Bundestag_GB/BHE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2nd Bundestag GB/BHE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GB/BHE" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">GB/BHE</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Haasler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Haasler (page does not exist)">Horst Haasler</a> until 15 March 1955; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mocker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Mocker (page does not exist)">Karl Mocker</a> 15 March 1955 till 26 April 1956; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Feller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Feller (page does not exist)">Erwin Feller</a> from 26 April 1956]]</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_F_Bender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhold F Bender (page does not exist)">Bender</a> <small>(from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Czermak" title="Fritz Czermak">Czermak</a> <small>(from 14 July 1955 FDP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Eckhardt" title="Walter Eckhardt">Eckhardt</a> <small>(from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Elsner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Elsner (page does not exist)">Elsner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Egon_Engell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Egon Engell (page does not exist)">Engell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Feller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Feller (page does not exist)">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Fiedler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Fiedler (page does not exist)">Fiedler</a> <small>(until 13 October 1953)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Gr%C3%A4fin_Finck_von_Finckenstein" title="Eva Gräfin Finck von Finckenstein">Finck</a> <small>(from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erni_Finselberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erni Finselberger (page does not exist)">Finselberger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Gemein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Gemein (page does not exist)">Gemein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Gille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Gille (page does not exist)">Gille</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Haasler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Haasler (page does not exist)">Haasler</a> <small>(from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfried_Keller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilfried Keller (page does not exist)">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kl%C3%B6tzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Klötzer (page does not exist)">Klötzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_K%C3%B6rner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Körner (page does not exist)">Körner</a> <small>(from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 FDP, from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Kraft" title="Waldemar Kraft">Kraft</a> <small>(from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Kunz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lothar Kunz (page does not exist)">Kunz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Kutschera_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Kutschera (politician) (page does not exist)">Kutschera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Meyer-Ronnenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Meyer-Ronnenberg (page does not exist)">Meyer-Ronnenberg</a> <small>(from 20 August 1954 CDU/CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mocker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Mocker (page does not exist)">Mocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Oberl%C3%A4nder" title="Theodor Oberländer">Oberländer</a> <small>(from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Petersen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Petersen (page does not exist)">Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Reichstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Reichstein (page does not exist)">Reichstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Franz_Samwer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Franz Samwer (page does not exist)">Samwer</a> <small>(from 15 October 1953, from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Seiboth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Seiboth (page does not exist)">Seiboth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sornik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Sornik (page does not exist)">Sornik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Srock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Srock (page does not exist)">Srock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes-Helmut_Strosche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes-Helmut Strosche (page does not exist)">Strosche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">DP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2nd_Bundestag_DP" title="Template:2nd Bundestag DP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2nd_Bundestag_DP" title="Template talk:2nd Bundestag DP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_Bundestag_DP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2nd Bundestag DP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">DP</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">Hans-Joachim von Merkatz</a> until 11 September 1955; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst-Christoph_Br%C3%BChler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst-Christoph Brühler (page does not exist)">Ernst-Christoph Brühler</a> from 11 September 1955]]</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Becker_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Becker (politician) (page does not exist)">Becker</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst-Christoph_Br%C3%BChler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst-Christoph Brühler (page does not exist)">Brühler</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Eickhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Eickhoff (page does not exist)">Eickhoff</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Elbr%C3%A4chter" title="Alexander Elbrächter">Elbrächter</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hellwege" title="Heinrich Hellwege">Hellwege</a> <small>(until 27 May 1955)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Kalinke" title="Margot Kalinke">Kalinke</a> <small>(from 3 June 1955, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Matthes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Matthes (page does not exist)">Matthes</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">Merkatz</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_M%C3%BCller_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Müller (German politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schild" title="Heinrich Schild">Schild</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Schneider_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)">Schneider</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_Schranz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmuth Schranz (page does not exist)">Schranz</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm" title="Hans-Christoph Seebohm">Seebohm</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Walter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Walter (page does not exist)">Walter</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Wittenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Wittenburg (page does not exist)">Wittenburg</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Zimmermann_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Zimmermann (politician) (page does not exist)">Zimmermann</a> <small>(from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">OTHER</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2nd_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Template:2nd Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2nd_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Template talk:2nd Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2nd_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2nd Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Independent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Independent</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_B%C3%B6hner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Böhner (page does not exist)">Böhner</a> <small>(Non-attached, until 8 January 1954)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Brockmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Brockmann (page does not exist)">Brockmann</a> <small>(Non-attached)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heix" title="Martin Heix">Heix</a> <small>(from 23 September 1953 CDU/CSU)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_R%C3%B6sing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Rösing (page does not exist)">Rösing</a> <small>(from 14 January 1954, Non-attached, from 25 June 1954 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 6 June 1955 CDU/CSU)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_2nd_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 2nd Bundestag">List of members of the 2nd Bundestag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Members_of_the_3rd_Bundestag_(1957–1961)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_3rd_Bundestag" title="Template:Members of the 3rd Bundestag"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_3rd_Bundestag" title="Template talk:Members of the 3rd Bundestag"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_3rd_Bundestag" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 3rd Bundestag"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Members_of_the_3rd_Bundestag_(1957–1961)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/20px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/30px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/39px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="348" /></span></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/29px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/57px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_3rd_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 3rd Bundestag">Members of the 3rd Bundestag (1957–1961)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier" title="Eugen Gerstenmaier">Eugen Gerstenmaier</a> (CDU)</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">CDU/CSU</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:3rd_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Template:3rd Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:3rd_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Template talk:3rd Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:3rd_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Special:EditPage/Template:3rd Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="CDU_and_CSU" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">CDU and CSU</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Heinrich Krone</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>CDU:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Ackermann" title="Annemarie Ackermann">Ackermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raban_Adelmann" title="Raban Adelmann">Adelmann</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Arndgen" title="Josef Arndgen">Arndgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Arnold" title="Karl Arnold">Arnold</a> (until 29 June 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Baier" title="Fritz Baier">Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Baldauf" title="Albert Baldauf">Baldauf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Balkenhol" title="Bernhard Balkenhol">Balkenhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Bartels_(politician,_born_1903)" title="Wolfgang Bartels (politician, born 1903)">Bartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Barzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Bauknecht" title="Bernhard Bauknecht">Bauknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bausch" title="Paul Bausch">Bausch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Becker_(politician,_born_1905)" title="Curt Becker (politician, born 1905)">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Becker_(politician,_born_1905)" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Becker (politician, born 1905)">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Benda" title="Ernst Benda">Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Berberich" title="August Berberich">Berberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Berendsen" title="Fritz Berendsen">Berendsen</a> (until 15 September 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Berger_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Berger (politician)">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Bergmeyer" title="Bernhard Bergmeyer">Bergmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Birrenbach" title="Kurt Birrenbach">Birrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Christian_Archibald_von_Bismarck" title="Otto Christian Archibald von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Bleyler" title="Hildegard Bleyler">Bleyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%B6cker" title="Hans Blöcker">Blöcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Blohm" title="Irma Blohm">Blohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Bodelschwingh_(politician)" title="Ernst von Bodelschwingh (politician)">Bodelschwingh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6hm" title="Franz Böhm">Böhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wilhelm_Brand" title="Peter Wilhelm Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aenne_Brauksiepe" title="Aenne Brauksiepe">Brauksiepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Brese" title="Wilhelm Brese">Brese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Br%C3%B6kelschen" title="Else Brökelschen">Brökelschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Br%C3%B6nner" title="Josef Brönner">Brönner</a> (until 21 January 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Br%C3%BCck" title="Valentin Brück">Brück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Br%C3%BCns" title="Johannes Brüns">Brüns</a> (from 26 October 1959 until 28 November 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Bucerius" title="Gerd Bucerius">Bucerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_B%C3%BChler" title="Karl August Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Burgbacher" title="Fritz Burgbacher">Burgbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Burgemeister" title="Alfred Burgemeister">Burgemeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Caspers" title="Johannes Caspers">Caspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Cillien" title="Adolf Cillien">Cillien</a> (until 29 April 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Conring_(politician)" title="Hermann Conring (politician)">Conring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Czaja" title="Herbert Czaja">Czaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Deringer" title="Arved Deringer">Deringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Dieb%C3%A4cker" title="Hermann Diebäcker">Diebäcker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Diel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Diel (page does not exist)">Diel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Draeger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Draeger (page does not exist)">Draeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Dresbach" title="August Dresbach">Dresbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ehren" title="Hermann Ehren">Ehren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Theodor_Eichelbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Theodor Eichelbaum (page does not exist)">Eichelbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Elbr%C3%A4chter" title="Alexander Elbrächter">Elbrächter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Engelbrecht-Greve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Engelbrecht-Greve (page does not exist)">Engelbrecht-Greve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Engl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Engländer (page does not exist)">Engländer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Enk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Enk (page does not exist)">Enk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_A._Epl%C3%A9e" title="Hermann A. Eplée">Eplée</a> (from 8 September 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Etzel" title="Franz Etzel">Etzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Etzenbach" title="Peter Etzenbach">Etzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Even&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Even (page does not exist)">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Even" title="Johannes Even">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Finckh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Finckh (page does not exist)">Finckh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Franzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Franzen (page does not exist)">Franzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frey" title="Martin Frey">Frey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Friedensburg" title="Ferdinand Friedensburg">Friedensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Fritz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Fritz (page does not exist)">Fritz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Fritz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Fritz (page does not exist)">Fritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Furler" title="Hans Furler">Furler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathilde_Gantenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathilde Gantenberg (page does not exist)">Gantenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Ga%C3%9Fmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Gaßmann (page does not exist)">Gaßmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav-Adolf_Gedat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav-Adolf Gedat (page does not exist)">Gedat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Gehring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albrecht Gehring (page does not exist)">Gehring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gerns" title="Heinrich Gerns">Gerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier" title="Eugen Gerstenmaier">Gerstenmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Gewandt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Gewandt (page does not exist)">Gewandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gibbert" title="Paul Gibbert">Gibbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Giencke" title="Christian Giencke">Giencke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gl%C3%BCsing" title="Hermann Glüsing">Glüsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Gockeln" title="Josef Gockeln">Gockeln</a> (until 6 December 1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Goldhagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Goldhagen (page does not exist)">Goldhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Gontrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Gontrum (page does not exist)">Gontrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Gossel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Gossel (page does not exist)">Gossel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Gottesleben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Gottesleben (page does not exist)">Gottesleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6tz_(politician,_born_1914)" title="Hermann Götz (politician, born 1914)">Götz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Gradl" title="Johann Baptist Gradl">Gradl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_G%C3%BCnther_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Günther (politician)">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hackethal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hackethal (page does not exist)">Hackethal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hahn_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hahn (politician) (page does not exist)">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Hahne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietrich Hahne (page does not exist)">Hahne</a> (from 7 December 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Harnischfeger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Harnischfeger (page does not exist)">Harnischfeger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Hauser (page does not exist)">Hauser</a> (from 11 March 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_H%C3%A4ussler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Häussler (page does not exist)">Häussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Heck" title="Bruno Heck">Heck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heix" title="Martin Heix">Heix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hellwig" title="Fritz Hellwig">Hellwig</a> (until 30 November 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Hesberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Hesberg (page does not exist)">Hesberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Hesemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemens Hesemann (page does not exist)">Hesemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Heye" title="Hellmuth Heye">Heye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Hilbert" title="Anton Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_H%C3%B6ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Höck (page does not exist)">Höck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_H%C3%B6fler" title="Heinrich Höfler">Höfler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Holla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Holla (page does not exist)">Holla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hoogen" title="Matthias Hoogen">Hoogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Horn_(politician)" title="Peter Horn (politician)">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_H%C3%BCbner_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hübner (politician) (page does not exist)">Hübner</a> ()</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Huth" title="Eugen Huth">Huth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Huys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert Huys (page does not exist)">Huys</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Illerhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Illerhaus (page does not exist)">Illerhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Jahn (page does not exist)">Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascual_Jordan_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascual Jordan (politician) (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Peter_Josten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Peter Josten (page does not exist)">Josten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Kalinke" title="Margot Kalinke">Kalinke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Kanka (page does not exist)">Kanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Katzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Katzer (page does not exist)">Katzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kiesinger</a> (until 19 February 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peterheinrich_Kirchhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peterheinrich Kirchhoff (page does not exist)">Kirchhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kisters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Kisters (page does not exist)">Kisters</a> (from 21 September 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfriede_Klemmert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elfriede Klemmert (page does not exist)">Klemmert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kliesing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kliesing (page does not exist)">Kliesing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Knobloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Knobloch (page does not exist)">Knobloch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Koch_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Koch (politician) (page does not exist)">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kopf" title="Hermann Kopf">Kopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Kraft" title="Waldemar Kraft">Kraft</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Krammig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Krammig (page does not exist)">Krammig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Kroll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Kroll (page does not exist)">Kroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_Kr%C3%BCger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caspar Krüger (page does not exist)">Krüger</a> (from 15 December 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Hans Krüger">Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_K%C3%BChlthau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Kühlthau (page does not exist)">Kühlthau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Kunst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Kunst (page does not exist)">Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kuntscher" title="Ernst Kuntscher">Kuntscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kunze_(politician)" title="Johannes Kunze (politician)">Kunze</a> (until 11 October 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Leicht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Leicht (page does not exist)">Leicht</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Leiske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Leiske (page does not exist)">Leiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer" title="Ernst Lemmer">Lemmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Lenz_(politician,_born_1910)" title="Aloys Lenz (politician, born 1910)">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Lenze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Lenze (page does not exist)">Lenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leonhard" title="Gottfried Leonhard">Leonhard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Leverkuehn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Leverkuehn (page does not exist)">Leverkuehn</a> (until 1 March 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanns-Gero_von_Lindeiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanns-Gero von Lindeiner (page does not exist)">Lindeiner</a> (from 8 September 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Lindenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Lindenberg (page does not exist)">Lindenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lindrath" title="Hermann Lindrath">Lindrath</a> (until 27 February 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_L%C3%B6hr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Löhr (page does not exist)">Löhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Lübke</a> (until 2 September 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke" title="Paul Lücke">Lücke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Adam_Lulay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Adam Lulay (page does not exist)">Lulay</a> (from 23 February 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Majonica" title="Ernst Majonica">Majonica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthold Martin (page does not exist)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Maucher" title="Eugen Maucher">Maucher</a> (from 30 January 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Katharina_Maxsein" title="Agnes Katharina Maxsein">Maxsein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Mayer (page does not exist)">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Meis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Meis (page does not exist)">Meis</a> (from 2 July 1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Mengelkamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Mengelkamp (page does not exist)">Mengelkamp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Menke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Menke (page does not exist)">Menke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mensing" title="Fritz Mensing">Mensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">Merkatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Meyers" title="Franz Meyers">Meyers</a> (until 4 September 1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Mick (page does not exist)">Mick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Muckermann" title="Richard Muckermann">Muckermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_M%C3%BChlenberg" title="Franz Mühlenberg">Mühlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann" title="Ernst Müller-Hermann">Müller-Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franzjosef_M%C3%BCser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franzjosef Müser (page does not exist)">Müser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Neuburger" title="August Neuburger">Neuburger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Nieberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Nieberg (page does not exist)">Nieberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Niggemeyer" title="Maria Niggemeyer">Niggemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Oberl%C3%A4nder" title="Theodor Oberländer">Oberländer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oetzel" title="Richard Oetzel">Oetzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Pannhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Pannhoff (page does not exist)">Pannhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Pelster" title="Georg Pelster">Pelster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Pernoll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Pernoll (page does not exist)">Pernoll</a> (until 15 July 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pferdmenges" title="Robert