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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Nazi rise to power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel_and_recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel_and_recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Personnel and recruitment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personnel_and_recruitment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personnel and recruitment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personnel_and_recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women_in_the_Wehrmacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_the_Wehrmacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Women in the Wehrmacht </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_the_Wehrmacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Command structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Branches </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Branches subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Air Force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Navy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coexistence_with_the_Waffen-SS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coexistence_with_the_Waffen-SS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Coexistence with the Waffen-SS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coexistence_with_the_Waffen-SS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatres_and_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres_and_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Theatres and campaigns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theatres_and_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theatres and campaigns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theatres_and_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Eastern theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Western theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Mediterranean theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 War crimes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War crimes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cooperation_with_the_SS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation_with_the_SS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cooperation with the SS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation_with_the_SS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimes_against_civilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimes_against_civilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Crimes against civilians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimes_against_civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimes_against_POWs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimes_against_POWs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Crimes against POWs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimes_against_POWs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_and_genocidal_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_and_genocidal_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Criminal and genocidal organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_and_genocidal_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_to_the_Nazi_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_to_the_Nazi_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Resistance to the Nazi regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_to_the_Nazi_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 After World War II </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle After World War II subsection </button> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_operational_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_operational_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Military operational legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_operational_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_negationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_negationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Historical negationism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_negationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_militaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_militaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Post-war militaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_militaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1 Printed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.2 Online </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wehrmacht</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="فيرماخت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيرماخت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermaxt" title="Vermaxt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vermaxt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title="Вермахт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вермахт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title="Вэрмахт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэрмахт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title="Вермахт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вермахт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmocht" title="Wehrmocht – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wehrmocht" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title="Вермахт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вермахт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6rnemagt" title="Værnemagt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Værnemagt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%84" title="Βέρμαχτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βέρμαχτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="ورماخت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورماخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EA%B5%AD%EB%B0%A9%EA%B5%B0" title="독일 국방군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일 국방군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF" title="Վերմախտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերմախտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%98" title="ורמאכט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ורמאכט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვერმახტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვერმახტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title="Вермахт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вермахт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93rmahts" title="Vērmahts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vērmahts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermachtas" title="Vermachtas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vermachtas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title="Вермахт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вермахт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="فيرماخت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيرماخت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title="Вермахт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вермахт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="ドイツ国防軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ国防軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermaxt" title="Vermaxt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vermaxt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="وہرماخت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وہرماخت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title="Вермахт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вермахт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title="Вермахт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вермахт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="வேர்மாக்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேர்மாக்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="แวร์มัคท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แวร์มัคท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title="Вермахт – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вермахт" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82" title="Вермахт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вермахт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wehrmacht" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E5%86%9B" title="德国国防军 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德国国防军" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="納粹德軍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="納粹德軍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="德意志國防軍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德意志國防軍" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Wehrmacht</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_Germany_(1938%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Red flag with black Nordic cross, black swastika in the center and black iron cross in the upper left corner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/220px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/330px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/440px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Reichskriegsflagge" title="Reichskriegsflagge">Reichskriegsflagge</a>, the war flag and <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">naval ensign</a> of the Wehrmacht (1938–1945 version)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkenkreuz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black cross with white and black outline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/220px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/330px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Balkenkreuz.svg/440px-Balkenkreuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the Wehrmacht, the <a href="/wiki/Balkenkreuz" title="Balkenkreuz">Balkenkreuz</a>, a stylized version of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> seen in varying proportions</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gott_mit_uns" title="Gott mit uns">Gott mit uns</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmbrüster200564-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">16 March 1935; 89 years ago (16 March 1935)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">20 August 1946; 78 years ago (20 August 1946)<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">Heer (German Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters#Military" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maybach_I_and_II" title="Maybach I and II">Maybach II</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCnsdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wünsdorf">Wünsdorf</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wehrmacht&params=52.1826_N_13.4741_E_type:landmark_region:DE&title=Maybach+II">52°10′57″N 13°28′27″E / 52.1826°N 13.4741°E / 52.1826; 13.4741 (Maybach II)</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="#Command_structure">Supreme Commander</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(1935–1945)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (first)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> (last)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="#Command_structure">Commander-in-chief</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(1935–1938)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Adolf Hitler (first)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a> (last)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Minister of War</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(1935–1938)</th><td class="infobox-data">Werner von Blomberg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht#Chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_High_Command" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht High Command</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military age</th><td class="infobox-data">18–45</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1–2 years; <a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">compulsory service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reaching military age annually</th><td class="infobox-data">700,000 (1935)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201612-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active personnel</th><td class="infobox-data">18,000,000 (total served)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2004215-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Expenditure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>19 billion <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛ︁ℳ︁</a> (1939) (€85 billion in 2021)</li> <li>89 billion <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛ︁ℳ︁</a> (1944) (€359 billion in 2021)<a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Percent of GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>25% (1939)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006181-9">[7]</a></li> <li>75% (1944)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008333-10">[8]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Industry</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de">See list</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkett" title="Alkett">Alkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Union" title="Auto Union">Auto Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blohm%2BVoss" title="Blohm+Voss">Blohm+Voss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke" title="Dornier Flugzeugwerke">Dornier Flugzeugwerke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf" title="Focke-Wulf">Focke-Wulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel" title="Heinkel">Heinkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henschel_%26_Son" title="Henschel & Son">Henschel & Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers" title="Junkers">Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN SE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt" title="Messerschmitt">Messerschmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foreign suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State2016-11">[9]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual exports</th><td class="infobox-data">245 million <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛℳ</a> (1939) (€1090 million in 2021)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeitz1998153-12">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany during World War II">History of Germany during World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Ranks and insignia of the German Army (1935–1945)">Heer ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Ranks and insignia of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Luftwaffe ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Wehrmacht (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈveːɐ̯maxt]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/72\/De-Wehrmacht-pronunciation.ogg\/De-Wehrmacht-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Wehrmacht-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/De-Wehrmacht-pronunciation.ogg/De-Wehrmacht-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Wehrmacht-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:De-Wehrmacht-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'defence force') were the unified <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">Heer</a> (army), the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> (navy) and the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> (air force). The designation "Wehrmacht" replaced the previously used term <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a> (Reich Defence) and was the manifestation of the Nazi regime's efforts to <a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">rearm Germany</a> to a greater extent than the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> permitted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199590–119-13">[11]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Nazi rise to power</a> in 1933, one of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s most overt and bellicose moves was to establish the Wehrmacht, a modern offensively-capable armed force, fulfilling the Nazi regime's long-term goals of regaining lost territory as well as gaining new territory and dominating its neighbours. This required the reinstatement of conscription and massive investment and <a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">defence spending</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen199439–65-14">[12]</a> The Wehrmacht formed the heart of Germany's politico-military power. In the early part of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the Wehrmacht employed <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> tactics (close-cover air-support, tanks and infantry) to devastating effect in what became known as <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a> (lightning war). Its campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France (1940)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Soviet Union (1941)</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa (1941/42)</a> are regarded by historians as acts of boldness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Creveld19823-15">[13]</a> At the same time, the extent of advances strained the Wehrmacht's capacity to the breaking point, culminating in its first major defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a> (1941); by late 1942, Germany was losing the initiative in all theatres. The German <a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">operational art</a> proved no match to that of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied coalition</a>, making the Wehrmacht's weaknesses in strategy, doctrine, and logistics apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201658–59-16">[14]</a> Closely cooperating with the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> death squads, the German armed forces committed numerous <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_war_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wehrmacht war crimes">war crimes</a> (despite later denials and promotion of the <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann201385–108-17">[15]</a> The majority of the war crimes took place in the Soviet Union, Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Italy, as part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_annihilation" title="War of annihilation">war of annihilation</a> against the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Nazi security warfare</a>. During World War II about 18 million men served in the Wehrmacht.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2004215Müller201616Wette200677-18">[16]</a> By the time the war ended in Europe in May 1945, German forces (consisting of the Heer, the Kriegsmarine, the Luftwaffe, the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">foreign collaborator units</a>) had lost approximately 11,300,000 men, about 5,318,000 of whom were missing, killed or died in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritz2011470-19">[17]</a> Only a few of the Wehrmacht's upper leadership went on trial for war crimes, despite evidence suggesting that more were involved in illegal actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWette2006195–250-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMMn.d.-21">[19]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a>, most of the three million Wehrmacht soldiers who invaded the USSR participated in war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1997150-22">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> The German term "Wehrmacht" stems from the compound word of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: wehren, "to defend" and Macht, "power, force".<a href="#cite_note-23">[c]</a> It has been used to describe any nation's armed forces; for example, Britische Wehrmacht meaning "British Armed Forces". The <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a> of 1849 designated all German military forces as the "German Wehrmacht", consisting of the Seemacht (sea force) and the Landmacht (land force).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuber2000-24">[21]</a> In 1919, the term Wehrmacht also appears in Article 47 of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>, establishing that: "The Reich's President holds supreme command of all armed forces [i.e. the Wehrmacht] of the Reich". From 1919, Germany's national defense force was known as the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a>, a name that was dropped in favor of Wehrmacht on 21 May 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrohn201010-25">[22]</a> While the term Wehrmacht has been associated, both in the German and English languages, with the German armed forces of 1935–45 since the Second World War, before 1945 the term was used in the German language in a more general sense for a national defense force. For instance, the German-aligned formations of Poles raised during the First World War were known as the <a href="/wiki/Polnische_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Polnische Wehrmacht">Polnische Wehrmacht</a> ('Polish Wehrmacht', 'Polish Defense Force') in German. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16108,_Vereidigung_von_Reichswehr-Soldaten_auf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16108%2C_Vereidigung_von_Reichswehr-Soldaten_auf_Hitler.jpg/253px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16108%2C_Vereidigung_von_Reichswehr-Soldaten_auf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16108%2C_Vereidigung_von_Reichswehr-Soldaten_auf_Hitler.jpg/380px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16108%2C_Vereidigung_von_Reichswehr-Soldaten_auf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16108%2C_Vereidigung_von_Reichswehr-Soldaten_auf_Hitler.jpg/506px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16108%2C_Vereidigung_von_Reichswehr-Soldaten_auf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Reichswehr soldiers swearing the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler oath">Hitler oath</a> in August 1934</figcaption></figure> In January 1919, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> ended with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)">armistice of 11 November 1918</a>, the armed forces were dubbed Friedensheer (peace army).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett196760-26">[23]</a> In March 1919, the national assembly passed a law founding a 420,000-strong preliminary army, the Vorläufige Reichswehr. The terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> were announced in May, and in June, Germany signed the treaty that, among other terms, imposed severe constraints on the size of Germany's armed forces. The army was limited to one hundred thousand men with an additional fifteen thousand in the navy. The fleet was to consist of at most six <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>, six <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>, and twelve <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> and heavy <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> were forbidden and the air-force was dissolved. A new post-war military, the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a>, was established on 23 March 1921. <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">General conscription</a> was abolished under another mandate of the Versailles treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1980424–432-27">[24]</a> The Reichswehr was limited to 115,000 men, and thus the armed forces, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Seeckt" title="Hans von Seeckt">Hans von Seeckt</a>, retained only the most capable officers. The American historians Alan Millet and <a href="/wiki/Williamson_Murray" title="Williamson Murray">Williamson Murray</a> wrote "In reducing the officers corps, Seeckt chose the new leadership from the best men of the general staff with ruthless disregard for other constituencies, such as war heroes and the nobility."