CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"/> <script data-mrf-script="garda" data-mrf-dt="1" data-mrf-host="live.mrf.io" src="https://live.mrf.io/statics/marfeel/gardac-sync.js" data-cfasync="false"></script> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <title>Vanadium Flow Batteries Demystified</title> <meta name="description" content="What are Vanadium Flow Batteries? How do they work? Why are they better? We have the answers for you right here!" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Vanadium Flow Batteries Demystified" /> <meta property="og:description" content="What are Vanadium Flow Batteries? How do they work? Why are they better? We have the answers for you right here!" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="CleanTechnica" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/CleanTechnica/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-11-17T21:05:18+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@cleantechnica" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="4 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/","url":"https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/","name":"Vanadium Flow Batteries Demystified","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://cleantechnica.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"","datePublished":"2022-06-14T15:20:05+00:00","dateModified":"2023-11-17T21:05:18+00:00","description":"What are Vanadium Flow Batteries? How do they work? Why are they better? We have the answers for you right here!","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/#primaryimage","url":"","contentUrl":""},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://cleantechnica.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Vanadium Flow Batteries Demystified"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://cleantechnica.com/#website","url":"https://cleantechnica.com/","name":"CleanTechnica","description":"Clean Tech News & Views: EVs, Solar Energy, Batteries","publisher":{"@id":"https://cleantechnica.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://cleantechnica.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://cleantechnica.com/#organization","name":"CleanTechnica","url":"https://cleantechnica.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://cleantechnica.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Logo_CleanTechnica_Yoast-2.png","contentUrl":"https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Logo_CleanTechnica_Yoast-2.png","width":1200,"height":675,"caption":"CleanTechnica"},"image":{"@id":"https://cleantechnica.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/CleanTechnica/","https://x.com/cleantechnica"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="CleanTechnica » Feed" href="https://cleantechnica.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="CleanTechnica » Comments Feed" href="https://cleantechnica.com/comments/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/cleantechnica.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://cleantechnica.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 24px; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 24px;}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 24px;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='colormag_style-css' href='https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/themes/colormag-pro/style.css?ver=4.1.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='colormag_style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .colormag-button, blockquote, button, input[type=reset], input[type=button], input[type=submit], .cm-home-icon.front_page_on, .cm-post-categories a, .cm-primary-nav ul li ul li:hover, .cm-primary-nav ul li.current-menu-item, .cm-primary-nav ul li.current_page_ancestor, .cm-primary-nav ul li.current-menu-ancestor, .cm-primary-nav ul li.current_page_item, .cm-primary-nav ul li:hover, .cm-primary-nav ul li.focus, .cm-mobile-nav li a:hover, .colormag-header-clean #cm-primary-nav .cm-menu-toggle:hover, .cm-header .cm-mobile-nav li:hover, .cm-header .cm-mobile-nav li.current-page-ancestor, .cm-header .cm-mobile-nav li.current-menu-ancestor, .cm-header .cm-mobile-nav li.current-page-item, .cm-header .cm-mobile-nav li.current-menu-item, .cm-primary-nav ul li.focus > a, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul ul.sub-menu li.focus > a, .cm-mobile-nav .current-menu-item>a, .cm-mobile-nav .current_page_item>a, .colormag-header-clean .cm-mobile-nav li:hover > a, .colormag-header-clean .cm-mobile-nav li.current-page-ancestor > a, .colormag-header-clean .cm-mobile-nav li.current-menu-ancestor > a, .colormag-header-clean .cm-mobile-nav li.current-page-item > a, .colormag-header-clean .cm-mobile-nav li.current-menu-item > a, .fa.search-top:hover, .widget_call_to_action .btn--primary, .colormag-footer--classic .cm-footer-cols .cm-row .cm-widget-title span::before, .colormag-footer--classic-bordered .cm-footer-cols .cm-row .cm-widget-title span::before, .cm-featured-posts .cm-widget-title span, .cm-featured-category-slider-widget .cm-slide-content .cm-entry-header-meta .cm-post-categories a, .cm-highlighted-posts .cm-post-content .cm-entry-header-meta .cm-post-categories a, .cm-category-slide-next, .cm-category-slide-prev, .slide-next, .slide-prev, .cm-tabbed-widget ul li, .cm-posts .wp-pagenavi .current, .cm-posts .wp-pagenavi a:hover, .cm-secondary .cm-widget-title span, .cm-posts .post .cm-post-content .cm-entry-header-meta .cm-post-categories a, .cm-page-header .cm-page-title span, .entry-meta .post-format i, .format-link, .cm-entry-button, .infinite-scroll .tg-infinite-scroll, .no-more-post-text, .pagination span, .cm-footer-cols .cm-row .cm-widget-title span, .advertisement_above_footer .cm-widget-title span, .error, .cm-primary .cm-widget-title span, .related-posts-wrapper.style-three .cm-post-content .cm-entry-title a:hover:before, .cm-slider-area .cm-widget-title span, .cm-beside-slider-widget .cm-widget-title span, .top-full-width-sidebar .cm-widget-title span, .wp-block-quote, .wp-block-quote.is-style-large, .wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right, .page-numbers .current, .search-wrap button, .cm-error-404 .cm-btn, .widget .wp-block-heading, .wp-block-search