CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Adoption in ancient Rome - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bf998de6-5d73-44d6-85f8-dc5c6b1dcd7e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Adoption_in_ancient_Rome","wgTitle":"Adoption in ancient Rome","wgCurRevisionId":1252022463,"wgRevisionId":1252022463,"wgArticleId":343816,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","Adoption in ancient Rome","Adoption history","Family law in ancient Rome"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Adoption_in_ancient_Rome","wgRelevantArticleId":343816,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q250358","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Antoninus_Pius%2C_small_Lucius_Verus_and_Hadrian%2C_a_scene_of_a_cycle_%E2%80%9CAdoption%E2%80%9D_of_the_Parthian_frieze_from_Ephesus%2C_the_Parthian_Monument_reliefs%2C_post_169_AD%2C_Ephesos_Museum_Vienna%2C_Austria_%2820434833803%29.jpg/1200px-thumbnail.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1509"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Antoninus_Pius%2C_small_Lucius_Verus_and_Hadrian%2C_a_scene_of_a_cycle_%E2%80%9CAdoption%E2%80%9D_of_the_Parthian_frieze_from_Ephesus%2C_the_Parthian_Monument_reliefs%2C_post_169_AD%2C_Ephesos_Museum_Vienna%2C_Austria_%2820434833803%29.jpg/800px-thumbnail.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1006"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Antoninus_Pius%2C_small_Lucius_Verus_and_Hadrian%2C_a_scene_of_a_cycle_%E2%80%9CAdoption%E2%80%9D_of_the_Parthian_frieze_from_Ephesus%2C_the_Parthian_Monument_reliefs%2C_post_169_AD%2C_Ephesos_Museum_Vienna%2C_Austria_%2820434833803%29.jpg/640px-thumbnail.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="805"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Adoption in ancient Rome - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Adoption_in_ancient_Rome rootpage-Adoption_in_ancient_Rome skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Adoption+in+ancient+Rome" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Adoption+in+ancient+Rome" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Adoption+in+ancient+Rome" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Adoption+in+ancient+Rome" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_legal_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_legal_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Social and legal context</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_legal_context-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social and legal context subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_legal_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_adoptee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_adoptee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The adoptee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_adoptee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_freedman_adoptee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_freedman_adoptee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>The freedman adoptee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_freedman_adoptee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_adoptions_and_legal_dodges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_adoptions_and_legal_dodges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Political adoptions and legal dodges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_adoptions_and_legal_dodges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forms of adoption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms_of_adoption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms of adoption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adrogatio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adrogatio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Adrogatio</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adrogatio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testamentary_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testamentary_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Testamentary adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testamentary_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legitimation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Legitimation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Imperial succession</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imperial_succession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imperial succession subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imperial_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Julio-Claudian_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Julio-Claudian_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Julio-Claudian dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Julio-Claudian_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_adoptive_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_adoptive_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The adoptive emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_adoptive_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adoption in ancient Rome</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="التبني في روما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التبني في روما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption_(R%C3%B6misches_Reich)" title="Adoption (Römisches Reich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adoption (Römisches Reich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrogatio" title="Adrogatio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adrogatio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption_en_droit_romain" title="Adoption en droit romain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adoption en droit romain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%9E%85%EC%96%91" title="고대 로마의 입양 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 로마의 입양" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adozione_nell%27antica_Roma" title="Adozione nell'antica Roma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adozione nell'antica Roma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptio_(Roma_antiqua)" title="Adoptio (Roma antiqua) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Adoptio (Roma antiqua)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96r%C3%B6kbefogad%C3%A1s_az_%C3%B3kori_R%C3%B3m%C3%A1ban" title="Örökbefogadás az ókori Rómában – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Örökbefogadás az ókori Rómában" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(Roma_Antiga)" title="Adoção (Roma Antiga) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adoção (Roma Antiga)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adop%C8%9Bia_%C3%AEn_Roma_Antic%C4%83" title="Adopția în Roma Antică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adopția în Roma Antică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Усыновление в Древнем Риме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Усыновление в Древнем Риме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usvajanje_u_drevnom_Rimu" title="Usvajanje u drevnom Rimu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Usvajanje u drevnom Rimu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Roma%27da_evlat_edinme" title="Antik Roma'da evlat edinme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Roma'da evlat edinme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%98%E9%A4%8A%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="古代羅馬的領養制度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古代羅馬的領養制度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q250358#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&oldid=1252022463" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&id=1252022463&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdoption_in_ancient_Rome"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdoption_in_ancient_Rome"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q250358" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Adoption in Roman law</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius,_Antoninus_Pius,_small_Lucius_Verus_and_Hadrian,_a_scene_of_a_cycle_%E2%80%9CAdoption%E2%80%9D_of_the_Parthian_frieze_from_Ephesus,_the_Parthian_Monument_reliefs,_post_169_AD,_Ephesos_Museum_Vienna,_Austria_(20434833803).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Antoninus_Pius%2C_small_Lucius_Verus_and_Hadrian%2C_a_scene_of_a_cycle_%E2%80%9CAdoption%E2%80%9D_of_the_Parthian_frieze_from_Ephesus%2C_the_Parthian_Monument_reliefs%2C_post_169_AD%2C_Ephesos_Museum_Vienna%2C_Austria_%2820434833803%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Antoninus_Pius%2C_small_Lucius_Verus_and_Hadrian%2C_a_scene_of_a_cycle_%E2%80%9CAdoption%E2%80%9D_of_the_Parthian_frieze_from_Ephesus%2C_the_Parthian_Monument_reliefs%2C_post_169_AD%2C_Ephesos_Museum_Vienna%2C_Austria_%2820434833803%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Antoninus_Pius%2C_small_Lucius_Verus_and_Hadrian%2C_a_scene_of_a_cycle_%E2%80%9CAdoption%E2%80%9D_of_the_Parthian_frieze_from_Ephesus%2C_the_Parthian_Monument_reliefs%2C_post_169_AD%2C_Ephesos_Museum_Vienna%2C_Austria_%2820434833803%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Relief</a> depicting imperial succession through adoption: Hadrian (right) adopted Antoninus Pius (center left), who in turn adopted the 17-year-old Marcus Aurelius (left) and the 8-year-old Lucius Verus; the head over Hadrian’s left shoulder may represent the <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">guardian <i>genius</i></a> of Aelius Verus, Lucius's late father</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Adoption in ancient Rome</b> was primarily a <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">legal procedure</a> for transferring paternal power <i>(<a href="/wiki/Patria_potestas" class="mw-redirect" title="Patria potestas">potestas</a>)</i> to ensure <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_law_in_ancient_Rome" title="Inheritance law in ancient Rome">succession</a> in the male line within Roman <a href="/wiki/Paterfamilias" class="mw-redirect" title="Paterfamilias">patriarchal society</a>. The Latin word <i>adoptio</i> refers broadly to "adoption", which was of two kinds: the transferral of <i>potestas</i> over a free person from one head of household to another; and <i>adrogatio</i>, when the adoptee had been acting <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i> as a legal adult but assumed the status of unemancipated son for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_law_in_ancient_Rome" title="Inheritance law in ancient Rome">inheritance</a>. <i>Adoptio</i> was a longstanding part of Roman family law pertaining to paternal responsibilities such as perpetuating the value of the family estate and ancestral rites <i>(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#sacra_gentilicia" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">sacra</a>)</i>, which