Pferdmenges">Pferdmenges</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Pflaumbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Pflaumbaum (page does not exist)">Pflaumbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Philipp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Philipp (page does not exist)">Philipp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Pietscher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Pietscher (page does not exist)">Pietscher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Pitz-Savelsberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisabeth Pitz-Savelsberg (page does not exist)">Pitz-Savelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Prei%C3%9F" title="Ludwig Preiß">Preiß</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor-Emanuel_Preusker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor-Emanuel Preusker (page does not exist)">Preusker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Probst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Probst (page does not exist)">Probst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_Rasner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Will Rasner (page does not exist)">Rasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Rehling" title="Luise Rehling">Rehling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Reinhard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Reinhard (page does not exist)">Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eckhard_Reith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eckhard Reith (page does not exist)">Reith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Richarts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Richarts (page does not exist)">Richarts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Riedel_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemens Riedel (politician) (page does not exist)">Riedel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Ripken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Ripken (page does not exist)">Ripken</a> (from 10 March 1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Rollmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietrich Rollmann (page does not exist)">Rollmann</a> (from 7 March 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Rommerskirchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Rommerskirchen (page does not exist)">Rommerskirchen</a> (from 12 December 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_R%C3%B6sch" title="Julie Rösch">Rösch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_R%C3%B6sing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Rösing (page does not exist)">Rösing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Carl_R%C3%BCdel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Carl Rüdel (page does not exist)">Rüdel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ruf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Ruf (page does not exist)">Ruf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Scharnberg" title="Hugo Scharnberg">Scharnberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Scheppmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Scheppmann (page does not exist)">Scheppmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schild" title="Heinrich Schild">Schild</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Schlick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Schlick (page does not exist)">Schlick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Schmidt_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cl%C3%A4re_Schmitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cläre Schmitt (page does not exist)">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker" title="Kurt Schmücker">Schmücker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Schneider_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)">Schneider</a> (from 10 September 1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schneider_(politician,_born_1892)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Schneider (politician, born 1892) (page does not exist)">Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Schulze-Pellengahr" title="Hubert Schulze-Pellengahr">Schulze-Pellengahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Sch%C3%BCttler" title="Josef Schüttler">Schüttler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Schwarz_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Schwarz (politician) (page does not exist)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzhaupt" title="Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt">Schwarzhaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schw%C3%B6rer" title="Hermann Schwörer">Schwörer</a> (from 21 October 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm" title="Hans-Christoph Seebohm">Seebohm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_Seffrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Seffrin (page does not exist)">Seffrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Serres" title="Günther Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Siebel" title="Theodor Siebel">Siebel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J_Hermann_Siemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J Hermann Siemer (page does not exist)">Siemer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Simpfend%C3%B6rfer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Simpfendörfer (page does not exist)">Simpfendörfer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Solke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Solke (page does not exist)">Solke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Spies_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Spies (politician) (page does not exist)">Spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stauch" title="Robert Stauch">Stauch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Stecker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Stecker (page does not exist)">Stecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktoria_Steinbi%C3%9F" title="Viktoria Steinbiß">Steinbiß</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Steinmetz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Steinmetz (page does not exist)">Steinmetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stingl" title="Josef Stingl">Stingl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg" title="Gerhard Stoltenberg">Stoltenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Storch" title="Anton Storch">Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Karl_Storm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich-Karl Storm (page does not exist)">Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Storm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Storm (page does not exist)">Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Struve" title="Detlef Struve">Struve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Teriete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Teriete (page does not exist)">Teriete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tobaben" title="Peter Tobaben">Tobaben</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Toussaint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Toussaint (page does not exist)">Toussaint</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Varelmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Varelmann (page does not exist)">Varelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Vehar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Vehar (page does not exist)">Vehar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Vietje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisabeth Vietje (page does not exist)">Vietje</a> (from 6 May 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vogel_(politician,_born_1906)" title="Rudolf Vogel (politician, born 1906)">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wahl" title="Eduard Wahl">Wahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Weber" title="Helene Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weber_(politician,_born_1898)" title="Karl Weber (politician, born 1898)">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wehking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Wehking (page does not exist)">Wehking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Weimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Weimer (page does not exist)">Weimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmi_Welter" title="Emmi Welter">Welter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Wendelborn" title="Helmut Wendelborn">Wendelborn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Werber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Werber (page does not exist)">Werber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Werner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Werner (page does not exist)">Werner</a> (from 24 July 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wilhelmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Wilhelmi (page does not exist)">Wilhelmi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Willeke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Willeke (page does not exist)">Willeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen" title="Heinrich Windelen">Windelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Winkelheide" title="Bernhard Winkelheide">Winkelheide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Wittmer-Eigenbrodt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Wittmer-Eigenbrodt (page does not exist)">Wittmer-Eigenbrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Wolff_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Wolff (politician) (page does not exist)">Wolff</a> (until 15 October 1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Worms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Worms (page does not exist)">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling" title="Franz-Josef Wuermeling">Wuermeling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wullenhaupt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Wullenhaupt (page does not exist)">Wullenhaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alois_Zimmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alois Zimmer (page does not exist)">Zimmer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>CSU:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Aigner" title="Heinrich Aigner">Aigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Balke" title="Siegfried Balke">Balke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Bauer_(politician)" title="Josef Bauer (politician)">Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bauereisen_(politician,_born_1895)" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bauereisen (politician, born 1895)">Bauereisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Besold" title="Anton Besold">Besold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Demmelmeier" title="Hans Demmelmeier">Demmelmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Dittrich" title="Stefan Dittrich">Dittrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Dollinger" title="Werner Dollinger">Dollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Drachsler" title="Hans Drachsler">Drachsler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Eckhardt" title="Walter Eckhardt">Eckhardt</a> (from 27 December 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Freiherr_von_Feury" title="Otto Freiherr von Feury">Feury</a> (until 10 December 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Franz" title="Ludwig Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fuchs" title="Gustav Fuchs">Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Funk" title="Friedrich Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Geiger" title="Hugo Geiger">Geiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Geisend%C3%B6rfer" title="Ingeborg Geisendörfer">Geisendörfer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Gleissner_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Gleissner (politician) (page does not exist)">Gleissner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Mathias_G%C3%B6rgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Mathias Görgen (page does not exist)">Görgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Freiherr_von_und_zu_Guttenberg" title="Karl Theodor Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg">Guttenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_von_Haniel-Niethammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz von Haniel-Niethammer (page does not exist)">Haniel-Niethammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Graf_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck" title="Georg Graf Henckel von Donnersmarck">Henckel</a> (from 5 September 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl" title="Hermann Höcherl">Höcherl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jaeger" title="Richard Jaeger">Jaeger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Kemmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Kemmer (page does not exist)">Kemmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Kempfler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Kempfler (page does not exist)">Kempfler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Klausner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Klausner (page does not exist)">Klausner</a> (until 17 April 1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Knorr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Knorr (page does not exist)">Knorr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Kramel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelo Kramel (page does not exist)">Kramel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Krug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Krug (page does not exist)">Krug</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edeltraud_Kuchtner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edeltraud Kuchtner (page does not exist)">Kuchtner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Lang (page does not exist)">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Lermer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Lermer (page does not exist)">Lermer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Leukert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Leukert (page does not exist)">Leukert</a> (from 21 April 1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_August_L%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans August Lücker (page does not exist)">Lücker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Baron_Manteuffel-Szoege&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Baron Manteuffel-Szoege (page does not exist)">Manteuffel-Szoege</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linus_Memmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linus Memmel (page does not exist)">Memmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Meyer_(politician)" title="Philipp Meyer (politician)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alois_Niederalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alois Niederalt (page does not exist)">Niederalt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Oesterle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Oesterle (page does not exist)">Oesterle</a> (until 31 August 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Probst" title="Maria Probst">Probst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Ruland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Ruland (page does not exist)">Ruland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Schlee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albrecht Schlee (page does not exist)">Schlee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Sch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Schütz (page does not exist)">Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Seidl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Seidl (page does not exist)">Seidl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Spies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Spies (page does not exist)">Spies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stiller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Stiller (page does not exist)">Stiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen" title="Richard Stücklen">Stücklen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_S%C3%BChler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Sühler (page does not exist)">Sühler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Unertl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Xaver Unertl (page does not exist)">Unertl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Heinz Vogt (page does not exist)">Vogt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Wacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Wacher (page does not exist)">Wacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Weinkamm" title="Otto Weinkamm">Weinkamm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wieninger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Wieninger (page does not exist)">Wieninger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Winter (page does not exist)">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Wittmann_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Wittmann (German politician) (page does not exist)">Wittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann" title="Friedrich Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">SPD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:3rd_Bundestag_SPD" title="Template:3rd Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:3rd_Bundestag_SPD" title="Template talk:3rd Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:3rd_Bundestag_SPD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:3rd Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SPD" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SPD</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer" title="Erich Ollenhauer">Erich Ollenhauer</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Albertz" title="Luise Albertz">Albertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Albrecht" title="Lisa Albrecht">Albrecht</a> (until 16 May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Altmaier" title="Jakob Altmaier">Altmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Altvater" title="Wilhelm Altvater">Altvater</a> (from 22 September 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Arndt" title="Adolf Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Auge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Auge (page does not exist)">Auge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Baade" title="Fritz Baade">Baade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bach_(politician)" title="Robert Bach (politician)">Bach</a> (from 27 October 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harri_Bading&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harri Bading (page does not exist)">Bading</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Bals (page does not exist)">Bals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_B%C3%A4rsch" title="Siegfried Bärsch">Bärsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannsheinz_Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannsheinz Bauer (page does not exist)">Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_B%C3%A4umer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Bäumer (page does not exist)">Bäumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Baur" title="Valentin Baur">Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Bay (page does not exist)">Bay</a> (from 20 December 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bazille" title="Helmut Bazille">Bazille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bechert" title="Karl Bechert">Bechert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Behrendt" title="Walter Behrendt">Behrendt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franziska_Bennemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franziska Bennemann (page does not exist)">Bennemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Berger-Heise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Berger-Heise (page does not exist)">Berger-Heise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bergmann_(politician)" title="Karl Bergmann (politician)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Wilhelm_Berkhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Wilhelm Berkhan (page does not exist)">Berkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Berlin" title="August Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bettgenh%C3%A4user" title="Emil Bettgenhäuser">Bettgenhäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucie_Beyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucie Beyer (page does not exist)">Beyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Birkelbach" title="Willi Birkelbach">Birkelbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blachstein" title="Peter Blachstein">Blachstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blei%C3%9F" title="Paul Bleiß">Bleiß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_B%C3%B6rner" title="Holger Börner">Börner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julyus_Brecht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julyus Brecht (page does not exist)">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Bruse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Bruse (page does not exist)">Bruse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_B%C3%BCttner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Büttner (page does not exist)">Büttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Conrad" title="Kurt Conrad">Conrad</a> (until 20 July 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Corterier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Corterier (page does not exist)">Corterier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cramer_(politician)" title="Johann Cramer (politician)">Cramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Deist" title="Heinrich Deist">Deist</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Dewald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Dewald (page does not exist)">Dewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Diekmann" title="Bruno Diekmann">Diekmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Diel" title="Anton Diel">Diel</a> (until 6 April 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_D%C3%B6hring" title="Clara Döhring">Döhring</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dopatka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Dopatka (page does not exist)">Dopatka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dr%C3%B6scher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Dröscher (page does not exist)">Dröscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Eilers" title="Elfriede Eilers">Eilers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Erler_(politician)" title="Fritz Erler (politician)">Erler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Eschmann" title="Fritz Eschmann">Eschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Faller" title="Walter Faller">Faller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Felder" title="Josef Felder">Felder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Folger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Folger (page does not exist)">Folger</a> (from 19 May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Franke_(politician)" title="Egon Franke (politician)">Franke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Frede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter Frede (page does not exist)">Frede</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frehsee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Frehsee (page does not exist)">Frehsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Frenzel" title="Alfred Frenzel">Frenzel</a> (until 4 November 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geiger_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Geiger (politician) (page does not exist)">Geiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Geritzmann" title="Robert Geritzmann">Geritzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gleisner" title="Alfred Gleisner">Gleisner</a> (until 17 March 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Greve" title="Otto Heinrich Greve">Greve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_G%C3%BClich" title="Wilhelm Gülich">Gülich</a> (until 15 April 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Haage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Haage (page does not exist)">Haage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Hamacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Hamacher (page does not exist)">Hamacher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Hansing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Hansing (page does not exist)">Hansing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Harm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Harm (page does not exist)">Harm</a> (until 22 September 1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hauffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Hauffe (page does not exist)">Hauffe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Karl_Heide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Karl Heide (page does not exist)">Heide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf-Ernst_Heiland" title="Rudolf-Ernst Heiland">Heiland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Heinemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Heinrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Heinrich (page does not exist)">Heinrich</a> (until 7 March 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hellenbrock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Hellenbrock (page does not exist)">Hellenbrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Herklotz" title="Luise Herklotz">Herklotz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hermsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Hermsdorf (page does not exist)">Hermsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Herold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Herold (page does not exist)">Herold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_H%C3%B6cker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Höcker (page does not exist)">Höcker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_H%C3%B6hmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egon Höhmann (page does not exist)">Höhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_H%C3%B6hne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Höhne (page does not exist)">Höhne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wilhelm_H%C3%B6rauf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Wilhelm Hörauf (page does not exist)">Hörauf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elinor Hubert (page does not exist)">Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hufnagel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Hufnagel (page does not exist)">Hufnagel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Iven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Iven (page does not exist)">Iven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Jacobi" title="Werner Jacobi">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Jacobs_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Jacobs (German politician) (page does not exist)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jahn" title="Hans Jahn">Jahn</a> (until 10 July 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn" title="Gerhard Jahn">Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Jaksch" title="Wenzel Jaksch">Jaksch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Junghans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Jürgen Junghans (page does not exist)">Junghans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Jungherz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubert Jungherz (page does not exist)">Jungherz</a> (from 19 January 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_J%C3%BCrgensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaus Jürgensen (page does not exist)">Jürgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Kalbitzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellmut Kalbitzer (page does not exist)">Kalbitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irma_Keilhack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irma Keilhack (page does not exist)">Keilhack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Kettig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alma Kettig (page does not exist)">Kettig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Keuning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietrich Keuning (page does not exist)">Keuning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Killat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Killat (page does not exist)">Killat</a> (from 19 March 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Kipp-Kaule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liesel Kipp-Kaule (page does not exist)">Kipp-Kaule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Koenen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Koenen (page does not exist)">Koenen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_K%C3%B6nen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Könen (page does not exist)">Könen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_K%C3%B6nigswarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Königswarter (page does not exist)">Königswarter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Korspeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisa Korspeter (page does not exist)">Korspeter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Krappe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edith Krappe (page does not exist)">Krappe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Kraus_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Kraus (politician) (page does not exist)">Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kreyssig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Kreyssig (page does not exist)">Kreyssig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kriedemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Kriedemann (page does not exist)">Kriedemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_K%C3%BChn" title="Heinz Kühn">Kühn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kurlbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kurlbaum (page does not exist)">Kurlbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Lange (page does not exist)">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Lantermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Lantermann (page does not exist)">Lantermann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lautenschlager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Lautenschlager (page does not exist)">Lautenschlager</a> (from 9 November 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Leber" title="Georg Leber">Leber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Lohmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Lohmar (page does not exist)">Lohmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_L%C3%BCcke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Lücke (page does not exist)">Lücke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Ludwig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Ludwig (page does not exist)">Ludwig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_L%C3%BCnenstra%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Heinz Lünenstraß (page does not exist)">Lünenstraß</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marx_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Marx (politician) (page does not exist)">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Mattick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Mattick (page does not exist)">Mattick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Matzner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Matzner (page does not exist)">Matzner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Mayer (page does not exist)">Mayer</a> (until 14 December 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Meitmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Meitmann (page does not exist)">Meitmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Mellies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Mellies (page does not exist)">Mellies</a> (until 19 May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Menzel (page does not exist)">Menzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Merten_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Merten (politician) (page does not exist)">Merten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Metter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Metter (page does not exist)">Metter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Metzger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Metzger (page does not exist)">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Meyer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Meyer (politician) (page does not exist)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Wilhelm_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Wilhelm Meyer (page does not exist)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmy_Meyer-Laule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmy Meyer-Laule (page does not exist)">Meyer-Laule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mommer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Mommer (page does not exist)">Mommer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_M%C3%BCller_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Müller (German politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_M%C3%BCller_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Müller (German politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_M%C3%BCller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Müller (politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Munzinger_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Munzinger (German politician) (page does not exist)">Munzinger</a> (from 20 April 1959 until 1 October 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frieda_Nadig" title="Frieda Nadig">Nadig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nellen" title="Peter Nellen">Nellen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Neubauer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Neubauer (politician) (page does not exist)">Neubauer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Neumann_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Neumann (German politician) (page does not exist)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Odenthal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Odenthal (page does not exist)">Odenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer" title="Erich Ollenhauer">Ollenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Paul" title="Ernst Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Peters" title="Georg Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Pohle (page does not exist)">Pohle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_P%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Pöhler (page does not exist)">Pöhler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Prennel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Prennel (page does not exist)">Prennel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moritz-Ernst_Priebe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moritz-Ernst Priebe (page does not exist)">Priebe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Pusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Pusch (page does not exist)">Pusch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severin_Fritz_P%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Severin Fritz Pütz (page does not exist)">Pütz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Rasch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Rasch (page does not exist)">Rasch</a> (until 15 September 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Ratzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Ratzel (page does not exist)">Ratzel</a> (until 21 June 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Recktenwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Recktenwald (page does not exist)">Recktenwald</a> (from 11 August 1959 until 20 October 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Regling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Regling (page does not exist)">Regling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Rehs" title="Reinhold Rehs">Rehs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Reitz (page does not exist)">Reitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Reitzner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Reitzner (page does not exist)">Reitzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Renger" title="Annemarie Renger">Renger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Rimmelspacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Rimmelspacher (page does not exist)">Rimmelspacher</a> (from 27 June 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Georg_Ritzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Georg Ritzel (page does not exist)">Ritzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Rodiek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Rodiek (page does not exist)">Rodiek</a> (from 15 July 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Rohde" title="Helmut Rohde">Rohde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Rudoll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Rudoll (page does not exist)">Rudoll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich-Wilhelm_Ruhnke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich-Wilhelm Ruhnke (page does not exist)">Ruhnke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Schäfer (page does not exist)">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marta_Schanzenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marta Schanzenbach (page does not exist)">Schanzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Scharnowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Scharnowski (page does not exist)">Scharnowski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Schellenberg (page does not exist)">Schellenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Scheuren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Scheuren (page does not exist)">Scheuren</a> (from 20 March 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Schliestedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Schliestedt (page does not exist)">Schliestedt</a> (from 29 September 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Schmid_(German_politician)" title="Carlo Schmid (German politician)">Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Schmidt (German politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmitt-Vockenhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Schmitt-Vockenhausen (page does not exist)">Schmitt-Vockenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schoettle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Schoettle (page does not exist)">Schoettle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_Schreiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaus Schreiner (page does not exist)">Schreiner</a> (until 31 August 1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Schr%C3%B6der_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Schröder (politician) (page does not exist)">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Schr%C3%B6ter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Schröter (page does not exist)">Schröter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Klaus Schütz">Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Seidel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Seidel (page does not exist)">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Seither&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Seither (page does not exist)">Seither</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfriede_Seppi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elfriede Seppi (page does not exist)">Seppi</a> (from 13 October 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Seuffert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Seuffert (page does not exist)">Seuffert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Seume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Seume (page does not exist)">Seume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stenger" title="Carl Stenger">Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stierle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Stierle (page does not exist)">Stierle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Str%C3%A4ter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Sträter (page does not exist)">Sträter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Striebeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Striebeck (page does not exist)">Striebeck</a> (from 27 May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel" title="Käte Strobel">Strobel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Tambl%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Tamblé (page does not exist)">Tamblé</a> (from 25 April 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Theil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Theil (page does not exist)">Theil</a> (from 6 March 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Theis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanns Theis (page does not exist)">Theis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner (page does not exist)">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Walpert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Walpert (page does not exist)">Walpert</a> (until 12 January 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Wegener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Wegener (page does not exist)">Wegener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wehner" title="Herbert Wehner">Wehner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Wehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Wehr (page does not exist)">Wehr</a> (until 20 February 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Welke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Welke (page does not exist)">Welke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Welslau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Welslau (page does not exist)">Welslau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Weltner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Weltner (page does not exist)">Weltner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Wessel" title="Helene Wessel">Wessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wienand" title="Karl Wienand">Wienand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Wilhelm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Wilhelm (page does not exist)">Wilhelm</a> (from 5 September 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski" title="Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski">Wischnewski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wittrock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Wittrock (page does not exist)">Wittrock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeanette_Wolff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeanette Wolff (page does not exist)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Z%C3%BChlke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Zühlke (page does not exist)">Zühlke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">FDP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:3rd_Bundestag_FDP" title="Template:3rd Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:3rd_Bundestag_FDP" title="Template talk:3rd Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:3rd_Bundestag_FDP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:3rd Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="FDP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">FDP</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Erich Mende</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Achenbach" title="Ernst Achenbach">Achenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Atzenroth" title="Karl Atzenroth">Atzenroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Becker_(politician)" title="Max Becker (politician)">Becker</a> (until 29 July 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Bucher" title="Ewald Bucher">Bucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgr%C3%BCn" title="Rolf Dahlgrün">Dahlgrün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Dehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Diemer-Nicolaus" title="Emmy Diemer-Nicolaus">Diemer-Nicolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_D%C3%B6ring" title="Wolfgang Döring">Döring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dowidat" title="Otto Dowidat">Dowidat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_D%C3%BCrr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Dürr (page does not exist)">Dürr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Eberhard" title="Anton Eberhard">Eberhard</a> (from 4 November 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Eilers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Eilers (page does not exist)">Eilers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Eisenmann" title="Otto Eisenmann">Eisenmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Friese-Korn" title="Lotte Friese-Korn">Friese-Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Glahn" title="Fritz Glahn">Glahn</a> (until 2 November 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Graaff" title="Carlo Graaff">Graaff</a> (until 8 May 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Hoven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Hoven (page does not exist)">Hoven</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Imle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Imle (page does not exist)">Imle</a> (from 29 June 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Keller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Keller (page does not exist)">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_K%C3%B6hler" title="Otto Köhler">Köhler</a> (until 27 June 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Adolph_Kohut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oswald Adolph Kohut (page does not exist)">Kohut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Kreitmeyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhold Kreitmeyer (page does not exist)">Kreitmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm" title="Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm">Kühlmann-Stumm</a> (from 8 August 1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_K%C3%BChn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Kühn (page does not exist)">Kühn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Lenz (page does not exist)">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Logemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Logemann (page does not exist)">Logemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Elisabeth_L%C3%BCders" title="Marie-Elisabeth Lüders">Lüders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Margulies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Margulies (page does not exist)">Margulies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Mauk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Mauk (page does not exist)">Mauk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhold Mayer (page does not exist)">Mayer</a> (until 30 September 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herwart_Miessner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herwart Miessner (page does not exist)">Miessner</a> (from 21 May 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick" title="Wolfgang Mischnick">Mischnick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Freiherr_von_M%C3%BChlen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Freiherr von Mühlen (page does not exist)">Mühlen</a> (from 6 October 1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonhard_Murr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonhard Murr (page does not exist)">Murr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Max_Rademacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Max Rademacher (page does not exist)">Rademacher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Wilhelm_Ramms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egon Wilhelm Ramms (page does not exist)">Ramms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Rutschke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Rutschke (page does not exist)">Rutschke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Sander (page does not exist)">Sander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Schneider (page does not exist)">Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz-Rudolf_Schultz" title="Fritz-Rudolf Schultz">Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Spitzm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Spitzmüller (page does not exist)">Spitzmüller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Stahl (page does not exist)">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Stammberger" title="Wolfgang Stammberger">Stammberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Starke" title="Heinz Starke">Starke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Walter_(politician)" title="Fritz Walter (politician)">Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Weber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Weber (page does not exist)">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Will&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Will (page does not exist)">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Zoglmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegfried Zoglmann (page does not exist)">Zoglmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">OTHER</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:3rd_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Template:3rd Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:3rd_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Template talk:3rd Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:3rd_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Special:EditPage/Template:3rd Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Independent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Independent</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Behrisch" title="Arno Behrisch">Behrisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Richard_Kinat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Richard Kinat (page does not exist)">Kinat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Matthes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Matthes (page does not exist)">Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Schneider_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Schneider (politician) (page does not exist)">Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmuth_Schranz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmuth Schranz (page does not exist)">Schranz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_3rd_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 3rd Bundestag">List of members of the 3rd Bundestag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Members_of_the_4th_Bundestag_(1961–1965)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_4th_Bundestag" title="Template:Members of the 4th Bundestag"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_4th_Bundestag" title="Template talk:Members of the 4th Bundestag"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_4th_Bundestag" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 4th Bundestag"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Members_of_the_4th_Bundestag_(1961–1965)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/20px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/30px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/39px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="348" /></span></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/29px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/57px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_4th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 4th Bundestag">Members of the 4th Bundestag (1961–1965)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier" title="Eugen Gerstenmaier">Eugen Gerstenmaier</a> (CDU)</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">CDU/CSU</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:4th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Template:4th Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:4th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Template talk:4th Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:4th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Special:EditPage/Template:4th Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="CDU_and_CSU" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">CDU and CSU</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Heinrich von Brentano</a> until 14 November 1964; <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a> from 1 December 1964</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>CDU:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Ackermann" title="Annemarie Ackermann">Ackermann</a> (from 16 January 1965)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Adorno" title="Eduard Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Arndgen" title="Josef Arndgen">Arndgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Arnold_(politician)" title="Gottfried Arnold (politician)">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Artzinger" title="Helmut Artzinger">Artzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Baier" title="Fritz Baier">Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Baldauf" title="Albert Baldauf">Baldauf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Balkenhol" title="Bernhard Balkenhol">Balkenhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Barzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Bauknecht" title="Bernhard Bauknecht">Bauknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bausch" title="Paul Bausch">Bausch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Becker_(politician,_born_1905)" title="Curt Becker (politician, born 1905)">Becker</a> (from 11 June 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Becker_(politician,_born_1905)" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Becker (politician, born 1905)">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Benda" title="Ernst Benda">Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Berberich" title="August Berberich">Berberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Berger_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Berger (politician)">Berger</a> (from 22 December 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bewerunge" title="Karl Bewerunge">Bewerunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Biechele" title="Hermann Biechele">Biechele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bieringer" title="Adolf Bieringer">Bieringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Birrenbach" title="Kurt Birrenbach">Birrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Christian_Archibald_von_Bismarck" title="Otto Christian Archibald von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Bleyler" title="Hildegard Bleyler">Bleyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%B6cker" title="Hans Blöcker">Blöcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Blohm" title="Irma Blohm">Blohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Blumenfeld" title="Erik Blumenfeld">Blumenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Bodelschwingh_(politician)" title="Ernst von Bodelschwingh (politician)">Bodelschwingh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6hm" title="Franz Böhm">Böhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%B6hme" title="Georg Böhme">Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wilhelm_Brand" title="Peter Wilhelm Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aenne_Brauksiepe" title="Aenne Brauksiepe">Brauksiepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">Brentano</a> (until 14 November 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Brese" title="Wilhelm Brese">Brese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Br%C3%BCck" title="Valentin Brück">Brück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Bucerius" title="Gerd Bucerius">Bucerius</a> (until 22 March 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_B%C3%BChler" title="Karl August Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Burgbacher" title="Fritz Burgbacher">Burgbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Burgemeister" title="Alfred Burgemeister">Burgemeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Conring_(politician)" title="Hermann Conring (politician)">Conring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Czaja" title="Herbert Czaja">Czaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembert_van_Delden" title="Rembert van Delden">Delden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Deringer" title="Arved Deringer">Deringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dichgans" title="Hans Dichgans">Dichgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Dieb%C3%A4cker" title="Hermann Diebäcker">Diebäcker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Draeger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Draeger (page does not exist)">Draeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Dresbach" title="August Dresbach">Dresbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ehren" title="Hermann Ehren">Ehren</a> (from 4 October 1962 until 30 November 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Theodor_Eichelbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Theodor Eichelbaum (page does not exist)">Eichelbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Elbr%C3%A4chter" title="Alexander Elbrächter">Elbrächter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Engelbrecht-Greve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Engelbrecht-Greve (page does not exist)">Engelbrecht-Greve</a> (until 7 December 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Engl%C3%A4nder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Engländer (page does not exist)">Engländer</a> (from 1 August 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Etzel" title="Franz Etzel">Etzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Even" title="Johannes Even">Even</a> (until 24 November 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Even&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Even (page does not exist)">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Exner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Heinz Exner (page does not exist)">Exner</a> (from 30 November 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Falke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Falke (page does not exist)">Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Finckh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Finckh (page does not exist)">Finckh</a> (until 28 April 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Franzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Franzen (page does not exist)">Franzen</a> (until 8 October 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frey" title="Martin Frey">Frey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Friedensburg" title="Ferdinand Friedensburg">Friedensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Fritz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Fritz (page does not exist)">Fritz</a> (until 5 January 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Furler" title="Hans Furler">Furler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Ga%C3%9Fmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Gaßmann (page does not exist)">Gaßmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav-Adolf_Gedat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav-Adolf Gedat (page does not exist)">Gedat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Gehring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albrecht Gehring (page does not exist)">Gehring</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Richard_Gerlich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Richard Gerlich (page does not exist)">Gerlich</a> (from 24 August 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gerns" title="Heinrich Gerns">Gerns</a> (until 20 August 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier" title="Eugen Gerstenmaier">Gerstenmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Gewandt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Gewandt (page does not exist)">Gewandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gibbert" title="Paul