button, .widget a::before, .cm-post-date a::before, .byline a::before, .colormag-footer--classic-bordered .cm-widget-title::before, .wp-block-button__link, #cm-tertiary .cm-widget-title span, .link-pagination .post-page-numbers.current, .wp-block-query-pagination-numbers .page-numbers.current, .wp-element-button, .wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link, .wp-element-button, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul ul.sub-menu li:hover, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul ul.sub-menu li.current-menu-ancestor, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul ul.sub-menu li.current-menu-item, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul ul.sub-menu li.focus, .cm-primary-nav .cm-random-post a:hover, .cm-primary-nav .cm-home-icon a:hover, .tg-infinite-pagination .tg-load-more, .comment .comment-author-link .post-author, .wp-block-search .wp-element-button:hover{background-color:#4499cc;}a, .cm-layout-2 #cm-primary-nav .fa.search-top:hover, .cm-layout-2 #cm-primary-nav.cm-mobile-nav .cm-random-post a:hover .fa-random, .cm-layout-2 #cm-primary-nav.cm-primary-nav .cm-random-post a:hover .fa-random, .cm-layout-2 .breaking-news .newsticker a:hover, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul li.current-menu-item > a, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul li.current_page_item > a, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul li:hover > a, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul li.focus > a .dark-skin .cm-layout-2-style-1 #cm-primary-nav.cm-primary-nav .cm-home-icon:hover .fa, .byline a:hover, .comments a:hover, .cm-edit-link a:hover, .cm-post-date a:hover, .social-links:not(.cm-header-actions .social-links) i.fa:hover, .cm-tag-links a:hover, .colormag-header-clean .social-links li:hover i.fa, .cm-layout-2-style-1 .social-links li:hover i.fa, .colormag-header-clean .breaking-news .newsticker a:hover, .widget_featured_posts .article-content .cm-entry-title a:hover, .widget_featured_slider .slide-content .cm-below-entry-meta .byline a:hover, .widget_featured_slider .slide-content .cm-below-entry-meta .comments a:hover, .widget_featured_slider .slide-content .cm-below-entry-meta .cm-post-date a:hover, .widget_featured_slider .slide-content .cm-entry-title a:hover, .widget_block_picture_news.widget_featured_posts .article-content .cm-entry-title a:hover, .widget_highlighted_posts .article-content .cm-below-entry-meta .byline a:hover, .widget_highlighted_posts .article-content .cm-below-entry-meta .comments a:hover, .widget_highlighted_posts .article-content .cm-below-entry-meta .cm-post-date a:hover, .widget_highlighted_posts .article-content .cm-entry-title a:hover, i.fa-arrow-up, i.fa-arrow-down, .cm-site-title a, #content .post .article-content .cm-entry-title a:hover, .entry-meta .byline i, .entry-meta .cat-links i, .entry-meta a, .post .cm-entry-title a:hover, .search .cm-entry-title a:hover, .entry-meta .comments-link a:hover, .entry-meta .cm-edit-link a:hover, .entry-meta .cm-post-date a:hover, .entry-meta .cm-tag-links a:hover, .single #content .tags a:hover, .count, .next a:hover, .previous a:hover, .related-posts-main-title .fa, .single-related-posts .article-content .cm-entry-title a:hover, .pagination a span:hover, #content .comments-area a.comment-cm-edit-link:hover, #content .comments-area a.comment-permalink:hover, #content .comments-area article header cite a:hover, .comments-area .comment-author-link a:hover, .comment .comment-reply-link:hover, .nav-next a, .nav-previous a, #cm-footer .cm-footer-menu ul li a:hover, .cm-footer-cols .cm-row a:hover, a#scroll-up i, .related-posts-wrapper-flyout .cm-entry-title a:hover, .human-diff-time .human-diff-time-display:hover, .cm-layout-2-style-1 #cm-primary-nav .fa:hover, .cm-footer-bar a, .cm-post-date a:hover, .cm-author a:hover, .cm-comments-link a:hover, .cm-tag-links a:hover, .cm-edit-link a:hover, .cm-footer-bar .copyright a, .cm-featured-posts .cm-entry-title a:hover, .cm-posts .post .cm-post-content .cm-entry-title a:hover, .cm-posts .post .single-title-above .cm-entry-title a:hover, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul li:hover > a, .cm-layout-2 #cm-primary-nav .fa:hover, .cm-entry-title a:hover, button:hover, input[type="button"]:hover, input[type="reset"]:hover, input[type="submit"]:hover, .wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link:hover, .cm-button:hover, .wp-element-button:hover, li.product .added_to_cart:hover, .comments-area .comment-permalink:hover{color:#4499cc;}#cm-primary-nav, .cm-contained .cm-header-2 .cm-row{border-top-color:#4499cc;}.cm-layout-2 #cm-primary-nav, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul ul.sub-menu li:hover, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul > li:hover > a, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul > li.current-menu-item > a, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul > li.current-menu-ancestor > a, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul ul.sub-menu li.current-menu-ancestor, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul ul.sub-menu li.current-menu-item, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul ul.sub-menu li.focus, cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul ul.sub-menu li.current-menu-ancestor, cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul ul.sub-menu li.current-menu-item, cm-layout-2 #cm-primary-nav .cm-menu-toggle:hover, cm-layout-2 #cm-primary-nav.cm-mobile-nav .cm-menu-toggle, cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul > li:hover > a, cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul > li.current-menu-item > a, cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul > li.current-menu-ancestor > a, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul li.focus > a, .pagination a span:hover, .cm-error-404 .cm-btn, .single-post .cm-post-categories a::after, .widget .block-title, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul li.focus > a, button, input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"], .wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link, .cm-button, .wp-element-button, li.product .added_to_cart{border-color:#4499cc;}.cm-secondary .cm-widget-title, #cm-tertiary .cm-widget-title, .widget_featured_posts .widget-title, #secondary .widget-title, #cm-tertiary .widget-title, .cm-page-header .cm-page-title, .cm-footer-cols .cm-row .widget-title, .advertisement_above_footer .widget-title, #primary .widget-title, .widget_slider_area .widget-title, .widget_beside_slider .widget-title, .top-full-width-sidebar .widget-title, .cm-footer-cols .cm-row .cm-widget-title, .cm-footer-bar .copyright a, .cm-layout-2.cm-layout-2-style-2 #cm-primary-nav, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul > li:hover > a, .cm-layout-2 .cm-primary-nav ul > li.current-menu-item > a{border-bottom-color:#4499cc;}.inner-wrap, .cm-container{max-width:1240px;}.cm-entry-summary a, .mzb-featured-categories .mzb-post-title a, .mzb-tab-post .mzb-post-title a, .mzb-post-list .mzb-post-title a, .mzb-featured-posts .mzb-post-title a, .mzb-featured-categories .mzb-post-title a{color:#4499cc;}.cm-site-branding img{height:55px;}.cm-header .cm-menu-toggle svg, .cm-header .cm-menu-toggle svg{fill:#fff;}.cm-post-date a, .human-diff-time .human-diff-time-display, .cm-total-views, .cm-author a, cm-post-views, .total-views, .cm-edit-link a, .cm-comments-link a, .cm-reading-time, .dark-skin .cm-post-date a, .dark-skin .cm-author a, .dark-skin .cm-comments-link a, .dark-skin .cm-posts .post .cm-post-content .cm-below-entry-meta .cm-post-views span, .cm-footer-cols .cm-reading-time{color:#71717A;}body{background-color:;background-image:url(https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Clearvue-BIPV-solar-glass-Vicinity-Warwick-Shopping-Centre-Atrium-2-1.jpeg);}body, button, input, select, textarea{color:#505050;}body, button, input, select, textarea, blockquote p, .entry-meta, .cm-entry-button, dl, .previous a, .next a, .nav-previous a, .nav-next a, #respond h3#reply-title #cancel-comment-reply-link, #respond form input[type="text"], #respond form textarea, .cm-secondary .widget, .cm-error-404 .widget, .cm-entry-summary p{font-family:Open Sans;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;}.mzb-featured-posts, .mzb-social-icon, .mzb-featured-categories, .mzb-social-icons-insert{--color--light--primary:rgba(68,153,204,0.1);}body{--color--light--primary:#4499cc;--color--primary:#4499cc;}body{--color--gray:#71717A;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='colormag-fontawesome-css' href='https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/themes/colormag-pro/assets/library/fontawesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.1.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sharedaddy-css' href='https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/sharedaddy/sharing.css?ver=14.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='social-logos-css' href='https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/social-logos/social-logos.min.css?ver=14.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>  <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/268375" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://cleantechnica.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://cleantechnica.com/?p=268375' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2Fvanadium-batteries%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2Fvanadium-batteries%2F&format=xml" />  <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script', 'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1020645035249848'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); </script> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1020645035249848&ev=PageView&noscript=1" /></noscript>  <script type="text/javascript">!(function(o,n){function $(){($.q=$.q||[]).push(arguments)}$.v=1,o[n]=o[n]||$})(window,String.fromCharCode(97,100,109,105,114,97,108));!(function(t,c,i){i=t.createElement(c),t=t.getElementsByTagName(c)[0],i.async=1,i.src="https://confesschairs.com/v2qoycyVNOHcqUvZO_xctPH0sjirBP1wb2TOYybwATibQ8Csme6eBe0U",t.parentNode.insertBefore(i,t)})(document,"script");;!(function(o,t,n,c){function e(n){(function(){try{return(localStorage.getItem("v4ac1eiZr0")||"").split(",")[4]>0}catch(o){}return!1})()&&(n=o[t].pubads())&&n.setTargeting("admiral-engaged","true")}(c=o[t]=o[t]||{}).cmd=c.cmd||[],typeof c.pubads===n?e():typeof c.cmd.unshift===n?c.cmd.unshift(e):c.cmd.push(e)})(window,"googletag","function");</script> <script id="mcjs">!function(c,h,i,m,p){m=c.createElement(h),p=c.getElementsByTagName(h)[0],m.async=1,m.src=i,p.parentNode.insertBefore(m,p)}(document,"script","https://chimpstatic.com/mcjs-connected/js/users/a897522b53d0853c85abbf9fa/dc3aadab652d5052372f586b1.js");</script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-BRWNS0TK1P"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-BRWNS0TK1P'); </script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-18444479-1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-18444479-1'); </script> <meta name="fo-verify" content="448fa8ec-fa34-4934-a765-0847b1a8c6a3" /> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1552008901061842" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="S-vmNeFa-nGQ_zgPxkku8ocG2ORA3_juHlMADIAEUVE" /> <script> window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId : '{your-app-id}', cookie : true, xfbml : true, version : '{api-version}' }); FB.AppEvents.logPageView(); }; (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); </script> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-background-css"> body.custom-background { background-image: url("https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/solar3.jpg"); background-position: left top; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: fixed; } </style> <link rel="amphtml" href="https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/?amp=1"><link rel="icon" href="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/download-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/download.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/download.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/download.