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200122-28">[25]</a> Seeckt's determination that the Reichswehr be an elite cadre force that would serve as the nucleus of an expanded military when the chance for restoring conscription came essentially led to the creation of a new army, based upon, but very different from, the army that existed in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200122-28">[25]</a> In the 1920s, Seeckt and his officers developed new doctrines that emphasized speed, aggression, combined arms and initiative on the part of lower officers to take advantage of momentary opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200122-28">[25]</a> Though Seeckt retired in 1926, his influence on the army was still apparent when it went to war in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett196722-29">[26]</a> Germany was forbidden to have an air force by the Versailles treaty; nonetheless, Seeckt created a clandestine cadre of air force officers in the early 1920s. These officers saw the role of an air force as winning air superiority, strategic bombing, and close air support. That the Luftwaffe did not develop a strategic bombing force in the 1930s was not due to a lack of interest, but because of economic limitations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200133-30">[27]</a> The leadership of the Navy led by Grand Admiral <a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a>, a close protégé of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">Alfred von Tirpitz</a>, was dedicated to the idea of reviving Tirpitz's High Seas Fleet. Officers who believed in submarine warfare led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> were in a minority before 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayMillett200137-31">[28]</a> By 1922, Germany had begun covertly circumventing the conditions of the Versailles treaty. A secret collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> began after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1922)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1922)">Treaty of Rapallo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967131-32">[29]</a> Major-General <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hasse_(General)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Hasse (General)">Otto Hasse</a> traveled to Moscow in 1923 to further negotiate the terms. Germany helped the Soviet Union with industrialization and Soviet officers were to be trained in Germany. German tank and air-force specialists could exercise in the Soviet Union and German chemical weapons research and manufacture would be carried out there along with other projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeidler2006106–111-33">[30]</a> In 1924 a <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_fighter-pilot_school" title="Lipetsk fighter-pilot school">fighter-pilot school</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a>, where several hundred German air force personnel received instruction in operational maintenance, navigation, and aerial combat training over the next decade until the Germans finally left in September 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1981382–383-34">[31]</a> However, the arms buildup was done in secrecy, until Hitler came to power and it received broad political support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201610-35">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_rise_to_power">Nazi rise to power</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">Nazism and the Wehrmacht</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_re-armament" class="mw-redirect" title="German re-armament">German re-armament</a></div> After the death of President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> on 2 August 1934, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> assumed the office of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">President of Germany</a>, and thus became commander in chief. In February 1934, the Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a>, acting on his own initiative, had all of the Jews serving in the Reichswehr given an automatic and immediate <a href="/wiki/Dishonorable_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishonorable discharge">dishonorable discharge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFörster1998268-36">[33]</a> Again, on his own initiative Blomberg had the armed forces adopt <a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">Nazi symbols</a> into their uniforms in May 1934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler-Bennett1967312-37">[34]</a> In August of the same year, on Blomberg's initiative and that of the Ministeramt chief General <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Reichenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Walther von Reichenau">Walther von Reichenau</a>, the entire military took the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler oath">Hitler oath</a>, an oath of personal loyalty to Hitler. Hitler was most surprised at the offer; the popular view that Hitler imposed the oath on the military is false.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1997525-38">[35]</a> The oath read: "I swear by God this sacred oath that to the Leader of the German empire and people, Adolf Hitler, supreme commander of the armed forces, I shall render <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_obedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconditional obedience">unconditional obedience</a> and that as a brave soldier I shall at all times be prepared to give my life for this oath".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszatBuchheimJacobsenKrausnick199918-39">[36]</a> By 1935, Germany was openly flouting the military restrictions set forth in the Versailles Treaty: <a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a> was announced on 16 March with the "Edict for the Buildup of the Wehrmacht" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Gesetz für den Aufbau der Wehrmacht)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller20167-40">[37]</a> and the reintroduction of conscription.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1995408-41">[38]</a> While the size of the standing army was to remain at about the 100,000-man mark decreed by the treaty, a new group of conscripts equal to this size would receive training each year. The conscription law introduced the name "Wehrmacht"; the Reichswehr was officially renamed the Wehrmacht on 21 May 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2006316-42">[39]</a> Hitler's proclamation of the Wehrmacht's existence included a total of no less than 36 divisions in its original projection, contravening the Treaty of Versailles in grandiose fashion. In December 1935, General <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck">Ludwig Beck</a> added 48 tank battalions to the planned rearmament program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006208-43">[40]</a> Hitler originally set a time frame of 10 years for remilitarization, but soon shortened it to four years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201612–13-44">[41]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">remilitarization of the Rhineland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, the German Reich's territory increased significantly, providing a larger population pool for conscription.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201613-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel_and_recruitment">Personnel and recruitment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43590,_Potsdam,_Musterung_f%C3%BCr_die_Wehrmacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men standing in line waiting for a medical check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43590%2C_Potsdam%2C_Musterung_f%C3%BCr_die_Wehrmacht.jpg/211px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43590%2C_Potsdam%2C_Musterung_f%C3%BCr_die_Wehrmacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43590%2C_Potsdam%2C_Musterung_f%C3%BCr_die_Wehrmacht.jpg/317px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43590%2C_Potsdam%2C_Musterung_f%C3%BCr_die_Wehrmacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43590%2C_Potsdam%2C_Musterung_f%C3%BCr_die_Wehrmacht.jpg/422px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R43590%2C_Potsdam%2C_Musterung_f%C3%BCr_die_Wehrmacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Inspection of German conscripts</figcaption></figure> Recruitment for the Wehrmacht was accomplished through voluntary enlistment and conscription, with 1.3 million being drafted and 2.4 million volunteering in the period 1935–1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Department1945I-57-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201612-5">[4]</a> The total number of soldiers who served in the Wehrmacht during its existence from 1935 to 1945 is believed to have approached 18.2 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2004215Müller201616Wette200677-18">[16]</a> The German military leadership originally aimed at a homogeneous military, possessing traditional <a href="/wiki/Prussian_militarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian militarism">Prussian military</a> values. However, with Hitler's constant wishes to increase the Wehrmacht's size, the Army was forced to accept citizens of lower class and education, decreasing internal cohesion and appointing officers who lacked real-war experience from previous conflicts, especially <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201613–14-47">[44]</a> The effectiveness of officer training and recruitment by the Wehrmacht has been identified as a major factor in its early victories as well as its ability to keep the war going as long as it did even as the war turned against Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2013292–293-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKjoerstad20106-49">[46]</a> As the Second World War intensified, <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> personnel were increasingly transferred to the army, and "voluntary" enlistments in the SS were stepped up as well. Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> in 1943, fitness and physical health standards for Wehrmacht recruits were drastically lowered, with the regime going so far as to create "special diet" battalions for men with severe stomach ailments. Rear-echelon personnel were more often sent to front-line duty wherever possible, especially during the final two years of the war where, inspired by constant propaganda, the oldest and <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">youngest</a> were being recruited and driven by instilled fear and fanaticism to serve on the fronts and, often, to fight to the death, whether judged to be cannon fodder or elite troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Department1945I-3-50">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1465-16,_Griechenland,_Soldaten_der_%22Legion_Freies_Arabien%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An African in German uniform sitting on a chair, next to two other soldiers having a cigarette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1465-16%2C_Griechenland%2C_Soldaten_der_%22Legion_Freies_Arabien%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1465-16%2C_Griechenland%2C_Soldaten_der_%22Legion_Freies_Arabien%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1465-16%2C_Griechenland%2C_Soldaten_der_%22Legion_Freies_Arabien%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1465-16%2C_Griechenland%2C_Soldaten_der_%22Legion_Freies_Arabien%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1465-16%2C_Griechenland%2C_Soldaten_der_%22Legion_Freies_Arabien%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1465-16%2C_Griechenland%2C_Soldaten_der_%22Legion_Freies_Arabien%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Afro-Arab</a> soldier of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Arabian_Legion" title="Free Arabian Legion">Free Arabian Legion</a></figcaption></figure> Prior to World War II, the Wehrmacht strove to remain a purely ethnic German force; as such, minorities within and outside of Germany, such as the Czechs in annexed <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, were exempted from military service after Hitler's takeover in 1938. Foreign volunteers were generally not accepted in the German armed forces prior to 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Department1945I-3-50">[47]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a> in 1941, the government's positions changed. German propagandists wanted to present the war not as a purely German concern, but as a multi-national <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a> against the so-called <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFörster1998266-51">[48]</a> Hence, the Wehrmacht and the SS began to seek out recruits from occupied and neutral countries across Europe: the Germanic populations of the Netherlands and Norway were recruited largely into the SS, while "non-Germanic" people were recruited into the Wehrmacht. The "voluntary" nature of such recruitment was often dubious, especially in the later years of the war when even Poles living in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a> were declared "ethnic Germans" and drafted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Department1945I-3-50">[47]</a> After Germany's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, the Wehrmacht also made substantial use of personnel from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Muslim_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Muslim Legion">Caucasian Muslim Legion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Legion" title="Turkestan Legion">Turkestan Legion</a>, Crimean Tatars, ethnic Ukrainians and Russians, <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossacks</a>, and others who wished to fight against the Soviet regime or who were otherwise induced to join.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Department1945I-3-50">[47]</a> Between 15,000 and 20,000 anti-communist <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="White émigrés">White émigrés</a> who had left Russia after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> joined the ranks of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS, with 1,500 acting as <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreters</a> and more than 10,000 serving in the guard force of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Protective_Corps" title="Russian Protective Corps">Russian Protective Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyda2014448-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2014222-53">[50]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>1939</th> <th>1940</th> <th>1941</th> <th>1942</th> <th>1943</th> <th>1944</th> <th>1945 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Heer</td> <td>3,737,000</td> <td>4,550,000</td> <td>5,000,000</td> <td>5,800,000</td> <td>6,550,000</td> <td>6,510,000</td> <td>5,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luftwaffe</td> <td>400,000</td> <td>1,200,000</td> <td>1,680,000</td> <td>1,700,000</td> <td>1,700,000</td> <td>1,500,000</td> <td>1,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kriegsmarine</td> <td>50,000</td> <td>250,000</td> <td>404,000</td> <td>580,000</td> <td>780,000</td> <td>810,000</td> <td>700,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Waffen–SS</td> <td>35,000</td> <td>50,000</td> <td>150,000</td> <td>230,000</td> <td>450,000</td> <td>600,000</td> <td>830,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>4,220,000</th> <th>6,050,000</th> <th>7,234,000</th> <th>8,310,000</th> <th>9,480,000</th> <th>9,420,000</th> <th>7,830,000 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">Source:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201636-54">[51]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_in_the_Wehrmacht">Women in the Wehrmacht</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wehrmachthelferin" title="Wehrmachthelferin">Wehrmachthelferin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-768-0147-15,_Paris,_Wehrmachtshelferinnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-768-0147-15%2C_Paris%2C_Wehrmachtshelferinnen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-768-0147-15%2C_Paris%2C_Wehrmachtshelferinnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-768-0147-15%2C_Paris%2C_Wehrmachtshelferinnen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-768-0147-15%2C_Paris%2C_Wehrmachtshelferinnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-768-0147-15%2C_Paris%2C_Wehrmachtshelferinnen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-768-0147-15%2C_Paris%2C_Wehrmachtshelferinnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Wehrmachthelferinnen in occupied Paris, 1940</figcaption></figure> In the beginning, women in Nazi Germany were not involved in the Wehrmacht, as Hitler ideologically opposed conscription for women,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwald1981125-55">[52]</a> stating that Germany would "not form any section of women grenade throwers or any corps of women elite snipers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigmund2004184-56">[53]</a> However, with many men going to the front, women were placed in auxiliary positions within the Wehrmacht, called Wehrmachtshelferinnen (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Female Wehrmacht Helper'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museumn.d.-57">[54]</a> participating in tasks as: <ul><li>telephone, telegraph and transmission operators,</li> <li>administrative clerks, <a href="/wiki/Copy_typist" title="Copy typist">typists</a> and messengers,</li> <li>operators of listening equipment, in anti-aircraft defense, operating projectors for anti-aircraft defense, employees within <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> services, and auxiliary civil defense personnel</li> <li>volunteer nurses in military health service, as the <a href="/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a> or other voluntary organizations.</li></ul> They were placed under the same authority as (<a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwis</a>), auxiliary personnel of the army (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Behelfspersonal) and they were assigned to duties within the Reich, and to a lesser extent, in the occupied territories, for example in the <a href="/wiki/General_government" class="mw-redirect" title="General government">general government of occupied Poland</a>, in <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">France</a>, and later in <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKompisch2008219-58">[55]</a> By 1945, 500,000 women were serving as Wehrmachtshelferinnen, half of whom were volunteers, while the other half performed obligatory services connected to the war effort (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Kriegshilfsdienst).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museumn.d.-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Command_structure">Command structure</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wehrmacht_structure_(1935-1938).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of the structure of the Wehrmacht (1935–1938)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wehrmacht_structure_%281935-1938%29.svg/220px-Wehrmacht_structure_%281935-1938%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wehrmacht_structure_%281935-1938%29.svg/330px-Wehrmacht_structure_%281935-1938%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wehrmacht_structure_%281935-1938%29.svg/440px-Wehrmacht_structure_%281935-1938%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the Wehrmacht (1935–1938)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wehrmacht_structure_(1939-1945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of the structure of the Wehrmacht (1939–1945)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wehrmacht_structure_%281939-1945%29.svg/220px-Wehrmacht_structure_%281939-1945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wehrmacht_structure_%281939-1945%29.svg/330px-Wehrmacht_structure_%281939-1945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wehrmacht_structure_%281939-1945%29.svg/440px-Wehrmacht_structure_%281939-1945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3299" data-file-height="2058" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the Wehrmacht (1939–1945)</figcaption></figure> Legally, the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the Wehrmacht was Adolf Hitler in his capacity as Germany's head of state, a position he gained after the death of President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> in August 1934. With the creation of the Wehrmacht in 1935, Hitler elevated himself to Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdocumentArchiv.de2004§3-59">[56]</a> retaining the position until his suicide on 30 April 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat1985295-60">[57]</a> The title of Commander-in-Chief was given to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Minister of the Reichswehr</a> <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a>, who was simultaneously renamed the Reich Minister of War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdocumentArchiv.de2004§3-59">[56]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Blomberg-Fritsch_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Blomberg-Fritsch Affair">Blomberg-Fritsch Affair</a>, Blomberg resigned and Hitler abolished the Ministry of War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein200218-61">[58]</a> As a replacement for the ministry, the Wehrmacht High Command <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a> (OKW), under Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a>, was put in its place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegargee200041–42-62">[59]</a> Placed under the OKW were the three branch High Commands: <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">Oberkommando des Heeres</a> (OKH), <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Marine" title="Oberkommando der Marine">Oberkommando der Marine</a> (OKM), and <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe" title="Oberkommando der Luftwaffe">Oberkommando der Luftwaffe</a> (OKL). The OKW was intended to serve as a joint command and coordinate all military activities, with Hitler at the top.