were concerns of the Roman property-owning classes and cultural elite. During the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, adoption became a way to ensure <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">imperial succession</a>. </p><p>In contrast to modern <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a>, Roman <i>adoptio</i> was neither designed nor intended to build emotionally satisfying families and support childrearing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199163_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199163-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among all social classes, childless couples or those who wanted to expand the size of their families instead might <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome#Alumni" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">foster children</a>. Evidence is meager for the <i>adoptio</i> of young children for purposes other than securing a male heir, and probably would have been employed mostly by <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">former slaves</a> legitimating the status of their own children born into slavery or outside a legally valid marriage. </p><p>Roman women could own, inherit, and control property as <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">citizens</a>, and therefore could exercise prerogatives of the <i>paterfamilias</i> pertaining to ownership and inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaller1999185,_187–189_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaller1999185,_187–189-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They played an increasingly significant role in succession and the inheritance of property from the 2nd century BC through the 2nd century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2011347,_350,_354_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2011347,_350,_354-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as an instrument for transferring paternal <i>potestas</i>, adoption was mainly a male-gendered practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner19868_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner19868-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_legal_context">Social and legal context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Social and legal context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genio_romano_de_Ponte_Pu%C3%B1ide_(M.A.N._1928-60-1)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Genio_romano_de_Ponte_Pu%C3%B1ide_%28M.A.N._1928-60-1%29_01.jpg/150px-Genio_romano_de_Ponte_Pu%C3%B1ide_%28M.A.N._1928-60-1%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Genio_romano_de_Ponte_Pu%C3%B1ide_%28M.A.N._1928-60-1%29_01.jpg/225px-Genio_romano_de_Ponte_Pu%C3%B1ide_%28M.A.N._1928-60-1%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Genio_romano_de_Ponte_Pu%C3%B1ide_%28M.A.N._1928-60-1%29_01.jpg/300px-Genio_romano_de_Ponte_Pu%C3%B1ide_%28M.A.N._1928-60-1%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="2814" /></a><figcaption>A family <i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">genius</a></i> depicted as a <i>paterfamilias</i> (1st century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Formal adoption was practiced primarily for financial, social, and political purposes among the property-owning classes. Free working people for whom these interests were minimal had little need of the cumbersome legal procedure and instead <a href="/wiki/Alumni_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumni (ancient Rome)">fostered</a> if they wished to rear children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1986196_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1986196-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Romans, kinship was "biologically based but not biologically determined", and procedures such as adoption and <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in ancient Rome">divorce</a> gave them greater latitude to restructure their families<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaller199443_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaller199443-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than was allowed in Christian Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199147_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199147-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> said that adoption was an accepted way to ensure the <i>hereditas</i> (transmission) of three aspects of Roman family continuity: the family name <i>(<a href="/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium" title="Nomen gentilicium">nomen</a>)</i>, wealth <i>(pecunia)</i>, and religious rites <i>(<a href="/wiki/Sacra_gentilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacra gentilicia">sacra</a>)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199163,_citing_Cicero,_''De_domo_sua''_35_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199163,_citing_Cicero,_''De_domo_sua''_35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adoption was appropriate for a man who had no legitimate children, but if there were already legitimate heirs, adoption risked diluting their inheritance and the social status that came with it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaller1994123,_citing_[[Ulpian]],_''Digest''_1.7.17.3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaller1994123,_citing_[[Ulpian]],_''Digest''_1.7.17.3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romans tended to prefer small families of two or three children for this reason, though premodern rates of <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">neonatal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childhood_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood mortality">childhood mortality</a>, along with other factors, could be an unsought brake on family size that jeopardized the family line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaller19949_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaller19949-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In adopting an adult heir, the father "could see what he was getting".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson19868,_12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson19868,_12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adoption was carried out by the male who was head of his family, the <i><a href="/wiki/Paterfamilias" class="mw-redirect" title="Paterfamilias">paterfamilias</a></i>, and his adopting did not make his wife a mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199163_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199163-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor was marriage required; an adult bachelor could adopt in order to pass along his family name and <i>potestas</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1998143–144,_citing_[[Paulus_(jurist)|Paulus]],_''Digest''_1.7.30_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1998143–144,_citing_[[Paulus_(jurist)|Paulus]],_''Digest''_1.7.30-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as could a citizen <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> (Latin <i>spado</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1998144,_citing_Gaius,_''[[Institutes_(Gaius)|Institutiones]]''_1.103_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1998144,_citing_Gaius,_''[[Institutes_(Gaius)|Institutiones]]''_1.103-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_adoptee">The adoptee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The adoptee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A close relative was preferred as the adoptee, and a <i>paterfamilias</i> might adopt a grandson, especially if the grandson's father was not in the line of succession. The grandson might be his daughter's son, or the <i>pater</i> might have removed the boy's father from succession by emancipating him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199167–68_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199167–68-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One common pattern in Roman adoption was for a woman's childless brother to adopt one of her sons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreggiari2019147_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari2019147-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009161–164_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009161–164-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A brother or cousin on the father's side might relinquish <i>potestas</i> over a son to provide a childless man with an adoptive heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199168_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199168-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>pater</i> who had no sons might adopt his daughter's husband to strengthen family lineage, but to avoid technical incest, he would first need to emancipate his daughter so that she was no longer legally a part of the family – the adoption would otherwise create a brother-sister relationship that Roman law regarded as <i>consanguines</i>, the same as blood ties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199169_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199169-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adoption of a stepson from the wife's previous marriage was another strategy, if the stepson had no children; after adoption, his offspring would enter the line as grandchildren of the adopting <i>paterfamilias</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199171–72_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199171–72-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adoptee did not have to be a relative. Romans placed a high value on the social bonds of friendship (<i><a href="/wiki/Amicitia" title="Amicitia">amicitia</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199173_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199173-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a childless man might adopt a friend or friend's son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009156_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009156-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fostering was preferred to adopting children of "low" birth or unknown parentage, and in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a> it was unlawful to adopt a male foundling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1986196,_200_n._51,_citing_''Gnomon_of_the_Idios_Logos''_41,_107_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1986196,_200_n._51,_citing_''Gnomon_of_the_Idios_Logos''_41,_107-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>paterfamilias</i> generally transmitted his estate to an adoptee of his own rank, or the adoptee acquired the social rank of the adoptive family, with some exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199164_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199164-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_freedman_adoptee">The