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> Figcaption{ Color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); Font-style: italic; Font-size: 1.1rem; } </style> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-268375 custom-background wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive cm-header-layout-1 adv-style-1 boxed"> <script src="https://solar.energypal.com/embed-widget.js"></script> <div id="page" class="hfeed site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#main">Skip to content</a> <header id="cm-masthead" class="cm-header cm-layout-1 cm-layout-1-style-1 cm-full-width"> <div class="cm-main-header"> <div id="cm-header-1" class="cm-header-1"> <div class="cm-container"> <div class="cm-row"> <div class="cm-header-col-1"> <div id="cm-site-branding" class="cm-site-branding"> <a href="https://cleantechnica.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="795" height="145" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/CleanTechnica_logo_crop.webp" class="custom-logo" alt="CleanTechnica" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="" sizes="(max-width: 795px) 100vw, 795px" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="cm-header-col-2"> <div id="header-right-sidebar" class="clearfix"> <aside id="block-8" class="widget widget_block clearfix"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1552008901061842" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:728px;height:90px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1552008901061842" data-ad-slot="4877706911"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cm-header-2" class="cm-header-2"> <nav id="cm-primary-nav" class="cm-primary-nav"> <div class="cm-container"> <div class="cm-row"> <div class="cm-header-actions"> <div class="cm-top-search"> <i class="fa fa-search search-top"></i> <div class="search-form-top"> <form action="https://cleantechnica.com/" class="search-form searchform clearfix" method="get" role="search"> <div class="search-wrap"> <input type="search" class="s field" name="s" value="" placeholder="Search" /> <button class="search-icon" type="submit"></button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <p class="cm-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="cm-icon cm-icon--bars" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 19H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2Zm0-6H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2Zm0-6H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg> <svg class="cm-icon cm-icon--x-mark" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m13.4 12 8.3-8.3c.4-.4.4-1 0-1.4s-1-.4-1.4 0L12 10.6 3.7 2.3c-.4-.4-1-.4-1.4 0s-.4 1 0 1.4l8.3 8.3-8.3 8.3c-.4.4-.4 1 0 1.4.2.2.4.3.7.3s.5-.1.7-.3l8.3-8.3 8.3 8.3c.2.2.5.3.7.3s.5-.1.7-.3c.4-.4.4-1 0-1.4L13.4 12z"></path></svg> </p> <div class="cm-menu-primary-container"><ul id="menu-main" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-306632" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-has-children menu-item-306632"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com">Clean Energy</a><span role="button" tabindex="0" class="cm-submenu-toggle" onkeypress=""><svg class="cm-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 17.5c-.3 0-.5-.1-.7-.3l-9-9c-.4-.4-.4-1 0-1.4s1-.4 1.4 0l8.3 8.3 8.3-8.3c.4-.4 1-.4 1.4 0s.4 1 0 1.4l-9 9c-.2.2-.4.3-.7.3z"/></svg></span> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-306633" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-306633"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/category/clean-power/solar-energy/">Solar Energy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306634" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-306634"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/category/clean-power/wind-energy/">Wind Energy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306636" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-306636"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/category/energy-storage/">Energy Storage</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306635" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-306635"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/category/clean-power/geothermal-energy/">Geothermal Energy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306637" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-306637"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/category/grid/smart-grid/">Smart Grid</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306638" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-306638"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/category/energy-efficiency/">Energy Efficiency</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-306639" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-306639"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/category/clean-transport-2/electric-vehicles/">Electric Vehicles</a><span role="button" tabindex="0" class="cm-submenu-toggle" onkeypress=""><svg class="cm-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 17.5c-.3 0-.5-.1-.7-.3l-9-9c-.4-.4-.4-1 0-1.4s1-.4 1.4 0l8.3 8.3 8.3-8.3c.4-.4 1-.4 1.4 0s.4 1 0 1.4l-9 9c-.2.2-.4.3-.7.3z"/></svg></span> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-306640" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-306640"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/category/clean-transport-2/electric-vehicles/">All EV News & Analysis</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306641" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-306641"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/tag/ev-sales/">EV Sales</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306642" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-306642"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/tag/ev-tco/">EV Total Cost of Ownership</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306643" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-306643"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/category/cleantechnica/cleantechnica-exclusive/cleantechnica-reviews/">EV Reviews</a><span role="button" tabindex="0" class="cm-submenu-toggle" onkeypress=""><svg class="cm-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 17.5c-.3 0-.5-.1-.7-.3l-9-9c-.4-.4-.4-1 0-1.4s1-.4 1.4 0l8.3 8.3 8.3-8.3c.4-.4 1-.4 1.4 0s.4 1 0 1.4l-9 9c-.2.2-.4.3-.7.3z"/></svg></span> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-306646" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-306646"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/tag/tesla-model-3-long-term-review/">Tesla