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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="فيريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гай Вер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гай Вер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verres" title="Verres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Verres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Verres" title="Gaius Verres – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gaius Verres" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Verres" title="Gaius Verres – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gaius Verres" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayo_Verres" title="Cayo Verres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cayo Verres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verres" title="Verres – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Verres" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="گایوس ورس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گایوس ورس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caius_Licinius_Verres" title="Caius Licinius Verres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caius Licinius Verres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj_Ver" title="Gaj Ver – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gaj Ver" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaio_Licinio_Verre" title="Gaio Licinio Verre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gaio Licinio Verre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Licinius_Verres" title="Gaius Licinius Verres – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gaius Licinius Verres" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Verres" title="Gaius Verres – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gaius Verres" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Cornelius_Verres" title="Gaius Cornelius Verres – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gaius Cornelius Verres" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verres" title="Verres – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Verres" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werres" title="Werres – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Werres" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caio_Verres" title="Caio Verres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caio Verres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Гай Веррес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гай Веррес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verri" title="Verri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Verri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaj_Ver" title="Gaj Ver – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gaj Ver" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verres" title="Verres – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verres" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Verres" title="Gaius Verres – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gaius Verres" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Гай Ліциній Веррес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гай Ліциній Веррес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q368219#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verres&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Verres">Verres</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman politician, enemy of Cicero</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Verres&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gaius+Verres%22">"Gaius Verres"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gaius+Verres%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gaius+Verres%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gaius+Verres%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gaius+Verres%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gaius+Verres%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gaius Verres</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 114 – 43 BC) was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Roman magistrate</a>, notorious for his misgovernment of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. His extortion of local farmers and plundering of temples led to his prosecution by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, whose accusations were so devastating that his defence advocate could only recommend that Verres should leave the country. Cicero's prosecution speeches were later published as the <a href="/wiki/In_Verrem" title="In Verrem"><i>Verrines</i></a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Verres&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaius Verres was born around 114 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_career">Public career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Verres&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Public career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping-Metropolitan_museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping-Metropolitan_museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping-Metropolitan_museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping-Metropolitan_museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping-Metropolitan_museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping-Metropolitan_museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping-Metropolitan_museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> bronze of <i>Sleeping <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></i>, the type of work that Verres extorted from Sicilian collectors</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">Sulla's Civil War</a>, Verres deserted the government faction of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marius the Younger">Gaius Marius</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Papirius_Carbo_(consul_85_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius Papirius Carbo (consul 85 BC) (page does not exist)">Carbo</a> and went over to <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>. Sulla made him a present of land at <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Beneventum</a> and secured him against punishment for embezzlement. In 80 BC, Verres served on the staff of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Cornelius_Dolabella_(praetor_81_BC)" title="Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella (praetor 81 BC)">Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a>. According to Cicero, the governor and his subordinate both ruthlessly plundered the province. In 78 BC Dolabella had to stand trial at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> accused of extortion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was found guilty with the evidence of Verres, who had secured a pardon.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zizeronen_etxearen_kokapena.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zizeronen_etxearen_kokapena.JPG/220px-Zizeronen_etxearen_kokapena.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zizeronen_etxearen_kokapena.JPG/330px-Zizeronen_etxearen_kokapena.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zizeronen_etxearen_kokapena.JPG/440px-Zizeronen_etxearen_kokapena.