Gibbert">Gibbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Giencke" title="Christian Giencke">Giencke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gl%C3%BCsing" title="Hermann Glüsing">Glüsing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Goldhagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Goldhagen (page does not exist)">Goldhagen</a> (until 7 January 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Gossel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Gossel (page does not exist)">Gossel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Gottesleben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Gottesleben (page does not exist)">Gottesleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6tz_(politician,_born_1914)" title="Hermann Götz (politician, born 1914)">Götz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Gradl" title="Johann Baptist Gradl">Gradl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annemarie_Griesinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annemarie Griesinger (page does not exist)">Griesinger</a> (from 23 November 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_G%C3%BCde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Güde (page does not exist)">Güde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_G%C3%BCnther_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Günther (politician)">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lothar Haase (page does not exist)">Haase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marlis_Gr%C3%A4fin_vom_Hagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marlis Gräfin vom Hagen (page does not exist)">Hagen</a> (from 20 January 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Hahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Hahn (page does not exist)">Hahn</a> (from 9 May 1962 until 16 November 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hahn_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hahn (politician) (page does not exist)">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Harnischfeger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Harnischfeger (page does not exist)">Harnischfeger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_H%C3%A4rzschel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Härzschel (page does not exist)">Härzschel</a> (from 28 October 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Hauser (page does not exist)">Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_H%C3%A4ussler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Häussler (page does not exist)">Häussler</a> (from 20 April 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Heck" title="Bruno Heck">Heck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heix" title="Martin Heix">Heix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Hesberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Hesberg (page does not exist)">Hesberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Hesemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemens Hesemann (page does not exist)">Hesemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Hilbert" title="Anton Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_H%C3%B6chst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Höchst (page does not exist)">Höchst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_H%C3%B6fler" title="Heinrich Höfler">Höfler</a> (until 21 October 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Holkenbrink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Holkenbrink (page does not exist)">Holkenbrink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hoogen" title="Matthias Hoogen">Hoogen</a> (until 11 December 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Horn_(politician)" title="Peter Horn (politician)">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_H%C3%B6rnemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Hörnemann (page does not exist)">Hörnemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_H%C3%BCbner_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hübner (politician) (page does not exist)">Hübner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Huthmacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Huthmacher (page does not exist)">Huthmacher</a> (until 13 February 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Huys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert Huys (page does not exist)">Huys</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Illerhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Illerhaus (page does not exist)">Illerhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Jacobi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Jacobi (page does not exist)">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Peter_Josten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Peter Josten (page does not exist)">Josten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Jungmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Jungmann (page does not exist)">Jungmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Kalinke" title="Margot Kalinke">Kalinke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Kanka (page does not exist)">Kanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Katzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Katzer (page does not exist)">Katzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie-Elisabeth_Klee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie-Elisabeth Klee (page does not exist)">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Klein_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Klein (politician) (page does not exist)">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kliesing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kliesing (page does not exist)">Kliesing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Klinker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Jürgen Klinker (page does not exist)">Klinker</a> (from 10 December 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Knobloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Knobloch (page does not exist)">Knobloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kopf" title="Hermann Kopf">Kopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Hans Krüger">Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_K%C3%BChn_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Kühn (politician) (page does not exist)">Kühn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kuntscher" title="Ernst Kuntscher">Kuntscher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Kurtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Kurtz (page does not exist)">Kurtz</a> (from 12 October 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Leicht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Leicht (page does not exist)">Leicht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer" title="Ernst Lemmer">Lemmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Lenz_(politician,_born_1910)" title="Aloys Lenz (politician, born 1910)">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Lenze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Lenze (page does not exist)">Lenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leonhard" title="Gottfried Leonhard">Leonhard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_L%C3%B6hr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Löhr (page does not exist)">Löhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke" title="Paul Lücke">Lücke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Luda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Luda (page does not exist)">Luda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Majonica" title="Ernst Majonica">Majonica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthold Martin (page does not exist)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Maucher" title="Eugen Maucher">Maucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Katharina_Maxsein" title="Agnes Katharina Maxsein">Maxsein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Mayer (page does not exist)">Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Meis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Meis (page does not exist)">Meis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Mengelkamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Mengelkamp (page does not exist)">Mengelkamp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Menke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Menke (page does not exist)">Menke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">Merkatz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Mick (page does not exist)">Mick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Missbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Missbach (page does not exist)">Missbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1916)" title="Adolf Müller (politician, born 1916)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_M%C3%BCller_(CDU_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Müller (CDU politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_M%C3%BCller_(CDU_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Müller (CDU politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann" title="Ernst Müller-Hermann">Müller-Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franzjosef_M%C3%BCser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franzjosef Müser (page does not exist)">Müser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Peter_Neumann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Peter Neumann (page does not exist)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Nieberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Nieberg (page does not exist)">Nieberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Oberl%C3%A4nder" title="Theodor Oberländer">Oberländer</a> (from 9 May 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oetzel" title="Richard Oetzel">Oetzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Pannhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Pannhoff (page does not exist)">Pannhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pferdmenges" title="Robert Pferdmenges">Pferdmenges</a> (until 28 September 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Pflaumbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Pflaumbaum (page does not exist)">Pflaumbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Philipp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Philipp (page does not exist)">Philipp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Pitz-Savelsberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisabeth Pitz-Savelsberg (page does not exist)">Pitz-Savelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Poepke" title="Arnold Poepke">Poepke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Porten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Porten (page does not exist)">Porten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Prei%C3%9F" title="Ludwig Preiß">Preiß</a> (from 24 November 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_Rasner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Will Rasner (page does not exist)">Rasner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Rauhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Rauhaus (page does not exist)">Rauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Rehling" title="Luise Rehling">Rehling</a> (until 29 May 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Reinhard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Reinhard (page does not exist)">Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Richarts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Richarts (page does not exist)">Richarts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Riedel_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemens Riedel (politician) (page does not exist)">Riedel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Rollmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietrich Rollmann (page does not exist)">Rollmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Rommerskirchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Rommerskirchen (page does not exist)">Rommerskirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_R%C3%B6sing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Rösing (page does not exist)">Rösing</a> (from 30 June 1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ruf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Ruf (page does not exist)">Ruf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Ruland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Ruland (page does not exist)">Ruland</a> (from 19 February 1962 until 28 September 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Scheppmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Scheppmann (page does not exist)">Scheppmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Schlick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Schlick (page does not exist)">Schlick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Schmidt_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker" title="Kurt Schmücker">Schmücker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schneider_(politician,_born_1892)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Schneider (politician, born 1892) (page does not exist)">Schneider</a> (from 27 March 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christa_Schroeder_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christa Schroeder (politician) (page does not exist)">Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schulhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Schulhoff (page does not exist)">Schulhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Schwarz_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Schwarz (politician) (page does not exist)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzhaupt" title="Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt">Schwarzhaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schw%C3%B6rer" title="Hermann Schwörer">Schwörer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm" title="Hans-Christoph Seebohm">Seebohm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_Seffrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Seffrin (page does not exist)">Seffrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Serres" title="Günther Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J_Hermann_Siemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J Hermann Siemer (page does not exist)">Siemer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Sinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Sinn (page does not exist)">Sinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stauch" title="Robert Stauch">Stauch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Stecker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Stecker (page does not exist)">Stecker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Stein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Stein (page does not exist)">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Steinmetz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Steinmetz (page does not exist)">Steinmetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stingl" title="Josef Stingl">Stingl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg" title="Gerhard Stoltenberg">Stoltenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Stommel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Stommel (page does not exist)">Stommel</a> (from 4 December 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Stoo%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Stooß (page does not exist)">Stooß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Storch" title="Anton Storch">Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Karl_Storm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich-Karl Storm (page does not exist)">Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Struve" title="Detlef Struve">Struve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_S%C3%BCsterhenn" title="Adolf Süsterhenn">Süsterhenn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Teriete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Teriete (page does not exist)">Teriete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tobaben" title="Peter Tobaben">Tobaben</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Toussaint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Toussaint (page does not exist)">Toussaint</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Varelmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Varelmann (page does not exist)">Varelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Verhoeven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Verhoeven (page does not exist)">Verhoeven</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Vietje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisabeth Vietje (page does not exist)">Vietje</a> (until 2 May 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_von_Vittinghoff-Schell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix von Vittinghoff-Schell (page does not exist)">Vittinghoff-Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vogel_(politician,_born_1906)" title="Rudolf Vogel (politician, born 1906)">Vogel</a> (until 15 April 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wahl" title="Eduard Wahl">Wahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Weber" title="Helene Weber">Weber</a> (until 25 July 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weber_(politician,_born_1898)" title="Karl Weber (politician, born 1898)">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wehking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Wehking (page does not exist)">Wehking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmi_Welter" title="Emmi Welter">Welter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Wendelborn" title="Helmut Wendelborn">Wendelborn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Werner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Werner (page does not exist)">Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wilhelmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Wilhelmi (page does not exist)">Wilhelmi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Willeke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Willeke (page does not exist)">Willeke</a> (until 24 June 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen" title="Heinrich Windelen">Windelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Winkelheide" title="Bernhard Winkelheide">Winkelheide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Wittmer-Eigenbrodt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Wittmer-Eigenbrodt (page does not exist)">Wittmer-Eigenbrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling" title="Franz-Josef Wuermeling">Wuermeling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wullenhaupt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Wullenhaupt (page does not exist)">Wullenhaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alois_Zimmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alois Zimmer (page does not exist)">Zimmer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>CSU:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Aigner" title="Heinrich Aigner">Aigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Althammer" title="Walter Althammer">Althammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Balke" title="Siegfried Balke">Balke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Bauer_(politician)" title="Josef Bauer (politician)">Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Besold" title="Anton Besold">Besold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Brenck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Brenck (page does not exist)">Brenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Dittrich" title="Stefan Dittrich">Dittrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Dollinger" title="Werner Dollinger">Dollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Drachsler" title="Hans Drachsler">Drachsler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Eckhardt" title="Walter Eckhardt">Eckhardt</a> (from 21 July 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ehnes" title="Georg Ehnes">Ehnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Franz" title="Ludwig Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Funk" title="Friedrich Funk">Funk</a> (until 5 August 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Geiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Geiger (page does not exist)">Geiger</a> (from 8 June 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Geisend%C3%B6rfer" title="Ingeborg Geisendörfer">Geisendörfer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Gleissner_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Gleissner (politician) (page does not exist)">Gleissner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Freiherr_von_und_zu_Guttenberg" title="Karl Theodor Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg">Guttenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centa_Haas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centa Haas (page does not exist)">Haas</a> (from 9 August 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_von_Haniel-Niethammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz von Haniel-Niethammer (page does not exist)">Haniel-Niethammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl" title="Hermann Höcherl">Höcherl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_H%C3%B6sl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Hösl (page does not exist)">Hösl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jaeger" title="Richard Jaeger">Jaeger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Kemmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Kemmer (page does not exist)">Kemmer</a> (until 7 October 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Kempfler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Kempfler (page does not exist)">Kempfler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Knorr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Knorr (page does not exist)">Knorr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Krug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Krug (page does not exist)">Krug</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edeltraud_Kuchtner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edeltraud Kuchtner (page does not exist)">Kuchtner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Lang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Lang (page does not exist)">Lang</a> (until 1 June 1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Lemmrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Heinz Lemmrich (page does not exist)">Lemmrich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Lermer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Lermer (page does not exist)">Lermer</a> (until 15 July 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Leukert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Leukert (page does not exist)">Leukert</a> (from 27 June 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_August_L%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans August Lücker (page does not exist)">Lücker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Baron_Manteuffel-Szoege&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Baron Manteuffel-Szoege (page does not exist)">Manteuffel-Szoege</a> (until 8 June 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linus_Memmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linus Memmel (page does not exist)">Memmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Meyer_(politician)" title="Philipp Meyer (politician)">Meyer</a> (until 29 January 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alois_Niederalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alois Niederalt (page does not exist)">Niederalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Probst" title="Maria Probst">Probst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Ramminger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Ramminger (page does not exist)">Ramminger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Schlee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albrecht Schlee (page does not exist)">Schlee</a> (from 15 February 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Sch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Schütz (page does not exist)">Schütz</a> (until 5 February 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Seidl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Seidl (page does not exist)">Seidl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Spies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Spies (page does not exist)">Spies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stiller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Stiller (page does not exist)">Stiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen" title="Richard Stücklen">Stücklen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_S%C3%BChler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Sühler (page does not exist)">Sühler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Unertl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Xaver Unertl (page does not exist)">Unertl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Heinz Vogt (page does not exist)">Vogt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Wacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Wacher (page does not exist)">Wacher</a> (until 26 March 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Wagner" title="Leo Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Weigl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Weigl (page does not exist)">Weigl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Weinkamm" title="Otto Weinkamm">Weinkamm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Weinzierl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Weinzierl (page does not exist)">Weinzierl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wieninger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Wieninger (page does not exist)">Wieninger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Winter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Winter (page does not exist)">Winter</a> (from 2 February 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Wittmann_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Wittmann (German politician) (page does not exist)">Wittmann</a> (from 26 October 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ziegler" title="Erich Ziegler">Ziegler</a> (from 1 April 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann" title="Friedrich Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">SPD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:4th_Bundestag_SPD" title="Template:4th Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:4th_Bundestag_SPD" title="Template talk:4th Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:4th_Bundestag_SPD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:4th Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SPD" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SPD</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer" title="Erich Ollenhauer">Erich Ollenhauer</a> until 14 December 1963; <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Erler_(politician)" title="Fritz Erler (politician)">Fritz Erler</a> from 3 March 1964</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Albertz" title="Luise Albertz">Albertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Altmaier" title="Jakob Altmaier">Altmaier</a> (until 8 February 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Anders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Anders (page does not exist)">Anders</a> (from 17 April 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Arendt" title="Walter Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Arndt" title="Adolf Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Auge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Auge (page does not exist)">Auge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Baade" title="Fritz Baade">Baade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harri_Bading&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harri Bading (page does not exist)">Bading</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Bals (page does not exist)">Bals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Bartsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Bartsch (page does not exist)">Bartsch</a> (from 23 October 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannsheinz_Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannsheinz Bauer (page does not exist)">Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_B%C3%A4uerle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Bäuerle (page does not exist)">Bäuerle</a> (from 31 May 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_B%C3%A4umer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Bäumer (page does not exist)">Bäumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bazille" title="Helmut Bazille">Bazille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bechert" title="Karl Bechert">Bechert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Behrendt" title="Walter Behrendt">Behrendt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Berger-Heise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Berger-Heise (page does not exist)">Berger-Heise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bergmann_(politician)" title="Karl Bergmann (politician)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Berkhan" title="Karl Wilhelm Berkhan">Berkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Berlin" title="August Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Beuster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Beuster (page does not exist)">Beuster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucie_Beyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucie Beyer (page does not exist)">Beyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curt_Biegler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curt Biegler (page does not exist)">Biegler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Biermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter Biermann (page does not exist)">Biermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Birkelbach" title="Willi Birkelbach">Birkelbach</a> (until 30 September 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blachstein" title="Peter