freedman adoptee</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The freedman adoptee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most often adoption would have been a lateral move or a modest boost to the adoptee's standing and wealth, but a <a href="/wiki/Freedmen_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen in ancient Rome">freedman</a> could also be adopted. A slave might even be simultaneously <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome#Manumission" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">manumitted</a> and adopted by his former master, who became both his patron <i>(<a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">patronus</a>)</i> and his "father". The adoption of a freedman placed his property under the control of his new <i>paterfamilias</i>; it no longer belonged to him, but it would return to him along with the rest of his inheritance. The choice of a freedman for adoption may have been motivated most often by gaining access to his resources rather than securing lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009134_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009134-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">early Republic</a>, a freedman through adoption gained the same status as the freeborn citizen who freed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1989252_''et_passim''_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1989252_''et_passim''-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, the adopted freedman was regarded as an unemancipated son in matters of family law but held only the rights of freedpersons otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1989241_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1989241-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislation that more closely regulated the varied statuses of <i>liberti</i> left the adoptee as a freedman who could not, for example, marry into the senatorial order even if he was adopted by a senator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009134_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009134-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_adoptions_and_legal_dodges">Political adoptions and legal dodges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political adoptions and legal dodges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late Republican era, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a> famously subverted the usual course of "adopting up", surrendering his <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> status and becoming a nominal <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeian</a> in order to qualify for the office of <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">tribune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETatum1999280–282_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999280–282-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plebeians had adopted patricians before, but the reasons are not always clear and were not always political.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009170_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009170-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cicero criticized the <i>adrogatio</i> of Clodius as solely politically motivated,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199163,_citing_Cicero,_''De_domo_sua''_35_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199163,_citing_Cicero,_''De_domo_sua''_35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Clodius was emancipated immediately after he had achieved his aim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009171_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009171-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, a nominal adoption allowed <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Lentulus_Spinther" title="Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther">Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther</a>, son of the <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Lentulus_Spinther" title="Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther">consul of 57 BC</a>, to take a place in the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Augurs" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Augurs">College of Augurs</a> by getting around the rule against having two members from the same <i><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a></i>. The adoption seems to have been entirely fictional, since there is no evidence he ever made any use of the nomenclature of the <a href="/wiki/Manlia_gens#Manlii_Torquati" title="Manlia gens">Manlius Toquatus</a> who adopted him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009172_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009172-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cicero's own patrician son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_44_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 BC)">Publius Cornelius Dolabella</a>, followed the path of Clodius in becoming a tribune by having himself adopted by a plebeian Cornelius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009172_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009172-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Augustan legislation that granted privileges to fathers with multiple children and disadvantaged the childless also prompted adoptions of convenience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199173–74_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199173–74-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adoption for this purpose became enough of an issue that by the time of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> a senatorial decree had tried to block legal dodges. The historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> indicates that fictitious or "fake adoption" <i>(simulata adoptio)</i> could be detected by rapid emancipation once the benefit was realized – benefits including priority in the selection of <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">provincial governors</a> or candidates for office for men who had met the fatherhood quota.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1989249,_especially_n._29,_citing_Tacitus,_''Annales''_15.9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1989249,_especially_n._29,_citing_Tacitus,_''Annales''_15.9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restrictions under the decree are not preserved in full, but a request for <i>adrogatio</i> could be denied if the would-be adoptive father already had children or was under the age of sixty and assumed able to procreate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1989249,_citing_Cicero,_''De_domo''_34;_''Digest''_1.7.15.2–3_and_1.17.17.3;_and_''[[Codex_Justinianus]]''_8.47.3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1989249,_citing_Cicero,_''De_domo''_34;_''Digest''_1.7.15.2–3_and_1.17.17.3;_and_''[[Codex_Justinianus]]''_8.47.3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_adoption">Forms of adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forms of adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Adoptio</i> had some commonalities with <i>emancipatio</i>, the procedure by which an adult son was released from paternal <i>potestas</i> – regardless of age, Roman men and women remained in effect legal <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minors</a> as long as their father was alive unless emancipated. The father's relinquishing of <i>potestas</i> over the son in both cases took the form of a <a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">fictive sale</a>, based on an archaic provision of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a> (mid-5th century BC) that a son sold three times was thereafter released from his father's legal control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner19866_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner19866-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adrogatio"><i>Adrogatio</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adrogatio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Adrogatio</i> differed from <i>adoptio</i> in that the person adopted was already <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i>; another father did not have to surrender his <i>potestas</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner19866_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner19866-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rather than extirpating the adoptee's previous family line, the two family lines were merged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger1953250,_s.v._''adoptio''_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger1953250,_s.v._''adoptio''-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An adrogated adoptee was likely to have inherited from the natural father whose death had left him <i>sui iuris</i>, consolidating two patrimonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199175_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199175-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ownership of anything belonging to the adoptee was legally transferred to the <i>paterfamilias</i>, though it was set aside as <i><a href="/wiki/Peculium" class="mw-redirect" title="Peculium">peculium</a></i>, a fund or property for use by an unemancipated son or slave. When <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> was adopted in adulthood by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, he thereafter observed this longstanding legal requirement by crediting any property he received through inheritance to the <i>peculium</i> rather than his private ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchwitz2023175,_citing_[[Suetonius]],_''Tiberius''_15.2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchwitz2023175,_citing_[[Suetonius]],_''Tiberius''_15.2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of <i>adrogatio</i> as a form of adoption is bound up with an early procedure for making a will that required the approval of the <i><a href="/wiki/Comitia_calata" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia calata">comitia calata</a></i>, an assembly of the Roman people. Upon the testator's death, the named heir was in effect adopted by the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1986164_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1986164-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislative act of adrogation was carried out by thirty magisterial <a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">lictors</a> summoned by the <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner19866_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner19866-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because adoption law developed to support the particular institutions of Roman society, <i>adrogatio</i> could take place only in the city of Rome until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> in the late third century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1989237_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1989237-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adrogation of female adoptees became possible through imperial <a href="/wiki/Rescript" title="Rescript">rescript</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonine era">Antonine era</a> (AD 138–192), and under exceptional circumstances a woman could adopt in the same way. In one documented case from the 3rd century, a woman whose sons had died was permitted to adopt her stepson. Since a woman did not transfer paternal <i>potestas</i>, however, adoption accomplished little that could not be achieved through exercising her rights under inheritance law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1986144_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1986144-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testamentary_adoption">Testamentary adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Testamentary adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glittica_romana,_augusto,_livia_e_nerone,_sardonice,_I_sec_dc..