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href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonant_phonemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_phonemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consonant phonemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_phonemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_phonemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_phonemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowel phonemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_phonemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Word classes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Word_classes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Word classes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Word_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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<span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominal_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nominal morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Verbal morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Demonstrative: free forms with <span><i>ta-</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative:_free_forms_with_ta--sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pronouns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paradigms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paradigms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Paradigms</span> </div> 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_directionals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_directionals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Use of directionals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_directionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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title="Baluan-Pam jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baluan-Pam jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Baluan-Pam" title="Pagsasao a Baluan-Pam – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Baluan-Pam" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibaluan-Pam" title="Kibaluan-Pam – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kibaluan-Pam" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Балуанско-памски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Балуанско-памски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluan-pam" title="Baluan-pam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Baluan-pam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Baluan-Pam" title="Lenga Baluan-Pam – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Baluan-Pam" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Oceanic language of Manus Province, Papua New Guinea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Baluan-Pam</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Paluai</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Baluan_Island" title="Baluan Island">Baluan Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pam_Islands" title="Pam Islands">Pam Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manus_Province" title="Manus Province">Manus Province</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2,000 (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty Islands</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Admiralty_Islands_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Admiralty Islands languages">Eastern Admiralty Islands</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Southeastern islands<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Baluan-Pam</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/blq" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:blq">blq</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/balu1257">balu1257</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10890">Paluai</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baluan_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Baluan_Island.jpg/220px-Baluan_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Baluan_Island.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Baluan Island</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Baluan-Pam</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic language">Oceanic language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manus_Province" title="Manus Province">Manus Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. It is spoken on <a href="/wiki/Baluan_Island" title="Baluan Island">Baluan Island</a> and on nearby <a href="/wiki/Pam_Islands" title="Pam Islands">Pam Island</a>. The number of speakers, according to the latest estimate based on the 2000 Census, is 2,000. Speakers on Baluan Island prefer to refer to their language with its native name <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Paluai</i></span>. </p><p>The language is of the <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinating</a> type with comparatively little productive <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>. Basic <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituent</a> order is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> (SVO). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties_and_related_languages">Varieties and related languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Varieties and related languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Baluan Island and Pam Island varieties of the language are practically similar, apart from a number of lexical differences. The language is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Lou_language_(Austronesian)" title="Lou language (Austronesian)">Lou</a>, spoken on <a href="/wiki/Lou_Island" title="Lou Island">Lou Island</a>. Lou forms a dialect chain, with the varieties spoken on the far side of the island, facing Manus mainland, differing the most from Paluai and the ones on the side facing Baluan Island being the closest. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baluan_bush_house.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Baluan_bush_house.JPG/220px-Baluan_bush_house.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Baluan_bush_house.JPG/330px-Baluan_bush_house.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Baluan_bush_house.JPG/440px-Baluan_bush_house.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Bush material house</figcaption></figure> <p>In Manus Province, about 32 languages are spoken, all of which belong to the <a href="/wiki/Admiralties" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralties">Admiralties</a> branch, a higher-order subgroup of <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>. Most of the languages of Manus Province are scarcely documented. A reference grammar of <a href="/wiki/Loniu_language" title="Loniu language">Loniu</a> was published in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a minority of <a href="/wiki/Titan_language" title="Titan language">Titan</a> speakers on Baluan, relatively recent immigrants living in Mouk village. The Titan people have become well known through the work of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a>. Many speakers have at least a passive command of Titan and Lou. In addition, the creole language <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a> is widely spoken on the island, and most people have at least a basic command of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_phonemes">Consonant phonemes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonant phonemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below shows the <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> phonemes in the language. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bride_price.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bride_price.JPG/220px-Bride_price.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bride_price.JPG/330px-Bride_price.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bride_price.JPG/440px-Bride_price.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Yams exchanged at bride price</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">mʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td style="border-right:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">pʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>)</td> <td style="border-left:0"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span>)</td> <td style="border-left:0">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vibrant_consonant" title="Vibrant consonant">Vibrant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In contrast to many of the <a href="/wiki/Manus_languages" title="Manus languages">Manus languages</a>, there are no <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial trill">bilabial trill</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalised</a> consonants. The consonant inventory is rather simple, with a labialised nasal and plosive in addition to bilabial, apico-alveolar and dorso-velar stops and nasals. There is just one fricative, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> being a very marginal phoneme. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> has a tap or trill as a variant. The glides <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> are analysed as non-syllabic variants of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin201420_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin201420-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_phonemes">Vowel phonemes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowel phonemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowels of Baluan-Pam are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>e,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>o,<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>. </p><p>The vowel inventory consists of the standard five vowels most common in Oceanic languages,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with two additional segments: open-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>, which are much more frequently occurring. For younger speakers, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> appears to be merging with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> appears to be merging with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> template is (C)V(C). Not many syllables start with a vowel. Due to loss of word-final consonants and consequently vowels, which is a feature of eastern Admiralties languages,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the language allows consonants in the syllable coda and has many monosyllabic words with CVC form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Word_classes">Word classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Word classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_classes">Open classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Open classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two major <a href="/wiki/Open_word_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Open word class">open</a> word classes are <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> (with a major subclass of stative verbs), with <a href="/wiki/Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">adjectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adverbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverbs">adverbs</a> as minor classes distinguished from both noun and verb and from each other. Verb to noun and verb to adjective derivations are very common, but not vice versa. Most <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicates</a> are headed by a verb complex, but nouns, adjectives, <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">prepositions</a> can also function as predicate head. Only verbs, however, can take bound <a href="/wiki/Pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronouns">pronouns</a> and be modified by <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense–aspect–mood</a> (TAM) particles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closed_classes">Closed classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Closed classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major closed classes in the language, containing function words, are pronouns, <a href="/wiki/Demonstratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstratives">demonstratives</a>, prepositions, numerals, <a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier (linguistics)">quantifiers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative">interrogative</a> words. The pronominal system distinguishes singular, dual, paucal and plural <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> and first, second and third <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>. The range of adpositional forms is limited, since most spatial relations are expressed either by a directly possessed spatial noun, or by a <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">serial</a> verb construction containing a directional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coconut_ladle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coconut_ladle.JPG/220px-Coconut_ladle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coconut_ladle.JPG/330px-Coconut_ladle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coconut_ladle.JPG/440px-Coconut_ladle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Ladle made from coconut shell</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominal_morphology">Nominal morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nominal morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language does not have <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> or number marking on nouns. The only nominal morphology in the language functions to indicate possession. A distinction is made within nominal possessive constructions between direct and indirect possession. This correlates with, but does not coincide completely with, a <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a> distinction between <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">inalienable</a> and alienable possession. With direct possession, a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> indicating person and number of the possessor is added directly to the noun stem. With indirect possession, this suffix is added to a postposed possessive particle <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">ta-</i></span>. Most kinship terms and body part terms either can or must be used in a direct possessive construction. In addition, spatial nouns, referring to concepts such as "inside", "on top of" and "behind", are obligatorily used in a direct possessive construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_morphology">Verbal morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Verbal morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbal derivational morphology is limited to the <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a> prefix <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">pe-</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Applicative_voice" title="Applicative voice">applicative</a> suffix <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">-ek</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Causative">Causative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Causative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The causative <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">pe-</i></span> makes transitive an <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">intransitive</a> verb. Causatives can be productively formed, but only with stative verbs. A causative adds an extra "causer" A argument, demoting the original S argument of the intransitive verb to O position. Examples are <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">mat</i></span> 'die, be dead' → <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">pemat</i></span> 'kill'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Applicative">Applicative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Applicative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The applicative in this language is a <a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">valency</a>-rearranging rather than a valency-increasing device. It promotes an <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> Oblique constituent of a verb to O position. The original O is not demoted, but rather follows the promoted constituent as a second object. The applicative is typically encountered in one specific <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a>/<a href="/wiki/Information_structure" title="Information structure">information</a> structure context. It is used as an <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphorical</a> device to refer back to an item mentioned just before, usually in the previous clause, as in the example below: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ope</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wo=pe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lêp</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lêp</p><p style="margin: 0px;">take</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">suep</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">suep</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hoe</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ope</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wo=pe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yilek</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yil-ek=Ø</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dig-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="applicative voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">APPL</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="unrealised pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ZERO</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ponat</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ponat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">soil</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014295_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014295-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">ope lêp suep a ope yilek ponat</p><p style="display: none;">wo=pe lêp suep a wo=pe yil-ek=Ø ponat</p><p style="display: none;">2SG=PFV take hoe and 2SG=PFV dig-APPL=3SG.ZERO soil</p><p style="clear: left;">‘You will take a hoe and you will dig the ground with it.’ [<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> ‘dig-with (it) the ground’]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With transitive verbs, full or partial reduplication can be used as an intransitivising device. With intransitive verbs, reduplication adds aspectual meanings such as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">continuous</a> aspect. A second function of reduplication within the verb class is to derive <a href="/wiki/Nominalization" title="Nominalization">nominalizations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstratives</a> in Paluai utilise a three-way distinction pattern based upon person (near speaker, near addressee or neither) or relative distance (close, intermediate, distant).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin201420_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin201420-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These three distinctions can be defined as </p> <ol><li>position at or very close to the <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deictic</a> centre, proximate</li> <li>an intermediate position</li> <li>a position considered to be significant distance from the deictic centre<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014148_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014148-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Here the <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deictic</a> centre refers to the speaker. </p><p>When considering discourse deixis, demonstratives will function as anaphors (referring to previously mentioned information) or cataphors (referring forward).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014147_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014147-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basic forms as well as forms prefixed by <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">te-</i></span> that are either proximate or distal are usually <a href="/wiki/Cataphora" title="Cataphora">cataphors</a>. Meanwhile, forms beginning with <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">ta-</i></span> are often used as <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphors</a>, in addition to all intermediate forms despite prefixes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014447_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014447-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Three basic forms<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014148_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014148-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>word</th> <th>degree</th> <th>English gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Pwo</i></span></td> <td>proximate</td> <td>'this' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Yo</i></span></td> <td>intermediate</td> <td>'that' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Lo</i></span></td> <td>distal</td> <td>'that (far)' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The above three demonstratives are often used to modify <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> as seen in examples 1–2. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">1.</div><div><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Pwo</i></span>, proximate demonstrative. Situational deictic use of <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">pwo</i></span>. Can mean 'this'.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>pwo</b>,</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>pwo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">moni</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">moni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">money</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">reo</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te-yo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="intermediate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pepa</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pepa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ten.kina</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sangal</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sangal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ten</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">i <b>pwo</b>, moni reo pepa sangal</p><p style="display: none;">yi <b>pwo</b> moni te-yo pepa sangal</p><p style="display: none;">3SG <b>DEM.PROX</b> money EMP-DEM.INT ten.kina ten</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Here. The money is one hundred kina.’ [said when the money is handed over]</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">2.</div><div><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Yo</i></span>, intermediate demonstrative. Discourse deictic use of <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">yo</i></span>. Can mean 'that'</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>o.</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>yo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="intermediate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naman</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naman</p><p style="margin: 0px;">perhaps</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kamou</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kamou</p><p style="margin: 0px;">speech</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rang</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta-ng</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">teo</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te-yo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="intermediate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">inêm</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yi=nêm</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>=be.finished</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">i <b>o.</b> naman kamou rang teo inêm</p><p style="display: none;">yi <b>yo</b> naman kamou ta-ng te-yo yi=nêm</p><p style="display: none;">3SG <b>DEM.INT</b> perhaps speech POSS-1SG EMP-DEM.INT 3SG=be.finished</p><p style="clear: left;">‘That’s it. Perhaps my talk is finished.’</p><p style="margin-top:0">Example of anaphor – refers to previously mentioned discourse<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014448_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014448-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>It is unusual for either three of the basic demonstrative forms to modify nouns and it is also uncommon that the distal form <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">lo</i></span> is used in discourse, rather used to indicate to a distant object.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formative_te-">Formative <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">te-</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Formative te-"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forms <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">tepwo</i></span>, <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">teyp</i></span> and <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">telo</i></span> have the ability to modify both nouns and pronouns and are more common in the Paluai language than basic forms of demonstratives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Te-</i></span> is classed as an emphatic marker and is used in conjunction with the basic demonstrative form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since forms with <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">te-</i></span> must always modify either a noun or a pronoun, they cannot occur independently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples 3–5 show use of each demonstrative form with formative <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">te-</i></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">3.</div><div><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Tepwo</i></span>, proximate demonstrative. Refers to place and time, can mean 'this', 'here' and 'now'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">on</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wo=an</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pwa</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pwa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">think</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mun</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">banana</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>tepwo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>te-pwo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iro</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yi=to</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>=be</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Paluai?