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1999104–105-63">[60]</a> Though many senior officers, such as <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">von Manstein</a>, had advocated for a real tri-service Joint Command, or appointment of a single Joint Chief of Staff, Hitler refused. Even after the defeat at Stalingrad, Hitler refused, stating that Göring as <a href="/wiki/Reichsmarschall" title="Reichsmarschall">Reichsmarschall</a> and Hitler's deputy, would not submit to someone else or see himself as an equal to other service commanders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1999105–106-64">[61]</a> However, a more likely reason was Hitler feared it would break his image of having the "Midas touch" concerning military strategy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1999105–106-64">[61]</a> With the creation of the OKW, Hitler solidified his control over the Wehrmacht. Showing restraint at the beginning of the war, Hitler also became increasingly involved in military operations at every scale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201618–20-65">[62]</a> Additionally, there was a clear lack of cohesion between the three High Commands and the OKW, as senior generals were unaware of the needs, capabilities and limitations of the other branches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1999105-66">[63]</a> With Hitler serving as Supreme Commander, branch commands were often forced to fight for influence with Hitler. However, influence with Hitler not only came from rank and merit but also who Hitler perceived as loyal, leading to inter-service rivalry, rather than cohesion between his military advisers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1999106-67">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army">Army</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army (1935–1945)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-217-0465-32A,_Russland,_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soldiers walking towards the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-217-0465-32A%2C_Russland%2C_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-217-0465-32A%2C_Russland%2C_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-217-0465-32A%2C_Russland%2C_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-217-0465-32A%2C_Russland%2C_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-217-0465-32A%2C_Russland%2C_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-217-0465-32A%2C_Russland%2C_Soldaten_auf_dem_Marsch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>"Foot-mobile" infantry of the Heer, in the Soviet Union 1942</figcaption></figure> The German Army furthered concepts pioneered during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, combining ground (Heer) and air force (Luftwaffe) assets into <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> teams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer201096–97-68">[65]</a> Coupled with traditional war fighting methods such as <a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">encirclements</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_annihilation" title="Battle of annihilation">battle of annihilation</a>", the Wehrmacht managed many lightning quick victories in the first year of World War II, prompting foreign journalists to create a new word for what they witnessed: <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a>. Germany's immediate military success on the field at the start of the Second World War coincides the favorable beginning they achieved during the First World War, a fact which some attribute to their superior officer corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosier200611–24-69">[66]</a> The Heer entered the war with a minority of its formations <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">motorized</a>; infantry remained approximately 90% foot-borne throughout the war, and artillery was primarily <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_II" title="Horses in World War II">horse-drawn</a>. The motorized formations received much attention in the world press in the opening years of the war, and were cited as the reason for the success of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">invasions of Poland</a> (September 1939), <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Denmark and Norway</a> (April 1940), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Belgium, France, and Netherlands</a> (May 1940), <a href="/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkans Campaign (World War II)">Yugoslavia and Greece</a> (April 1941) and the early stage of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> in the Soviet Union (June 1941).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser20054–5-70">[67]</a> After Hitler declared war on the United States in December 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> found themselves engaged in campaigns against several major industrial powers while Germany was still in transition to a war economy. German units were then overextended, undersupplied, outmaneuvered, outnumbered and defeated by its enemies in decisive battles during 1941, 1942, and 1943 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunis</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2002536-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJukes200231-72">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Armored vehicle convoy moving through a dessert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg/220px-Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg/330px-Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg/440px-Advance_of_the_Panzerjager-Abteilung_39-AC1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Armoured car of <a href="/wiki/Panzerj%C3%A4ger" title="Panzerjäger">Panzerjäger</a> (anti-tank) battalion, part of the 21 Panzer Division of the <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> The German Army was managed through <a href="/wiki/Mission-type_tactics" title="Mission-type tactics">mission-based tactics</a> (rather than order-based tactics) which was intended to give commanders greater freedom to act on events and exploit opportunities. In public opinion, the German Army was, and sometimes still is, seen as a high-tech army. However, such modern equipment, while featured much in propaganda, was often only available in relatively small numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeilerDuBois2012171–172-73">[70]</a> Only 40% to 60% of all units in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> were motorized, baggage trains often relied on horse-drawn trailers due to poor roads and weather conditions in the Soviet Union, and for the same reasons many soldiers marched on foot or used bicycles as <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_infantry" title="Bicycle infantry">bicycle infantry</a>. As the fortunes of war turned against them, the Germans were in constant retreat from 1943 and onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov1974110–111-74">[71]</a>: 142 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrigan2011353-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell201195,_108-76">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Panzer_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer division">Panzer divisions</a> were vital to the German army's early success. In the strategies of the Blitzkrieg, the Wehrmacht combined the mobility of light tanks with airborne assault to quickly progress through weak enemy lines, enabling the German army to quickly take over Poland and France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrueman2015a-77">[74]</a> These tanks were used to break through enemy lines, isolating regiments from the main force so that the infantry behind the tanks could quickly kill or capture the enemy troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory.com_Editors2010-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_Force">Air Force</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-0864,_Kreta,_Landung_von_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="German paratrooper landing with others in the sky behind him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-0864%2C_Kreta%2C_Landung_von_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-0864%2C_Kreta%2C_Landung_von_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-0864%2C_Kreta%2C_Landung_von_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-0864%2C_Kreta%2C_Landung_von_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-0864%2C_Kreta%2C_Landung_von_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_141-0864%2C_Kreta%2C_Landung_von_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>German paratroopers landing on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a></figcaption></figure> Originally outlawed by the Treaty of Versailles, the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> was officially established in 1935, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1995408-41">[38]</a> First gaining experience in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, it was a key element in the early Blitzkrieg campaigns (Poland, France 1940, USSR 1941). The Luftwaffe concentrated production on fighters and (small) tactical bombers, like the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> fighter and the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a> Stuka dive bomber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006125–130-79">[76]</a> The planes cooperated closely with the ground forces. Overwhelming numbers of fighters assured air-supremacy, and the bombers would attack command- and supply-lines, depots, and other support targets close to the front. The Luftwaffe would also be used to transport paratroopers, as first used during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Operation Weserübung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOutze1962359-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerglen197026-81">[78]</a> Due to the Army's sway with Hitler, the Luftwaffe was often subordinated to the Army, resulting in it being used as a tactical support role and losing its strategic capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1999106-67">[64]</a> The Western Allies' strategic bombing campaign against German industrial targets (particularly the round-the-clock <a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive</a>) and Germany's <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a> deliberately forced the Luftwaffe into a war of attrition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarling2008181-82">[79]</a> With German fighter force destroyed, the Western Allies had air supremacy over the battlefield, denying support to German forces on the ground and using its own fighter-bombers to attack and disrupt. Following the losses in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Operation Bodenplatte</a> in 1945, the Luftwaffe was no longer an effective force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGirbig1975112-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy">Navy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)">Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plan_Z" title="Plan Z">Plan Z</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3491-06,_St._Nazaire,_Uboot_U_94,_Karl_D%C3%B6nitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several people looking at a submarine with its crew on the deck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3491-06%2C_St._Nazaire%2C_Uboot_U_94%2C_Karl_D%C3%B6nitz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3491-06%2C_St._Nazaire%2C_Uboot_U_94%2C_Karl_D%C3%B6nitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3491-06%2C_St._Nazaire%2C_Uboot_U_94%2C_Karl_D%C3%B6nitz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3491-06%2C_St._Nazaire%2C_Uboot_U_94%2C_Karl_D%C3%B6nitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3491-06%2C_St._Nazaire%2C_Uboot_U_94%2C_Karl_D%C3%B6nitz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-3491-06%2C_St._Nazaire%2C_Uboot_U_94%2C_Karl_D%C3%B6nitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> inspecting the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_submarine_base" title="Saint-Nazaire submarine base">Saint-Nazaire submarine base</a> in France, June 1941</figcaption></figure> The Treaty of Versailles disallowed submarines, while limiting the size of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsmarine" title="Reichsmarine">Reichsmarine</a> to six battleships, six cruisers, and twelve destroyers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig1980424–432-27">[24]</a> Following the creation of the Wehrmacht, the navy was renamed the Kriegsmarine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdocumentArchiv.de2004§2-84">[81]</a> With the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a>, Germany was allowed to increase its navy's size to be 35:100 tonnage of the Royal Navy, and allowed for the construction of U-boats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiolo199835–36-85">[82]</a> This was partly done to appease Germany, and because Britain believed the Kriegsmarine would not be able to reach the 35% limit until 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiolo199857–59-86">[83]</a> The navy was also prioritized last in the German rearmament scheme, making it the smallest of the branches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201617-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiolo199860-88">[85]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, the initially successful German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> fleet arm was eventually defeated due to Allied technological innovations like <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, and the breaking of the <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma</a> code.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyrett2010xi–xii-89">[86]</a> Large surface vessels were few in number due to construction limitations by international treaties prior to 1935. The "pocket battleships" <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Graf_Spee" title="German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee">Admiral Graf Spee</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Scheer" title="German cruiser Admiral Scheer">Admiral Scheer</a> were important as commerce raiders only in the opening year of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBidlingmaier197176–77-90">[87]</a> No <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> was operational, as German leadership lost interest in the <a href="/wiki/German_aircraft_carrier_Graf_Zeppelin" title="German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin">Graf Zeppelin</a> which had been launched in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitley198430-91">[88]</a> Following the loss of the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">German battleship Bismarck</a> in 1941, with Allied air-superiority threatening the remaining battle-cruisers in French Atlantic harbors, the ships were ordered to make the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Channel Dash</a> back to German ports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarzkeDulin1985246-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley199454–57-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1974223–225,_233,_236–237-94">[91]</a> Operating from fjords along the coast of Norway, which had been occupied since 1940, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic convoys of World War II">convoys from North America</a> to the Soviet port of Murmansk could be intercepted though the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz" title="German battleship Tirpitz">Tirpitz</a> spent most of her career as <a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">fleet in being</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarzkeDulin1985248-95">[92]</a> After the appointment of Karl Dönitz as Grand Admiral of the Kriegsmarine (in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barents_Sea" title="Battle of the Barents Sea">Battle of the Barents Sea</a>), Germany stopped constructing battleships and cruisers in favor of U-boats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrueman2015b-96">[93]</a> Though by 1941, the navy had already lost a number of its large surface ships, which could not be replenished during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201671–72-97">[94]</a> The Kriegsmarine's most significant contribution to the German war effort was the deployment of its nearly 1,000 U-boats to strike at Allied convoys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201671–72-97">[94]</a> The German naval strategy was to attack the convoys in an attempt to prevent the United States from interfering in Europe and to starve out the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201672-98">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Doenitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Doenitz">Karl Doenitz</a>, the U-Boat Chief, began unrestricted submarine warfare which cost the Allies 22,898 men and 1,315 ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesCostello1977-99">[96]</a> The U-boat war remained costly for the Allies until early spring of 1943 when the Allies began to use countermeasures against U-Boats such as the use of Hunter-Killer groups, airborne radar, torpedoes and mines like the <a href="/wiki/Mark_24_mine" title="Mark 24 mine">FIDO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickman2015-100">[97]</a> The submarine war cost the Kriegsmarine 757 U-boats, with more than 30,000 U-boat crewmen killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiestle2014Introduction-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coexistence_with_the_Waffen-SS">Coexistence with the Waffen-SS</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-712-0475-03,_Litauisch-lettische_Grenze,_Lagebesprechung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two soldiers in different uniforms sitting and looking over a map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-712-0475-03%2C_Litauisch-lettische_Grenze%2C_Lagebesprechung.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-712-0475-03%2C_Litauisch-lettische_Grenze%2C_Lagebesprechung.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-712-0475-03%2C_Litauisch-lettische_Grenze%2C_Lagebesprechung.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-712-0475-03%2C_Litauisch-lettische_Grenze%2C_Lagebesprechung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-712-0475-03%2C_Litauisch-lettische_Grenze%2C_Lagebesprechung.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-712-0475-03%2C_Litauisch-lettische_Grenze%2C_Lagebesprechung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An army Oberleutnant with a SS-Hauptsturmführer from the Waffen-SS in 1944</figcaption></figure> In the beginning, there was friction between the SS and the army. The army feared the SS would attempt to become a legitimate part of the armed forces of Nazi Germany, and the two groups disagreed about how the limited supply of armaments should be divided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenPoulsenSmith2015433,_438-102">[99]</a> However, on 17 August 1938, Hitler codified the role of the SS and the army in order to end the feud between the two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein200220-103">[100]</a> The arming of the SS was to be "procured from the Wehrmacht upon payment", however "in peacetime, no organizational connection with the Wehrmacht exists."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein200220–21-104">[101]</a> The army was however allowed to check the budget of the SS and inspect the combat readiness of the SS troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein200222-105">[102]</a> In the event of mobilization, the Waffen-SS field units could be placed under the operational control of the OKW or the OKH. All decisions regarding this would be at Hitler's personal discretion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein200222-105">[102]</a> Though there existed conflict between the SS and Wehrmacht, many SS officers were former army officers, which ensured continuity and understanding between the two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenPoulsenSmith2015438-106">[103]</a> Throughout the war, army and SS soldiers worked together in various combat situations, creating bonds between the two groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenPoulsenSmith2015437-107">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Guderian</a> noted that every day the war continued the Army and the SS became closer together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenPoulsenSmith2015437-107">[104]</a> Towards the end of the war, army units would even be placed under the command of the SS, in Italy and the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenPoulsenSmith2015437-107">[104]</a> The relationship between the Wehrmacht and the SS improved; however, the Waffen-SS was never considered "the fourth branch of the Wehrmacht."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenPoulsenSmith2015438-106">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatres_and_campaigns">Theatres and campaigns</h2></div> The Wehrmacht directed combat operations during World War II (from 1 September 1939 – 8 May 1945) as the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>'s armed forces umbrella command-organization. After 1941 the <a href="/wiki/OKH" class="mw-redirect" title="OKH">OKH</a> became the de facto Eastern Theatre higher-echelon command-organization for the Wehrmacht, excluding <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> except for operational and tactical combat purposes. The <a href="/wiki/OKW" class="mw-redirect" title="OKW">OKW</a> conducted operations in the Western Theatre. The operations by the Kriegsmarine in the North and Mid-Atlantic can also be considered as separate theatres, considering the size of the <a href="/wiki/Area_of_operations" title="Area of operations">area of operations</a> and their remoteness from other theatres. The Wehrmacht fought on other fronts, sometimes three simultaneously; redeploying troops from the intensifying theatre in the East to the West after the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> caused tensions between the General Staffs of both the OKW and the OKH – as Germany lacked sufficient materiel and manpower for a two-front war of such magnitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritz2011366–368-108">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_theatre">Eastern theatre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-030-27,_Russland,_Infanterie_vor_brennendem_Haus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several soldiers walking away from a burning house." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-030-27%2C_Russland%2C_Infanterie_vor_brennendem_Haus.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-030-27%2C_Russland%2C_Infanterie_vor_brennendem_Haus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-030-27%2C_Russland%2C_Infanterie_vor_brennendem_Haus.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-030-27%2C_Russland%2C_Infanterie_vor_brennendem_Haus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-030-27%2C_Russland%2C_Infanterie_vor_brennendem_Haus.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-030-27%2C_Russland%2C_Infanterie_vor_brennendem_Haus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>German troops in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, October 1941</figcaption></figure> Major campaigns and battles in Eastern and Central Europe included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany">Czechoslovakian campaign</a> (1938–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">Invasion of Poland</a> (Fall Weiss) (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> (1941), conducted by <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Battles of Rzhev</a> (1942–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> (1942–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Battle of the Caucasus</a> (1942–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> (Operation Citadel) (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Battle of Kiev</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Nazi security warfare</a> – largely carried out by <a href="/wiki/Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="Security Division (Wehrmacht)">security divisions of the Wehrmacht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Order Police">Order Police</a> and Waffen-SS units in the occupied territories behind Axis frontlines.