Model 3 Long-Term Review</a></li> <li id="menu-item-310972" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-310972"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/tag/tesla-model-y-long-term-review/">Tesla Model Y Long-Term Review</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306647" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-306647"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/tag/tesla-model-s-long-term-review/">Tesla Model S Long-Term Review</a></li> <li id="menu-item-310951" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-310951"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/tag/chevy-bolt-euv-long-term-review/">Chevy Bolt EUV Long-Term Review</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306644" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-306644"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/category/cleantechnica-2/cleantechnica-reviews/">All Reviews</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-342123" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-342123"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/tag/BYD/">BYD News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306645" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-306645"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/tag/tesla/">Tesla News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306648" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-306648"><a href="http://cleantechnica.com/category/cleantechnica-2/cleantechnica-exclusive/">Exclusives</a><span role="button" tabindex="0" class="cm-submenu-toggle" onkeypress=""><svg class="cm-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 17.5c-.3 0-.5-.1-.7-.3l-9-9c-.4-.4-.4-1 0-1.4s1-.4 1.4 0l8.3 8.3 8.3-8.3c.4-.4 1-.4 1.4 0s.4 1 0 1.4l-9 9c-.2.2-.4.3-.7.3z"/></svg></span> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-306649" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-306649"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/category/cleantechnica-2/cleantechnica-reports/">CleanTechnica Analysis</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-306650"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/category/cleantechnica-2/cleantechnica-reviews/">CleanTechnica Reviews</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306651"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/cleantechnica-reports-guides/">CleanTechnica Reports & Guides</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-306653"><a href="http://cleantechnica.tv/">CleanTechnica.TV (YouTube)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306654" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-306654"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/cleantech-talk/">CleanTech Talk (Podcast)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-306655" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-306655"><a href="#">Series Pages</a><span role="button" tabindex="0" class="cm-submenu-toggle" onkeypress=""><svg class="cm-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 17.5c-.3 0-.5-.1-.7-.3l-9-9c-.4-.4-.4-1 0-1.4s1-.4 1.4 0l8.3 8.3 8.3-8.3c.4-.4 1-.4 1.4 0s.4 1 0 1.4l-9 9c-.2.2-.4.3-.7.3z"/></svg></span> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-306656" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-306656"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/ev-charging/">Electric Vehicle Charging</a><span role="button" tabindex="0" class="cm-submenu-toggle" onkeypress=""><svg class="cm-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 17.5c-.3 0-.5-.1-.7-.3l-9-9c-.4-.4-.4-1 0-1.4s1-.4 1.4 0l8.3 8.3 8.3-8.3c.4-.4 1-.4 1.4 0s.4 1 0 1.4l-9 9c-.2.2-.4.3-.7.3z"/></svg></span> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-306657" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306657"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/ev-fleet-charging/">EV Fleet Charging</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306658" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306658"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/how-do-you-charge-an-electric-car-at-home/">How to Charge An EV At Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306659" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-306659"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/ev-fast-home-charging/">Fast Home EV Charging</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-306660" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-306660"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/battery-powered-ev-charging/">Battery Powered EV Charging</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306661" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306661"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/aftermarket-tesla-accessories/">Aftermarket Tesla Accessories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306663" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-306663"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/best-tesla-accessories/">Best Tesla Accessories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306664" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306664"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/home-efficiency/">Home Efficiency</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306665" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306665"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/microgrid/">Microgrids Explained</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-268375 current_page_item menu-item-306666"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/" aria-current="page">Vanadium Flow Batteries Demystified</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306667" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306667"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/home-solar-and-electrification/">Home Solar — Simplified</a></li> <li id="menu-item-313194" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-313194"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/climate-resilience-prize/">Climate Resilience Prize</a></li> <li id="menu-item-321494" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-321494"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/arena-sustainable-innovation/">Sustainable