Radium | AMERICAN ELEMENTS®

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org); Commerce 2" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/ae_theme/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <title>Radium | AMERICAN ELEMENTS®</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/images/css/css_sNuPD1MjjTryEoRwq0pm1peYM-rVXzxX73drzwnIKYw.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=ae_theme&include=eJxljUsOwyAMRC-E4EjIwDSkNTGyIW1u349UpVI3ozdvMUOIo6IhLCyJ2NG3G6_55uhKj8hCBRp-2I-qkhLUZcoVF55Ww4m-YZsuS2vQjJhJR3hHTCyvUaZD5ohltSw79AiyIQu7TkqLUq8Wis5O7E_j59Zn4tUqirPDBlpIZHAjxYaF3o__wsbBMLevuFv4pG9SJuMJf2pgaw" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/images/css/css_G0sSiDBs3yXGnb6UOeNl_gd2kRTLlcVEk8ZHjhnnl6Q.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=ae_theme&include=eJxljUsOwyAMRC-E4EjIwDSkNTGyIW1u349UpVI3ozdvMUOIo6IhLCyJ2NG3G6_55uhKj8hCBRp-2I-qkhLUZcoVF55Ww4m-YZsuS2vQjJhJR3hHTCyvUaZD5ohltSw79AiyIQu7TkqLUq8Wis5O7E_j59Zn4tUqirPDBlpIZHAjxYaF3o__wsbBMLevuFv4pG9SJuMJf2pgaw" /> <script> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-NHBD3H'); </script> </head> <body> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NHBD3H" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div id="page-wrapper"> <div id="page"> <div class="top-menu"><div class="top-menu-region my-account-menu-item"> <div class="site-logo"> <a class="site-logo__link" href="/"> <img src="/images/2024-08/American-Elements-Company-Logo%20%281%29.svg" alt="American Element site logo"> </a> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-navbarsearch" class="top-menu-region__search"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> <form class="form-search" role="search" method="get" action="/all-products" id="product-search-form"> <div class="form-search-wrapper"> <input type="search" class="form-search-field" placeholder="Search by Keyword, Product, CAS..." name="search_api_fulltext" title="search" aria-labelledby="search" id="search-input" required> <input type="submit" class="form-search-submit magnifier16" value="Search" id="search" title="Search"> <input type="submit" class="form-search-apply" value="Apply" id="apply" title="Apply"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-simplesocialicons" class="top-menu-region__social-icons simple-social-icons"> <div class="social-icons"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement" class="simple-social-icon facebook"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://twitter.com/AmericanElement" class="simple-social-icon twitter"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/" class="simple-social-icon instagram"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements" class="simple-social-icon linkedin"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/Americanelements" class="simple-social-icon youtube"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="mailto:customerservice@americanelements.com" class="simple-social-icon email"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-navbartranslate" class="top-menu-region__translate"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> <div class="translate-title"> </div><ul id="flags"><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=zh-CN&u=https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html"><span class="flag cn"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">简化字</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=de&u=https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html"><span class="flag de"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">Deutsch</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=es&u=https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html"><span class="flag es"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">español</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=fr&u=https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html"><span class="flag fr"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">français</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=hi&u=https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html"><span class="flag hi"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">हिन्दी</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=it&u=https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html"><span class="flag it"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">italiano</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=ja&u=https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html"><span class="flag ja"> </span> <span class="flag-text notranslate">日本語</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=ko&u=https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html"><span class="flag ko"> </span><span class="flag-text notranslate">한국어</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=nl&u=https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html"><span class="flag nl"> </span><span class="flag-text notranslate">nederlands</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=pt&u=https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html"><span class="flag pt"> </span><span class="flag-text notranslate">português</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=ru&u=https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html"><span class="flag ru"> </span><span class="flag-text notranslate">России</span></a></li><li><a href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=sv&u=https://www.americanelements.com/radium.html"><span class="flag sv"> </span><span class="flag-text notranslate">svensk</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.americanelements.com"><span class="flag us"> </span><span class="flag-text notranslate">English</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-cart" class="top-menu-region__cart"> <div class="cart--cart-block"> <div class="cart-block--summary"> <a class="cart-block--link__expand" href="/cart"> <span class="cart-block--summary__icon"> <svg width="40" height="40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 576 512"><path fill="#666666" d="M0 24C0 10.7 10.7 0 24 0L69.5 0c22 0 41.5 12.8 50.6 32l411 0c26.3 0 45.5 25 38.6 50.4l-41 152.3c-8.5 31.4-37 53.3-69.5 53.3l-288.5 0 5.4 28.5c2.2 11.3 12.1 19.5 23.6 19.5L488 336c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24l-288.3 0c-34.6 0-64.3-24.6-70.7-58.5L77.4 54.5c-.7-3.8-4-6.5-7.9-6.5L24 48C10.7 48 0 37.3 0 24zM128 464a48 48 0 1 1 96 0 48 48 0 1 1 -96 0zm336-48a48 48 0 1 1 0 96 48 48 0 1 1 0-96z"/></svg> </span> <span class="cart-block--summary__count">0</span> </a> </div> <div class="cart-block--contents empty-cart"> <div class="cart-block--contents__inner"> Your shopping cart is empty! </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-ae-theme-customloginlogoutmenu-menu" id="block-ae-theme-customloginlogoutmenu" class="top-menu-region__usermenu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-ae-theme-customloginlogoutmenu-menu">Custom Login/Logout menu</h2> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item" > <a href="/user/login?current=/radium.html" data-drupal-link-system-path="user/login">Log in or Sign up</a> </li> <li class="menu-item" > <a href="/user/not%20yet%20assigned/edit">My Account</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="menubar"> <div class="menubar-region"> <div id="block-ae-theme-emptyblock-2"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-mainmenu-2" class="menu__main-nav"> <nav class="tbm tbm-main tbm-no-arrows" id="tbm-main" data-breakpoint="1199" aria-label="main navigation"> <button class="tbm-button" type="button"> <span class="tbm-button-container"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </span> </button> <div class="tbm-collapse "> <ul class="tbm-nav level-0 items-10" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-1 tbm-right tbm-item--has-dropdown" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-1 no-link tbm-toggle" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> About Us <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </span> <button class="tbm-submenu-toggle"><span class="visually-hidden">Toggle submenu</span></button> </div> <div class="tbm-submenu tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span2 hidden-collapse"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <div class="tbm-block"> <div class="block-inner"> <div id="block-fixed-block-contentempty-block"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-7" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/company.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Our Company <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/services" class="tbm-link level-2"> Services <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/quality-assurance-quality-control" class="tbm-link level-2"> Quality Assurance / Quality Control <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/eventspressreleases.