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_theatre">Western theatre</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-036-09A,_Paris,_Parade_auf_der_Champs_Elys%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soldiers walking down Champs-Élysées, with Arc de Triomphe in the back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-036-09A%2C_Paris%2C_Parade_auf_der_Champs_Elys%C3%A9e.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-036-09A%2C_Paris%2C_Parade_auf_der_Champs_Elys%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-036-09A%2C_Paris%2C_Parade_auf_der_Champs_Elys%C3%A9e.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-036-09A%2C_Paris%2C_Parade_auf_der_Champs_Elys%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-036-09A%2C_Paris%2C_Parade_auf_der_Champs_Elys%C3%A9e.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-036-09A%2C_Paris%2C_Parade_auf_der_Champs_Elys%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption> German soldiers in occupied Paris</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front (World War II)</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> (Sitzkrieg, September 1939 to May 1940) between the invasion of Poland and the Battle of France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Operation Weserübung</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a> – 9 April 1940</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norwegian Campaign</a> – 9 April to 10 June 1940</li></ul></li> <li>Fall Gelb <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Belgium">Battle of Belgium</a> 10 to 28 May 1940</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a> 10 May 1940</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Netherlands">Battle of the Netherlands</a> – 10 to 17 May 1940</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> – 10 May to 25 June 1940</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Battle of Normandy</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Allied invasion of southern France</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardennes_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardennes Offensive">Ardennes Offensive</a> (1944–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense of the Reich">Defense of the Reich</a> air-campaign, 1939 to 1945</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean_theatre">Mediterranean theatre</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-091-06,_Nordafrika,_Panzer_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="German tank in the foreground with a burning wreck in the back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-091-06%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-091-06%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-091-06%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-091-06%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-091-06%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1976-091-06%2C_Nordafrika%2C_Panzer_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>German tanks during a counter-attack in North Africa, 1942</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Theatre of World War II">Mediterranean Theatre of World War II</a></div> For a time, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Axis Mediterranean Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> were conducted as a <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">joint campaign</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Regio_Esercito" class="mw-redirect" title="Regio Esercito">Italian Army</a>, and may be considered a separate <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theatre</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkans Campaign (World War II)">Invasion of the Balkans and Greece</a> (Operation Marita) (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a> (1941)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> in Libya, Tunisia and Egypt between the UK and Commonwealth (and later, U.S.) forces and the Axis forces</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Theatre</a> was a continuation of the Axis defeat in North Africa, and was a campaign for defence of Italy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_casualties_in_World_War_II" title="German casualties in World War II">German casualties in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_military_deaths_in_Europe_by_theater_and_by_year.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of combat casualties during WWII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_military_deaths_in_Europe_by_theater_and_by_year.png/220px-World_War_II_military_deaths_in_Europe_by_theater_and_by_year.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_military_deaths_in_Europe_by_theater_and_by_year.png/330px-World_War_II_military_deaths_in_Europe_by_theater_and_by_year.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_military_deaths_in_Europe_by_theater_and_by_year.png/440px-World_War_II_military_deaths_in_Europe_by_theater_and_by_year.png 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>80% of the Wehrmacht's <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">military deaths</a> were in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2015138-109">[106]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cemetery_of_German_soldiers_in_Toila_24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Commemoration stone with names of fallen soldiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cemetery_of_German_soldiers_in_Toila_24.jpg/170px-Cemetery_of_German_soldiers_in_Toila_24.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cemetery_of_German_soldiers_in_Toila_24.jpg/255px-Cemetery_of_German_soldiers_in_Toila_24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cemetery_of_German_soldiers_in_Toila_24.jpg/340px-Cemetery_of_German_soldiers_in_Toila_24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>A German war cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> More than 6,000,000 soldiers were wounded during the conflict, while more than 11,000,000 became prisoners. In all, approximately 5,318,000 soldiers from Germany and other nationalities fighting for the German armed forces—including the Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and foreign collaborationist units—are estimated to have been killed in action, died of wounds, died in custody or gone missing in World War II. Included in this number are 215,000 Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2004335-110">[107]</a> According to Frank Biess, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">German casualties took a sudden jump with the defeat of the Sixth Army at Stalingrad in January 1943, when 180,310 soldiers were killed in one month. Among the 5.3 million Wehrmacht casualties during the Second World War, more than 80 per cent died during the last two years of the war. Approximately three-quarters of these losses occurred on the Eastern front (2.7 million) and during the final stages of the war between January and May 1945 (1.2 million).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiess200619-111">[108]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Herf" title="Jeffrey Herf">Jeffrey Herf</a> wrote that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Whereas German deaths between 1941 and 1943 on the western front had not exceeded three per cent of the total from all fronts, in 1944 the figure jumped to about 14 per cent. Yet even in the months following D-day, about 68.5 per cent of all German battlefield deaths occurred on the eastern front, as a Soviet blitzkrieg in response devastated the retreating Wehrmacht.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerf2006252-112">[109]</a></blockquote> In addition to the losses, at the hands of the elements and enemy fighting, at least 20,000 soldiers were executed as sentences by the military court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201630-113">[110]</a> In comparison, the Red Army executed 135,000,<a href="#cite_note-115">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev2010219-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikhalev200023-116">[112]</a> France 102, the US 146 and the UK 40.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller201630-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">War crimes of the Wehrmacht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_German_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequences of German Nazism">Consequences of German Nazism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Nazi human experimentation</a></div> Nazi propaganda had told Wehrmacht soldiers to wipe out what were variously called Jewish Bolshevik subhumans, the Mongol hordes, the Asiatic flood and the red beast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans198958–60-117">[113]</a> While the principal perpetrators of the civil suppression behind the front lines amongst German armed forces were the Nazi German "political" armies (the <a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a>, which were responsible for mass-murders, primarily by implementation of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Solution of the Jewish Question">Final Solution of the Jewish Question</a> in occupied territories), the traditional armed forces represented by the Wehrmacht committed and ordered war crimes of their own (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a>), particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">invasion of Poland in 1939</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBöhler2006183–184,_189,_241-118">[114]</a> and later in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">war against the Soviet Union</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_with_the_SS">Cooperation with the SS</h3></div> Prior to the outbreak of war, Hitler informed senior Wehrmacht officers that actions "which would not be in the taste of German generals", would take place in occupied areas and ordered them that they "should not interfere in such matters but restrict themselves to their military duties".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein200229–30-119">[115]</a> Some Wehrmacht officers initially showed a strong dislike for the SS and objected to the army committing war crimes with the SS, though these objections were not against the idea of the atrocities themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov1999146–47-120">[116]</a> Later during the war, relations between the SS and Wehrmacht improved significantly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg1985301-121">[117]</a> The common soldier had no qualms with the SS, and often assisted them in rounding up civilians for executions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatner196420–35-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatner196467–74-123">[119]</a> The Army's Chief of Staff General <a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a> in a directive declared that in the event of guerrilla attacks, German troops were to impose "collective measures of force" by massacring entire villages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFörster1989501-124">[120]</a> Cooperation between the SS Einsatzgruppen and the Wehrmacht involved supplying the death squads with weapons, ammunition, equipment, transport, and even housing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg1985301-121">[117]</a> Partisan fighters, Jews, and Communists became synonymous enemies of the Nazi regime and were hunted down and exterminated by the Einsatzgruppen and Wehrmacht alike, something revealed in numerous field journal entries from German soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritz201192–134-125">[121]</a> With the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a>, hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of Soviet civilians were deliberately <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starved to death</a>, as the Germans seized food for their armies and fodder for their draft horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegargee2007121-126">[122]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_K%C3%BChne" title="Thomas Kühne">Thomas Kühne</a>: "an estimated 300,000–500,000 people were killed during the Wehrmacht's <a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Nazi security warfare</a> in the Soviet Union."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2011542-127">[123]</a> While secretly listening to conversations of captured German generals, British officials became aware that the German Army had taken part in the atrocities and mass-murder of Jews and were guilty of war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensenPoulsenSmith2015435–436-128">[124]</a> American officials learned of the Wehrmacht's atrocities in much the same way. Taped conversations of soldiers detained as POWs revealed how some of them voluntarily participated in mass executions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeitzelWelzer2012136–143-129">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimes_against_civilians">Crimes against civilians</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-06A,_Kreta,_Kondomari,_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dead civilians shot in reprisal by German paratroopers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-06A%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-06A%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-06A%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-06A%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-06A%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-166-0527-06A%2C_Kreta%2C_Kondomari%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Zivilisten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Civilians executed by German <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger" title="Fallschirmjäger">paratroopers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Kondomari" title="Massacre of Kondomari">Kondomari</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germans_take_civilians_to_execution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soldiers escorting civilians with bound hands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Germans_take_civilians_to_execution.jpg/220px-Germans_take_civilians_to_execution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Germans_take_civilians_to_execution.jpg/330px-Germans_take_civilians_to_execution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Germans_take_civilians_to_execution.jpg/440px-Germans_take_civilians_to_execution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>German troops marching civilians to execution</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-partisan_operations_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-partisan operations in World War II">Anti-partisan operations in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels in World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_massacres" title="Category:World War II massacres">Category:World War II massacres</a></div> During the war, the Wehrmacht committed numerous war crimes against the civilian population in occupied countries. This includes massacres of civilians and running forced <a href="/wiki/Brothels" class="mw-redirect" title="Brothels">brothels</a> in occupied areas. Massacres would in many cases come as reprisals for acts of resistance. With these reprisals, the Wehrmacht's response would vary in severity and method, depending on the scale of resistance and whether it was in East or West Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarstonMalkasian200883–90-130">[126]</a> Often, the number of hostages to be shot was calculated based on a ratio of 100 hostages executed for every German soldier killed and 50 hostages executed for every German soldier wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlowitch200761-131">[127]</a> Other times civilians would be rounded up and shot with machine guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovich2014s._139,_note_17-132">[128]</a> To combat German officials' fear of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">venereal disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGmyz2007-133">[129]</a> the Wehrmacht established numerous brothels throughout Nazi Germany and its occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoosten1947456-134">[130]</a> Women would often be kidnapped off the streets and forced to work in the brothels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenten200033–34-135">[131]</a> with an estimated minimum of 34,140 women being forced to serve as prostitutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbermannBaerBaer200033–34-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimes_against_POWs">Crimes against POWs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partisan_youth_execution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soldiers putting blindfolded people up against a wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Partisan_youth_execution.jpg/220px-Partisan_youth_execution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Partisan_youth_execution.jpg/330px-Partisan_youth_execution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Partisan_youth_execution.jpg/440px-Partisan_youth_execution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Sixteen blindfolded <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Partisan">Yugoslav Partisan</a> youth awaiting execution by German forces in Serbia, 20 August 1941</figcaption></figure> While the Wehrmacht's prisoner-of-war camps for inmates from the west generally satisfied the humanitarian requirement prescribed by international law,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Faucheur2018-137">[133]</a> prisoners from Poland and the USSR were incarcerated under significantly worse conditions. Between the launching of Operation Barbarossa in the summer of 1941 and the following spring, 2.8 million of the 3.2 million <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs">Soviet prisoners</a> taken died while in German hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006271-138">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_and_genocidal_organization">Criminal and genocidal organization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/High_Command_Trial" title="High Command Trial">High Command Trial</a></div> Among German historians, the view that the Wehrmacht had participated in wartime atrocities, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, grew in the late 1970s and the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildtJureitOtte200430-139">[135]</a> In the 1990s, public conception in Germany was influenced by controversial reactions and debates about the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_exhibition" title="Wehrmacht exhibition">exhibition of war crime</a> issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildtJureitOtte200434-140">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Holocaust historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Omer Bartov</a>, a leading expert on the Wehrmacht,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov1999131–132-141">[137]</a> wrote in 2003 that the Wehrmacht was a willing instrument of genocide and that it is untrue that the Wehrmacht was an apolitical, professional fighting force that had only a few "<a href="/wiki/Bad_apples" title="Bad apples">bad apples</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2003xiii-142">[138]</a> Bartov argues that far from being the "untarnished shield", as successive German apologists stated after the war, the Wehrmacht was a criminal organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov1999146-143">[139]</a> Likewise, the historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a>, a leading expert on modern German history, wrote that the Wehrmacht was a genocidal organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans198958–60-117">[113]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Ben_H._Shepherd" title="Ben H. Shepherd">Ben H. Shepherd</a> writes that "There is now clear agreement amongst historians that the German Wehrmacht ... identified strongly with National Socialism and embroiled itself in the criminality of the Third Reich."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd200349–81-144">[140]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a> concludes that the Wehrmacht's duty was to ensure that the people who met Hitler's requirements of being part of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrenvolk">Herrenvolk</a> ("Aryan master race") had living space. He wrote that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Nazi revolution was broader than just the Holocaust. Its second goal was to eliminate Slavs from central and eastern Europe and to create a Lebensraum for Aryans. ... As Bartov (The Eastern Front; Hitler's Army) shows, it barbarised the German armies on the eastern front. Most of their three million men, from generals to ordinary soldiers, helped exterminate captured Slav soldiers and civilians. This was sometimes cold and deliberate murder of individuals (as with Jews), sometimes generalised brutality and neglect. ... German soldiers' letters and memoirs reveal their terrible reasoning: Slavs were 'the Asiatic-Bolshevik' horde, an inferior but threatening race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1997150-22">[20]</a></blockquote> Several high-ranking Wehrmacht officers, including <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hoth" title="Hermann Hoth">Hermann Hoth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_K%C3%BCchler" title="Georg von Küchler">Georg von Küchler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg-Hans_Reinhardt" title="Georg-Hans Reinhardt">Georg-Hans Reinhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Roques" title="Karl von Roques">Karl von Roques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Warlimont" title="Walter Warlimont">Walter Warlimont</a> and others, were convicted of war crimes and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> at the <a href="/wiki/High_Command_Trial" title="High Command Trial">High Command Trial</a> given sentences ranging from time served to life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHebert2010216–219-145">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance_to_the_Nazi_regime">Resistance to the Nazi regime</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-025-10,_Hitler-Attentat,_20._Juli_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several people looking inside a destroyed room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-025-10%2C_Hitler-Attentat%2C_20._Juli_1944.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-025-10%2C_Hitler-Attentat%2C_20._Juli_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-025-10%2C_Hitler-Attentat%2C_20._Juli_1944.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-025-10%2C_Hitler-Attentat%2C_20._Juli_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-025-10%2C_Hitler-Attentat%2C_20._Juli_1944.