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Glittica_romana%2C_augusto%2C_livia_e_nerone%2C_sardonice%2C_I_sec_dc..JPG/220px-Glittica_romana%2C_augusto%2C_livia_e_nerone%2C_sardonice%2C_I_sec_dc..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Glittica_romana%2C_augusto%2C_livia_e_nerone%2C_sardonice%2C_I_sec_dc..JPG/330px-Glittica_romana%2C_augusto%2C_livia_e_nerone%2C_sardonice%2C_I_sec_dc..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Glittica_romana%2C_augusto%2C_livia_e_nerone%2C_sardonice%2C_I_sec_dc..JPG/440px-Glittica_romana%2C_augusto%2C_livia_e_nerone%2C_sardonice%2C_I_sec_dc..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>Cameo (1st century) depicting Augustus, Livia, and <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> as a child</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_law_in_ancient_Rome" title="Inheritance law in ancient Rome">Inheritance law in ancient Rome</a></div> <p>Testamentary adoption became more common during the late Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Octavian, the future Augustus, was adopted in this way by his maternal great-uncle <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199170_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199170-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <i>adoptio</i> was a practice aimed at furthering the succession of male privileges, both men and women could in effect "adopt" by passing along their property in a will with the condition that the heir carry on the family name <i>(condicio nominis ferendi)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199164_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199164-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of women in passing property along the family line became "increasingly important".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2011354_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2011354-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technically, this was not adoption but the "institution of an heir."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199164_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199164-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advantage of this arrangement was that the testator did not have to assume patriarchal responsibilities for the adoptee while he was alive but had assured the continuity of the family name, rites, and estate after his death; the testamentary adoptee did not surrender his own status as a <i>pater</i> as he would in adrogation but received the benefits of inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adoption was also the means by which married women could become part of their husband's family. From the late Republic through the Principate, most Roman women <a href="/wiki/Manus_marriage#Sine_manu" title="Manus marriage">married <i>sine manu</i></a>, meaning that they remained part of their birth family and did not submit to their husband's <i>potestas</i>. <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>, the wife of Augustus, outlived him, and only upon his death did testamentary adoption make her a part of the Julian family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaller199476,_citing_[[Tacitus]],_''Annales''_6.51_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaller199476,_citing_[[Tacitus]],_''Annales''_6.51-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimation">Legitimation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legitimation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">Illegitimacy</a> does not appear to have carried much stigma in Roman society before the time of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2015216_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2015216-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as many forms of <a href="/wiki/Roman_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman marriage">Roman marriage</a> existed, some rather loosely defined, along with quasi-marital unions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Contubernium" title="Contubernium">contubernium</a></i> among slaves and monogamous concubinage <i>(<a href="/wiki/Concubinatus" title="Concubinatus">concubinatus</a>)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreggiari1981a58_n._42_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari1981a58_n._42-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birth outside marriage was primarily at issue in matters of inheritance but was not a clearly defined status with debilities in law, as a principle of customary international law <i>(<a href="/wiki/Ius_gentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius gentium">ius gentium</a>)</i> was that a child took its status from the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2015215–216_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2015215–216-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Contubernium#Between_a_free_woman_and_a_male_slave" title="Contubernium">freedwoman whose male partner remained enslaved</a> might find it advantageous to assert that her child was fatherless and not conceived during her own servitude, so as to ensure the child's freeborn status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2015211_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2015211-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was unusual for freeborn persons to legitimate a child born outside a legally valid marriage, and typically a man would not adopt his illegitimate child unless he had no other heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adoptee could be <i><a href="/wiki/Ingenuus" title="Ingenuus">ingenuus</a></i> (freeborn) or a freedman, and might be a child resulting from <i>concubinatus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355,_citing_Gaius,_''[[Institutes_(Gaius)|Institutiones]]''_1.102_and_''[[Pandects|Digest]]''_1.7.15.2–3_(Ulpian)_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355,_citing_Gaius,_''[[Institutes_(Gaius)|Institutiones]]''_1.102_and_''[[Pandects|Digest]]''_1.7.15.2–3_(Ulpian)-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <a href="/wiki/Concubinatus#Children" title="Concubinatus">children were not</a> especially desired from these unions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1974291_n._44_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1974291_n._44-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Provisions for retroactive legitimation became more capacious in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> as family law was adapted during the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianization of the Roman Empire</a>, in particular under Constantine and <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckland190877_(n._3),_79_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckland190877_(n._3),_79-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger1953473_on_''filius_iustus''_(=_''filius_legitimus'');_p._714_on_''spurius''_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger1953473_on_''filius_iustus''_(=_''filius_legitimus'');_p._714_on_''spurius''-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans-Grubbs1993128,_149_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-Grubbs1993128,_149-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Classical period, legitimation might have been more common among former slaves. Since slaves lacked <a href="/wiki/Legal_personhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personhood">personhood</a> under Roman law, they could neither contract a valid marriage nor institute an heir by means of a will. However, the quasi-marital union of <i>contubernium</i> was available to heterosexual slave couples with the owner's approval, and expressed an intent to marry if both parties gained rights of marriage and succession upon manumission. Because a male slave did not possess the standing to assert patriarchal <i>potestas</i>, the child of an enslaved father was <i>spurius</i>, one whose father could not be legally identified as such—that is, illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger1953473_on_''filius_iustus''_(=_''filius_legitimus'');_p._714_on_''spurius''_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger1953473_on_''filius_iustus''_(=_''filius_legitimus'');_p._714_on_''spurius''-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the child's status was determined by the mother's, if a woman was manumitted before her partner and conceived a child with him after that, the child was <i>spurius</i> but freeborn; unlike freeborn children from a legal marriage, however, the child was born <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i>, emancipated from the <i>potestas</i> of an adult male. If the father was later manumitted through a procedure that granted him full citizenship, he could legitimate his child through <i>adrogatio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckland190877_(n._3),_79_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckland190877_(n._3),_79-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans-Grubbs1993128_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-Grubbs1993128-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_succession">Imperial succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Imperial succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a> came to power through adoption, either because their predecessors had no natural sons, or simply to ensure a smooth transition for the most capable<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> candidate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Julio-Claudian_dynasty">The Julio-Claudian dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Julio-Claudian dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JulioClaudian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/JulioClaudian.svg/336px-JulioClaudian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="336" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/JulioClaudian.svg/504px-JulioClaudian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/JulioClaudian.svg/672px-JulioClaudian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Julio Claudian Family Tree</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, as he was known after he became the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, was adopted into the <i><a href="/wiki/Gens_Julia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Julia">gens Julia</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Augustus#Heir_to_Caesar" title="Augustus">the will of his great uncle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. He inherited Caesar's money, name, and <i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">auctoritas</a></i>. </p><p>As Augustus's central role in the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> solidified, it became increasingly important for him to designate an heir. He first adopted his daughter Julia's three sons by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Agrippa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Agrippa">Marcus Agrippa</a>, renaming them <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius Caesar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Caesar</a>. After the former two died young and the latter was exiled, Augustus adopted his stepson, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius Claudius Nero</a>, on the condition that he adopt his own nephew, <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> (who was also Augustus's great nephew by blood). Tiberius succeeded Augustus, and after Tiberius's death, Germanicus's son <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> became emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick1966227–244_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick1966227–244-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> adopted his stepson Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, who changed his name to Nero Claudius Caesar and succeeded Claudius as the emperor, <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_adoptive_emperors">The adoptive emperors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The adoptive emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HADRIANUS_RIC_II_3c-761923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HADRIANUS_RIC_II_3c-761923.jpg/220px-HADRIANUS_RIC_II_3c-761923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HADRIANUS_RIC_II_3c-761923.jpg/330px-HADRIANUS_RIC_II_3c-761923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/HADRIANUS_RIC_II_3c-761923.jpg/440px-HADRIANUS_RIC_II_3c-761923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a> issued under Hadrian; the reverse shows him joining hands with Trajan with the legend <i>ADOPTIO</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nerva-Antonine_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerva-Antonine dynasty">Nerva-Antonine dynasty</a> was also united by a series of adoptions. <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> adopted the popular military leader <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>. Trajan in turn took <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Publius Aelius Hadrianus</a> as his protégé and, although the legitimacy of the process is debatable, Hadrian claimed to have been adopted and took the name <i>Caesar Traianus Hadrianus</i> when he became emperor. </p><p>Hadrian adopted Lucius Ceionius Commodus, who changed his name to <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Aelius">Lucius Aelius Caesar</a> but predeceased Hadrian. Hadrian then adopted Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus, on condition that Antoninus in turn adopt both the natural son of the late Lucius Aelius and a promising young nephew of <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">his wife</a>. They ruled as <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> respectively. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> described them as <i>The Five Good Emperors</i> and attributed their success to having been chosen for the role: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From the study of this history we may also learn how a good government is to be established; for while all the emperors who succeeded to the throne by birth, except <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>, were bad, all were good who succeeded by adoption, as in the case of the five from Nerva to Marcus. But as soon as the empire fell once more to the heirs by birth, its ruin recommenced.<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This run of adoptive emperors came to an end when Marcus Aurelius named his biological son, <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>, as his heir. </p><p>Adoption never became the official method of designating a successor, in part because Roman identity was based on citizenship with a visceral rejection of hereditary kingship. During the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, so called from Augustus's styling of himself as <i>princeps</i> (first among equals, in the manner of the <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">princeps senatus</a></i>), emperors consolidated their power by making use of the institutions of Republican Rome rather than overthrowing them outright. Augustus's early intentions seem to have been to apprentice and promote a successor on the basis of merit, but his longevity instead created an apparatus of centralized power from which his status as a private citizen could no longer be extricated. His fashioning of himself as "father of his country" enabled the transferral of his power over the Roman people in the same way that a <i>paterfamilias</i> of a family estate was bound to transfer his <i>potestas</i> whether or not the available successor was fully meritorious. A major transition in the means of imperial succession marks the periodization of Roman Imperial history into the <a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> replaced adoption with the <i><a href="/wiki/Consortium_imperii" title="Consortium imperii">consortium imperii</a></i>, designation of an heir by appointing him partner in <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199163-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199163_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199163_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbier1991">Corbier 1991</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaller1999185,_187–189-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaller1999185,_187–189_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaller1999">Saller 1999</a>, pp. 185, 187–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2011347,_350,_354-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2011347,_350,_354_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay2011">Lindsay 2011</a>, pp. 347, 350, 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner19868-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner19868_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1986">Gardner 1986</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1986196-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1986196_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1986">Rawson 1986</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaller199443-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaller199443_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaller1994">Saller 1994</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199147-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199147_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbier1991">Corbier 1991</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199163,_citing_Cicero,_''De_domo_sua''_35-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199163,_citing_Cicero,_''De_domo_sua''_35_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199163,_citing_Cicero,_''De_domo_sua''_35_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbier1991">Corbier 1991</a>, p. 63, citing Cicero, <i>De domo sua</i> 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaller1994123,_citing_[[Ulpian]],_''Digest''_1.7.17.3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaller1994123,_citing_[[Ulpian]],_''Digest''_1.7.17.3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaller1994">Saller 1994</a>, p. 123, citing <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a>, <i>Digest</i> 1.7.17.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaller19949-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaller19949_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaller1994">Saller 1994</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson19868,_12-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson19868,_12_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1986">Rawson 1986</a>, pp. 8, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1998143–144,_citing_[[Paulus_(jurist)|Paulus]],_''Digest''_1.7.30-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1998143–144,_citing_[[Paulus_(jurist)|Paulus]],_''Digest''_1.7.30_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1998">Gardner 1998</a>, pp. 143–144, citing <a href="/wiki/Paulus_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus (jurist)">Paulus</a>, <i>Digest</i> 1.7.30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1998144,_citing_Gaius,_''[[Institutes_(Gaius)|Institutiones]]''_1.103-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1998144,_citing_Gaius,_''[[Institutes_(Gaius)|Institutiones]]''_1.103_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1998">Gardner 1998</a>, p. 144, citing Gaius, <i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_(Gaius)" title="Institutes (Gaius)">Institutiones</a></i> 1.103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199167–68-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199167–68_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbier1991">Corbier 1991</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari2019147-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreggiari2019147_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreggiari2019">Treggiari 2019</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009161–164-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009161–164_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay2009">Lindsay 2009</a>, pp. 161–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199168-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199168_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbier1991">Corbier 1991</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199169-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199169_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbier1991">Corbier 