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> News & Events <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Media.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Media <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/employment.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Employment <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Locations <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-35" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/osterreich.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Austria <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/belgium.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Belgium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/brasil.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Brazil <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/canada.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Canada <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/china-hongkong.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> China & Hong Kong <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ceskarepublika.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Czech Republic <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/danmark.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Denmark <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/suomi.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Finland <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/france.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> France <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/deutschland.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Germany <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/greece.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Greece <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/magyarorszag.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Hungary <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/india.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> India <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/indonesia.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indonesia <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/israel.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Israel <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/italia.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Italy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/japan.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Japan <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/malaysia.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Malaysia <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/mexico.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Mexico <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nederland.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Netherlands <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/norge.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Norway <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/philippines.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Philippines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/polska.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Poland <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/portugal.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Portugal <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/russia.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Russia <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/singapore.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Singapore <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/korea.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> South Korea <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/espana.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Spain <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/sverige.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Sweden <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/switzerland.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Switzerland <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/taiwan.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Taiwan <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/thailand.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Thailand <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/turkiye.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Turkey <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/united-kingdom.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> United Kingdom <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/" class="tbm-link level-3"> United States <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1 tbm-right tbm-item--has-dropdown" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-1 no-link tbm-toggle" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </span> <button class="tbm-submenu-toggle"><span class="visually-hidden">Toggle submenu</span></button> </div> <div class="tbm-submenu tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span2 hidden-collapse"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <div class="tbm-block"> <div class="block-inner"> <div id="block-fixed-block-contentempty-block--2"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-5" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/search-products" class="tbm-link level-2"> Search Products <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products by Element <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-36" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/products-by-element" class="tbm-link level-3"> All Elements <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/al.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aluminum <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/sb.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Antimony <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/as.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Arsenic <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ba.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Barium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/be.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Beryllium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/bi.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Bismuth <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/bb.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Boron <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/bromine.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Bromine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cd.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cadmium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ca.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Calcium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cc.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Carbon <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ce.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cerium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cs.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cesium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/chlorine.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chlorine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cr.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chromium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/co.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Cobalt <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/cu.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Copper <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/dy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Dysprosium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/er.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Erbium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/eu.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Europium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fluorine.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fluorine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/gd.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gadolinium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ga.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gallium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ge.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Germanium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/au.htm" class="tbm-link level-3"> Gold <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/hf.