Innovation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-306668" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-306668"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/cleantechnica/">About</a><span role="button" tabindex="0" class="cm-submenu-toggle" onkeypress=""><svg class="cm-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 17.5c-.3 0-.5-.1-.7-.3l-9-9c-.4-.4-.4-1 0-1.4s1-.4 1.4 0l8.3 8.3 8.3-8.3c.4-.4 1-.4 1.4 0s.4 1 0 1.4l-9 9c-.2.2-.4.3-.7.3z"/></svg></span> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-306669" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306669"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/stay-connected-with-cleantechnica/">Connect With CleanTechnica</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306670" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306670"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/testimonials-why-readers-love-cleantechnica/">Testimonials: Why Readers Love CleanTechnica</a></li> <li id="menu-item-310870" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-310870"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/contact/">Contact CleanTechnica</a></li> <li id="menu-item-320617" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-320617"><a href="https://cleantechnica.fundjournalism.org/contribute/">Support CleanTechnica</a></li> <li id="menu-item-310871" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-310871"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/advertise-with-cleantechnica/">Advertise With CleanTechnica</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306674" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306674"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/our-team/">Our Team</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306675" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306675"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/cleantechnica-editorial-ethics/">Editorial Ethics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-313318" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-313318"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/terms-of-use/">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306676" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306676"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/mission-and-vision/">Mission & Vision</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306677" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306677"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/invest/">Invest</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306678" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306678"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/privacy-policy-2/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306679" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-306679"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/feed">RSS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-306680" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-306680"><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/syndicate-our-content/">Syndicate Our Content</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div>  </header> <div id="cm-content" class="cm-content"> <div class="cm-container"> <div class="cm-row"> <div id="cm-primary" class="cm-primary"> <article id="post-268375" class="post-268375 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry"> <div class="cm-featured-image"> </div> <header class="cm-entry-header"> <h1 class="cm-entry-title"> Vanadium Flow Batteries Demystified </h1 > </header> <div class="cm-entry-summary"> <p><img decoding="async" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Energy-ad-v2-1200x675-1.png" width="100%" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Understanding Today’s Hottest New Energy Storage Technologies – Vanadium Flow Batteries</strong></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vanadium flow batteries are gaining attention in the media, various industries, and even the general public for the many benefits over lithium-ion batteries.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Those benefits include longer life, very little degradation of performance over time, and a much wider operating temperature range. All of which significantly reduces the cost of ownership.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The vanadium flow battery (VFB) is a rechargeable electrochemical battery technology that stores energy in a unique way. In contrast to lithium-ion batteries which store energy using solid forms of lithium, flow batteries use a liquid electrolyte stored in tanks. In VFBs, this electrolyte is composed of vanadium dissolved in a stable, non-flammable, water-based solution. Vanadium is a non-toxic, widely-available metal that is typically used for making steel. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b>How do Vanadium Flow Batteries Reduce Costs?</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Vanadium flow batteries offer lower costs per discharge cycle than any other battery system. VFB’s can operate for well over 20,000 discharge cycles, as much as 5 times that of lithium systems. Therefore, the cost of ownership is lower over the life of the battery.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Power and energy are decoupled or separated inside a vanadium flow battery. Power is expressed by the size of the stack; the energy by the volume of electrolyte in the tanks.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This attribute means that a flow battery can be more accurately scaled to fit any application. Lithium systems have specific power and energy specifications based on the manufacturer model. When specifying a lithium energy storage system, the user is required to oversize the system to make sure it fits the specific power and energy requirements of the site. Also, VFB systems do not degrade over time and can be designed to match the power and energy requirements of the site. Lithium systems must compensate for the natural degradation of the system and thus must be initially oversized, which costs more over the life of the system. </span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b>Vanadium Flow Batteries Offer </b><b>Environmental Benefits</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">From an environmental viewpoint, in addition to lithium, lithium batteries contain a variety of metals such as nickel and cobalt.