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-025-10%2C_Hitler-Attentat%2C_20._Juli_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Loerzer" title="Bruno Loerzer">Bruno Loerzer</a> surveying the damage made by the 20 July plot</figcaption></figure> Originally, there was little <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">resistance</a> within the Wehrmacht, as Hitler actively went against the Treaty of Versailles and attempted to recover the army's honor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfour200532-146">[142]</a> The first major resistance began in 1938 with the <a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a>, where several members of the military wanted to remove Hitler from power, as they feared a war with <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> would ruin Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200873–74-147">[143]</a> However, following the success of the early campaigns in Poland, Scandinavia and France, belief in Hitler was restored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfour200532-146">[142]</a> With the defeat in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, trust in Hitler's leadership began to wane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2011104–05,_107-148">[144]</a> This caused an increase in resistance within the military. The resistance culminated in the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a> (1944), when a group of officers led by <a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a> attempted to assassinate Hitler. The attempt failed, resulting in the execution of 4,980 people<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2001693-149">[145]</a> and the standard military salute being replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_salute" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler salute">Hitler salute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllert200982-150">[146]</a> Some members of the Wehrmacht did save Jews and non-Jews from the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> and/or mass murder. <a href="/wiki/Anton_Schmid" title="Anton Schmid">Anton Schmid</a> – a sergeant in the army – helped between 250 and 300 Jewish men, women, and children escape from the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna Ghetto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoeps2008502-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartrop2016247-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWette201474-153">[149]</a> He was court-martialed and executed as a consequence. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Battel" title="Albert Battel">Albert Battel</a>, a reserve officer stationed near the Przemysl ghetto, blocked an SS detachment from entering it. He then evacuated up to 100 Jews and their families to the barracks of the local military command, and placed them under his protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYad_Vashemn.d.-154">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilm_Hosenfeld" title="Wilm Hosenfeld">Wilm Hosenfeld</a> – an army captain in Warsaw – helped, hid, or rescued several Poles, including Jews, in occupied Poland. He helped the Polish-Jewish composer <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Szpilman" title="Władysław Szpilman">Władysław Szpilman</a>, who was hiding among the city's ruins, by supplying him with food and water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzpilman2002222-155">[151]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wolfram Wette</a>, only three Wehrmacht soldiers are known for being executed for rescuing Jews: <a href="/wiki/Anton_Schmid" title="Anton Schmid">Anton Schmid</a>, Friedrich Rath and Friedrich Winking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimm2015-156">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapitulationserklaerung_der_Deutschen_Wehrmacht,_8_Mai_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kapitulationserklaerung_der_Deutschen_Wehrmacht%2C_8_Mai_1945.jpg/220px-Kapitulationserklaerung_der_Deutschen_Wehrmacht%2C_8_Mai_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kapitulationserklaerung_der_Deutschen_Wehrmacht%2C_8_Mai_1945.jpg/330px-Kapitulationserklaerung_der_Deutschen_Wehrmacht%2C_8_Mai_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kapitulationserklaerung_der_Deutschen_Wehrmacht%2C_8_Mai_1945.jpg/440px-Kapitulationserklaerung_der_Deutschen_Wehrmacht%2C_8_Mai_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="3700" /></a><figcaption>German Instrument of Surrender, 8 May 1945 – <a href="/wiki/German-Russian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Russian Museum">Berlin-Karlshorst</a></figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">unconditional surrender</a> of the Wehrmacht, which went into effect on 8 May 1945, some Wehrmacht units remained active, either independently (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>), or under Allied command as police forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1985322,_324-157">[153]</a> The last Wehrmacht unit to come under Allied control was an isolated weather station in <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, which formally surrendered to a Norwegian relief ship on 4 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr2009323-158">[154]</a> On 20 September 1945, with Proclamation No. 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> (ACC), "[a]ll German land, naval and air forces, the S.S., S.A., S.D. and Gestapo, with all their organizations, staffs and institution, including the General Staff, the Officers' corps, the Reserve Corps, military schools, war veterans' organizations, and all other military and quasi-military organizations, together with all clubs and associations which serve to keep alive the military tradition in Germany, shall be completely and finally abolished in accordance with the methods and procedures to be laid down by the Allied Representatives."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllied_Control_Authority1946a-159">[155]</a> The Wehrmacht was officially dissolved by the ACC Law 34 on 20 August 1946,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge199625-160">[156]</a> which proclaimed the OKW, OKH, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">Ministry of Aviation</a> and the OKM to be "disbanded, completely liquidated and declared illegal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllied_Control_Authority1946b-161">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_operational_legacy">Military operational legacy</h3></div> Immediately following the end of the war, many were quick to dismiss the Wehrmacht due to its failures and claim allied superiority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1985-162">[158]</a> However, historians have since reevaluated the Wehrmacht in terms of fighting power and tactics, giving it a more favorable assessment, with some calling it one of the best in the world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Creveld19823Hastings1985Gray2007148-163">[159]</a> partly due to its ability to regularly inflict higher losses than it received, while it fought outnumbered and outgunned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell197861Hastings1985Gray2007148-164">[160]</a> Israeli military historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Creveld" title="Martin van Creveld">Martin van Creveld</a>, who attempted to examine the military force of the Wehrmacht in a purely military context, concluded: "The German army was a superb fighting organization. In point of morale, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/elan#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:elan">elan</a>, troop cohesion and resilience, it probably had no equal among twentieth century armies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Creveld1982163-165">[161]</a> German historian <a href="/wiki/Rolf-Dieter_M%C3%BCller" title="Rolf-Dieter Müller">Rolf-Dieter Müller</a> comes to the following conclusion: "In the purely military sense [...] you can indeed say that the impression of a superior fighting force rightly exists. The proverbial efficiency was even greater than previously thought, because the superiority of the opponent was much higher than at that time German officers suspected. The analysis of Russian archive files finally gives us a clear picture in this regard."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBönischWiegrefe200851-166">[162]</a> Strategic thinker and professor <a href="/wiki/Colin_S._Gray" title="Colin S. Gray">Colin S. Gray</a> believed that the Wehrmacht possessed outstanding tactical and operational capabilities. However, following a number of successful campaigns, German policy began to have <a href="/wiki/Victory_disease" title="Victory disease">victory disease</a>, asking the Wehrmacht to do the impossible. The continued use of the Blitzkrieg also led to Soviets learning the tactic and using it against the Wehrmacht.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray200221–22-167">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_negationism">Historical negationism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></div> Soon after the war ended, former Wehrmacht officers, veterans' groups and various far-right authors began to state that the Wehrmacht was an apolitical organization which was largely innocent of Nazi Germany's war crimes and crimes against humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWette2006236-238-168">[164]</a> Attempting to benefit from the clean Wehrmacht myth, veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> declared that the organisation had virtually been a branch of the Wehrmacht and therefore had fought as "honourably" as it. Its veterans organisation, <a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a>, attempted to cultivate a myth of their soldiers having been "Soldiers like any other".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWienand201539-169">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_militaries">Post-war militaries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001,_Bonn,_Theodor_Blank,_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Former Wehrmacht generals <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Heusinger" title="Adolf Heusinger">Adolf Heusinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Speidel" title="Hans Speidel">Hans Speidel</a> being sworn into the newly founded Bundeswehr on 12 November 1955</figcaption></figure> Following the division of Germany, many former Wehrmacht and SS officers in West Germany feared a Soviet invasion of the country. To combat this, several prominent officers created a <a href="/wiki/Schnez-Truppe" title="Schnez-Truppe">secret army</a>, unknown to the general public and without mandate from the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Control Authority">Allied Control Authority</a> or the West German government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiegrefe2014-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeck2017-171">[167]</a> By the mid-1950s, tensions of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> led to the creation of separate military forces in the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>. The West German military, officially created on 5 May 1955, took the name <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Federal Defence'). Its East German counterpart—created on 1 March 1956—took the name <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Nationale Volksarmee). Both organizations employed many former Wehrmacht members, particularly in their formative years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2017-172">[168]</a> though neither organization considered themselves successors to the Wehrmacht.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickford2011127-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristmannTschentscher2018§79-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholz2018-175">[171]</a> However, according to historian <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Heer" title="Hannes Heer">Hannes Heer</a> "Germans still have a hard time, when it comes to openly dealing with their Nazi past", as such of the 50 military bases named after Wehrmacht soldiers, only 16 bases have changed names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldMoynihan2020-176">[172]</a> Wehrmacht veterans in West Germany have received pensions through the War Victims' Assistance Act (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Bundesversorgungsgesetz) from the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAFP2019-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinkowskiWiegrefe2011-178">[174]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>, "The benefits come through the Federal Pension Act, which was passed in 1950 to support war victims, whether civilians or veterans of the Wehrmacht or Waffen-SS."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelrod2019-179">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bribery_of_senior_Wehrmacht_officers" title="Bribery of senior Wehrmacht officers">Bribery of senior Wehrmacht officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_German_military_terms" title="Glossary of German military terms">Glossary of German military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">Nazism and the Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_Propaganda_Troops" title="Wehrmacht Propaganda Troops">Wehrmacht Propaganda Troops</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The official dissolution of the Wehrmacht began with the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German Instrument of Surrender</a> of 8 May 1945. Reasserted in Proclamation No. 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> on 20 September 1945, the dissolution was officially declared by ACC Law No. 34 of 20 August 1946.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllied_Control_Authority1946a81-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllied_Control_Authority1946b63-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Total GDP: 75 billion (1939) & 118 billion (1944)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200010-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> See <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wehrmacht#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wehrmacht">the Wiktionary article</a> for more information. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> 135,000 executed; 422,700 sent to penal units at the front and 436,600 imprisoned after sentencing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev2010219-114">[111]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div 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2006</a>, p. 236-238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWienand201539-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWienand201539_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWienand2015">Wienand 2015</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiegrefe2014-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiegrefe2014_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiegrefe2014">Wiegrefe 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeck2017-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeck2017_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeck2017">Peck 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2017-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2017_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnight2017">Knight 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickford2011127-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickford2011127_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBickford2011">Bickford 2011</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristmannTschentscher2018§79-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristmannTschentscher2018§79_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristmannTschentscher2018">Christmann & Tschentscher 2018</a>, §79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholz2018-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholz2018_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScholz2018">Scholz 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldMoynihan2020-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldMoynihan2020_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGroeneveldMoynihan2020">Groeneveld & Moynihan 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAFP2019-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAFP2019_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAFP2019">AFP 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinkowskiWiegrefe2011-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinkowskiWiegrefe2011_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinkowskiWiegrefe2011">Binkowski & Wiegrefe 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxelrod2019-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAxelrod2019_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAxelrod2019">Axelrod 2019</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Printed">Printed</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Bartrop">Bartrop, Paul R.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iLbyjgEACAAJ">Resisting the Holocaust: Upstanders, Partisans, and Survivors</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-878-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-878-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resisting+the+Holocaust%3A+Upstanders%2C+Partisans%2C+and+Survivors&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-878-8&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiLbyjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2011" class="citation book cs1">Bell, P.M.H. (2011). Twelve Turning Points of the Second World War. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18770-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18770-0"><bdi>978-0-300-18770-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Turning+Points+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18770-0&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=P.M.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyda2014" class="citation journal cs1">Beyda, Oleg (2014). "'Iron Cross of the Wrangel's Army': Russian Emigrants as Interpreters in the Wehrmacht". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Slavic_Military_Studies" title="The Journal of Slavic Military Studies">The Journal of Slavic Military Studies</a>. 27 (3): 430–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518046.2014.932630">10.1080/13518046.2014.932630</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144274571">144274571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Iron+Cross+of+the+Wrangel%27s+Army%27%3A+Russian+Emigrants+as+Interpreters+in+the+Wehrmacht&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E448&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518046.2014.932630&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144274571%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beyda&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickford2011" class="citation book cs1">Bickford, Andrew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sELghp1BIbgC&pg=PA127">Fallen Elites: The Military Other in Post–Unification Germany</a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7396-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7396-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-7396-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+Elites%3A+The+Military+Other+in+Post%E2%80%93Unification+Germany&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7396-6&rft.aulast=Bickford&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsELghp1BIbgC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiess2006" class="citation book cs1">Biess, Frank (2006). Homecomings: returning POWs and the legacies of defeat in postwar Germany. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12502-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12502-2"><bdi>978-0-691-12502-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homecomings%3A+returning+POWs+and+the+legacies+of+defeat+in+postwar+Germany&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12502-2&rft.aulast=Biess&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidlingmaier1971" class="citation book cs1">Bidlingmaier, Gerhard (1971). "KM Admiral Graf Spee". Warship Profile 4. Windsor, England: Profile Publications. pp. 73–96. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20229321">20229321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=KM+Admiral+Graf+Spee&rft.btitle=Warship+Profile+4&rft.place=Windsor%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Profile+Publications&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20229321&rft.aulast=Bidlingmaier&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhler2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Böhler, Jochen (2006). Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg. Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939 (in German). Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-596-16307-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-596-16307-6"><bdi>978-3-596-16307-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auftakt+zum+Vernichtungskrieg.+Die+Wehrmacht+in+Polen+1939&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=Fischer+Taschenbuch+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-596-16307-6&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBönischWiegrefe2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bönisch, Georg; Wiegrefe, Klaus (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazin.spiegel.de/EpubDelivery/spiegel/pdf/56479827">"Schandfleck der Geschichte"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> (in German) (15): 50–52. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Schandfleck+der+Geschichte&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6nisch&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Wiegrefe%2C+Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazin.spiegel.de%2FEpubDelivery%2Fspiegel%2Fpdf%2F56479827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBos2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bos, Pascale (2006). "Feminists Interpreting the Politics of Wartime Rape: Berlin, 1945; Yugoslavia, 1992–1993". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Women_in_Culture_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Women in Culture and Society">Journal of Women in Culture and Society</a>. 31 (4): 996–1025. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F505230">10.1086/505230</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144605884">144605884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Feminists+Interpreting+the+Politics+of+Wartime+Rape%3A+Berlin%2C+1945%3B+Yugoslavia%2C+1992%E2%80%931993&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E996-%3C%2Fspan%3E1025&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F505230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144605884%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bos&rft.aufirst=Pascale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroszat1985" class="citation book cs1">Broszat, Martin (1985). The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-48997-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-48997-4"><bdi>978-0-582-48997-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hitler+State%3A+The+Foundation+and+Development+of+the+Internal+Structure+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-582-48997-4&rft.aulast=Broszat&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroszatBuchheimJacobsenKrausnick1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Broszat, Martin; Buchheim, Hans; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf; <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Krausnick" title="Helmut Krausnick">Krausnick, Helmut</a> (1999). Anatomie des SS-Staates Vol.1 (in German). München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomie+des+SS-Staates+Vol.1&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Deutscher+Taschenbuch+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Broszat&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Buchheim%2C+Hans&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Hans-Adolf&rft.au=Krausnick%2C+Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensenPoulsenSmith2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Claus_Bundg%C3%A5rd_Christensen" title="Claus Bundgård Christensen">Christensen, Claus Bundgård</a>; Poulsen, Niels Bo; Smith, Peter Scharff (2015). Waffen-SS : Europas nazistiske soldater [Waffen-SS: Europe's Nazi soldiers] (in Danish) (1 ed.). Lithuania: Gyldendal A/S. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-02-09648-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-02-09648-4"><bdi>978-87-02-09648-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waffen-SS+%3A+Europas+nazistiske+soldater&rft.place=Lithuania&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Gyldendal+A%2FS&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-87-02-09648-4&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Claus+Bundg%C3%A5rd&rft.au=Poulsen%2C+Niels+Bo&rft.au=Smith%2C+Peter+Scharff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1981" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Matthew (1981). The German Air Force, 1933–1945: An Anatomy of Failure. Jane's Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-53103-733-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-53103-733-1"><bdi>978-0-53103-733-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Air+Force%2C+1933%E2%80%931945%3A+An+Anatomy+of+Failure&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-53103-733-1&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan2011" class="citation book cs1">Corrigan, Gordon (2011). The Second World War: a Military History. London: Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-89135-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-89135-8"><bdi>978-0-857-89135-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+a+Military+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Atlantic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-857-89135-8&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1980" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Gordon (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germany1866194500crai">Germany, 1866–1945</a>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502724-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502724-2"><bdi>978-0-19-502724-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%2C+1866%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502724-2&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermany1866194500crai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarling2008" class="citation book cs1">Darling, Kev (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egyEOAvbmi0C&pg=PA181">Aircraft of the 8th Army Air Force 1942–1945</a>. USAAF Illustrated. Big Bird Aviation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9559840-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9559840-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9559840-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+of+the+8th+Army+Air+Force+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.series=USAAF+Illustrated&rft.pub=Big+Bird+Aviation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9559840-0-6&rft.aulast=Darling&rft.aufirst=Kev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DegyEOAvbmi0C%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatner1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Szymon_Datner" title="Szymon Datner">Datner, Szymon</a> (1964). Crimes against Prisoners-of-War: Responsibility of the Wehrmacht. Warszawa: Zachodnia Agencja Prasowa. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5975828">5975828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimes+against+Prisoners-of-War%3A+Responsibility+of+the+Wehrmacht&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Zachodnia+Agencja+Prasowa&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5975828&rft.aulast=Datner&rft.aufirst=Szymon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatner1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Szymon_Datner" title="Szymon Datner">Datner, Szymon</a> (1967). 55 Dni Wehrmachtu w Polsce [55 days of the Wehrmacht in Poland] (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawn, Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/72344547">72344547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=55+Dni+Wehrmachtu+w+Polsce&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Wydawn%2C+Ministerstwa+Obrony+Narodowej&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F72344547&rft.aulast=Datner&rft.aufirst=Szymon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2006" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (2006). <a href="/wiki/Europe_at_War_1939%E2%80%931945:_No_Simple_Victory" title="Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory">Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory</a>. London: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-35212-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-35212-3"><bdi>978-0-330-35212-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+at+War+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+No+Simple+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-330-35212-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1973" class="citation book cs1">Davies, W. (1973). German Army Handbook. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-0290-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-0290-6"><bdi>978-0-7110-0290-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Army+Handbook&rft.place=Shepperton%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Ltd.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-0290-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuiker2015" class="citation book cs1">Duiker, William J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gd0bCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT159">"The Crisis Deepens: The Outbreak of World War II"</a>. Contemporary World History. Shepperton, Surrey: Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-44790-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-44790-2"><bdi>978-1-285-44790-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+Deepens%3A+The+Outbreak+of+World+War+II&rft.btitle=Contemporary+World+History&rft.place=Shepperton%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-285-44790-2&rft.aulast=Duiker&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGd0bCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Anthony A. (2005). World War II: An Illustrated Miscellany. Worth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84567-681-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84567-681-0"><bdi>978-1-84567-681-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+An+Illustrated+Miscellany&rft.pub=Worth+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84567-681-0&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1989" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inhitlersshadow00rich">In Hitler's Shadow West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape the Nazi Past</a>. New York: Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57686-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57686-2"><bdi>978-0-394-57686-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Hitler%27s+Shadow+West+German+Historians+and+the+Attempt+to+Escape+the+Nazi+Past&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-394-57686-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finhitlersshadow00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0">The Third Reich at War</a>. New York, NY: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4"><bdi>978-0-14-311671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311671-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichatwar00evan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFest1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Fest, Joachim</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plottinghitlersd00joac">Plotting Hitler's Death—The Story of the German Resistance</a>. New York: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4213-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4213-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-4213-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plotting+Hitler%27s+Death%E2%80%94The+Story+of+the+German+Resistance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-4213-9&rft.aulast=Fest&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplottinghitlersd00joac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fischer, Alexander (1985). Teheran – Jalta – Potsdam: Die sowjetischen Protokolle von den Kriegskonferenzen derGrossen Drei (in German). Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8046-8654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8046-8654-0"><bdi>978-3-8046-8654-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teheran+%E2%80%93+Jalta+%E2%80%93+Potsdam%3A+Die+sowjetischen+Protokolle+von+den+Kriegskonferenzen+derGrossen+Drei&rft.pub=Verlag+Wissenschaft+und+Politik&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-8046-8654-0&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fischer, Klaus (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History (in German). New York, NY: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82640-797-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82640-797-9"><bdi>978-0-82640-797-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-82640-797-9&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieser2005" class="citation book cs1">Frieser, Karl-Heinz (2005). Blitzkrieg-legende: der westfeldzug 1940 [The Blitzkrieg Legend: The 1940 Campaign in the West]. Translated by Greenwood, J. T. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-294-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-294-2"><bdi>978-1-59114-294-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blitzkrieg-legende%3A+der+westfeldzug+1940&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-294-2&rft.aulast=Frieser&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFörster1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_F%C3%B6rster" title="Jürgen Förster">Förster, Jürgen</a> (1989). "The Wehrmacht and the War of Extermination Against the Soviet Union". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Marrus" title="Michael Marrus">Marrus, Michael</a> (ed.). The Nazi Holocaust Part 3 The "Final Solution": The Implementation of Mass Murder vol.2. Westpoint: Meckler Press. pp. 494–520. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88736-255-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88736-255-2"><bdi>978-0-88736-255-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Wehrmacht+and+the+War+of+Extermination+Against+the+Soviet+Union&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Holocaust+Part+3+The+%22Final+Solution%22%3A+The+Implementation+of+Mass+Murder+vol.2&rft.place=Westpoint&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E494-%3C%2Fspan%3E520&rft.pub=Meckler+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88736-255-2&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6rster&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFörster1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_F%C3%B6rster" title="Jürgen Förster">Förster, Jürgen</a> (1998). "Complicity or Entanglement? The Wehrmacht, the War and the Holocaust". In Berenbaum, Michael; Peck, Abraham (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory00bere_1">The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined</a>. Bloomington: Indian University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory00bere_1/page/266">266</a>–283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33374-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33374-2"><bdi>978-0-253-33374-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Complicity+or+Entanglement%3F+The+Wehrmacht%2C+the+War+and+the+Holocaust&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+and+History+The+Known%2C+the+Unknown%2C+the+Disputed+and+the+Reexamined&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=266-283&rft.pub=Indian+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33374-2&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6rster&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocausthistory00bere_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFörster2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_F%C3%B6rster" title="Jürgen Förster">Förster, Jürgen</a> (2004). "The German Military's Image of Russia". In Erickson, Ljubica; Erickson, Mark (eds.). Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 117–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84913-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84913-1"><bdi>978-0-297-84913-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+German+Military%27s+Image+of+Russia&rft.btitle=Russia+War%2C+Peace+and+Diplomacy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84913-1&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6rster&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritz2011" class="citation book cs1">Fritz, Stephen (2011). Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3416-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-3416-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-3416-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostkrieg%3A+Hitler%27s+War+of+Extermination+in+the+East&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-3416-1&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarzkeDulin1985" class="citation book cs1">Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1985). Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-101-0"><bdi>978-0-87021-101-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleships%3A+Axis+and+Neutral+Battleships+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-101-0&rft.aulast=Garzke&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Dulin%2C+Robert+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirbig1975" class="citation book cs1">Girbig, Werner (1975). Six Months to Oblivion: The Eclipse of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force Over the Western Front, 1944/45. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88740-348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88740-348-4"><bdi>978-0-88740-348-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Months+to+Oblivion%3A+The+Eclipse+of+the+Luftwaffe+Fighter+Force+Over+the+Western+Front%2C+1944%2F45&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-88740-348-4&rft.aulast=Girbig&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoda2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_J.W._Goda" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman J.W. Goda">Goda, Norman</a> (2005). "Black Marks: Hitler's Bribery of his Senior Officers During World War II". In Kreike, Emmanuel; Jordan, William Chester (eds.). Corrupt Histories. Toronto: Hushion House. pp. 413–452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-173-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-173-3"><bdi>978-1-58046-173-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+Marks%3A+Hitler%27s+Bribery+of+his+Senior+Officers+During+World+War+II&rft.btitle=Corrupt+Histories&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E413-%3C%2Fspan%3E452&rft.pub=Hushion+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-173-3&rft.aulast=Goda&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_S._Gray" title="Colin S. Gray">Gray, Colin</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127204833/http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/pub272.pdf">Defining and Achieving Decisive Victory</a> (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-089-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-089-0"><bdi>978-1-58487-089-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/pub272.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+and+Achieving+Decisive+Victory&rft.pub=Strategic+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58487-089-0&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssi.armywarcollege.edu%2Fpdffiles%2Fpub272.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_S._Gray" title="Colin S. Gray">Gray, Colin</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epdf.tips/war-peace-and-international-relations-an-introduction-to-strategic-history-strat.html">War, Peace & International Relations – An Introduction to Strategic History</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59487-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59487-5"><bdi>978-0-415-59487-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Peace+%26+International+Relations+%E2%80%93+An+Introduction+to+Strategic+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-59487-5&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepdf.tips%2Fwar-peace-and-international-relations-an-introduction-to-strategic-history-strat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwald1981" class="citation journal cs1">Greenwald, Maurine Weiner (1981). "Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939-1945 by Leila J. 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The President and Fellows of Harvard College: 124–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3114466">10.2307/3114466</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3114466">3114466</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154515739">154515739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Business+History+Review&rft.atitle=Mobilizing+Women+for+War%3A+German+and+American+Propaganda%2C+1939-1945+by+Leila+J.+Rupp&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154515739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3114466%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3114466&rft.aulast=Greenwald&rft.aufirst=Maurine+Weiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmann2009" class="citation book cs1">Grossmann, Atina (2009). Jews, Germans, and Allies Close Encounters in Occupied Germany. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40083-274-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40083-274-3"><bdi>978-1-40083-274-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Germans%2C+and+Allies+Close+Encounters+in+Occupied+Germany&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-40083-274-3&rft.aulast=Grossmann&rft.aufirst=Atina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2000" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgFu2p5uogwC&pg=PA2">The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison (Studies in Macroeconomic History)</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78503-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78503-7"><bdi>978-0-521-78503-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+World+War+II%3A+Six+Great+Powers+in+International+Comparison+%28Studies+in+Macroeconomic+History%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78503-7&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgFu2p5uogwC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hartmann_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Hartmann (historian)">Hartmann, Christian</a> (2013). Operations Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966078-0"><bdi>978-0-19-966078-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operations+Barbarossa%3A+Nazi+Germany%27s+War+in+the+East%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966078-0&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings1985" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings, Max</a> (5 May 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1985/05/05/their-wehrmacht-was-better-than-our-army/0b2cfe73-68f4-4bc3-a62d-7626f6382dbd/?noredirect=on">"Their Wehrmacht was better than our Army"</a>. 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"A case study in early joint warfare: An analysis of the Wehrmacht's Crimean campaign of 1942". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Strategic_Studies" title="Journal of Strategic Studies">Journal of Strategic Studies</a>. 22 (4): 103–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402399908437771">10.1080/01402399908437771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=A+case+study+in+early+joint+warfare%3A+An+analysis+of+the+Wehrmacht%27s+Crimean+campaign+of+1942&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402399908437771&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Hayward" title="Joel Hayward">Hayward, Joel</a>, Adolf Hitler and Joint Warfare (Upper Hutt: Military Studies Institute, 2000).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebert2010" class="citation book cs1">Hebert, Valerie (2010). <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Generals_on_Trial:_The_Last_War_Crimes_Tribunal_at_Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's Generals on Trial: The Last War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg">Hitler's Generals on Trial: The Last War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg</a>. 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Nuremberg, Germany: International military tribunal – Nuremberg. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/300473195">300473195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trial+of+the+Major+War+Criminals+before+the+International+Military+Tribunal&rft.place=Nuremberg%2C+Germany&rft.pub=International+military+tribunal+%E2%80%93+Nuremberg&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300473195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2FMilitary_Law%2Fpdf%2FNT_Vol-VII.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJukes2002" class="citation book cs1">Jukes, Geoffrey (2002). The Second World War: The Eastern Front 1941–1945. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-391-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-391-0"><bdi>978-1-84176-391-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+The+Eastern+Front+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-391-0&rft.aulast=Jukes&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_tmGaItZ0tsC">Stalinism and Nazism: dictatorships in comparison</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56521-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56521-9"><bdi>978-0-521-56521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinism+and+Nazism%3A+dictatorships+in+comparison&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56521-9&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_tmGaItZ0tsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2001). Hitler: 1936–1945, Nemesis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-39332-252-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-39332-252-1"><bdi>978-0-39332-252-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+1936%E2%80%931945%2C+Nemesis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-39332-252-1&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6"><bdi>978-0-393-06757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06757-6&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillen2003" class="citation book cs1">Killen, John (2003). The Luftwaffe: A History. South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-110-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-110-9"><bdi>978-1-78159-110-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luftwaffe%3A+A+History&rft.place=South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-78159-110-9&rft.aulast=Killen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1994" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Martin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazigermanyatwar0000kitc">Nazi Germany at War</a>. London & New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-07387-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-07387-6"><bdi>978-0-582-07387-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+at+War&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-582-07387-6&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnazigermanyatwar0000kitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjoerstad2010" class="citation book cs1">Kjoerstad, Ola (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2002/1/2010KjoerstadMPhil.pdf">German officer education in the interwar years (PhD diss.)