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Hafnium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ho.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Holmium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/in.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ii.htm" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iodine <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ir.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iridium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fe.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Iron <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/la.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Lanthanum <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/pb.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Lead <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/li.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Lithium <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/products-by-element" class="tbm-link level-3"> More… <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products by Form <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-18" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/2d-materials" class="tbm-link level-3"> 2D Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alloys.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alloys <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alloys.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alloy Forms <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ceramic-fibers" class="tbm-link level-3"> Ceramic Fibers <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ceramics.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Ceramics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/chemicals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Chemicals & Salts <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/foams.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Foams <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Ultra_high_purity_metals_powders.htm" class="tbm-link level-3"> High Purity Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/isotopes.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Isotopes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Metal Forms <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/mxenes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Mxenes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nanomaterials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/organometallics.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Organometallics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/oxides.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Oxides <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Pure Metals <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/rare-earths.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Rare Earths <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/semiconductors.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Semiconductors <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solutions" class="tbm-link level-3"> Solutions <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Products by Application <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-30" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/additive-manufacturing-3d-printing" class="tbm-link level-3"> 3D Printing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/additive-manufacturing-3d-printing" class="tbm-link level-3"> Additive Manufacturing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/green-technology-alternative-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alternative Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Battery-Technology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Battery Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Bio-Medical.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Biomaterials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/catalysts" class="tbm-link level-3"> Catalysts <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/dental-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Dental Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/electronics-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Electronics Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fuel-cell-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fuel Cell Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fusion-energy" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fusion Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Glass Manufacturing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/green-technology-alternative-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Green Technology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Hydrogen-Storage.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Hydrogen Storage <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Laser Crystals <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/life-science-organic-chemistry" class="tbm-link level-3"> Life Sciences <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metallurgy.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Metallurgy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nanomaterials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nanomaterials-nanoparticles-nanotechnology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nanotechnology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Optical Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solar-energy-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Photovoltaics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/pigments-coatings.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Pigments & Coatings <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metal-plating" class="tbm-link level-3"> Plating <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/research-and-development.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Research & Development <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solar-energy-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Solar Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/space-industry.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Space Technology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/sputtering-targets.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Sputtering Targets <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Battery-Technology.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Supercapacitor Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/thin-film-evaporation-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Thin Film Deposition <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/water-treatment-chemicals.html" class="tbm-link level-3"> Water Treatment <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/weather-modification" class="tbm-link level-3"> Weather Modification <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2 tbm-group" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-2 no-link tbm-group-title" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Life Science Products <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> </div> <div class="tbm-group-container tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span12"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-2 items-37" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/life-science-organic-chemistry" class="tbm-link level-3"> All Life Science <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alcohols" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alcohols <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aldehydes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aldehydes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/alkanes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Alkanes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/amides" class="tbm-link level-3"> Amides <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/amines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Amines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/amino-acids-derivatives" class="tbm-link level-3"> Amino Acids & Derivatives <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aromatics" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aromatics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aryls" class="tbm-link level-3"> Aryls <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/azetidines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Azetidines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzimidazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzimidazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzothiophenes" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benziothiophenes <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzisoxazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzisoxazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzodioxans" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzodioxans <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzofurans" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzofurans <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzothiazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzothiazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/benzoxazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Benzoxazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/carboxylic-acids" class="tbm-link level-3"> Carboxylic Acids <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/enzymes-inhibitors" class="tbm-link level-3"> Enzymes & Inhibitors <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/esters" class="tbm-link level-3"> Esters <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ethers" class="tbm-link level-3"> Ethers <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fluorinated-building-blocks" class="tbm-link level-3"> Fluorinated Building Blocks <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/furans" class="tbm-link level-3"> Furans <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/halides" class="tbm-link level-3"> Halides <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/imidazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Imidazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/imidazolidines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Imidazolidines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/indazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/indoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/indolines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Indolines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/isoquinolines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Isoquinolines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/isoxazoles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Isoxazoles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/ketones" class="tbm-link level-3"> Ketones <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/morpholines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Morpholines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/naphthyridines" class="tbm-link level-3"> Napthyridines <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nitriles" class="tbm-link level-3"> Nitriles <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/organoboron" class="tbm-link level-3"> Organoboron <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-3 menu-item-bold" aria-level="3" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/life-science-organic-chemistry" class="tbm-link level-3"> More… <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1 tbm-right tbm-item--has-dropdown" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-1 no-link tbm-toggle" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Industries <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </span> <button class="tbm-submenu-toggle"><span class="visually-hidden">Toggle submenu</span></button> </div> <div class="dropdown-layout tbm-submenu tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span2 hidden-collapse"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <div class="tbm-block"> <div class="block-inner"> <div id="block-fixed-block-contentempty-block--3"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-9" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aerospace-aircraft.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Aerospace <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/agriculture.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Agriculture <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/automotive.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Automotive <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/chemical-manufacturing.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Chemical Manufacturing <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/defense.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Defense <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/dentistry.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Dentistry <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/electronics.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Electronics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/energy-storage-batteries.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Energy Storage & Batteries <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fine-art-materials" class="tbm-link level-2"> Fine Art Materials <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-8" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fuel-cell.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Fuel Cells <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/fusion-energy" class="tbm-link level-2"> Fusion Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/green-technology-alternative-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Green Technology <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/investment-grade-metals.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Investment Grade Metals <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/jewelry-fashion.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Jewelry & Fashion <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/research-laboratory.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Laboratory <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/Bio-Medical.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Life Sciences <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/lighting.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Lighting <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-8" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/medical-devices.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Medical Devices <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metal-plating" class="tbm-link level-2"> Metal Plating <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/metallurgy.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Metallurgy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/museum-gallery-services" class="tbm-link level-2"> Museums & Galleries <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/nuclear-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Nuclear Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/oil-gas.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Oil & Gas <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/optical-materials.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Optics & Glass <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/paper-pulp.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Paper & Pulp <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-9" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/pharmaceuticals-cosmetics.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Pharmaceutical & Cosmetics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/research-and-development.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Research & Development <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/robotics" class="tbm-link level-2"> Robotics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/solar-energy.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Solar Energy <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/space-industry.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Space <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/sports-equipment.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Sports Equipment <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/steel.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Steel & Alloy Producers <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/textiles-fabrics.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Textiles & Fabrics <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/water-treatment-chemicals.