1991</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199171–72-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199171–72_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbier1991">Corbier 1991</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199173-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199173_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbier1991">Corbier 1991</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009156-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009156_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay2009">Lindsay 2009</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1986196,_200_n._51,_citing_''Gnomon_of_the_Idios_Logos''_41,_107-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1986196,_200_n._51,_citing_''Gnomon_of_the_Idios_Logos''_41,_107_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1986">Rawson 1986</a>, pp. 196, 200 n. 51, citing <i>Gnomon of the Idios Logos</i> 41, 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199164-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199164_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199164_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199164_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbier1991">Corbier 1991</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009134-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009134_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009134_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay2009">Lindsay 2009</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1989252_''et_passim''-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1989252_''et_passim''_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1989">Gardner 1989</a>, pp. 252 <i>et passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1989241-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1989241_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1989">Gardner 1989</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETatum1999280–282-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETatum1999280–282_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTatum1999">Tatum 1999</a>, pp. 280–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009170-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009170_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay2009">Lindsay 2009</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009171-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009171_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay2009">Lindsay 2009</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2009172-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009172_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2009172_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay2009">Lindsay 2009</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199173–74-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199173–74_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbier1991">Corbier 1991</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1989249,_especially_n._29,_citing_Tacitus,_''Annales''_15.9-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1989249,_especially_n._29,_citing_Tacitus,_''Annales''_15.9_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1989">Gardner 1989</a>, p. 249, especially n. 29, citing Tacitus, <i>Annales</i> 15.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1989249,_citing_Cicero,_''De_domo''_34;_''Digest''_1.7.15.2–3_and_1.17.17.3;_and_''[[Codex_Justinianus]]''_8.47.3-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1989249,_citing_Cicero,_''De_domo''_34;_''Digest''_1.7.15.2–3_and_1.17.17.3;_and_''[[Codex_Justinianus]]''_8.47.3_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1989">Gardner 1989</a>, p. 249, citing Cicero, <i>De domo</i> 34; <i>Digest</i> 1.7.15.2–3 and 1.17.17.3; and <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Justinianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Justinianus">Codex Justinianus</a></i> 8.47.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner19866-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner19866_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner19866_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner19866_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1986">Gardner 1986</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger1953250,_s.v._''adoptio''-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger1953250,_s.v._''adoptio''_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerger1953">Berger 1953</a>, p. 250, s.v. <i>adoptio</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199175-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199175_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbier1991">Corbier 1991</a>, pp. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchwitz2023175,_citing_[[Suetonius]],_''Tiberius''_15.2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchwitz2023175,_citing_[[Suetonius]],_''Tiberius''_15.2_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchwitz2023">Buchwitz 2023</a>, p. 175, citing <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <i>Tiberius</i> 15.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1986164-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1986164_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1986">Gardner 1986</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1989237-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1989237_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1989">Gardner 1989</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner1986144-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner1986144_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGardner1986">Gardner 1986</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay2011">Lindsay 2011</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbier199170-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbier199170_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbier1991">Corbier 1991</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2011354-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2011354_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay2011">Lindsay 2011</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaller199476,_citing_[[Tacitus]],_''Annales''_6.51-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaller199476,_citing_[[Tacitus]],_''Annales''_6.51_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaller1994">Saller 1994</a>, p. 76, citing <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <i>Annales</i> 6.51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2015216-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2015216_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNowak2015">Nowak 2015</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreggiari1981a58_n._42-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreggiari1981a58_n._42_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreggiari1981a">Treggiari 1981a</a>, p. 58 n. 42, citing <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Oratore" title="De Oratore">De Oratore</a></i> 1.183; <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Declamationes" class="mw-redirect" title="Declamationes">Declamationes</a></i> 247 (Ritter 11.15); <i><a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digest</a></i> 23.2.24 (<a href="/wiki/Herennius_Modestinus" title="Herennius Modestinus">Modestinus</a>), 24.1.32.13 (<a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a>); 39.5.31 pr. (<a href="/wiki/Papinian" title="Papinian">Papinian</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2015215–216-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2015215–216_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNowak2015">Nowak 2015</a>, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak2015211-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENowak2015211_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNowak2015">Nowak 2015</a>, pp. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355,_citing_Gaius,_''[[Institutes_(Gaius)|Institutiones]]''_1.102_and_''[[Pandects|Digest]]''_1.7.15.2–3_(Ulpian)-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsay2011355,_citing_Gaius,_''[[Institutes_(Gaius)|Institutiones]]''_1.102_and_''[[Pandects|Digest]]''_1.7.15.2–3_(Ulpian)_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsay2011">Lindsay 2011</a>, p. 355, citing Gaius, <i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_(Gaius)" title="Institutes (Gaius)">Institutiones</a></i> 1.102 and <i><a href="/wiki/Pandects" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandects">Digest</a></i> 1.7.15.2–3 (Ulpian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1974291_n._44-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1974291_n._44_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1974">Rawson 1974</a>, p. 291 n. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckland190877_(n._3),_79-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckland190877_(n._3),_79_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckland190877_(n._3),_79_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckland1908">Buckland 1908</a>, pp. 77 (n. 3), 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger1953473_on_''filius_iustus''_(=_''filius_legitimus'');_p._714_on_''spurius''-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger1953473_on_''filius_iustus''_(=_''filius_legitimus'');_p._714_on_''spurius''_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger1953473_on_''filius_iustus''_(=_''filius_legitimus'');_p._714_on_''spurius''_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerger1953">Berger 1953</a>, p. 473 on <i>filius iustus</i> (= <i>filius legitimus</i>); p. 714 on <i>spurius</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-Grubbs1993128,_149-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans-Grubbs1993128,_149_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans-Grubbs1993">Evans-Grubbs 1993</a>, pp. 128, 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-Grubbs1993128-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans-Grubbs1993128_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans-Grubbs1993">Evans-Grubbs 1993</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick1966227–244-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevick1966227–244_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick1966">Levick 1966</a>, pp. 227–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mac-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mac_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Machiavelli, <i>Discourses on Livy</i>, Book I, Chapter 10.