</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Paluai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Baluan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014150_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014150-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">on pwa mun <b>tepwo</b> iro Paluai?</p><p style="display: none;">wo=an pwa mun <b>te-pwo</b> yi=to Paluai</p><p style="display: none;">2SG=PRF think banana <b>EMP-DEM.PROX</b> 3SG=be Baluan</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Do you think this kind of banana grows on Baluan?’</p><p style="margin-top:0">Example of cataphor – refers forward<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014447_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014447-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">4.</div><div><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Teyo</i></span>, intermediate demonstrative. Used to indicate definiteness 'those'</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mun</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">banana</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>teo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>te-yo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="intermediate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">makerin</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma=kerin</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation marker 1" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG1</abbr>=bunch</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sip</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sip</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inanimate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INANIM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pwên</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pwên</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation marker 2" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG2</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">mun <b>teo</b> i makerin sip pwên</p><p style="display: none;">mun <b>te-yo</b> yi ma=kerin sip pwên</p><p style="display: none;">banana <b>EMP-DEM.INT</b> 3SG NEG1=bunch one.INANIM NEG2</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Those bananas, they are not in a bunch.’</p><p style="margin-top:0">Example of anaphor, refers to previously mentioned discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014448_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014448-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">4b.</div><div>Unusual case. Intermediate demonstrative <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">teyo</i></span> in this situation is not an anaphor, new participant is mentioned for the first time, not referring to previously mentioned participants.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subordinate clause marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUB</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yoy</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yoy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stone</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">reo,</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te-yo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="intermediate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yamat</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yamat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relative clause marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pari</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pari</p><p style="margin: 0px;">belonging.to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ai</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a-yi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">at-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pusungop</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pusungop</p><p style="margin: 0px;">clan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">turê</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta-urê</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, paucal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PC</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tepwo</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te-pwo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mwanen</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mwanenen</p><p style="margin: 0px;">straight</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>teo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>te-yo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="intermediate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ipwak</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yi=pwak</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>=meet</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ai</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a-yii</p><p style="margin: 0px;">at-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014448–449_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014448–449-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">te yoy reo, yamat te i pari ai pusungop turê tepwo mwanen <b>teo</b> ipwak ai</p><p style="display: none;">te yoy te-yo yamat te yi pari a-yi pusungop ta-urê te-pwo mwanenen <b>te-yo</b> yi=pwak a-yii</p><p style="display: none;">SUB stone EMP-DEM.INT person REL 3SG belonging.to at-3SG clan POSS-1PC.EXCL EMP-DEM.PROX straight <b>EMP-DEM.INT</b> 3SG=meet at-3SG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘As for these stones, this person who is straight from our clan encountered them.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">5.</div><div><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Telo</i></span>, distal demonstrative. Can mean 'those (far)'</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kei</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kei</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tree</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">raywei</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta-yuei</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definiteness marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>-two.long</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>relo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>te-lo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ila</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yi=la</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>=go.to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ro</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">monokinirê</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">monoki-n-irê</p><p style="margin: 0px;">behind-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pertensive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERT</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, paucal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">kei raywei <b>relo</b> ila ro monokinirê</p><p style="display: none;">kei ta-yuei <b>te-lo</b> yi=la to monoki-n-irê</p><p style="display: none;">tree DEF-two.long <b>EMP-DEM.DIST</b> 3SG=go.to be behind-PERT-3PC</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Those two trees are behind them.’</p><p style="margin-top:0">Example of cataphor – refers forward<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014447_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014447-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spatial_deictics_with_a-">Spatial deictics with <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">a-</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spatial deictics with a-"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another set of demonstratives is formed by prefixing emplatic particle <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">te-</i></span> with preposition <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">a-</i></span> to form a spatial adverbial demonstrative of which has the ability to modify <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> only. </p><p><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Atepwo</i></span>, <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">ateyo</i></span> and <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">atelo</i></span> refer to the location where the activity described by verb is held.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">6.</div><div><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Atepwo</i></span>, proximate demonstrative. Can mean 'here'</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wosa</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wo=sa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="modal operator" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MOD</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yen</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yen</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lie</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>arepwo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>a-te-pwo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>at-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pwên</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pwên</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">wosa yen <b>arepwo</b> pwên</p><p style="display: none;">wo=sa yen <b>a-te-pwo</b> pwên</p><p style="display: none;">2SG=MOD lie <b>at-EMP-DEM.PROX</b> NEG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘You cannot lie here.