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Water Treatment <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1 tbm-right tbm-item--has-dropdown" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <span class="tbm-link level-1 no-link tbm-toggle" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false"> Research <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </span> <button class="tbm-submenu-toggle"><span class="visually-hidden">Toggle submenu</span></button> </div> <div class="dropdown-layout tbm-submenu tbm-item-child" role="list"> <div class="tbm-row"> <div class="tbm-column span2 hidden-collapse"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <div class="tbm-block"> <div class="block-inner"> <div id="block-fixed-block-contentempty-block--4"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tbm-column span2"> <div class="tbm-column-inner"> <ul class="tbm-subnav level-1 items-2" role="list"> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/aenotes.html" class="tbm-link level-2"> Materials Science News <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-2" aria-level="2" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/research-center" class="tbm-link level-2"> Research Center <span class="tbm-caption">Array</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/safety-data-center" class="tbm-link level-1"> SDS <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/quote" class="tbm-link level-1"> Contact Us / Request Quote <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1 d-none-on-desktop" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/materials-science" class="tbm-link level-1"> Explore Materials Science <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1 d-none-on-desktop" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/toolbox.html" class="tbm-link level-1"> Toolbox <span class="tbm-caption"></span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/user/login" class="tbm-link level-1 d-none-on-desktop"> Login </a> </div> </li> <li class="tbm-item level-1" aria-level="1" > <div class="tbm-link-container"> <a href="/user/register" class="tbm-link level-1 d-none-on-desktop"> Sign Up </a> </div> </li> </ul> <div id="block-ae-theme-simplesocialicons-2" class="mobile-social-icons simple-social-icons"> <div class="social-icons"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement" class="simple-social-icon facebook"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://twitter.com/AmericanElement" class="simple-social-icon twitter"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/" class="simple-social-icon instagram"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements" class="simple-social-icon linkedin"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/Americanelements" class="simple-social-icon youtube"></a> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--social-icons paragraph--view-mode--simple-icons"> <a href="mailto:customerservice@americanelements.com" class="simple-social-icon email"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <script> if (window.matchMedia("(max-width: 1199px)").matches) { document.getElementById("tbm-main").classList.add('tbm--mobile') } if (0) { document.getElementById('tbm-main').classList.add('tbm--mobile-hide') } </script> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-titlewithbuttons263" class="menu__toolbox title-with-btns On hide-on-mobile--On"> <h3 class="title-with-btns__title"></h3> <div class="title-with-btns__btns"> <a href="/materials-science">EXPLORE MATERIALS SCIENCE</a> <a href="/toolbox.html">TOOLBOX</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header id="header" class="header" role="banner"> <div class="section layout-container clearfix"> </div> </header> <div class="highlighted"> <aside class="layout-container section clearfix" role="complementary"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </aside> </div> <div id="main-wrapper" class="page-layout-main-wrapper layout-container clearfix"> <div id="main" class="layout-main clearfix container-fluid"> <main id="content" class="column main-content" role="main"> <section class="section"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div> <div id="block-ae-theme-gratis-ae-subtheme-system-main"> <article data-history-node-id="358398" class="elements"> <div class="element-main"> <div class="elements__banner "> <img src=/images/2024-09/radium-banner.jpg /> </div> <h1 class="elements__banner__title"> <span>Radium</span> </h1> <div class="elements__banner__properties"> <div class="elements__banner__properties--number">88</div> <div class="elements__banner__properties--symbol">Ra</div> <div class="elements__banner__properties--mass">226</div> </div> </div> <div class="elements__content"> <div class="ae-tabs"> <div class="ae-tabs-headers"> <a href="#about" class="ae-tabs-headers--header" data-tab="tab-about">About <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-23c475dbedd86cc573c776217a9bd77839864a56a5e1bd7037d1df2d500cc2f2"> <div class="all-items"> <div>Radium</div> </div> </div> </div> </a> <a href="#products" class="ae-tabs-headers--header" data-tab="tab-products">Products</a> <a href="#properties" class="ae-tabs-headers--header active" data-tab="tab-properties">Properties</a> <a href="#properties-and-products" class="ae-tabs-headers--header" data-tab="tab-properties-and-products">Properties & Products</a> <a href="#safety" class="ae-tabs-headers--header" data-tab="tab-safety">Safety</a> <a href="#isotopes" class="ae-tabs-headers--header" data-tab="tab-isotopes">Isotopes</a> </div> <div class="ae-tabs-content"> <div id="tab-about" class="tab-body paragraph paragraph--type--about paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="paragraph text-with-title paragraph--type--text-with-title paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="text-with-title__title">About Radium</h2> <div class="text-with-title__body"><div class="tab-pane active" id="about" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"><img class="image-left" src="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/element-bohr-models/radium-bohr-model.jpg" alt="Radium Bohr" width="200" height="200"><p>Radium, as the story goes, was Marie and Pierre Curie’s greatest triumph and discovery while reducing <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/uu.htm">uranium ore</a>, or pitchblende, into its separate elements. Discovered mere months after <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/po.html">polonium</a> (1898) and from the same pitchblende sample, radium was first noted by the Curies due to its faint-blue luminescence under ambient conditions – a feature not common to other radioactive elements. Radium is 2.7 million times more radioactive than comparable amounts of uranium, and is so scarce that it takes the reduction of several tons of uranium ore to produce just a single gram of radium. Because of its high radioactivity and relative scarcity, radium is generally only made available in compounds, primarily radium <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/Chlorides.html">chloride</a> or radium <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/Bromides.html">bromide</a>. Though credited with discovery in 1898, it wasn’t until Marie Curie performed electrolysis on radium chloride that radium was first successfully isolated in 1911. Radium was also the first element to be produced synthetically in the United States via deuteron bombardment of <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/bi.html">bismuth</a>. Dr. John Jacob Livingood accomplished this feat in the radiation laboratory at the <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/http%3A//www.berkeley.edu">University of California, Berkeley</a> in 1936.</p><p>Due to its luminescent properties, radium quickly became an element with industrial and commercial applications in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century. Its luminescence was placed on watch faces, <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/aerospace-aircraft.html">aircraft instrumentation</a>, nuclear panels, and the like. It was only after many of the human industrial applicators fell ill that radium paint was banned in the early 1960s,with <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/co.html">cobalt</a>, <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/pm.html">promethium</a>, and tritium taking over its place in industry. Radium is a somewhat tragic historical footnote on scientific progress. With properties that fascinate humans on a fundamental level, radium was quickly touted as having curative powers. Radium was infused in many daily products such as toothpaste and spa water for these supposed powers, and was only banned when the link between radium and consumer products was identified as the root cause of otherwise healthy people falling ill. Radium was additionally used in a number of medical treatments in the 1920s-1930s that have since gone out of vogue. Today, only about 5 pounds of radium are produced each year, with most of the available material going towards <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/research-laboratory.html">medical research</a>.