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lithium-ion batteries have “the highest (compared to other battery technologies) potential for environmental impact,” according to a recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency report entitled “Design for the Environment.”</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The EPA also cited additional negative environmental consequences from lithium-ion batteries like:</span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mining</span></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">The climate crisis</span></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Environmental pollution</span></li> <li><span style="font-weight: 400;">Human health impacts</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Under United States regulations, lithium-ion batteries received a Class 9 miscellaneous hazardous materials classification (40 CFR 173.21(c)). This classification is higher than lead-acid batteries, which are Class 8.</span></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b>Recycling Lithium </b><b>Batteries is Expensive</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The first issue is that most metal used in lithium batteries comes primarily from mining. Kelleher Environmental estimates that only 45% of the lithium-ion batteries sold annually will be recycled in 2024.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It’s necessary to process spent batteries to recover the metal to reduce mining. But currently, the process only recovers between 3-5% of the metal inside the batteries.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another issue that makes recycling expensive is that lithium batteries’ classification as hazardous waste increases fees associated with transportation, toxic metal treatment processing, disposal, and regulatory compliance.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lithium batteries not correctly disposed of and landfilled represent an environmental hazard due to possible toxic metal leakage.</span><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2021/05/27/flow-batteries-keep-the-energy-flowing/"><img decoding="async" class="bannerad aligncenter size-large" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/StorEn-tech-BS-card-1-800x450-1.png" alt="" width="800" height="450" /></a></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><b>Vanadium Batteries Have Greater Recyclability</b></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The main environmental advantages of vanadium technology are:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> All major components are made of fully recyclable plastic and metals</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> With all parts bolted together, disassembling is very easy</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Processing is cost-effective due to the majority of parts being primary mechanical reprocessing</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The only two components that need special treatment are:</span></p> <ul> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Printed Circuit Board of the Battery Management System, which requires the same process that used for electronic waste such as computer motherboards</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">And the electrolyte, which requires chemical processing</span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With vanadium flow batteries, all parts and components have a recyclability factor close to 100%. The electrolyte can be processed and reused; 100% of the vanadium can be extracted and reused for other applications with no impact on primary mining.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also, these batteries contain no toxic metals such as lead, cadmium, zinc, and nickel. One more advantage of these batteries – the acidity levels are much lower than lead-acid batteries.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In its lifespan, one StorEn vanadium flow battery avoids the disposal, processing, and landfill of eight lead-acid batteries or four lithium-ion batteries.</span><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2022/06/14/vanadium-batteries-keeps-energy-flowing-for-telecommunications-industry/"><img decoding="async" class="bannerad aligncenter size-large" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/StorEn-tech-BS-card-2-800x450-1.png" alt="" width="800" height="450" /></a></p> <p><a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2022/09/16/microgrids-how-vanadium-flow-batteries-expand-applications/"><img decoding="async" class="bannerad aligncenter size-large" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/StorEn-Tech-bs-slide-article-3-1-800x450-1.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="450" /></a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Read more about StorEn Technologies <a href="https://bit.ly/3tnJf6f">here</a>.</span></p> <div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this story!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-268375" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon" href="https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li class="share-jetpack-whatsapp"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-jetpack-whatsapp sd-button share-icon" href="https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/?share=jetpack-whatsapp" target="_blank" title="Click to share on WhatsApp" ><span>WhatsApp</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-268375" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" href="https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li class="share-bluesky"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-bluesky-268375" class="share-bluesky sd-button