Blachstein">Blachstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blei%C3%9F" title="Paul Bleiß">Bleiß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_B%C3%B6rner" title="Holger Börner">Börner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a> (until 27 December 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Brauer" title="Max Brauer">Brauer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Braun_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Braun (politician) (page does not exist)">Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julyus_Brecht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julyus Brecht (page does not exist)">Brecht</a> (until 10 July 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Br%C3%BCnen" title="Eberhard Brünen">Brünen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Bruse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Bruse (page does not exist)">Bruse</a> (from 16 July 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Buchstaller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Buchstaller (page does not exist)">Buchstaller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Busch_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Busch (politician) (page does not exist)">Busch</a> (from 26 January 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_B%C3%BCttner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Büttner (page does not exist)">Büttner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Corterier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Corterier (page does not exist)">Corterier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cramer_(politician)" title="Johann Cramer (politician)">Cramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Deist" title="Heinrich Deist">Deist</a> (until 7 March 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Diekmann" title="Bruno Diekmann">Diekmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_D%C3%B6hring" title="Clara Döhring">Döhring</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dopatka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Dopatka (page does not exist)">Dopatka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dr%C3%B6scher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Dröscher (page does not exist)">Dröscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Eilers" title="Elfriede Eilers">Eilers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilse_Elsner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilse Elsner (page does not exist)">Elsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Eppler" title="Erhard Eppler">Eppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Erler_(politician)" title="Fritz Erler (politician)">Erler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Eschmann" title="Fritz Eschmann">Eschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Faller" title="Walter Faller">Faller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Felder" title="Josef Felder">Felder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Figgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Figgen (page does not exist)">Figgen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Fl%C3%A4mig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Flämig (page does not exist)">Flämig</a> (from 15 February 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Folger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Folger (page does not exist)">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Franke_(politician)" title="Egon Franke (politician)">Franke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Frede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter Frede (page does not exist)">Frede</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frehsee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Frehsee (page does not exist)">Frehsee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Freyh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigitte Freyh (page does not exist)">Freyh</a> (from 22 December 1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Fritsch_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Fritsch (politician) (page does not exist)">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geiger_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Geiger (politician) (page does not exist)">Geiger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Gerlach (page does not exist)">Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Glombig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Glombig (page does not exist)">Glombig</a> (from 25 January 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gscheidle" title="Kurt Gscheidle">Gscheidle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Haage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Haage (page does not exist)">Haage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detlef Haase (page does not exist)">Haase</a> (from 10 November 1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Hamacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Hamacher (page does not exist)">Hamacher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Hansing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Hansing (page does not exist)">Hansing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Harm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Harm (page does not exist)">Harm</a> (until 10 August 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hauffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Hauffe (page does not exist)">Hauffe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Karl_Heide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Karl Heide (page does not exist)">Heide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf-Ernst_Heiland" title="Rudolf-Ernst Heiland">Heiland</a> (until 6 May 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Heinemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hellenbrock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Hellenbrock (page does not exist)">Hellenbrock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Herberts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Herberts (page does not exist)">Herberts</a> (from 12 March 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Herklotz" title="Luise Herklotz">Herklotz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hermsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Hermsdorf (page does not exist)">Hermsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Herold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Herold (page does not exist)">Herold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Hirsch_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Hirsch (politician) (page does not exist)">Hirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hoegner" title="Wilhelm Hoegner">Hoegner</a> (until 4 January 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_H%C3%B6hmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egon Höhmann (page does not exist)">Höhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_H%C3%B6hne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Höhne (page does not exist)">Höhne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wilhelm_H%C3%B6rauf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Wilhelm Hörauf (page does not exist)">Hörauf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_H%C3%B6rmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Hörmann (page does not exist)">Hörmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elinor Hubert (page does not exist)">Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_H%C3%BCbner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Hübner (page does not exist)">Hübner</a> (from 13 May 1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hufnagel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Hufnagel (page does not exist)">Hufnagel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Hussong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Hussong (page does not exist)">Hussong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Iven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Iven (page does not exist)">Iven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Jacobi" title="Werner Jacobi">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Jacobs_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Jacobs (politician) (page does not exist)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn" title="Gerhard Jahn">Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Jaksch" title="Wenzel Jaksch">Jaksch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Junghans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Jürgen Junghans (page does not exist)">Junghans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Junker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Junker (page does not exist)">Junker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_J%C3%BCrgensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaus Jürgensen (page does not exist)">Jürgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kaffka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Kaffka (page does not exist)">Kaffka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kahn-Ackermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kahn-Ackermann (page does not exist)">Kahn-Ackermann</a> (from 10 January 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Kalbitzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellmut Kalbitzer (page does not exist)">Kalbitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irma_Keilhack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irma Keilhack (page does not exist)">Keilhack</a> (until 19 January 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma_Kettig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alma Kettig (page does not exist)">Kettig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Killat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Killat (page does not exist)">Killat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liesel_Kipp-Kaule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liesel Kipp-Kaule (page does not exist)">Kipp-Kaule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter Klein (page does not exist)">Klein</a> (until 22 October 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingeborg Kleinert (page does not exist)">Kleinert</a> (from 13 November 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Koch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Koch (page does not exist)">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Koenen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Koenen (page does not exist)">Koenen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Kohlberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Kohlberger (page does not exist)">Kohlberger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_K%C3%B6nen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Könen (page does not exist)">Könen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Korspeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisa Korspeter (page does not exist)">Korspeter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Krappe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edith Krappe (page does not exist)">Krappe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Kraus_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Kraus (politician) (page does not exist)">Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Kreyssig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Kreyssig (page does not exist)">Kreyssig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kriedemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Kriedemann (page does not exist)">Kriedemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_K%C3%BCbler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Kübler (page does not exist)">Kübler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_K%C3%BChn" title="Heinz Kühn">Kühn</a> (until 9 April 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alwin_Kulawig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alwin Kulawig (page does not exist)">Kulawig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kurlbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kurlbaum (page does not exist)">Kurlbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Lange (page does not exist)">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Langebeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Langebeck (page does not exist)">Langebeck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lautenschlager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Lautenschlager (page does not exist)">Lautenschlager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Leber" title="Georg Leber">Leber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Lemper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubert Lemper (page does not exist)">Lemper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Lenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Lenz (page does not exist)">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Liehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Liehr (page does not exist)">Liehr</a> (from 11 January 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Lohmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Lohmar (page does not exist)">Lohmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dora_L%C3%B6sche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dora Lösche (page does not exist)">Lösche</a> (from 18 April 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_L%C3%BCcke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Lücke (page does not exist)">Lücke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Ludwig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Ludwig (page does not exist)">Ludwig</a> (from 6 January 1962 until 18 February 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_L%C3%BCnenstra%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Heinz Lünenstraß (page does not exist)">Lünenstraß</a> (until 16 May 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marquardt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Marquardt (page does not exist)">Marquardt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marx_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Marx (politician) (page does not exist)">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Matth%C3%B6fer" title="Hans Matthöfer">Matthöfer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Mattick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Mattick (page does not exist)">Mattick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Matzner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Matzner (page does not exist)">Matzner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Maybaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Maybaum (page does not exist)">Maybaum</a> (from 22 May 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedwig_Meermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedwig Meermann (page does not exist)">Meermann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Menzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Menzel (page does not exist)">Menzel</a> (until 24 September 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Merten_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Merten (politician) (page does not exist)">Merten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Metter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Metter (page does not exist)">Metter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Metzger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Metzger (page does not exist)">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Wilhelm_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Wilhelm Meyer (page does not exist)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Meyer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Meyer (politician) (page does not exist)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Michels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Michels (page does not exist)">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_M%C3%B6ller" title="Alex Möller">Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mommer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Mommer (page does not exist)">Mommer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Morgenstern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Morgenstern (page does not exist)">Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_M%C3%BCller_(SPD_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Müller (SPD politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Müller (politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_M%C3%BCller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Müller (politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_M%C3%BCller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Müller (politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_M%C3%BCller-Emmert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Müller-Emmert (page does not exist)">Müller-Emmert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nellen" title="Peter Nellen">Nellen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Neubauer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Neubauer (politician) (page does not exist)">Neubauer</a> (until 16 April 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Neumann_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Neumann (politician) (page does not exist)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uwe-Jens_Nissen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uwe-Jens Nissen (page does not exist)">Nissen</a> (until 1 October 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ohlemeyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Ohlemeyer (page does not exist)">Ohlemeyer</a> (from 14 June 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ollenhauer" title="Erich Ollenhauer">Ollenhauer</a> (until 14 December 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Paul" title="Ernst Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Peiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Peiter (page does not exist)">Peiter</a> (from 22 February 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Peters" title="Georg Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Pohle (page does not exist)">Pohle</a> (until 3 November 1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Pohlenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Jürgen Pohlenz (page does not exist)">Pohlenz</a> (from 30 September 1963 until 10 June 1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_P%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Pöhler (page does not exist)">Pöhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Porzner" title="Konrad Porzner">Porzner</a> (from 21 May 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moritz-Ernst_Priebe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moritz-Ernst Priebe (page does not exist)">Priebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ravens" title="Karl Ravens">Ravens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Regling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Regling (page does not exist)">Regling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Rehs" title="Reinhold Rehs">Rehs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reichhardt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Reichhardt (page does not exist)">Reichhardt</a> (from 5 October 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reischl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Reischl (page does not exist)">Reischl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Reitz (page does not exist)">Reitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Reitzner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Reitzner (page does not exist)">Reitzner</a> (until 11 May 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Renger" title="Annemarie Renger">Renger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Riegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Riegel (page does not exist)">Riegel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Rinderspacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Rinderspacher (page does not exist)">Rinderspacher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Georg_Ritzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Georg Ritzel (page does not exist)">Ritzel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Roesch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Roesch (page does not exist)">Roesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Rohde" title="Helmut Rohde">Rohde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Ross (page does not exist)">Ross</a> (from 18 August 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Rudoll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Rudoll (page does not exist)">Rudoll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_S%C3%A4nger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Sänger (page does not exist)">Sänger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Saxowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Heinz Saxowski (page does not exist)">Saxowski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Schäfer (page does not exist)">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marta_Schanzenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marta Schanzenbach (page does not exist)">Schanzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Schellenberg (page does not exist)">Schellenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Scheuren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Scheuren (page does not exist)">Scheuren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Schl%C3%BCter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Schlüter (page does not exist)">Schlüter</a> (from 11 September 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Schmid_(German_politician)" title="Carlo Schmid (German politician)">Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt</a> (until 19 January 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Schmidt (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Schmidt (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Schmidt_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmitt-Vockenhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Schmitt-Vockenhausen (page does not exist)">Schmitt-Vockenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schoettle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Schoettle (page does not exist)">Schoettle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Schr%C3%B6der_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Schröder (politician) (page does not exist)">Schröder</a> (until 6 September 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Klaus Schütz">Schütz</a> (until 9 January 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schwabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Schwabe (page does not exist)">Schwabe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Seibert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Seibert (page does not exist)">Seibert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Seidel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Seidel (page does not exist)">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Stefan_Seifriz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Stefan Seifriz (page does not exist)">Seifriz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Seither&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Seither (page does not exist)">Seither</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfriede_Seppi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elfriede Seppi (page does not exist)">Seppi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Seuffert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Seuffert (page does not exist)">Seuffert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Seume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Seume (page does not exist)">Seume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Stammberger" title="Wolfgang Stammberger">Stammberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Steinhoff" title="Fritz Steinhoff">Steinhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Stephan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Stephan (page does not exist)">Stephan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Striebeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Striebeck (page does not exist)">Striebeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel" title="Käte Strobel">Strobel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alois_Strohmayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alois Strohmayr (page does not exist)">Strohmayr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Tambl%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Tamblé (page does not exist)">Tamblé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Theis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanns Theis (page does not exist)">Theis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Urban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Urban (page does not exist)">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Wagner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner (page does not exist)">Wagner</a> (until 19 December 1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Wegener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Wegener (page does not exist)">Wegener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wehner" title="Herbert Wehner">Wehner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Welke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Welke (page does not exist)">Welke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wellmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Wellmann (page does not exist)">Wellmann</a> (from 1 January 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Welslau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Welslau (page does not exist)">Welslau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Weltner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Weltner (page does not exist)">Weltner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Wessel" title="Helene Wessel">Wessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wienand" title="Karl Wienand">Wienand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Wilhelm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Wilhelm (page does not exist)">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladislaus_Winterstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ladislaus Winterstein (page does not exist)">Winterstein</a> (from 26 October 1964 until 2 November 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski" title="Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski">Wischnewski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wittrock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Wittrock (page does not exist)">Wittrock</a> (until 8 May 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Wolf (page does not exist)">Wolf</a> (from 19 December 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Else_Zimmermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Else Zimmermann (page does not exist)">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_August_Zinn" title="Georg August Zinn">Zinn</a> (until 13 December 1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Z%C3%BChlke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Zühlke (page does not exist)">Zühlke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">FDP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:4th_Bundestag_FDP" title="Template:4th Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:4th_Bundestag_FDP" title="Template talk:4th Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:4th_Bundestag_FDP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:4th Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="FDP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">FDP</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Erich Mende</a> until 17 October 1963; <a href="/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm" title="Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm">Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm</a> from 5 November 1963</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Achenbach" title="Ernst Achenbach">Achenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Aschoff" title="Albrecht Aschoff">Aschoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Atzenroth" title="Karl Atzenroth">Atzenroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Bucher" title="Ewald Bucher">Bucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burckardt" title="Richard Burckardt">Burckardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Busse_(politician)" title="Hermann Busse (politician)">Busse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgr%C3%BCn" title="Rolf Dahlgrün">Dahlgrün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Danz" title="Werner Danz">Danz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Dehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volrad_Deneke" title="Volrad Deneke">Deneke</a> (from 26 July 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Diemer-Nicolaus" title="Emmy Diemer-Nicolaus">Diemer-Nicolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_D%C3%B6ring" title="Wolfgang Döring">Döring</a> (until 17 January 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_D%C3%B6rinkel" title="Wolfram Dörinkel">Dörinkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Dorn_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Dorn (politician)">Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_D%C3%BCrr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Dürr (page does not exist)">Dürr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Effertz" title="Josef Effertz">Effertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Eisenmann" title="Otto Eisenmann">Eisenmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Emde" title="Hans Georg Emde">Emde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Ertl" title="Josef Ertl">Ertl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedi_Flitz" title="Hedi Flitz">Flitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liselotte_Funcke" title="Liselotte Funcke">Funcke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hamm" title="Ludwig Hamm">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hammersen" title="Walter Hammersen">Hammersen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Hellige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Hellige (page does not exist)">Hellige</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedda_Heuser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedda Heuser (page does not exist)">Heuser</a> (from 6 December 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Hoven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Hoven (page does not exist)">Hoven</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Imle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Imle (page does not exist)">Imle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Keller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Keller (page does not exist)">Keller</a> (until 21 July 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilie_Kiep-Altenloh" title="Emilie Kiep-Altenloh">Kiep-Altenloh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Adolph_Kohut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oswald Adolph Kohut (page does not exist)">Kohut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Kreitmeyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhold Kreitmeyer (page does not exist)">Kreitmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewald_Kr%C3%BCmmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewald Krümmer (page does not exist)">Krümmer</a> (from 24 January 1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Kubitza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Kubitza (page does not exist)">Kubitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm" title="Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm">Kühlmann-Stumm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_K%C3%BChn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Kühn (page does not exist)">Kühn</a> (until 4 December 1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Lenz (page does not exist)">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_L%C3%B6be&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Löbe (page does not exist)">Löbe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Logemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Logemann (page does not exist)">Logemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_M%C3%A4lzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Mälzig (page does not exist)">Mälzig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Margulies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Margulies (page does not exist)">Margulies</a> (until 27 August 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Mauk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Mauk (page does not exist)">Mauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Menne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Menne (page does not exist)">Menne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Mertes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Mertes (page does not exist)">Mertes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herwart_Miessner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herwart Miessner (page does not exist)">Miessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick" title="Wolfgang Mischnick">Mischnick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Moersch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Moersch (page does not exist)">Moersch</a> (from 1 September 1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Freiherr_von_M%C3%BChlen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Freiherr von Mühlen (page does not exist)">Mühlen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonhard_Murr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonhard Murr (page does not exist)">Murr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Ollesch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Ollesch (page does not exist)">Ollesch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Opitz_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Opitz (politician) (page does not exist)">Opitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Peters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Peters (page does not exist)">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Max_Rademacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Max Rademacher (page does not exist)">Rademacher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Wilhelm_Ramms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egon Wilhelm Ramms (page does not exist)">Ramms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Reichmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Reichmann (page does not exist)">Reichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rieger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Rieger (page does not exist)">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Rutschke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Rutschke (page does not exist)">Rutschke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Sander (page does not exist)">Sander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hansheinrich_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hansheinrich Schmidt (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Schneider (page does not exist)">Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz-Rudolf_Schultz" title="Fritz-Rudolf Schultz">Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Soetebier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Soetebier (page does not exist)">Soetebier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Spitzm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Spitzmüller (page does not exist)">Spitzmüller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Starke" title="Heinz Starke">Starke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Supf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Supf (page does not exist)">Supf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerold_W%C3%A4chter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerold Wächter (page does not exist)">Wächter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Walter_(politician)" title="Fritz Walter (politician)">Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Weber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Weber (page does not exist)">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Zoglmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegfried Zoglmann (page does not exist)">Zoglmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">OTHER</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:4th_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Template:4th Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:4th_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Template talk:4th Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:4th_Bundestag_OTHER" title="Special:EditPage/Template:4th Bundestag OTHER"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Independent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Independent</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Gontrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Gontrum (page does not exist)">Gontrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_4th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 4th Bundestag">List of members of the 4th Bundestag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Members_of_the_5th_Bundestag_(1965–1969)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_5th_Bundestag" title="Template:Members of the 5th Bundestag"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_5th_Bundestag" title="Template talk:Members of the 5th Bundestag"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_5th_Bundestag" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 5th Bundestag"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_x17px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_Members_of_the_5th_Bundestag_(1965–1969)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/20px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/30px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg/39px-Deutscher_Bundestag_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="348" /></span></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/29px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/57px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_5th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 5th Bundestag">Members of the 5th Bundestag (1965–1969)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier" title="Eugen Gerstenmaier">Eugen Gerstenmaier</a> (CDU) until 31 January 1969; <a href="/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel" title="Kai-Uwe von Hassel">Kai-Uwe von Hassel</a> (CDU) from 5 February 1969</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">CDU/CSU</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:5th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Template:5th Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:5th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Template talk:5th Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:5th_Bundestag_CDU_and_CSU" title="Special:EditPage/Template:5th Bundestag CDU and CSU"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="CDU_and_CSU" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">CDU and CSU</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Rainer Barzel</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>CDU:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Abelein" title="Manfred Abelein">Abelein</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adenauer</a> (until 19 April 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Adorno" title="Eduard Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Arnold_(politician)" title="Gottfried Arnold (politician)">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Artzinger" title="Helmut Artzinger">Artzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Baier" title="Fritz Baier">Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Balkenhol" title="Bernhard Balkenhol">Balkenhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Barzel" title="Rainer Barzel">Barzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Bauknecht" title="Bernhard Bauknecht">Bauknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Becker_(politician,_born_1905)" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Becker (politician, born 1905)">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Benda" title="Ernst Benda">Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Berberich" title="August Berberich">Berberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Berendsen" title="Fritz Berendsen">Berendsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Berger_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Berger (politician)">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bewerunge" title="Karl Bewerunge">Bewerunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Biechele" title="Hermann Biechele">Biechele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Birrenbach" title="Kurt Birrenbach">Birrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%B6cker" title="Hans Blöcker">Blöcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Blohm" title="Irma Blohm">Blohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Blumenfeld" title="Erik Blumenfeld">Blumenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wilhelm_Brand" title="Peter Wilhelm Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aenne_Brauksiepe" title="Aenne Brauksiepe">Brauksiepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Bremer" title="Rolf Bremer">Bremer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Brese" title="Wilhelm Brese">Brese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Br%C3%BCck" title="Valentin Brück">Brück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Budde" title="Heinz Budde">Budde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_B%C3%BChler" title="Karl August Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Burgbacher" title="Fritz Burgbacher">Burgbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Burgemeister" title="Alfred Burgemeister">Burgemeister</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Burger_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Burger (German politician) (page does not exist)">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Conring_(politician)" title="Hermann Conring (politician)">Conring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Czaja" title="Herbert Czaja">Czaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Damm_(politician,_born_1927)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Damm (politician, born 1927)">Damm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembert_van_Delden" title="Rembert van Delden">Delden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Deringer" title="Arved Deringer">Deringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dichgans" title="Hans Dichgans">Dichgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Dieb%C3%A4cker" title="Hermann Diebäcker">Diebäcker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Draeger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Draeger (page does not exist)">Draeger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_von_Eckardt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix von Eckardt (page does not exist)">Eckardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Elbr%C3%A4chter" title="Alexander Elbrächter">Elbrächter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Enk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Enk (page does not exist)">Enk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Enseling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisabeth Enseling (page does not exist)">Enseling</a> (from 28 April 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benno_Erhard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benno Erhard (page does not exist)">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Ernesti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Ernesti (page does not exist)">Ernesti</a> (from 9 July 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Erpenbeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Erpenbeck (page does not exist)">Erpenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Even&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Even (page does not exist)">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Exner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Heinz Exner (page does not exist)">Exner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Falke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Falke (page does not exist)">Falke</a> (from 27 July 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Franke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Franke (page does not exist)">Franke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Franzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Franzen (page does not exist)">Franzen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Freiwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Freiwald (page does not exist)">Freiwald</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ke_Frerichs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Göke Frerichs (page does not exist)">Frerichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frey" title="Martin Frey">Frey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frieler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Frieler (page does not exist)">Frieler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Fritz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Fritz (page does not exist)">Fritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Furler" title="Hans Furler">Furler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiner_Gei%C3%9Fler" title="Heiner Geißler">Geißler</a> (until 11 October 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Gerstenmaier" title="Eugen Gerstenmaier">Gerstenmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Gewandt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Gewandt (page does not exist)">Gewandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gibbert" title="Paul Gibbert">Gibbert</a> (until 30 December 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udo_Giulini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udo Giulini (page does not exist)">Giulini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gl%C3%BCsing" title="Hermann Glüsing">Glüsing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Gottesleben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Gottesleben (page does not exist)">Gottesleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6tz_(politician,_born_1914)" title="Hermann Götz (politician, born 1914)">Götz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Gradl" title="Johann Baptist Gradl">Gradl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annemarie_Griesinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annemarie Griesinger (page does not exist)">Griesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_G%C3%BCde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Güde (page does not exist)">Güde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lothar Haase (page does not exist)">Haase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hansj%C3%B6rg_H%C3%A4fele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hansjörg Häfele (page does not exist)">Häfele</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hahn_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hahn (politician) (page does not exist)">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hammans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Hammans (page does not exist)">Hammans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Hanz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Hanz (page does not exist)">Hanz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_H%C3%A4rzschel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Härzschel (page does not exist)">Härzschel</a> (from 19 October 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel" title="Kai-Uwe von Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alo Hauser (page does not exist)">Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Hauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Hauser (page does not exist)">Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_H%C3%A4ussler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Häussler (page does not exist)">Häussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Heck" title="Bruno Heck">Heck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Hesberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Hesberg (page does not exist)">Hesberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Hilbert" title="Anton Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hofmann_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Hofmann (politician) (page does not exist)">Hofmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Holkenbrink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Holkenbrink (page does not exist)">Holkenbrink</a> (until 17 July 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lieselotte_Holzmeister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lieselotte Holzmeister (page does not exist)">Holzmeister</a> (from 5 February 1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_H%C3%B6rnemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Hörnemann (page does not exist)">Hörnemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Horstmeier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Horstmeier (page does not exist)">Horstmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphons_Horten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphons Horten (page does not exist)">Horten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert_Huys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert Huys (page does not exist)">Huys</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Illerhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Illerhaus (page does not exist)">Illerhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Jacobi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Jacobi (page does not exist)">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Edgar_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Edgar Jahn (page does not exist)">Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Peter_Josten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Peter Josten (page does not exist)">Josten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Jungmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Jungmann (page does not exist)">Jungmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Kalinke" title="Margot Kalinke">Kalinke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Katzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Katzer (page does not exist)">Katzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Leisler_Kiep" title="Walther Leisler Kiep">Kiep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie-Elisabeth_Klee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie-Elisabeth Klee (page does not exist)">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Klein_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Klein (politician) (page does not exist)">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Klepsch" title="Egon Klepsch">Klepsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kliesing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kliesing (page does not exist)">Kliesing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Klinker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Jürgen Klinker (page does not exist)">Klinker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Knobloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Knobloch (page does not exist)">Knobloch</a> (from 24 July 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kopf" title="Hermann Kopf">Kopf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_K%C3%B6ppler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Köppler (page does not exist)">Köppler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Krammig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Krammig (page does not exist)">Krammig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Krampe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Krampe (page does not exist)">Krampe</a> (from 11 October 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Kraske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Kraske (page does not exist)">Kraske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krone" title="Heinrich Krone">Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_K%C3%BChn_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Kühn (politician) (page does not exist)">Kühn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kuntscher" title="Ernst Kuntscher">Kuntscher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Lampersbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egon Lampersbach (page does not exist)">Lampersbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Leicht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Leicht (page does not exist)">Leicht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lemmer" title="Ernst Lemmer">Lemmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Otto_Lenz" title="Carl Otto Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Lenz_(politician,_born_1910)" title="Aloys Lenz (politician, born 1910)">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Lenze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Lenze (page does not exist)">Lenze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Lindenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Lindenberg (page does not exist)">Lindenberg</a> (from 29 September 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_L%C3%B6hr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Löhr (page does not exist)">Löhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke" title="Paul Lücke">Lücke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Luda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Luda (page does not exist)">Luda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Majonica" title="Ernst Majonica">Majonica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthold Martin (page does not exist)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marx_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Marx (politician) (page does not exist)">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Maucher" title="Eugen Maucher">Maucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Katharina_Maxsein" title="Agnes Katharina Maxsein">Maxsein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Meis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Meis (page does not exist)">Meis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Meister_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegfried Meister (politician) (page does not exist)">Meister</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Mengelkamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Mengelkamp (page does not exist)">Mengelkamp</a> (until 21 July 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">Merkatz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Mick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Mick (page does not exist)">Mick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Missbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Missbach (page does not exist)">Missbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_M%C3%B6nikes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Mönikes (page does not exist)">Mönikes</a> (from 12 October 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1916)" title="Adolf Müller (politician, born 1916)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_M%C3%BCller_(CDU_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Müller (CDU politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_M%C3%BCller_(CDU_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Müller (CDU politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann" title="Ernst Müller-Hermann">Müller-Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_M%C3%BCser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Müser (page does not exist)">Müser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_von_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter von Nordenskjöld (page does not exist)">Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Orga%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Orgaß (page does not exist)">Orgaß</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Petersen_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Petersen (German politician) (page does not exist)">Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Philipp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Philipp (page does not exist)">Philipp</a> (until 20 April 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Picard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Picard (page does not exist)">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liselotte_Pieser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liselotte Pieser (page does not exist)">Pieser</a> (from 26 June 1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_Pitz-Savelsberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisabeth Pitz-Savelsberg (page does not exist)">Pitz-Savelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Porten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Porten (page does not exist)">Porten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Prassler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Prassler (page does not exist)">Prassler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Prei%C3%9F" title="Ludwig Preiß">Preiß</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_Rasner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Will Rasner (page does not exist)">Rasner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Rawe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Rawe (page does not exist)">Rawe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Reinhard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Reinhard (page does not exist)">Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Reinholz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Reinholz (page does not exist)">Reinholz</a> (from 24 July 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Richarts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Richarts (page does not exist)">Richarts</a> (until 16 September 1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemens_Riedel_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemens Riedel (politician) (page does not exist)">Riedel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Rinsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter Rinsche (page does not exist)">Rinsche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Ritgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerd Ritgen (page does not exist)">Ritgen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Ritz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burkhard Ritz (page does not exist)">Ritz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelhard_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edelhard Rock (page does not exist)">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Rollmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietrich Rollmann (page does not exist)">Rollmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Rommerskirchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Rommerskirchen (page does not exist)">Rommerskirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_R%C3%B6sing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Rösing (page does not exist)">Rösing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Baptist_R%C3%B6sler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Baptist Rösler (page does not exist)">Rösler</a> (from 24 September 1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ruf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Ruf (page does not exist)">Ruf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Josef_Russe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Josef Russe (page does not exist)">Russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Prinz_zu_Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein" title="Botho Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein">Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Schmid-Burgk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Schmid-Burgk (page does not exist)">Schmid-Burgk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Schmidt_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Schmidt (politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Schmitt_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Schmitt (politician) (page does not exist)">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker" title="Kurt Schmücker">Schmücker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Schober&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Schober (page does not exist)">Schober</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schr%C3%B6der_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Schröder (politician) (page does not exist)">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christa_Schroeder_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christa Schroeder (politician) (page does not exist)">Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Schulhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Schulhoff (page does not exist)">Schulhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzhaupt" title="Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt">Schwarzhaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schw%C3%B6rer" title="Hermann Schwörer">Schwörer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Christoph_Seebohm" title="Hans-Christoph Seebohm">Seebohm</a> (until 17 September 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Serres" title="Günther Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J_Hermann_Siemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J Hermann Siemer (page does not exist)">Siemer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Sinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Sinn (page does not exist)">Sinn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Springorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerd Springorum (page does not exist)">Springorum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Stahlberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Stahlberg (page does not exist)">Stahlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Stark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Stark (page does not exist)">Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Stecker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Stecker (page does not exist)">Stecker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Stein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Stein (page does not exist)">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Steinmetz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Steinmetz (page does not exist)">Steinmetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stingl" title="Josef Stingl">Stingl</a> (until 15 June 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg" title="Gerhard Stoltenberg">Stoltenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Stommel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Stommel (page does not exist)">Stommel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Stoo%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Stooß (page does not exist)">Stooß</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich-Karl_Storm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich-Karl Storm (page does not exist)">Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Struve" title="Detlef Struve">Struve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_S%C3%BCsterhenn" title="Adolf Süsterhenn">Süsterhenn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Teriete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Teriete (page does not exist)">Teriete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tobaben" title="Peter Tobaben">Tobaben</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Toussaint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Toussaint (page does not exist)">Toussaint</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Varelmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Varelmann (page does not exist)">Varelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Verbeek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Verbeek (page does not exist)">Verbeek</a> (until 13 December 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Freiherr_von_Vittinghoff-Schell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Freiherr von Vittinghoff-Schell (page does not exist)">Vittinghoff-Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Vogel_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Vogel (politician) (page does not exist)">Vogel</a> (until 6 October 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Vogel" title="Bernhard Vogel">Vogel</a> (until 17 July 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wahl" title="Eduard Wahl">Wahl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Weiland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Weiland (page does not exist)">Weiland</a> (from 14 December 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Weimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Weimer (page does not exist)">Weimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Wendelborn" title="Helmut Wendelborn">Wendelborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Wex" title="Helga Wex">Wex</a> (from 28 April 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wilhelmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Wilhelmi (page does not exist)">Wilhelmi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wilper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Wilper (page does not exist)">Wilper</a> (until 3 July 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Windelen" title="Heinrich Windelen">Windelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Winkelheide" title="Bernhard Winkelheide">Winkelheide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erika_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erika Wolf (page does not exist)">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_W%C3%B6rner" title="Manfred Wörner">Wörner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Baron_von_Wrangel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olaf Baron von Wrangel (page does not exist)">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Wuermeling" title="Franz-Josef Wuermeling">Wuermeling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Wullenhaupt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Wullenhaupt (page does not exist)">Wullenhaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Zink" title="Otto Zink">Zink</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>CSU:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Aigner" title="Heinrich Aigner">Aigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Althammer" title="Walter Althammer">Althammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Balke" title="Siegfried Balke">Balke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Bauer_(politician)" title="Josef Bauer (politician)">Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Besold" title="Anton Besold">Besold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Brenck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Brenck (page does not exist)">Brenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Dittrich" title="Stefan Dittrich">Dittrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Dollinger" title="Werner Dollinger">Dollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Eckhardt" title="Walter Eckhardt">Eckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ehnes" title="Georg Ehnes">Ehnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Franz" title="Ludwig Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Geisend%C3%B6rfer" title="Ingeborg Geisendörfer">Geisendörfer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Geisenhofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Xaver Geisenhofer (page does not exist)">Geisenhofer</a> (from 3 May 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Gierenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Heinz Gierenstein (page does not exist)">Gierenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Gleissner_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Gleissner (politician) (page does not exist)">Gleissner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Freiherr_von_und_zu_Guttenberg" title="Karl Theodor Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg">Guttenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl" title="Hermann Höcherl">Höcherl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_H%C3%B6sl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Hösl (page does not exist)">Hösl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adalbert_Hudak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adalbert Hudak (page does not exist)">Hudak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jaeger" title="Richard Jaeger">Jaeger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Kempfler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Kempfler (page does not exist)">Kempfler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Krug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Krug (page does not exist)">Krug</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edeltraud_Kuchtner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edeltraud Kuchtner (page does not exist)">Kuchtner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heinz_Lemmrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Heinz Lemmrich (page does not exist)">Lemmrich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Leukert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Leukert (page does not exist)">Leukert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_August_L%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans August Lücker (page does not exist)">Lücker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linus_Memmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linus Memmel (page does not exist)">Memmel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alois_Niederalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alois Niederalt (page does not exist)">Niederalt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Ott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Ott (page does not exist)">Ott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Pohle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Pohle (page does not exist)">Pohle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Konstantin_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Konstantin of Bavaria">Prinz</a> (until 30 July 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Probst" title="Maria Probst">Probst</a> (until 1 May 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alois_Rainer_(politician,_born_1921)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alois Rainer (politician, born 1921) (page does not exist)">Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_R%C3%B6hner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Röhner (page does not exist)">Röhner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schlager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Schlager (page does not exist)">Schlager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Schlee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albrecht Schlee (page does not exist)">Schlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schmidhuber" title="Peter Schmidhuber">Schmidhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Schulze-Vorberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Schulze-Vorberg (page does not exist)">Schulze-Vorberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Spies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Spies (page does not exist)">Spies</a> (from 4 August 1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Stiller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Stiller (page does not exist)">Stiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_St%C3%BCcklen" title="Richard Stücklen">Stücklen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Xaver_Unertl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Xaver Unertl (page does not exist)">Unertl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Heinz Vogt (page does not exist)">Vogt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Wagner" title="Leo Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Weigl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Weigl (page does not exist)">Weigl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wieninger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Wieninger (page does not exist)">Wieninger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ziegler" title="Erich Ziegler">Ziegler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann" title="Friedrich Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a> (until 15 October 1969)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>CSU (GDP):</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Becher" title="Walter Becher">Becher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Prochazka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Prochazka (page does not exist)">Prochazka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">SPD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:5th_Bundestag_SPD" title="Template:5th Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:5th_Bundestag_SPD" title="Template talk:5th Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:5th_Bundestag_SPD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:5th Bundestag SPD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SPD" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SPD</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Erler_(politician)" title="Fritz Erler (politician)">Fritz Erler</a> until 22 February 1967; <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> from 14 March 1967</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Adams" title="Rudi Adams">Adams</a> (from 8 December 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Albertz" title="Luise Albertz">Albertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Apel" title="Hans Apel">Apel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Arendt" title="Walter Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claus_Arndt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claus Arndt (page does not exist)">Arndt</a> (from 4 June 1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Dieter_Arndt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Dieter Arndt (page does not exist)">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Arndt" title="Adolf Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Auge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Auge (page does not exist)">Auge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harri_Bading&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harri Bading (page does not exist)">Bading</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Bals (page does not exist)">Bals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Baltes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Baltes (page does not exist)">Baltes</a> (from 15 December 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Barche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Barche (page does not exist)">Barche</a> (from 14 April 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bardens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Bardens (page does not exist)">Bardens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Bartsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Bartsch (page does not exist)">Bartsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannsheinz_Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannsheinz Bauer (page does not exist)">Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_B%C3%A4uerle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Bäuerle (page does not exist)">Bäuerle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfons_Bayerl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfons Bayerl (page does not exist)">Bayerl</a> (from 27 October 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bazille" title="Helmut Bazille">Bazille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bechert" title="Karl Bechert">Bechert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Behrendt" title="Walter Behrendt">Behrendt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Berger-Heise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Berger-Heise (page does not exist)">Berger-Heise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bergmann_(politician)" title="Karl Bergmann (politician)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Berkhan" title="Karl Wilhelm Berkhan">Berkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Berlin" title="August Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Beuster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Beuster (page does not exist)">Beuster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Biermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter Biermann (page does not exist)">Biermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blachstein" title="Peter Blachstein">Blachstein</a> (until 31 May 1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Blume_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Blume (politician) (page does not exist)">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_B%C3%B6hm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Böhm (page does not exist)">Böhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_B%C3%B6rner" title="Holger Börner">Börner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Braun_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Braun (politician) (page does not exist)">Braun</a> (until 17 July 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwin_Br%C3%BCck" title="Alwin Brück">Brück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Br%C3%BCnen" title="Eberhard Brünen">Brünen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Buchstaller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Buchstaller (page does not exist)">Buchstaller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_B%C3%BChling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Bühling (page does not exist)">Bühling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Buschfort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Buschfort (page does not exist)">Buschfort</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_B%C3%BCttner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Büttner (page does not exist)">Büttner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Collet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Collet (page does not exist)">Collet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Corterier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Corterier (page does not exist)">Corterier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cramer_(politician)" title="Johann Cramer (politician)">Cramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Diekmann" title="Bruno Diekmann">Diekmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Dortans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Dortans (page does not exist)">Dortans</a> (from 30 June 1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dr%C3%B6scher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Dröscher (page does not exist)">Dröscher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_Eckerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günther Eckerland (page does not exist)">Eckerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Eilers" title="Elfriede Eilers">Eilers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilse_Elsner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilse Elsner (page does not exist)">Elsner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelin_Enders" title="Wendelin Enders">Enders</a> (from 9 May 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Eppler" title="Erhard Eppler">Eppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Erler_(politician)" title="Fritz Erler (politician)">Erler</a> (until 22 February 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Eschmann" title="Fritz Eschmann">Eschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Esters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Esters (page does not exist)">Esters</a> (from 15 January 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Faller" title="Walter Faller">Faller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Felder" title="Josef Felder">Felder</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_FellerMayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig FellerMayer (page does not exist)">FellerMayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Feuring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Feuring (page does not exist)">Feuring</a> (from 2 January 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Figgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Figgen (page does not exist)">Figgen</a> (until 6 December 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Fl%C3%A4mig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Flämig (page does not exist)">Flämig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Folger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Folger (page does not exist)">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Franke_(politician)" title="Egon Franke (politician)">Franke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Frede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter Frede (page does not exist)">Frede</a> (until 23 November 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Frehsee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Frehsee (page does not exist)">Frehsee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigitte_Freyh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigitte Freyh (page does not exist)">Freyh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Fritsch_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Fritsch (politician) (page does not exist)">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Walter_Fritz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Walter Fritz (page does not exist)">Fritz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Geiger_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Geiger (politician) (page does not exist)">Geiger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Gerlach (page does not exist)">Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gertzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Gertzen (page does not exist)">Gertzen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Glombig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Glombig (page does not exist)">Glombig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gscheidle" title="Kurt Gscheidle">Gscheidle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Haage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Haage (page does not exist)">Haage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Haar (page does not exist)">Haar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detlef_Haase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detlef Haase (page does not exist)">Haase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Haehser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Haehser (page does not exist)">Haehser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Hamacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Hamacher (page does not exist)">Hamacher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Hansing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Hansing (page does not exist)">Hansing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Hauck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Hauck (page does not exist)">Hauck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hauffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Hauffe (page does not exist)">Hauffe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Udo_Hein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udo Hein (page does not exist)">Hein</a> (until 22 December 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Heinemann</a> (until 24 June 1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hellenbrock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Hellenbrock (page does not exist)">Hellenbrock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Herberts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Herberts (page does not exist)">Herberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Herklotz" title="Luise Herklotz">Herklotz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hermsdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Hermsdorf (page does not exist)">Hermsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Herold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Herold (page does not exist)">Herold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Hirsch_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Hirsch (politician) (page does not exist)">Hirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hofmann_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hofmann (German politician) (page does not exist)">Hofmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_H%C3%B6hmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egon Höhmann (page does not exist)">Höhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_H%C3%B6hne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Höhne (page does not exist)">Höhne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_H%C3%B6lzle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Hölzle (page does not exist)">Hölzle</a> (from 20 February 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Wilhelm_H%C3%B6rauf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Wilhelm Hörauf (page does not exist)">Hörauf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_H%C3%B6rmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Hörmann (page does not exist)">Hörmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elinor_Hubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elinor Hubert (page does not exist)">Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_H%C3%BCbner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Hübner (page does not exist)">Hübner</a> (from 6 December 1966 until 14 January 1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Hufnagel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Hufnagel (page does not exist)">Hufnagel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Hussong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Hussong (page does not exist)">Hussong</a> (until 10 December 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Ils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Ils (page does not exist)">Ils</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Iven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Iven (page does not exist)">Iven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Jacobi" title="Werner Jacobi">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn" title="Gerhard Jahn">Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Jaksch" title="Wenzel Jaksch">Jaksch</a> (until 27 November 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Jaschke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter Jaschke (page does not exist)">Jaschke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Josef_Zebisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Josef Zebisch (page does not exist)">Josef</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Junghans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Jürgen Junghans (page does not exist)">Junghans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Junker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Junker (page does not exist)">Junker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_J%C3%BCrgensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaus Jürgensen (page does not exist)">Jürgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Kaffka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Kaffka (page does not exist)">Kaffka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kahn-Ackermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kahn-Ackermann (page does not exist)">Kahn-Ackermann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Karius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Karius (page does not exist)">Karius</a> (from 18 August 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Hans_Kern" title="Karl-Hans Kern">Kern</a> (from 27 February 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Killat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Killat (page does not exist)">Killat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Kleinert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingeborg Kleinert (page does not exist)">Kleinert</a> (from 14 December 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Koch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Koch (page does not exist)">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakob_Koenen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakob Koenen (page does not exist)">Koenen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Kohlberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Kohlberger (page does not exist)">Kohlberger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_K%C3%B6nen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Könen (page does not exist)">Könen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Korspeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisa Korspeter (page does not exist)">Korspeter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Krappe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edith Krappe (page does not exist)">Krappe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kriedemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Kriedemann (page does not exist)">Kriedemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ursula_Krips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ursula Krips (page does not exist)">Krips</a> (until 31 January 1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_K%C3%BCbler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Kübler (page does not exist)">Kübler</a> (until 9 August 1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alwin_Kulawig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alwin Kulawig (page does not exist)">Kulawig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Kunze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Kunze (page does not exist)">Kunze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kurlbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Kurlbaum (page does not exist)">Kurlbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucie_Kurlbaum-Beyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucie Kurlbaum-Beyer (page does not