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque in <a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Enna</a> denouncing Verre's misdeeds </figcaption></figure> <p>In 74 BC, by lavish use of <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribes</a>, Verres secured a praetorship. He abused his authority to further the political ends of his party. As a reward, the Senate sent him as governor (<i><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">propraetor</a></i>) to <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Breadbasket" title="Breadbasket">breadbasket</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> – a particularly rich province thanks to its central position in the Mediterranean making it a commercial crossroads. The people were for the most part prosperous and contented, but under Verres the island experienced more misery and desolation than during the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> or the recent <a href="/wiki/Roman_Servile_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Servile Wars">Servile Wars</a>. Verres ruined the wheat-growers and the revenue collectors by exorbitant imposts or by the iniquitous canceling of contracts. He robbed temples (notably that on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Syracuse" title="Cathedral of Syracuse">Cathedral of Syracuse</a>) and private houses of their works of art,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and disregarded the rights of Roman citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another major charge leveled against Verres during his Sicilian tenure alleged that, during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a>, he had used the emergency to raise cash. He would, allegedly, pick key slaves of wealthy landowners and charge them with plotting to join Spartacus' revolt or otherwise causing sedition in the province. Having done so, he would sentence the slave to death by <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>, and then lay a broad hint that a sizable bribe from the slave's owner could expunge the charge and sentence. At other times he would name nonexistent slaves, charging that the landowner held a slave suspected of plotting rebellion and that the owner was actively hiding him. When the owner could not produce the fictitious person, Verres would throw the putative owner into prison until a bribe could be paid for his release. </p><p>He was also criticized for his public relationship with <a href="/wiki/Tertia_(actress)" title="Tertia (actress)">Tertia</a>, which was regarded as scandalous,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chelidon" title="Chelidon">Chelidon</a>, who was attributed undue influence upon his office by his detractors.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verres returned to Rome in 70 BC, and in the same year, at the request of the Sicilians, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a> prosecuted him: Cicero later published the prosecution speeches as the <a href="/wiki/In_Verrem" title="In Verrem"><i>Verrine Orations</i></a>. Verres entrusted his defence to the most eminent of Roman advocates, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Hortensius" title="Quintus Hortensius">Quintus Hortensius</a>, and he had the sympathy and support of several of the leading Roman <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial_and_exile">Trial and exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Verres&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trial and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gaius_Verres" title="Special:EditPage/Gaius Verres">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Verres&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The court was composed exclusively of senators, some of whom may have been his friends. However, the presiding judge, the city praetor, <a href="/wiki/Manius_Acilius_Glabrio_(consul_67_BC)" title="Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 67 BC)">Manius Acilius Glabrio</a>, was a thoroughly honest man, and his assessors were at least not accessible to bribery. Verres vainly tried to get the trial postponed until 69 BC when his friend Marcus Caecilius Metellus would be the presiding judge. Hortensius tried two successive tactics to delay the trial. The first was trying to sideline Verres' prosecution by hoping to get a prosecution of a former governor of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> to take precedence. When that failed, the defense then looked to procedural delays (and gaming the usual format of a Roman extortion trial) until after a lengthy and upcoming round of public holidays, after which there would be scarce time for the trial to continue before Glabrio's term was up and the new and more malleable judge would be installed. However, in August, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> opened the case and vowed to short-circuit the plans by taking advantage of an opportunity to change the format of the trial to bring evidence and witnesses up much sooner, and opened his case with a short and blistering speech. </p><p>The effect of the first brief speech was so overwhelming that Hortensius refused to reply, and recommended his client leave the country. Before the expiration of the nine days allowed for the prosecution Verres was on his way to exile. There he lived until 43 BC, when he was <a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">proscribed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, apparently for refusing to surrender some art treasures that Antony coveted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verres may have had a more decent character than that with which Cicero, the primary source of information, credits him, but there is no evidence to counter the allegation that he stood preeminent among the worst specimens of Roman provincial governors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the seven Verrine orations collectively called <i><a href="/wiki/In_Verrem" title="In Verrem">In Verrem</a></i>, only two were delivered; the remaining five were compiled from the depositions of witnesses and published after Verres' flight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture_references">Popular culture references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Verres&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Popular culture references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Seen_in_Massilia" title="Last Seen in Massilia">Last Seen in Massilia</a></i>, a novel in the <a href="/wiki/Roma_Sub_Rosa" title="Roma Sub Rosa">Roma Sub Rosa</a> series by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Saylor" title="Steven Saylor">Steven Saylor</a>. Verres is a minor character.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperium_(Harris_novel)" title="Imperium (Harris novel)">Imperium</a></i>, the first novel of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a>'s trilogy about Cicero. The first half of the book features Cicero's prosecution of Verres.</li> <li><i>Spartacus: Swords and Ashes</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Clements" title="Jonathan Clements">Jonathan Clements</a>. Verres is a major character in the novel, which is set on the eve of his governorship of Sicily and features an undocumented dispute with a young Cicero in Neapolis.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortune%27s_Favourites_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortune's Favourites (novel)">Fortune's Favourites</a></i>, a novel in the <a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Rome" title="Masters of Rome">Masters of Rome</a> series by <a href="/wiki/Colleen_McCullough" title="Colleen McCullough">Colleen McCullough</a>. Verres, while a secondary character, describes his career in detail, from his pillaging of Samnium during the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (91–88 BC)">Social War</a>, to his departure to Asia in the retinue of governor Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella – where the author describes his vices and immeasurable greed, foreshadowing his misgovernment of Sicily – and, finally, Cicero's energetic prosecution.</li> <li>"Song for Cleomenes", a song by <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Goats" title="The Mountain Goats">The Mountain Goats</a> from their <i><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Rat_Sunset" class="mw-redirect" title="Beautiful Rat Sunset">Beautiful Rat Sunset</a></i> 10" EP, recounts the story of Verres.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Verres&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Creticus#Role_in_Verres's_trial" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus">Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus § Role in Verres's trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manius_Acilius_Glabrio_(consul_67_BC)" title="Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 67 BC)">Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 67 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heia_gens#Members" title="Heia gens">Heius</a>, a Lilybaean, and a ward of Gaius Claudius Pulcher.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Verres&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLinder" class="citation web cs1">Linder, Douglas O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famous-trials.com/gaius-verres/57-home">"The Trial of Gaius Verres: An Account"</a>. <i>Famous Trials</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doug_Linder" title="Doug Linder">Doug Linder</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Famous+Trials&rft.atitle=The+Trial+of+Gaius+Verres%3A+An+Account&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Douglas+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.famous-trials.com%2Fgaius-verres%2F57-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Verres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarin2009" class="citation book cs1">Marin, Pamela (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodforumstrugg00mari"><i>Blood in the Forum: The Struggle for the Roman Republic</i></a></span> (First ed.). Continuum. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodforumstrugg00mari/page/n89">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847251671" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847251671"><bdi>978-1847251671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+in+the+Forum%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pages=69&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1847251671&rft.aulast=Marin&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodforumstrugg00mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Verres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiti2023" class="citation book cs1">Titi, Catharine (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6"><i>The Parthenon Marbles and International Law</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-26357-6">10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-26356-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-26356-9"><bdi>978-3-031-26356-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258846977">258846977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthenon+Marbles+and+International+Law&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258846977%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-26357-6&rft.isbn=978-3-031-26356-9&rft.aulast=Titi&rft.aufirst=Catharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-26357-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Verres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Lynn Sebesta, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Larissa Bonfante</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GxGPLju4KEkC&dq=verres+tertia&pg=PA134">The World of Roman Costume</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anise K. Strong: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ClSJDAAAQBAJ&dq=Verres+tertia+chelidon&pg=PA79">Prostitutes and Matrons in the Roman World</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Verres,_Gaius" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Verres, Gaius">Verres, Gaius</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1038.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Verres%2C+Gaius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1038&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Verres" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Verres&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadian2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Badian, Ernst (2012). "Verres, Gaius". <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.6743">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6743</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a> – via Oxford Research Encyclopedias.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Verres%2C+Gaius&rft.btitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.6743&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Verres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorvino2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Corvino, Ralph (2013). "Verres, Gaius". <i>Encyclopedia of Ancient History</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah20138">10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah20138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7935-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7935-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-7935-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Verres%2C+Gaius&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah20138&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7935-5&rft.aulast=Corvino&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Verres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruen1995" class="citation book cs1">Gruen, Erich (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8a4wDwAAQBAJ"><i>The last generation of the Roman republic</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02238-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02238-6"><bdi>0-520-02238-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+generation+of+the+Roman+republic&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-520-02238-6&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8a4wDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Verres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabermehl1958" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Habermehl, Helmut (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elexikon.ch/RE/VIIIA,2_1561.png">"Verres 1"</a>. <i>Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft</i> (in German). Vol. VIII A, 2. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 1561–1633.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Verres+1&rft.btitle=Realencyclop%C3%A4die+der+classischen+Altertumswissenschaft&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=cols.+1561-1633&rft.pub=Butcher&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Habermehl&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felexikon.ch%2FRE%2FVIIIA%2C2_1561.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Verres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard1971" class="citation journal cs1">Pritchard, R T (1971). "Gaius Verres and the Sicilian Farmers". <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>20</b> (2/3): 224–238. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311">0018-2311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435193">4435193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Gaius+Verres+and+the+Sicilian+Farmers&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=224-238&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4435193%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0018-2311&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=R+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Verres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2018" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Martin (2018). "Gaius Verres troubleshooter". In Blom, Henriette van der; Gray, Christa; Steel, Catherine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eElVDwAAQBAJ"><i>Institutions and Ideology in Republican Rome: Speech, Audience and Decision</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 299ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-62171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-62171-7"><bdi>978-1-108-62171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaius+Verres+troubleshooter&rft.btitle=Institutions+and+Ideology+in+Republican+Rome%3A+Speech%2C+Audience+and+Decision&rft.pages=299ff&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-62171-7&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeElVDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Verres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempest2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tempest, Kathryn (2013). <i>Gnomon</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 269–272. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-1417">0017-1417</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23502054">23502054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gnomon&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=269-272&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23502054%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0017-1417&rft.aulast=Tempest&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Verres" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical" title="Category:CS1 maint: untitled periodical">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempest2014" class="citation book cs1">Tempest, Kathryn (2014) [First published 2011]. <i>Cicero: politics and persuasion in ancient Rome</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-3056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-3056-1"><bdi>978-1-4725-3056-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cicero%3A+politics+and+persuasion+in+ancient+Rome&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-3056-1&rft.aulast=Tempest&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaius+Verres" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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