</a> (PDF). University of Glasgow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+officer+education+in+the+interwar+years+%28PhD+diss.%29&rft.pub=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kjoerstad&rft.aufirst=Ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheses.gla.ac.uk%2F2002%2F1%2F2010KjoerstadMPhil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKompisch2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kompisch, Kathrin (2008). Täterinnen. Frauen im Nationalsozialismus (in German). Böhlau Köln. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20188-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20188-3"><bdi>978-3-412-20188-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%A4terinnen.+Frauen+im+Nationalsozialismus&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+K%C3%B6ln&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-412-20188-3&rft.aulast=Kompisch&rft.aufirst=Kathrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrivosheev2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Grigori_F._Krivosheev" title="Grigori F. Krivosheev">Krivosheev, Grigori F.</a> (2010). Russia & USSR at War in the 20th century (in Russian). Moscow: Veche. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9533-3877-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9533-3877-6"><bdi>978-5-9533-3877-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+%26+USSR+at+War+in+the+20th+century&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Veche&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-5-9533-3877-6&rft.aulast=Krivosheev&rft.aufirst=Grigori+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampe2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Lampe" title="John R. Lampe">Lampe, John R.</a> (2000) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C">Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77401-7"><bdi>978-0-521-77401-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+as+History%3A+Twice+There+Was+a+Country&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77401-7&rft.aulast=Lampe&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZ1x7gvwx_8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge1996" class="citation book cs1">Large, David Clay (1996). Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era. Chapel Hill and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80784-539-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80784-539-4"><bdi>978-0-80784-539-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germans+to+the+Front%3A+West+German+Rearmament+in+the+Adenauer+Era&rft.place=Chapel+Hill+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-80784-539-4&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=David+Clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitz1998" class="citation journal cs1">Leitz, C. M. (February 1998). "Arms Exports from the Third Reich, 1933-1939: The Example of Krupp". <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_History_Review" title="The Economic History Review">The Economic History Review</a>. 51 (1). Blackwell Publishers: 133–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0289.00086">10.1111/1468-0289.00086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2599695">2599695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Arms+Exports+from+the+Third+Reich%2C+1933-1939%3A+The+Example+of+Krupp&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0289.00086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2599695%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Leitz&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenten2000" class="citation book cs1">Lenten, Ronit (2000). Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah: Reoccupying the Territories of Silence. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-775-4"><bdi>978-1-57181-775-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Daughters+of+the+Shoah%3A+Reoccupying+the+Territories+of+Silence&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-775-4&rft.aulast=Lenten&rft.aufirst=Ronit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiolo1998" class="citation book cs1">Maiolo, Joseph (1998). The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany, 1933–39 A Study in Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War. London: Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21456-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21456-2"><bdi>978-0-312-21456-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+and+Nazi+Germany%2C+1933%E2%80%9339+A+Study+in+Appeasement+and+the+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-21456-2&rft.aulast=Maiolo&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovich2014" class="citation book cs1">Markovich, Slobodan G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0ogBQAAQBAJ">"Memories of Victimhood in Serbia and Croatia from the 1980s to the Disintegration of Yugoslavia"</a>. In El-Affendi, Abdelwahab (ed.). Genocidal Nightmares: Narratives of Insecurity and the Logic of Mass Atrocities. New York City: Bloomsbury. pp. 117–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62892-073-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62892-073-4"><bdi>978-1-62892-073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Memories+of+Victimhood+in+Serbia+and+Croatia+from+the+1980s+to+the+Disintegration+of+Yugoslavia&rft.btitle=Genocidal+Nightmares%3A+Narratives+of+Insecurity+and+the+Logic+of+Mass+Atrocities&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62892-073-4&rft.aulast=Markovich&rft.aufirst=Slobodan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0ogBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarstonMalkasian2008" class="citation book cs1">Marston, Daniel; Malkasian, Carter, eds. 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Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-281-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-281-3"><bdi>978-1-84603-281-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterinsurgency+in+Modern+Warfare&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-281-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaXbxD7XPLAC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargee1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_P._Megargee" title="Geoffrey P. Megargee">Megargee, Geoffrey P.</a> (1997). "Triumph of the Null: Structure and Conflict in the Command of German Land Forces, 1939-1945". <a href="/wiki/War_in_History" title="War in History">War in History</a>. 4 (1): 60–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096834459700400104">10.1177/096834459700400104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159950260">159950260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Triumph+of+the+Null%3A+Structure+and+Conflict+in+the+Command+of+German+Land+Forces%2C+1939-1945&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096834459700400104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159950260%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargee2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_P._Megargee" title="Geoffrey P. Megargee">Megargee, Geoffrey P.</a> (2000). Inside Hitler's High Command. Lawrence, Kansas: Kansas University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1015-0"><bdi>978-0-7006-1015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Hitler%27s+High+Command&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=Kansas+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1015-0&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargee2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_P._Megargee" title="Geoffrey P. Megargee">Megargee, Geoffrey P.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSpUZ6t6BPwC">War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941</a>. Rowman & Littelefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4482-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4482-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-4482-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+Annihilation%3A+Combat+and+Genocide+on+the+Eastern+Front%2C+1941&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littelefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4482-6&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSpUZ6t6BPwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerglen1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Merglen, Albert (1970). Geschichte und Zukunft der Luftlandetruppen (in German). Rombach. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000BSMDD">B0000BSMDD</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+und+Zukunft+der+Luftlandetruppen&rft.pub=Rombach&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000BSMDD%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Merglen&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikhalev2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mikhalev, Sergey Nikolaevich (2000). Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941–1945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie [Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 A Statistical Investigation] (in Russian). Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-85981-082-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-85981-082-6"><bdi>978-5-85981-082-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liudskie+poteri+v+Velikoi+Otechestvennoi+voine+1941%E2%80%931945+gg%3A+Statisticheskoe+issledovanie&rft.pub=Krasnoyarsk+State+Pedagogical+University&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-5-85981-082-6&rft.aulast=Mikhalev&rft.aufirst=Sergey+Nikolaevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Charles A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/7111/Miller_duke_0066D_11750.pdf?sequence=1">Destructivity: A Political Economy of Military Effectiveness in Conventional Combat. (PhD diss., Doctoral dissertation)</a> (PDF). Duke University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destructivity%3A+A+Political+Economy+of+Military+Effectiveness+in+Conventional+Combat.+%28PhD+diss.%2C+Doctoral+dissertation%29&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdukespace.lib.duke.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10161%2F7111%2FMiller_duke_0066D_11750.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosier2006" class="citation book cs1">Mosier, John (2006). Cross of Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German War Machine, 1918–1945. New York: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80507-577-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80507-577-9"><bdi>978-0-80507-577-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross+of+Iron%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+German+War+Machine%2C+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-80507-577-9&rft.aulast=Mosier&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1987" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Klaus-Jürgen (1987). The Army, Politics and Society in Germany 1933–1945: Studies in the Army's Relation to Nazism. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1071-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1071-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-1071-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army%2C+Politics+and+Society+in+Germany+1933%E2%80%931945%3A+Studies+in+the+Army%27s+Relation+to+Nazism&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-1071-2&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Klaus-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rolf-Dieter_M%C3%BCller" title="Rolf-Dieter Müller">Müller, Rolf-Dieter</a> (2014). The Unknown Eastern Front: The Wehrmacht and Hitler's Foreign Soldiers. New York: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-890-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-890-8"><bdi>978-1-78076-890-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unknown+Eastern+Front%3A+The+Wehrmacht+and+Hitler%27s+Foreign+Soldiers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-890-8&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Rolf-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rolf-Dieter_M%C3%BCller" title="Rolf-Dieter Müller">Müller, Rolf-Dieter</a> (2016). Hitler's Wehrmacht, 1935–1945. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81316-738-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81316-738-1"><bdi>978-0-81316-738-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Wehrmacht%2C+1935%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-81316-738-1&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Rolf-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayMillett2001" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5"><bdi>978-0-674-00680-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+War+to+Be+Won%3A+Fighting+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00680-5&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rft.au=Millett%2C+Allan+Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeitzelWelzer2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6nke_Neitzel" title="Sönke Neitzel">Neitzel, Sönke</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harald_Welzer" title="Harald Welzer">Welzer, Harald</a> (2012). Soldaten: On Fighting, Killing, and Dying – The Secret WWII Transcripts of German POWs. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30795-812-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30795-812-9"><bdi>978-0-30795-812-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldaten%3A+On+Fighting%2C+Killing%2C+and+Dying+%E2%80%93+The+Secret+WWII+Transcripts+of+German+POWs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-30795-812-9&rft.aulast=Neitzel&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6nke&rft.au=Welzer%2C+Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiestle2014" class="citation book cs1">Niestle, Axel (2014). German U-Boat Losses During World War II: Details of Destruction. London: Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-210-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-210-3"><bdi>978-1-84832-210-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+U-Boat+Losses+During+World+War+II%3A+Details+of+Destruction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-210-3&rft.aulast=Niestle&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell1978" class="citation journal cs1">O'Donnell, H. K. (June 1978). Smith, Robert W. (ed.). "A GENIUS FOR WAR: Review". <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Gazette" title="Marine Corps Gazette">Marine Corps Gazette</a>. 62 (6): 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-3170">0025-3170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Corps+Gazette&rft.atitle=A+GENIUS+FOR+WAR%3A+Review&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1978-06&rft.issn=0025-3170&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=H.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOutze1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Outze, Børge (1962). Danmark under anden verdenskrig (in Danish). Copenhagen: Hasselbalch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-567-1889-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-567-1889-9"><bdi>978-87-567-1889-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danmark+under+anden+verdenskrig&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Hasselbalch&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-87-567-1889-9&rft.aulast=Outze&rft.aufirst=B%C3%B8rge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvermans2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Overmans" title="Rüdiger Overmans">Overmans, Rüdiger</a> (2004). Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg (in German). München: Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-20028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-20028-7"><bdi>978-3-486-20028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+milit%C3%A4rische+Verluste+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-486-20028-7&rft.aulast=Overmans&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2010" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Michael A. (2010). The German Wars: A Concise History, 1859–1945. Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76033-780-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76033-780-6"><bdi>978-0-76033-780-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Wars%3A+A+Concise+History%2C+1859%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Zenith+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-76033-780-6&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlowitch2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch" title="Stevan K. Pavlowitch">Pavlowitch, Stevan K.</a> (2007). Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York City: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-895-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-895-5"><bdi>978-1-85065-895-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+New+Disorder%3A+The+Second+World+War+in+Yugoslavia&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-895-5&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stevan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1974" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Denis (1974) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-I/UK-RAF-I-12.html">"VI The Struggle at Sea: The First Battle of the Convoy Routes, the Anti-Shipping Offensive and the Escape of the 'Scharnhorst' and 'Gneisenau'"</a>. Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight at Odds. History of the Second World War, Military Series. Vol. I (pbk. ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. pp. 94–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-771592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-771592-9"><bdi>978-0-11-771592-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI+The+Struggle+at+Sea%3A+The+First+Battle+of+the+Convoy+Routes%2C+the+Anti-Shipping+Offensive+and+the+Escape+of+the+%27Scharnhorst%27+and+%27Gneisenau%27&rft.btitle=Royal+Air+Force+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Fight+at+Odds&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+Military+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.edition=pbk.&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-11-771592-9&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-RAF-I%2FUK-RAF-I-12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoeps2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schoeps, Karl-Heinz (2008). "Holocaust and Resistance in Vilnius: Rescuers in "Wehrmacht" Uniforms". <a href="/wiki/German_Studies_Review" title="German Studies Review">German Studies Review</a>. 31 (3): 489–512. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27668589">27668589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Holocaust+and+Resistance+in+Vilnius%3A+Rescuers+in+%22Wehrmacht%22+Uniforms&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E512&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27668589%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schoeps&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte1989" class="citation book cs1">Schulte, Theo (1989). The German Army and Nazi Policies in Occupied Russia. Oxford: Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-160-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-160-3"><bdi>978-0-85496-160-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+and+Nazi+Policies+in+Occupied+Russia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-85496-160-3&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_H._Shepherd" title="Ben H. Shepherd">Shepherd, Ben H.</a> (2003). "The Continuum of Brutality: Wehrmacht Security Divisions in Central Russia, 1942". <a href="/wiki/German_History" class="mw-redirect" title="German History">German History</a>. 21 (1): 49–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0266355403gh274oa">10.1191/0266355403gh274oa</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.atitle=The+Continuum+of+Brutality%3A+Wehrmacht+Security+Divisions+in+Central+Russia%2C+1942&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F0266355403gh274oa&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Ben+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_H._Shepherd" title="Ben H. Shepherd">Shepherd, Ben H.</a> (2004). War in the Wild East: the German Army and Soviet Partisans. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01296-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01296-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Wild+East%3A+the+German+Army+and+Soviet+Partisans&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01296-7&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Ben+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigmund2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sigmund, Anna-Maria (2004). Les femmes du IIIe Reich (in French). Jean-Claude Lattès. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7096-2541-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7096-2541-8"><bdi>978-2-7096-2541-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+femmes+du+IIIe+Reich&rft.pub=Jean-Claude+Latt%C3%A8s&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-7096-2541-8&rft.aulast=Sigmund&rft.aufirst=Anna-Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmelserDavies2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Smelser" title="Ronald Smelser">Smelser, Ronald</a>; Davies, Edward (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Eastern_Front" title="The Myth of the Eastern Front">The Myth of the Eastern Front: the Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83365-3"><bdi>978-0-521-83365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Eastern+Front%3A+the+Nazi-Soviet+War+in+American+Popular+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83365-3&rft.aulast=Smelser&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Davies%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Helmut Walser (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPngdGug27kC">The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923739-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923739-5"><bdi>978-0-19-923739-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Modern+German+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923739-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Helmut+Walser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPngdGug27kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStackelberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Stackelberg, Roderick (2007). The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41530-861-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41530-861-8"><bdi>978-0-41530-861-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-41530-861-8&rft.aulast=Stackelberg&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2002" class="citation book cs1">Stein, George (2002) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-KEtPlNQJNgC&pg=PA1">The Waffen-SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War 1939–1945</a>. Cerberus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84145-100-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84145-100-8"><bdi>978-1-84145-100-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waffen-SS%3A+Hitler%27s+Elite+Guard+at+War+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Cerberus+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84145-100-8&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-KEtPlNQJNgC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2006" class="citation book cs1">Stone, David J. 