share-icon" href="https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/?share=bluesky" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Bluesky" ><span>Bluesky</span></a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Vanadium%20Flow%20Batteries%20Demystified&body=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2Fvanadium-batteries%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="69e17c31a5" data-email-share-track-url="https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/?share=email"><span>Email</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon" href="https://cleantechnica.com/vanadium-batteries/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span>Reddit</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <div class="cm-entry-footer"> <div class="cm-entry-footer"> </div> </article> </div> <div id="cm-secondary" class="cm-secondary"> <aside id="custom_html-30" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><a href="https://bit.ly/3xnAJW6 "><img src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/StorEn-Tech-sidebar2.jpg"></a></center></div></aside><aside id="custom_html-31" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><a href="https://bit.ly/3xnAJW6 "><img src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/StorEn-Tech-sidebar1.jpg"></a></center></div></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="advertisement_above_footer"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <aside id="custom_html-36" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <strong>ADVERTISEMENT</strong><br> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: inline-block; width: 640px; height: 90px;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1552008901061842" data-ad-slot="4461458457"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </center> <br></div></aside> </div> </div> <footer id="cm-footer" class="cm-footer "> <div class="cm-footer-bar cm-footer-bar-style-3"> <div class="cm-container"> <div class="cm-row"> <div class="cm-footer-bar-area"> <div class="cm-footer-bar__1"> <div class="social-links"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/CleanTechnica/" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i></a></li><li><a href="https://twitter.com/cleantechnica" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a></li><li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/cleantechnica/" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-instagram"></i></a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/cleantechnica" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-youtube"></i></a></li><li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/cleantechnica/" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="cm-footer-bar__2"> <font color="gray"> The content produced by this site is for entertainment purposes only. Opinions and comments published on this site may not be sanctioned by and do not necessarily represent the views of <em>CleanTechnica</em>, its owners, sponsors, affiliates, or subsidiaries. <em>CleanTechnica</em> may earn a commission on purchases.</font> <br> <br> Copyright © 2025 CleanTechnica, all rights reserved. </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <br> <center> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1552008901061842" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1552008901061842" data-ad-slot="8395252305" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </center> <br> <noscript> <div style="display:none;"> <img src="//pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-MXx1pMvJa8BJY.gif" border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="Quantcast"/> </div></noscript> <script type="text/javascript"> window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https:\/\/cleantechnica.com\/vanadium-batteries\/":268375}; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/plugins/remove-broken-images/assets/script.min.js?ver=1.5.0-beta-1" id="r34rbi-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="r34rbi-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var r34rbi_redirect_on_missing_image = ""; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/plugins/marfeelpress/includes/base/src/resources/js/resizer.js?ver=6.7.1" id="mrf_resizer-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/themes/colormag-pro/assets/js/jquery.bxslider.min.js?ver=4.1.2" id="colormag-bxslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/themes/colormag-pro/assets/js/sticky/jquery.sticky.min.js?ver=4.1.2" id="colormag-sticky-menu-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/themes/colormag-pro/assets/js/navigation.min.js?ver=4.1.2" id="colormag-navigation-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/themes/colormag-pro/assets/js/fitvids/jquery.fitvids.min.js?ver=4.1.2" id="colormag-fitvids-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/themes/colormag-pro/assets/js/skip-link-focus-fix.min.js?ver=4.1.2" id="colormag-skip-link-focus-fix-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="colormag-custom-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var colormag_load_more = {"tg_nonce":"e8f75e88e2","ajax_url":"https:\/\/cleantechnica.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/themes/colormag-pro/assets/js/colormag-custom.min.js?ver=4.1.2" id="colormag-custom-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="colormag-loadmore-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var colormag_script_vars = {"no_more_posts":"No more post"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/themes/colormag-pro/assets/js/loadmore.min.js?ver=4.1.2" id="colormag-loadmore-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202507.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"13821326\",\"post\":\"268375\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"cleantechnica.com\",\"j\":\"1:14.3\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "13821326", "268375" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cleantechnica.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js?ver=14.3" id="sharing-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomlinkedin', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-bluesky' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-bluesky' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcombluesky', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' ); return false; } } ); } )(); /* ]]> */ </script> </body> </html>