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerger1953" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Adolf (1953). <i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law</i> (1991 ed.). American Philological Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Roman+Law&rft.edition=1991&rft.pub=American+Philological+Society&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchwitz2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Buchwitz, Wolfram (2023). "Giving and Taking: The Effects of Roman Inheritance Law on the Social Position of Slaves". In Schermaier, Martin (ed.). <i>The Position of Roman Slaves: Social Realities and Legal Differences</i>. Dependency and Slavery Studies. Vol. 6. De Gruyter. pp. 165–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giving+and+Taking%3A+The+Effects+of+Roman+Inheritance+Law+on+the+Social+Position+of+Slaves&rft.btitle=The+Position+of+Roman+Slaves%3A+Social+Realities+and+Legal+Differences&rft.series=Dependency+and+Slavery+Studies&rft.pages=165-186&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Buchwitz&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckland1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Warwick_Buckland" title="William Warwick Buckland">Buckland, William Warwick</a> (1908). <i>The Roman Law of Slavery: The Condition of the Slave in Private Law from Augustus to Justinian</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Law+of+Slavery%3A+The+Condition+of+the+Slave+in+Private+Law+from+Augustus+to+Justinian&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Buckland&rft.aufirst=William+Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbier1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mireille_Corbier" title="Mireille Corbier">Corbier, Mireille</a> (1991). "Divorce and Adoption as Familial Strategies". In Rawson, Beryl (ed.). <i>Marriage, Divorce, and Children in Ancient Rome</i> (1996 pb ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divorce+and+Adoption+as+Familial+Strategies&rft.btitle=Marriage%2C+Divorce%2C+and+Children+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.edition=1996+pb&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Corbier&rft.aufirst=Mireille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans-Grubbs1993" class="citation journal cs1">Evans-Grubbs, Judith (1993). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Marriage More Shameful Than Adultery': Slave-Mistress Relationships, 'Mixed Marriages', and Late Roman Law". <i>Phoenix</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 236–257. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1088581">1088581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=%27Marriage+More+Shameful+Than+Adultery%27%3A+Slave-Mistress+Relationships%2C+%27Mixed+Marriages%27%2C+and+Late+Roman+Law&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=236-257&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1088581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Evans-Grubbs&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_F._Gardner" title="Jane F. Gardner">Gardner, Jane F.</a> (1986). <i>Women in Roman Law and Society</i> (2009 ed.). Taylor & Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Roman+Law+and+Society&rft.edition=2009&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Jane+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1989" class="citation journal cs1">Gardner, Jane F. (1989). "The Adoption of Roman Freedmen". <i>Phoenix</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 236–257. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1088460">1088460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=The+Adoption+of+Roman+Freedmen&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=236-257&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1088460%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Jane+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gardner, Jane F. (1998). "Sexing a Roman: Imperfect Men in Roman Law". In Foxhall, Lin; Salmon, John (eds.). <i>When Men Were Men: Masculinity, Power, and Identity in Classical Antiquity</i>. Routledge. pp. 136–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexing+a+Roman%3A+Imperfect+Men+in+Roman+Law&rft.btitle=When+Men+Were+Men%3A+Masculinity%2C+Power%2C+and+Identity+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.pages=136-152&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Jane+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevick1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Levick" title="Barbara Levick">Levick, Barbara</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41524520">"Drusus Caesar and the Adoptions of A.D. 4"</a>. <i>Latomus</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 182–197. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41524520">41524520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=Drusus+Caesar+and+the+Adoptions+of+A.D.+4&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-197&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41524520%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41524520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2009" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, Hugh (2009). <i>Adoption in the Roman World</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adoption+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lindsay, Hugh (2011). "Adoption and Heirship in Greece and Rome". In Rawson, Beryl (ed.). <i>A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds</i>. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 346–360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adoption+and+Heirship+in+Greece+and+Rome&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Families+in+the+Greek+and+Roman+Worlds&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=346-360&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nowak, Maria (2015). "Ways of Describing Illegitimate Children vs. Their Legal Situation". <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i>. <b>193</b>: 207–218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=Ways+of+Describing+Illegitimate+Children+vs.+Their+Legal+Situation&rft.volume=193&rft.pages=207-218&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Rawson" title="Beryl Rawson">Rawson, Beryl</a> (1974). "Roman Concubinage and Other <i>De Facto</i> Marriages". <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_American_Philological_Association" title="Transactions of the American Philological Association">Transactions of the American Philological Association</a></i>. <b>104</b>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">JHUP</a>: 279–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2936094">10.2307/2936094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2936094">2936094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=Roman+Concubinage+and+Other+De+Facto+Marriages&rft.volume=104&rft.pages=279-305&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2936094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2936094%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Beryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rawson, Beryl (1986). "The Roman Family". <i>The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives</i>. Croom Helm. pp. 1–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Family&rft.btitle=The+Family+in+Ancient+Rome%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=1-57&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Beryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaller1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Saller" title="Richard Saller">Saller, Richard P.</a> (1994). <i>Patriarchy, Property, and Death in the Roman Family</i>. Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriarchy%2C+Property%2C+and+Death+in+the+Roman+Family&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Population%2C+Economy+and+Society+in+Past+Time&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Saller&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaller1999" class="citation journal cs1">Saller, Richard P. (1999). "<i>Pater Familias</i>, <i>Mater Familias</i>, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household". <i>Classical Philology</i>. <b>94</b> (2): 182–197. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/270558">270558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Pater+Familias%2C+Mater+Familias%2C+and+the+Gendered+Semantics+of+the+Roman+Household&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-197&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F270558%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Saller&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatum1999" class="citation book cs1">Tatum, W. Jeffrey (1999). <i>The Patrician Tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher</i>. University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Patrician+Tribune%3A+Publius+Clodius+Pulcher&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Tatum&rft.aufirst=W.+Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreggiari1981a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Treggiari" title="Susan Treggiari">Treggiari, Susan</a> (1981a). "<i>Contubernales</i> in <i>CIL</i> VI". <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(classics_journal)" title="Phoenix (classics journal)">Phoenix</a></i>. <b>35</b> (1). CAC: 42–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1087137">10.2307/1087137</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087137">1087137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=Contubernales+in+CIL+VI&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-69&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1087137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1087137%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Treggiari&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreggiari1981b" class="citation journal cs1">Treggiari, Susan (1981b). "<i>Concubinae</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Papers_of_the_British_School_at_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Papers of the British School at Rome">Papers of the British School at Rome</a></i>. <b>49</b>: 59–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+of+the+British+School+at+Rome&rft.atitle=Concubinae&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=59-81&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Treggiari&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreggiari2019" class="citation book cs1">Treggiari, Susan (2019). <i>Servilia and Her Family</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Servilia+and+Her+Family&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Treggiari&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdoption+in+ancient+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adoption_and_foster_care" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:LightBlue"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adopt" title="Template:Adopt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adopt" title="Template talk:Adopt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adopt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adopt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adoption_and_foster_care" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster care</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Adoption