</p><p>The Curie, now a standard unit of measure of radioactivity, is based on radium’s decay. This value is equal to the number of atoms that will decay in one second for a one-gram sample of <sup>226</sup>Ra – about 37 billion decays per second. Radium decays into <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/rn.html">radon</a> (also radioactive) and eventually <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/pb.html">lead</a>. Four isotopes of radium occur in nature, with an additional 21 isotopes able to be generated synthetically. <sup>226</sup>Ra is the most abundant isotope, with a half-life of roughly 1600 years, and is a naturally-occurring product of <sup>238</sup>U decay. Other natural isotopes of radium are produced through uranium or <a href="https://www.americanelements.com/th.html">thorium</a> decay, and all natural occurrences of radium are found on Earth only in uranium ores.</p></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="tab-properties" class="tab-body paragraph paragraph--type--properties-element paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="paragraph text-with-title paragraph--type--text-with-title paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="text-with-title__title">Radium Properties</h2> <div class="text-with-title__body"><div class="tab-pane active" id="properties" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2"><p><img class="image-left" src="https://www.americanelements.com/images_graphics/radium-bohr.jpg" alt="Radium Bohr Model" width="200" height="200"><strong>Radium</strong> is an S-Block, Group 2, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Radium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 and its electron configuration is [Rn] 7s<sup>2</sup>. The radium atom has a covalent radius of 221±2 pm and its Van der Waals radius is 283 pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7440-14-4, radium has a silvery white metallic appearance. Radium was discovered by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre in 1898. In 1910, through the electrolysis of a pure radium chloride solution, radium was isolated as a pure metal by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne.</p><p>Radium information, including properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.<br> </p></div></div> </div> <div class="two-columns-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--two-columns-accordions paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="two-columns-accordion__left"> <div class="multiple-accordions paragraph paragraph--type--multiple-accordions paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="multiple-accordions__title"></h2> <div class="multiple-accordions__cta"></div> <div class="multiple-accordions__accordions"><div class="accordion-wrapper"> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--344990">General Properties</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--344990"><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="general-properties"><table class="table properties-table"><tbody><tr><th id="symbol">Symbol:</th><td>Ra</td></tr><tr><th id="atomic-number">Atomic Number:</th><td>88</td></tr><tr><th id="atomic-weight">Atomic Weight:</th><td>226</td></tr><tr><th id="element-category">Element Category:</th><td>alkaline earth metal</td></tr><tr><th id="group-period-block">Group, Period, Block:</th><td>2, 7, s</td></tr><tr><th id="color">Color:</th><td>silvery white/ metallic</td></tr><tr><th id="other-names">Other Names:</th><td>Radio</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--344991">Physical Properties</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--344991"><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="physical-properties"><table class="properties-table table"><tbody><tr><th id="melting-point">Melting Point:</th><td>696 °C, 1284.8 °F,969.15 K</td></tr><tr><th id="boiling-point">Boiling Point:</th><td>1737 °C, 3158.6 °F, 2010  K</td></tr><tr><th id="density">Density:</th><td>5000 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="liquid-density">Liquid Density @ Melting Point:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="density-20-degrees-C">Density @ 20°C:</th><td>5.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="solid-density">Density of Solid:</th><td width="64">N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="specific-heat">Specific Heat:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="superconductivity-temperature">Superconductivity Temperature:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="triple-point">Triple Point:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="critical-point">Critical Point:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="fusion-heat">Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th><td>7.15</td></tr><tr><th id="vaporization-heat">Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th><td>136.7</td></tr><tr><th id="atomization-heat">Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th><td>159</td></tr><tr><th id="thermal-conductivity">Thermal Conductivity:</th><td>18.6 W·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="thermal-expansion">Thermal Expansion:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="electrical-resistivity">Electrical Resistivity:</th><td>(20 °C) 1 µΩ·m</td></tr><tr><th id="tensile-strength">Tensile Strength:</th><td width="64">N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="molar-heat-capacity">Molar Heat Capacity:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="youngs-modulus">Young's Modulus:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="shear-modulus">Shear Modulus:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="bulk-modulus">Bulk Modulus:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="poisson-ratio">Poisson Ratio:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="mohs-hardness">Mohs Hardness:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="vickers-hardness">Vickers Hardness:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="brinell-hardness">Brinell Hardness:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="speed-of-sound">Speed of Sound:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="pauling-electronegativity">Pauling Electronegativity:</th><td>0.9</td></tr><tr><th id="sanderson-electronegativity">Sanderson Electronegativity:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="allerd-rochow-electronegativity">Allred Rochow Electronegativity:</th><td>0.97</td></tr><tr><th id="mulliken-jaffe-electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity:</th><td>0.92 (sp orbital)</td></tr><tr><th id="allen-electronegativity">Allen Electronegativity:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="pauling-electropositivity">Pauling Electropositivity:</th><td>3.1</td></tr><tr><th id="reflectivity">Reflectivity (%):</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="refractive-index">Refractive Index:</th><td>N/A</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--344992">Chemical Properties</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--344992"><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="chemical-properties"><table class="properties-table table"><tbody><tr><th id="electrons">Electrons:</th><td>88</td></tr><tr><th id="protons">Protons:</th><td>88</td></tr><tr><th id="neutrons">Neutrons:</th><td>138</td></tr><tr><th id="electron-configuration">Electron Configuration:</th><td>[Rn] 7s<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="atomic-radius">Atomic Radius:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="atomic-radius-non-bonded">Atomic Radius, non-bonded (Å):</th><td>2.83</td></tr><tr><th id="covalent-radius">Covalent Radius:</th><td>221±2 pm</td></tr><tr><th id="covalent-radius-non-bonded">Covalent Radius (Å):</th><td>2.11</td></tr><tr><th id="van-der-waals-radius">Van der Waals Radius:</th><td>283 pm</td></tr><tr><th id="oxidation-states">Oxidation States:</th><td>2 (strongly basic oxide)</td></tr><tr><th id="phase">Phase:</th><td>Solid</td></tr><tr><th id="crystal-structure">Crystal Structure:</th><td>body-centered cubic</td></tr><tr><th id="magnetic-ordering">Magnetic Ordering:</th><td>nonmagnetic</td></tr><tr><th id="electron-affinity">Electron Affinity (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>)</th><td>9.649</td></tr><tr><th id="1-ionization">1<sup>st</sup> Ionization Energy:</th><td>509.3 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="2-ionization">2<sup>nd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th><td>979.0 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td></tr><tr><th id="3-ionization">3<sup>rd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th><td>N/A</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns"> <button class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns__open">+ OPEN ALL</button> <button class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns__close">- CLOSE