exist)">Kurlbaum-Beyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Lange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Lange (page does not exist)">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Langebeck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Langebeck (page does not exist)">Langebeck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lautenschlager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Lautenschlager (page does not exist)">Lautenschlager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Leber" title="Georg Leber">Leber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lemp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Lemp (page does not exist)">Lemp</a> (from 29 November 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubert_Lemper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubert Lemper (page does not exist)">Lemper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Lenders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Lenders (page does not exist)">Lenders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liedtke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Liedtke (page does not exist)">Liedtke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Liehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Liehr (page does not exist)">Liehr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_L%C3%B6bbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Löbbert (page does not exist)">Löbbert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Lohmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Lohmar (page does not exist)">Lohmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dora_L%C3%B6sche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dora Lösche (page does not exist)">Lösche</a> (from 29 July 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudi_Lotze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudi Lotze (page does not exist)">Lotze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Marquardt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Marquardt (page does not exist)">Marquardt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Marx_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Marx (politician) (page does not exist)">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Matthes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Matthes (page does not exist)">Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Matth%C3%B6fer" title="Hans Matthöfer">Matthöfer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Mattick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Mattick (page does not exist)">Mattick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Maybaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Maybaum (page does not exist)">Maybaum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedwig_Meermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedwig Meermann (page does not exist)">Meermann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Meinecke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Meinecke (page does not exist)">Meinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Merten_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Merten (politician) (page does not exist)">Merten</a> (until 12 December 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Metzger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Metzger (page does not exist)">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Michels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Michels (page does not exist)">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_M%C3%B6ller" title="Alex Möller">Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mommer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Mommer (page does not exist)">Mommer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Morgenstern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Morgenstern (page does not exist)">Morgenstern</a> (until 14 September 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnther_M%C3%BCller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günther Müller (politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_M%C3%BCller_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Müller (German politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_M%C3%BCller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Müller (politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_M%C3%BCller_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Müller (politician) (page does not exist)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_M%C3%BCller-Emmert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Müller-Emmert (page does not exist)">Müller-Emmert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_M%C3%BCthling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Müthling (page does not exist)">Müthling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Nann (page does not exist)">Nann</a> (from 17 February 1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Neemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Neemann (page does not exist)">Neemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nellen" title="Peter Nellen">Nellen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Neumann_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Neumann (German politician) (page does not exist)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Neumann_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Neumann (German politician) (page does not exist)">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Paul" title="Ernst Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Peiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Peiter (page does not exist)">Peiter</a> (from 19 September 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Peters" title="Georg Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_P%C3%B6hler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Pöhler (page does not exist)">Pöhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Porzner" title="Konrad Porzner">Porzner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Raffert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Raffert (page does not exist)">Raffert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Rau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Rau (page does not exist)">Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ravens" title="Karl Ravens">Ravens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Regling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Regling (page does not exist)">Regling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Rehs" title="Reinhold Rehs">Rehs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Reischl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Reischl (page does not exist)">Reischl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Reitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Reitz (page does not exist)">Reitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Renger" title="Annemarie Renger">Renger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Richter (page does not exist)">Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Riegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Riegel (page does not exist)">Riegel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Rinderspacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Rinderspacher (page does not exist)">Rinderspacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Rohde" title="Helmut Rohde">Rohde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Ross (page does not exist)">Ross</a> (from 21 September 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarete_Rudoll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarete Rudoll (page does not exist)">Rudoll</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_S%C3%A4nger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Sänger (page does not exist)">Sänger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Saxowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Heinz Saxowski (page does not exist)">Saxowski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Sch%C3%A4fer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Schäfer (page does not exist)">Schäfer</a> (until 14 February 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marta_Schanzenbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marta Schanzenbach (page does not exist)">Schanzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Schellenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Schellenberg (page does not exist)">Schellenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schiller" title="Karl Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hildegard_Schimschok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hildegard Schimschok (page does not exist)">Schimschok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Schl%C3%BCter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Schlüter (page does not exist)">Schlüter</a> (until 7 April 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Schmid_(German_politician)" title="Carlo Schmid (German politician)">Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Schmidt (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Schmidt (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Schmidt_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Schmidt (German politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Schmidt_(German_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Schmidt (German politician) (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Schmitt-Vockenhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Schmitt-Vockenhausen (page does not exist)">Schmitt-Vockenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schoettle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Schoettle (page does not exist)">Schoettle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schonhofen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Schonhofen (page does not exist)">Schonhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Schulte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Schulte (page does not exist)">Schulte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus-Peter_Schulz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus-Peter Schulz (page does not exist)">Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schwabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Schwabe (page does not exist)">Schwabe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Seibert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Seibert (page does not exist)">Seibert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Seidel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Seidel (page does not exist)">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Stefan_Seifriz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Stefan Seifriz (page does not exist)">Seifriz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Seither&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Seither (page does not exist)">Seither</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfriede_Seppi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elfriede Seppi (page does not exist)">Seppi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Seuffert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Seuffert (page does not exist)">Seuffert</a> (until 18 October 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Seume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Seume (page does not exist)">Seume</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellmut_Sieglerschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellmut Sieglerschmidt (page does not exist)">Sieglerschmidt</a> (from 4 June 1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Spillecke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Spillecke (page does not exist)">Spillecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Stammberger" title="Wolfgang Stammberger">Stammberger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Stein_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Stein (politician) (page does not exist)">Stein</a> (until 14 September 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Steinhoff" title="Fritz Steinhoff">Steinhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Stephan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Stephan (page does not exist)">Stephan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4te_Strobel" title="Käte Strobel">Strobel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alois_Strohmayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alois Strohmayr (page does not exist)">Strohmayr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Tallert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Tallert (page does not exist)">Tallert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Tambl%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Tamblé (page does not exist)">Tamblé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_T%C3%B6njes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Tönjes (page does not exist)">Tönjes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Urban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Urban (page does not exist)">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Vit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Vit (page does not exist)">Vit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wehner" title="Herbert Wehner">Wehner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Welke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Welke (page does not exist)">Welke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Wellmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Wellmann (page does not exist)">Wellmann</a> (until 30 May 1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Welslau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Welslau (page does not exist)">Welslau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Wendt_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Wendt (politician) (page does not exist)">Wendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Wessel" title="Helene Wessel">Wessel</a> (until 13 October 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Westphal" title="Heinz Westphal">Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Wiefel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Wiefel (page does not exist)">Wiefel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wienand" title="Karl Wienand">Wienand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Wilhelm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Wilhelm (page does not exist)">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Wischnewski" title="Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski">Wischnewski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willi_Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willi Wolf (page does not exist)">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wuwer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Wuwer (page does not exist)">Wuwer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Zerbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Zerbe (page does not exist)">Zerbe</a> (until 2 May 1967)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>SPD (GDP):</b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Ahrens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Ahrens (page does not exist)">Ahrens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Kreutzmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Kreutzmann (page does not exist)">Kreutzmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;;width:1%">FDP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:5th_Bundestag_FDP" title="Template:5th Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:5th_Bundestag_FDP" title="Template talk:5th Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:5th_Bundestag_FDP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:5th Bundestag FDP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="FDP" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">FDP</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Speaker:</b> <a href="/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm" title="Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm">Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm</a> until 23 January 1968; <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick" title="Wolfgang Mischnick">Wolfgang Mischnick</a> from 23 January 1968</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Members:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Achenbach" title="Ernst Achenbach">Achenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Borm" title="William Borm">Borm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Bucher" title="Ewald Bucher">Bucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Busse_(politician)" title="Hermann Busse (politician)">Busse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgr%C3%BCn" title="Rolf Dahlgrün">Dahlgrün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dehler" title="Thomas Dehler">Dehler</a> (until 21 July 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmy_Diemer-Nicolaus" title="Emmy Diemer-Nicolaus">Diemer-Nicolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Dorn_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Dorn (politician)">Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Effertz" title="Josef Effertz">Effertz</a> (until 4 July 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Eisenmann" title="Otto Eisenmann">Eisenmann</a> (until 1 June 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Emde" title="Hans Georg Emde">Emde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Ertl" title="Josef Ertl">Ertl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Friderichs" title="Hans Friderichs">Friderichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liselotte_Funcke" title="Liselotte Funcke">Funcke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Geldner_(politician)" title="Karl Geldner (politician)">Geldner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Freiherr_von_Gemmingen-Hornberg" title="Gustav Freiherr von Gemmingen-Hornberg">Gemmingen-Hornberg</a> (from 11 October 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Genscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Graaff" title="Carlo Graaff">Graaff</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_Haas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albrecht Haas (page does not exist)">Haas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hamm" title="Ludwig Hamm">Hamm</a> (until 12 May 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Hellige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Hellige (page does not exist)">Hellige</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedda_Heuser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedda Heuser (page does not exist)">Heuser</a> (from 11 July 1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Imle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Imle (page does not exist)">Imle</a> (from 2 June 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Jung" title="Kurt Jung">Jung</a> (from 17 May 1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Kubitza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Kubitza (page does not exist)">Kubitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_von_K%C3%BChlmann-Stumm" title="Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm">Kühlmann-Stumm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Lenz (page does not exist)">Lenz</a> (until 5 October 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Logemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Logemann (page does not exist)">Logemann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Mauk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Mauk (page does not exist)">Mauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Mende</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Menne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Menne (page does not exist)">Menne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Mertes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Mertes (page does not exist)">Mertes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herwart_Miessner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herwart Miessner (page does not exist)">Miessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mischnick" title="Wolfgang Mischnick">Mischnick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Moersch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Moersch (page does not exist)">Moersch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_M%C3%BChlhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard Mühlhan (page does not exist)">Mühlhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Ollesch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Ollesch (page does not exist)">Ollesch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Opitz_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Opitz (politician) (page does not exist)">Opitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Peters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Peters (page does not exist)">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Porsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Porsch (page does not exist)">Porsch</a> (from 27 July 1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Wilhelm_Ramms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egon Wilhelm Ramms (page does not exist)">Ramms</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Reichmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Reichmann (page does not exist)">Reichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Rutschke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Rutschke (page does not exist)">Rutschke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Saam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Saam (page does not exist)">Saam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Sander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Sander (page does not exist)">Sander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hansheinrich_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hansheinrich Schmidt (page does not exist)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz-Rudolf_Schultz" title="Fritz-Rudolf Schultz">Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Spitzm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Spitzmüller (page does not exist)">Spitzmüller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Werner_Staratzke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Werner Staratzke (page does not exist)">Staratzke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Starke" title="Heinz Starke">Starke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerold_W%C3%A4chter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerold Wächter (page does not exist)">Wächter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Walter_(politician)" title="Fritz Walter (politician)">Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wurbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Wurbs (page does not exist)">Wurbs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Zoglmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegfried Zoglmann (page does not exist)">Zoglmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFF; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #f4d552, inset -1px -1px 0 #f4d552;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_5th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 5th Bundestag">List of members of the 5th Bundestag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germany_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_topics" title="Template talk:Germany topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germany_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br /> History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2492#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2492#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2492#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108564829">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34470968">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54984/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCCBcTRKhvFJdhcRxCcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11850066X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80060444">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120285810">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120285810">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00519443">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35001382">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000600039&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX821118">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/180324">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069135649">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90103439">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000001298&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000140294&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000036603">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=106753">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199600174">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrv303z51hncfh">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810584040205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/128104">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257447705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000103325">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058611101406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14514692">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01414177?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500654332">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Konrad Adenauer"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/031ad051-27d7-478a-9599-033b4dfd4816">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/374336">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/784921">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11850066X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11850066X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027666336">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581751">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6m90czm">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&oldid=1258068772">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Adenauer&oldid=1258068772</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Konrad_Adenauer" title="Category:Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1876_births" title="Category:1876 births">1876 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1967_deaths" title="Category:1967 deaths">1967 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_chancellors_of_Germany" title="Category:20th-century chancellors of Germany">20th-century chancellors of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_people" title="Category:20th-century German people">20th-century German people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:20th-century Roman Catholics">20th-century Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Centre_Party_(Germany)_politicians" title="Category:Centre Party (Germany) politicians">Centre Party (Germany) politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="Category:Leaders of political parties in Germany">Leaders of political parties in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eurofederalism" title="Category:Eurofederalism">Eurofederalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_integration_pioneers" title="Category:European integration pioneers">European integration pioneers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_for_foreign_affairs_of_Germany" title="Category:Ministers for foreign affairs of Germany">Ministers for foreign affairs of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_anti-communists" title="Category:German anti-communists">German anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_anti-fascists" title="Category:German anti-fascists">German anti-fascists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_autobiographers" title="Category:German autobiographers">German autobiographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:German Roman Catholics">German Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru">Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Cross_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" title="Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour">Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_European_Union" title="Category:History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_knights_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="Category:Honorary knights of the Teutonic Order">Honorary knights of the Teutonic Order</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic">Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_with_Collar_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_Malta" title="Category:Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Category:Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich_alumni" title="Category:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_Cologne" title="Category:Mayors of Cologne">Mayors of Cologne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Bundestag_for_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Category:Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia">Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Prussian_House_of_Lords" title="Category:Members of the Prussian House of Lords">Members of the Prussian House of Lords</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_the_Rhine_Province" title="Category:Politicians from the Rhine Province">Politicians from the Rhine Province</a></li><li><a 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href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Rising_Sun_with_Paulownia_Flowers" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers">Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Tower and Sword">Recipients of the Order of the Tower and Sword</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)">Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholics_in_the_German_Resistance" title="Category:Roman Catholics in the German Resistance">Roman Catholics in the German Resistance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Bonn_alumni" title="Category:University of Bonn alumni">University of Bonn alumni</a></li><li><a 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