by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Australia" title="Adoption in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_France" title="Adoption in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Guatemala" title="Adoption in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Italy" title="Adoption in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_the_Philippines" title="Adoption in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_the_United_States" title="Adoption in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_South_Korea" title="Adoption in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Foster care by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_Australia" title="Foster care in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_Canada" title="Foster care in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foster care in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_the_United_States" title="Foster care in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adopted_child_syndrome" title="Adopted child syndrome">Adopted child syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_disclosure" title="Adoption disclosure">Adoption disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_home_study" title="Adoption home study">Adoption home study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_reunion_registry" title="Adoption reunion registry">Adoption reunion registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoptee_rights" title="Adoptee rights">Adoptee rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_tax_credit" title="Adoption tax credit">Adoption tax credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aging_out" title="Aging out">Aging out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_laundering" title="Child laundering">Child laundering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_adoption" title="Closed adoption">Closed adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_variations_in_adoption" title="Cultural variations in adoption">Cultural variations in adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruption_(adoption)" title="Disruption (adoption)">Disruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_bewilderment" title="Genealogical bewilderment">Genealogical bewilderment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption" title="International adoption">International adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_adoption" title="Interracial adoption">Interracial adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_adoption" title="Language of adoption">Language of adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Same-sex adoption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_adoption_and_parenting_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT adoption and parenting in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_Brazil" title="Same-sex adoption in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_Europe" title="Same-sex adoption in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Same-sex adoption in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex adoption in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_adoption" title="Open adoption">Open adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealed_birth_records" title="Sealed birth records">Sealed birth records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">History of children in the military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Adoption_Records_Act" title="Access to Adoption Records Act">Access to Adoption Records Act</a> (Ontario)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_Information_Disclosure_Act" title="Adoption Information Disclosure Act">Adoption Information Disclosure Act</a> (Ontario)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_and_Safe_Families_Act" title="Adoption and Safe Families Act">Adoption and Safe Families Act</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law_of_adoption_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law of adoption in India">Christian law of adoption</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dima_Yakovlev_Law" title="Dima Yakovlev Law">Dima Yakovlev Law</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Care_Independence_Act" title="Foster Care Independence Act">Foster Care Independence Act</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Adoption_Convention" title="Hague Adoption Convention">Hague Adoption Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Adoptions_and_Maintenance_Act,_1956" title="Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956">Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Child_Welfare_Act" title="Indian Child Welfare Act">Indian Child Welfare Act</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Islamic adoptional jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putative_father_registry" title="Putative father registry">Putative father registry</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Adoption_Act" title="Uniform Adoption Act">Uniform Adoption Act</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightBlue">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adoption in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosterage" title="Fosterage">Fosterage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Controversial violations of rights<br />in adoption or child custody</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_adoption_scandals" title="List of international adoption scandals">List of international adoption scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">American Indian boarding schools</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Indian_outing_programs" title="American Indian outing programs">American Indian outing programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Placement_Program" title="Indian Placement Program">Indian Placement Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential school system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Children%27s_Home_Society" title="Tennessee Children's Home Society">Tennessee Children's Home Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Scoop_Era" title="Baby Scoop Era">Baby Scoop Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Children" title="Home Children">Home Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Hess" title="Michael A. Hess">Michael A. Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption_in_Australia" title="Forced adoption in Australia">Forced adoption in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forced adoption in the United Kingdom">Forced adoption in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany">Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortara_case" title="Mortara case">Mortara case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postremo_mense" title="Postremo mense">Postremo mense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_orphans_controversy" title="Jewish orphans controversy">Jewish orphans controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical criticism of orphanages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duplessis_Orphans" title="Duplessis Orphans">Duplessis Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cashel_Orphanage" title="Mount Cashel Orphanage">Mount Cashel Orphanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Norris" title="Mary Norris">Mary Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Orphanage" title="St. John's Orphanage">St. John's Orphanage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&oldid=1252022463">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&oldid=1252022463</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Category:Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption in ancient Rome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adoption_history" title="Category:Adoption history">Adoption history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Family_law_in_ancient_Rome" title="Category:Family law in ancient Rome">Family law in ancient Rome</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 October 2024, at 10:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adoption_in_ancient_Rome&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qmvs7","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.661","walltime":"1.205","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5818,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":128649,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7152,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":98238,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 675.592 1 -total"," 26.25% 177.310 67 Template:Sfn"," 18.83% 127.239 6 Template:Navbox"," 17.84% 120.525 1 Template:Ancient_Rome_topics"," 15.66% 105.814 7 Template:Cite_book"," 10.78% 72.849 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.85% 53.025 1 Template:Cn"," 6.88% 46.503 1 Template:Fix"," 6.04% 40.800 8 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.71% 38.605 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.389","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7318339,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBerger1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchwitz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckland1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbier1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans-Grubbs1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevick1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsay2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawson1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaller1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaller1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatum1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreggiari1981a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreggiari1981b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreggiari2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Adopt\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Rome topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Adoption In Ancient Rome\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 67,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-sjkrk","timestamp":"20241122142301","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Adoption in ancient Rome","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q250358","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q250358","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-18T10:10:55Z","dateModified":"2024-10-19T10:44:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e2\/Marcus_Aurelius%2C_Antoninus_Pius%2C_small_Lucius_Verus_and_Hadrian%2C_a_scene_of_a_cycle_%E2%80%9CAdoption%E2%80%9D_of_the_Parthian_frieze_from_Ephesus%2C_the_Parthian_Monument_reliefs%2C_post_169_AD%2C_Ephesos_Museum_Vienna%2C_Austria_%2820434833803%29.jpg","headline":"adoption as it was carried out in ancient Rome"}</script> </body> </html>