ALL</button> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="two-columns-accordion__right"> <div class="multiple-accordions paragraph paragraph--type--multiple-accordions paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="multiple-accordions__title"></h2> <div class="multiple-accordions__cta"></div> <div class="multiple-accordions__accordions"><div class="accordion-wrapper"> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--346637">Identifiers</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--346637"><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="identifiers"><table class="table properties-table"><tbody><tr><th id="cas-number">CAS Number:</th><td width="84">7440-14-4</td></tr><tr><th id="ec-number">EC Number:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="mdl-number">MDL Number:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="beilstein-number">Beilstein Number:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th id="smile-id">SMILES Identifier:</th><td>[Ra]</td></tr><tr><th id="inchi-id">InChI Identifier:</th><td>InChI=1S/Ra</td></tr><tr><th id="inchi-key">InChI Key:</th><td>HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N</td></tr><tr><th id="pubchem-cid">PubChem CID:</th><td>6328144</td></tr><tr><th id="chemspider-id">ChemSpider ID:</th><td>4886483</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--346638">Abundance</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--346638"><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="abundance"><table class="table properties-table"><tbody><tr><th class="abundance" id="earth-total">Earth - Total:</th><td width="84">9.6 ppm</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="mercury-total">Mercury - Total:</th><td>7.4 ppm</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="venus-total">Venus - Total:</th><td>10.1 ppm </td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-weight">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight:</th><td>0.00000001</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-atoms">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms:</th><td>3E-10</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-weight">Earth -  Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight:</th><td>0.0001</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-atoms">Earth -  Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms:</th><td>0.00001</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-weight">Sun - Total, ppb by weight:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-atoms">Sun - Total, ppb by atoms:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-weight">Stream, ppb by weight:</th><td>0.0000004</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-atoms">Stream, ppb by atoms:</th><td>0.000000002</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-weight">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-atoms">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-weight">Typical Human Body, ppb by weight:</th><td>0.000001</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-atoms">Typical Human Body, ppb by atom:</th><td>0.00000003</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-weight">Universe, ppb by weight:</th><td>N/A</td></tr><tr><th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-atoms">Universe, ppb by atom:</th><td>N/A</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-custom-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h4 class="custom-accordion-header accordion--346639">History</h4> <div class="custom-accordion-body accordion-default-close accordion--346639"><div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="history"><table class="table properties-table"><tbody><tr><th id="discovered">Discovered By:</th><td>Pierre Curie and Marie Curie</td></tr><tr><th id="discovery-date">Discovery Date:</th><td>1898</td></tr><tr><th id="first-isolation">First Isolation:</th><td>Marie Curie (1902)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> <div class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns"> <button class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns__open">+ OPEN ALL</button> <button class="ae-accordion-open-close-all-btns__close">- CLOSE ALL</button> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tab-isotopes" class="tab-body paragraph paragraph--type--isotopes paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="paragraph text-with-title paragraph--type--text-with-title paragraph--view-mode--default"> <h2 class="text-with-title__title">Radium Isotopes</h2> <div class="text-with-title__body"><div class="tab-pane active" id="isotopes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3"><p>Radium (Ra) has no stable or nearly stable isotopes.</p><table class="isotopes-table"><thead><tr><th scope="col" id="nuclide"><strong>Nuclide</strong></th><th scope="col" id="mass"><strong>Isotopic Mass</strong></th><th scope="col" id="half-life"><strong>Half-Life</strong></th><th scope="col" id="decay"><strong>Mode of Decay</strong></th><th scope="col" id="nuclear-spin"><strong>Nuclear Spin</strong></th><th scope="col" id="magnetic-moment"><strong>Magnetic Moment</strong></th><th scope="col" id="binding-energy"><strong>Binding Energy (MeV)</strong></th><th scope="col" id="natural-abundance"><strong>Natural Abundance</strong><br><strong>(% by atom)</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>202</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>202.00989(7)</td><td>2.6(21) ms [0.7(+33-3) ms]</td><td>Unknown</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1533.16</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>203</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>203.00927(9)</td><td>4(3) ms</td><td>a to <sup>199</sup>Rn; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>203</sup>Fr</td><td>(3/2-)</td><td>N/A</td><td>1541.24</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>204</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>204.006500(17)</td><td>60(11) ms [59(+12-9) ms]</td><td>a to <sup>200</sup>Rn; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>204</sup>Fr</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1549.31</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>205</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>205.00627(9)</td><td>220(40) ms [210(+60-40) ms]</td><td>a to <sup>201</sup>Rn; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>205</sup>Fr</td><td>(3/2-)</td><td>N/A</td><td>1557.39</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>206</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>206.003827(19)</td><td>0.24(2) s</td><td>a to <sup>202</sup>Rn</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1565.47</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>207</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>207.00380(6)</td><td>1.3(2) s</td><td>a to <sup>203</sup>Rn; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>207</sup>Fr</td><td>(5/2-,3/2-)</td><td>N/A</td><td>1573.55</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>208</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>208.001840(17)</td><td>1.3(2) s</td><td>a to <sup>204</sup>Rn; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>208</sup>Fr</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1581.63</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>209</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>209.00199(5)</td><td>4.6(2) s</td><td>a to <sup>205</sup>Rn; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>209</sup>Fr</td><td>5/2-</td><td>N/A</td><td>1589.71</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>210</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>210.000495(16)</td><td>3.7(2) s</td><td>a to <sup>206</sup>Rn; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>210</sup>Fr</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1597.79</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>211</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>211.000898(28)</td><td>13(2) s</td><td>a to <sup>207</sup>Rn; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>211</sup>Fr</td><td>5/2(-)</td><td>N/A</td><td>1605.87</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>212</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>211.999794(12)</td><td>13.0(2) s</td><td>a to <sup>208</sup>Rn; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>212</sup>Fr</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1623.26</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>213</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>213.000384(22)</td><td>2.74(6) min</td><td>a to <sup>209</sup>Rn; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>213</sup>Fr</td><td>1/2-</td><td>N/A</td><td>1622.02</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>214</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>214.000108(10)</td><td>2.46(3) s</td><td>a