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Herndon, VA: Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-069-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-069-3"><bdi>978-1-59797-069-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+the+Fatherland%3A+The+Story+of+the+German+Soldier+from+1648+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Herndon%2C+VA&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-069-3&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffightingforfathe0000ston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrohn2010" class="citation book cs1">Strohn, Matthias (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTrVCMieFdoC&q=Reichswehr+changed+to+Wehrmacht&pg=PA10">The German Army and the Defence of the Reich</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19199-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19199-9"><bdi>978-0-521-19199-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+and+the+Defence+of+the+Reich&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19199-9&rft.aulast=Strohn&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTrVCMieFdoC%26q%3DReichswehr%2Bchanged%2Bto%2BWehrmacht%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyrett2010" class="citation book cs1">Syrett, David (2010). The Defeat of the German U-Boats: The Battle of the Atlantic. Studies in Maritime History. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-952-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-952-2"><bdi>978-1-57003-952-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defeat+of+the+German+U-Boats%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Atlantic&rft.series=Studies+in+Maritime+History&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-952-2&rft.aulast=Syrett&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzpilman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Szpilman" title="Władysław Szpilman">Szpilman, Władysław</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/The_Pianist_(memoir)" title="The Pianist (memoir)">The Pianist: The Extraordinary True Story of One Man's Survival in Warsaw, 1939–1945</a> (2nd ed.). Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-31135-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-31135-3"><bdi>978-0-312-31135-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pianist%3A+The+Extraordinary+True+Story+of+One+Man%27s+Survival+in+Warsaw%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-31135-3&rft.aulast=Szpilman&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1995" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Telford (1995). Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich. New York: Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-746-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-746-5"><bdi>978-1-56619-746-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sword+and+Swastika%3A+Generals+and+Nazis+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56619-746-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Telford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooze2006" class="citation book cs1">Tooze, Adam (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction" title="The Wages of Destruction">The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy</a>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67003-826-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67003-826-8"><bdi>978-0-67003-826-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction%3A+The+Making+and+Breaking+of+the+Nazi+Economy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-67003-826-8&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._War_Department1945" class="citation book cs1">U.S. War Department (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Germany/HB/HB-1.html">"Chapter I: The German Military System"</a>. 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Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31309-157-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31309-157-5"><bdi>978-0-31309-157-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+power%3A+German+and+US+Army+performance%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-31309-157-5&rft.aulast=Van+Creveld&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Bischofhausen1950" class="citation book cs1">von Bischofhausen, Otto (1950) [1941]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-XI.pdf">"The Hostage Case"</a> (PDF). Report to Commanding Officer in Serbia, 20 October 1941 Concerning Severe Reprisal Measures. Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals. Nuremberg, Allied-occupied Germany: Nuremberg Military Tribunals. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312464743">312464743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hostage+Case&rft.btitle=Report+to+Commanding+Officer+in+Serbia%2C+20+October+1941+Concerning+Severe+Reprisal+Measures&rft.place=Nuremberg%2C+Allied-occupied+Germany&rft.series=Trials+of+War+Criminals+Before+the+Nuremberg+Military+Tribunals&rft.pub=Nuremberg+Military+Tribunals&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F312464743&rft.aulast=von+Bischofhausen&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2FMilitary_Law%2Fpdf%2FNT_war-criminals_Vol-XI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWette2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wette, Wolfram</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Wehrmacht:_History,_Myth,_Reality" title="The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality">The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02213-3"><bdi>978-0-674-02213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wehrmacht%3A+History%2C+Myth%2C+Reality&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02213-3&rft.aulast=Wette&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWette2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wette, Wolfram (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://27-januar.lu.ch/-/media/27_Januar/Dokumente/Menschen_mit_Zivilcourage_2015/Zivilcourage_Inhalt_09_Wette_Anton_Schmid.pdf">"Ein Judenratter aus der Wehrmacht. Feldwebel Anton Schmid (1900–1942)"</a> (PDF). In Müller, Julia (ed.). Menschen mit Zivilcourage. Mut, Widerstand und verantwortliches Handeln in Geschichte und Gegenwart (in German). Lucerne: <a href="/wiki/Kanton_Luzern" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanton Luzern">Kanton Luzern</a>. pp. 74–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ein+Judenratter+aus+der+Wehrmacht.+Feldwebel+Anton+Schmid+%281900%E2%80%931942%29&rft.btitle=Menschen+mit+Zivilcourage.+Mut%2C+Widerstand+und+verantwortliches+Handeln+in+Geschichte+und+Gegenwart&rft.place=Lucerne&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Kanton+Luzern&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wette&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F27-januar.lu.ch%2F-%2Fmedia%2F27_Januar%2FDokumente%2FMenschen_mit_Zivilcourage_2015%2FZivilcourage_Inhalt_09_Wette_Anton_Schmid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett" title="John Wheeler-Bennett">Wheeler-Bennett, John</a> (1967). The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1812-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1812-3"><bdi>978-1-4039-1812-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nemesis+of+Power%3A+The+German+Army+in+Politics+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1812-3&rft.aulast=Wheeler-Bennett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitley1984" class="citation book cs1">Whitley, M.J. (July 1984). Warship 31: Graf Zeppelin, Part 1. 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Rochester, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/Camden_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Camden House">Camden House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-904-7"><bdi>978-1-57113-904-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Returning+Memories%3A+Former+Prisoners+of+War+in+Divided+and+Reunited+Germany&rft.place=Rochester%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-904-7&rft.aulast=Wienand&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFWECgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2002" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, David G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreich0003will">The Third Reich</a> (3rd ed.). London: Longman Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-58236-883-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-58236-883-5"><bdi>978-0-58236-883-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-58236-883-5&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreich0003will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeidler2006" class="citation book cs1">Zeidler, Manfred (2006). "The Strange Allies – Red Army and Reichswehr in the Inter-War Period". In Schlögel, Karl (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiangermanspe00schl">Russian-German Special Relations in the Twentieth Century: A Closed Chapter?</a>. New York: Berg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiangermanspe00schl/page/n118">106</a>–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-177-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-177-7"><bdi>978-1-84520-177-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Allies+%E2%80%93+Red+Army+and+Reichswehr+in+the+Inter-War+Period&rft.btitle=Russian-German+Special+Relations+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+Closed+Chapter%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106-111&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-177-7&rft.aulast=Zeidler&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiangermanspe00schl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeilerDuBois2012" class="citation book cs1">Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M. (2012). A Companion to World War II. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32504-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-32504-9"><bdi>978-1-118-32504-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-32504-9&rft.aulast=Zeiler&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft.au=DuBois%2C+Daniel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhukov1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Zhukov, Georgy</a> (1974). Marshal of Victory, Volume II. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-291-5"><bdi>978-1-78159-291-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshal+of+Victory%2C+Volume+II&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-1-78159-291-5&rft.aulast=Zhukov&rft.aufirst=Georgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online">Online</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2019" class="citation news cs1">AFP (28 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.de/20190228/in-focus-germany-struggles-to-stop-nazi-war-payment-suspicions">"Germany struggles to stop Nazi war payment suspicions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=Germany+struggles+to+stop+Nazi+war+payment+suspicions&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.de%2F20190228%2Fin-focus-germany-struggles-to-stop-nazi-war-payment-suspicions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2019" class="citation news cs1">Axelrod, Toby (27 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/german-jewish-leader-urges-cancellation-of-pension-payments-to-former-ss-members/">"German Jewish leader urges cancellation of pension payments to former SS members"</a>. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 12 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=German+Jewish+leader+urges+cancellation+of+pension+payments+to+former+SS+members&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fgerman-jewish-leader-urges-cancellation-of-pension-payments-to-former-ss-members%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinkowskiWiegrefe2011" class="citation news cs1">Binkowski, Rafael; Wiegrefe, Klaus (21 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/the-brown-bluff-how-waffen-ss-veterans-exploited-postwar-politics-a-792984.html">"How Waffen SS Veterans Exploited Postwar Politics"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verbrechen-der-wehrmacht.de/pdf/vdw_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimes+of+the+German+Wehrmacht&rft.pub=Hamburg+Institute+for+Social+Research&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wildt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Jureit%2C+Ulrike&rft.au=Otte%2C+Birgit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verbrechen-der-wehrmacht.de%2Fpdf%2Fvdw_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYad_Vashemn.d." class="citation web cs1">Yad Vashem (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4042973">"The Righteous Among The Nations"</a>. Yad Vashem. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center. Retrieved 16 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem&rft.atitle=The+Righteous+Among+The+Nations&rft.au=Yad+Vashem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb.yadvashem.org%2Frighteous%2Ffamily.html%3Flanguage%3Den%26itemId%3D4042973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWehrmacht" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wehrmacht" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627134826/http://h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=22564917013611">The Wehrmacht: A Criminal Organization?</a> Review of <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Heer" title="Hannes Heer">Hannes Heer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Naumann" title="Klaus Naumann">Klaus Naumann</a>'s 1995 work Vernichtungskrieg – Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944 by Jörg Bottger</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%202021.pdf">Wehrmacht Propaganda Troops and the Jews</a> – an article by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Uziel" title="Daniel Uziel">Daniel Uziel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feldgrau.com/ww2-german-heer-army/">The Nazi German Army 1935–1945</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3></div> <ul><li>"How the Red Army Defeated Germany: The Three Alibis": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zinPbUZUHDE">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>—lecture by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">Jonathan M. House</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Command and General Staff College">U.S. Army Command and General Staff College</a>, via the official channel of <a href="/wiki/Dole_Institute_of_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dole Institute of Politics">Dole Institute of Politics</a>.</li> <li>"Fighting a Lost War: The German Army in 1943": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SdO-btKuds">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>—lecture by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Citino" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Citino">Robert Citino</a>, via the official channel of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Heritage_and_Education_Center" title="U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center">U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center</a>.</li> <li>"Mindset of WWII German Soldiers": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eIn0IBsnBE">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>—interview with the historian <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6nke_Neitzel" title="Sönke Neitzel">Sönke Neitzel</a> discussing his book Soldaten: On Fighting, Killing and Dying, via the official channel of <a href="/wiki/The_Agenda" title="The Agenda">The Agenda</a>, a programme of <a href="/wiki/TVOntario" class="mw-redirect" title="TVOntario">TVOntario</a>, a Canadian public television station.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=el_rjd9mukw">"A Blind Eye and Dirty Hands: The Wehrmacht's Crimes"</a> – lecture by the historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_P._Megargee" title="Geoffrey P. 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Megargee</a>, via the YouTube channel of the <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Library_for_the_Study_of_the_Holocaust_and_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiener Library for the Study of the Holocaust and Genocide">Wiener Library for the Study of the Holocaust and Genocide</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wehrmacht4828" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Template:Military of Nazi Germany"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Template talk:Military of Nazi Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of Nazi Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wehrmacht4828" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wehrmacht</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">Army</a>   <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a>   <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Minister of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">OKW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">OKH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Marine" title="Oberkommando der Marine">OKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe" title="Oberkommando der Luftwaffe">OKL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmachtbefehlshaber" title="Wehrmachtbefehlshaber">Wehrmachtbefehlshaber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_Propaganda_Troops" title="Wehrmacht Propaganda Troops">Propaganda Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtsgruppe_Allgemeine_Wehrmachtsangelegenheiten" title="Amtsgruppe Allgemeine Wehrmachtsangelegenheiten">Office for General Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_units_of_Germany" title="List of World War II military units of Germany">Army units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Personnel_Office_(Wehrmacht)" title="Army Personnel Office (Wehrmacht)">Army Personnel Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffenamt" title="Waffenamt">Army Weapons Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_der_Nachrichtenaufkl%C3%A4rung" title="General der Nachrichtenaufklärung">General der Nachrichtenaufklärung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Kriegsmarine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Organization of the Kriegsmarine">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Kriegsmarine_Personnel_Office" title="Chief of the Kriegsmarine Personnel Office">Kriegsmarine Personnel Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seekriegsleitung" title="Seekriegsleitung">Seekriegsleitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_commander_(Kriegsmarine)" title="Fleet commander (Kriegsmarine)">Fleet commander</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marinewaffenamt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marinewaffenamt (page does not exist)">Kriegsmarine Weapons Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Luftwaffe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Luftwaffe_Personnel_Office" title="Chief of the Luftwaffe Personnel Office">Luftwaffe Personnel Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspector_of_Fighters" title="Inspector of Fighters">Inspector of Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspector_of_Bombers" title="Inspector of Bombers">Inspector of Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luftwaffenamt_(Wehrmacht)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luftwaffenamt (Wehrmacht) (page does not exist)">Luftwaffe Weapons Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">Foreign volunteers and conscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery_of_senior_Wehrmacht_officers" title="Bribery of senior Wehrmacht officers">Bribery of senior officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_officers_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Flag officers of the Kriegsmarine">Flag officers of the Kriegsmarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_personnel_structure" title="Luftwaffe personnel structure">Luftwaffe personnel structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ranks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Ranks and insignia of the German Army (1935–1945)">Army ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Ranks and insignia of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Luftwaffe ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uniforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Heer_(1935%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniforms of the Heer (1935–1945)">Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Uniforms of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Luftwaffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of German military equipment of World War II">German military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kriegsmarine_ships" title="List of Kriegsmarine ships">Kriegsmarine ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_aircraft_of_Germany" title="List of World War II military aircraft of Germany">German military aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">War crimes of the Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Bandenbekämpfung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German persecution of Soviet prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Command_Trial" title="High Command Trial">High Command Trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_weapons_program" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear weapons program">Uranverein|Uranprojekt</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128781#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1599" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128781#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1599" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128781#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121789424">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130135419">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138971330">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146189204">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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href="https://www.idref.fr/115554548">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wehrmacht&oldid=1276898935">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wehrmacht&oldid=1276898935</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wehrmacht" title="Category:Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disbanded_armed_forces" title="Category:Disbanded armed forces">Disbanded armed forces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1935_establishments_in_Germany" 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class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-dqt9f","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.461","walltime":"2.862","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26663,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":560425,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":34898,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":31,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":463465,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2418.311 1 -total"," 24.62% 595.407 111 Template:Cite_book"," 22.02% 532.618 195 Template:Sfn"," 16.53% 399.712 1 Template:Infobox_national_military"," 16.30% 394.184 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.29% 127.928 18 Template:Lang"," 5.08% 122.946 7 Template:Military_navigation"," 4.35% 105.201 4 Template:Efn"," 3.82% 92.396 1 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Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-06-18T12:48:44Z","dateModified":"2025-02-21T12:26:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d0\/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg","headline":"unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945"}</script> </body> </html>