to <sup>210</sup>Rn; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>214</sup>Fr</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1630.1</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>215</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>215.002720(8)</td><td>1.55(7) ms</td><td>a to <sup>211</sup>Rn</td><td>(9/2+)#</td><td>N/A</td><td>1638.18</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>216</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>216.003533(9)</td><td>182(10) ns</td><td>a to <sup>212</sup>Rn; EC to <sup>216</sup>Fr</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1646.26</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>217</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>217.006320(9)</td><td>1.63(17) µs</td><td>a to <sup>213</sup>Rn</td><td>(9/2+)</td><td>N/A</td><td>1654.34</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>218</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>218.007140(12)</td><td>25.2(3) µs</td><td>a to <sup>214</sup>Rn</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1662.42</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>219</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>219.010085(9)</td><td>10(3) ms</td><td>a to <sup>215</sup>Rn</td><td>(7/2)+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1661.18</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>220</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>220.011028(10)</td><td>17.9(14) ms</td><td>a to <sup>216</sup>Rn</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1669.26</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>221</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>221.013917(5)</td><td>28(2) s</td><td>a to <sup>217</sup>Rn; <sup>14</sup>C</td><td>5/2+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1677.34</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>222</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>222.015375(5)</td><td>38.0(5) s</td><td>a to <sup>218</sup>Rn; <sup>14</sup>C</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1685.42</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>223</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>223.0185022(27)</td><td>11.43(5) d</td><td>a to <sup>219</sup>Rn; <sup>14</sup>C</td><td>3/2+</td><td>0.271</td><td>1693.49</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>224</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>224.0202118(24)</td><td>3.6319(23) d</td><td>a to <sup>220</sup>Rn; <sup>12</sup>C</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1692.26</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>225</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>225.023612(3)</td><td>14.9(2) d</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>225</sup>Ac</td><td>1/2+</td><td>-0.734</td><td>1700.33</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>226</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>226.0254098(25)</td><td>1600(7) y</td><td>a to <sup>222</sup>Rn; <sup>14</sup>C</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1708.41</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>227</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>227.0291778(25)</td><td>42.2(5) min</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>227</sup>Ac</td><td>3/2+</td><td>-0.404</td><td>1716.49</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>228</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>228.0310703(26)</td><td>5.75(3) y</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>228</sup>Ac</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1715.25</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>229</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>229.034958(20)</td><td>4.0(2) min</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>229</sup>Ac</td><td>5/2(+)</td><td>N/A</td><td>1723.33</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>230</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>230.037056(13)</td><td>93(2) min</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>230</sup>Ac</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1731.41</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>231</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>231.04122(32)#</td><td>103(3) s</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>231</sup>Ac</td><td>(5/2+)</td><td>N/A</td><td>1730.17</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>232</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>232.04364(30)#</td><td>250(50) s</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>232</sup>Ac</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1738.25</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>233</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>233.04806(50)#</td><td>30(5) s</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>233</sup>Ac</td><td>1/2+#</td><td>N/A</td><td>1746.33</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><strong><sup>234</sup>Ra</strong></th><td>234.05070(53)#</td><td>30(10) s</td><td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>234</sup>Ac</td><td>0+</td><td>N/A</td><td>1745.09</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="layout-container"> <div class="site-footer__top clearfix"> <div> <div id="block-sponsers-box2" class="Sponsers-box-block"> <div> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <img loading="lazy" src="/images/styles/large/public/2025-01/ARPA-E-Summit.png?itok=E3UTxRam" width="480" height="104" alt="ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit" title="ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Please join us and our customers and co-sponsors GE and BASF at the <a href="https://www.arpae-summit.com/">ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit</a> in Washington, DC on March 17, 2025.</p> </div> <div id="block-ae-theme-copyright" class="footer-copyright"> <div class="footer-copyright--text"> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div> Periodic table of the elements, materials science and academic information, elements and advanced materials data, scientific presentations and all pages, designs, concepts, logos, and color schemes herein are the copyrighted proprietary rights and intellectual property of American Elements. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark. © 1997-2025 American Elements. All rights reserved. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/358398","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJxljUsOwyAMRC-E4EjIwDSkNTGyIW1u349UpVI3ozdvMUOIo6IhLCyJ2NG3G6_55uhKj8hCBRp-2I-qkhLUZcoVF55Ww4m-YZsuS2vQjJhJR3hHTCyvUaZD5ohltSw79AiyIQu7TkqLUq8Wis5O7E_j59Zn4tUqirPDBlpIZHAjxYaF3o__wsbBMLevuFv4pG9SJuMJf2pgaw","theme":"ae_theme","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"ajaxLoader":{"markup":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022ajax-throbber sk-wander\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sk-wander-cube\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sk-wander-cube\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sk-wander-cube\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sk-wander-cube\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E","hideAjaxMessage":true,"alwaysFullscreen":true,"throbberPosition":"body"},"clientside_validation_jquery":{"validate_all_ajax_forms":2,"force_validate_on_blur":false,"messages":{"required":"This field is required.","remote":"Please fix this field.","email":"Please enter a valid email address.","url":"Please enter a valid URL.","date":"Please enter a valid date.","dateISO":"Please enter a valid date (ISO).","number":"Please enter a valid number.","digits":"Please enter only digits.","equalTo":"Please enter the same value again.","maxlength":"Please enter no more than {0} characters.","minlength":"Please enter at least {0} characters.","rangelength":"Please enter a value between {0} and {1} characters long.","range":"Please enter a value between {0} and {1}.","max":"Please enter a value less than or equal to {0}.","min":"Please enter a value greater than or equal to {0}.","step":"Please enter a multiple of {0}."}},"TBMegaMenu":{"TBElementsCounter":{"column":null},"theme":"ae_theme","tbm-main":{"arrows":"0"}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"ce2f1decf657a31c7c4dd8fbb49e0b5ecd442d1a0c7190d0d05f28b42f8adf78"}}</script> <script src="/images/js/js_X2JsGORybb4hBo6M-lPa2dEM7suPoM4dBwaTlON_m8A.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=ae_theme&include=eJxNi0sKgEAMxS40OEcqr-PDX2uhjuDx1YXgJiSLgNJnOutkobCCrw9b2law4hILjMz686HPGarM0sKd2SgN2esLUYvn7CrOCc79rIqDN15nKJQ"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Radium | AMERICAN ELEMENTS®