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">7.</div><div><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Ateyo</i></span>, intermediate demonstrative. Can mean 'there'</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wuisot</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wui=sot</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, dual" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1DU</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr>=go.up</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kunawayut</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kunawayut</p><p style="margin: 0px;">take.rest</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>areo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>a-te-yo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>at-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="intermediate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">wuisot kunawayut <b>areo</b></p><p style="display: none;">wui=sot kunawayut <b>a-te-yo</b></p><p style="display: none;">1DU.EXCL=go.up take.rest <b>at-EMP-DEM.INT</b></p><p style="clear: left;">‘We went up to take a rest there.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">8.</div><div><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Atelo</i></span>, distal demonstrative. Can mean 'there (far)'</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ola</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wo=la</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>=go.to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lêp</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lêp</p><p style="margin: 0px;">take</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kong</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka-ng</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="classifier" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CLF</abbr>.food-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pertensive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">payanpôl</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">payan.pôl</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dry.coconut</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sip</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sip</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inanimate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INANIM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="relative clause marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ila</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yi=la</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>=go.to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ro</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>arelo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>a-te-lo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>at-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">me</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">me</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">ola lêp kong payanpôl sip te ila ro <b>arelo</b> me</p><p style="display: none;">wo=la lêp ka-ng payan.pôl sip te yi=la to <b>a-te-lo</b> me</p><p style="display: none;">2SG=go.to take CLF.food-1SG.PERT dry.coconut one.INANIM REL 3SG=go.to be <b>at-EMP-DEM.DIST</b> come</p><p style="clear: left;">‘You go and take my coconut (for me to eat) that is over there, and bring it here.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative:_free_forms_with_ta-">Demonstrative: free forms with <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">ta-</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demonstrative: free forms with ta-"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This complex demonstrative uses formative <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">ta-</i></span>, the emphatic particle <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">te-</i></span> and a basic form of demonstrative. In comparison to the earlier mentioned demonstrative forms, free forms with <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">ta-</i></span> often have an element of definiteness when referring to a subject/object.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014153_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014153-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the one form of demonstrative that can be used independently and can therefore substitute the place of a noun and be the subject or object to a verb in noun phrases. Three forms with formative <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">ta-</i></span> include <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">tatepwo</i></span>, <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">tateyo</i></span> and <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">tatelo</i></span>. Here the proximate and distal demonstrative function as <a href="/wiki/Verbless_clause" title="Verbless clause">verbless clause</a> subject, whilst the intermediate demonstrative functions as a transitive object.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">9.</div><div><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Tatepwo</i></span>, proximate demonstrative. Can mean 'this' with reference to specific subject or object</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nulik,</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nulik</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Nulik</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>tarepwo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ta-te-pwo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definiteness marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ran</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta-n</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pertensive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sê?</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sê</p><p style="margin: 0px;">who</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Nulik, <b>tarepwo</b> ran sê?</p><p style="display: none;">Nulik <b>ta-te-pwo</b> ta-n sê</p><p style="display: none;">Nulik <b>DEF-EMP-DEM.PROX</b> POSS-PERT who</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Nulik, whose is this?’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">10.</div><div><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Tateyo</i></span>, intermediate demonstrative. Can mean 'that', as in previously discussed subject/object</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">irouek</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yi=touek</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>=show</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nêm</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nêm</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.finished</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>tareo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ta-te-yo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definiteness marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="intermediate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go.to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ran</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta-n</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pertensive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PERT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pein</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pein</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">teo</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te-yo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="intermediate" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152-153_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152-153-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">irouek nêm <b>tareo</b> la ran pein teo</p><p style="display: none;">yi=touek nêm <b>ta-te-yo</b> la ta-n pein te-yo</p><p style="display: none;">3SG=show be.finished <b>DEF-EMP-DEM.INT</b> go.to POSS-PERT woman EMP-DEM.INT</p><p style="clear: left;">‘She showed all that [what has been talked about just before] to the woman.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">11.</div><div><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">Tatelo</i></span>, distal demonstrative. Can mean 'those', as in pointing out a specific subject/object</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>tarelo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ta-te-lo</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="definiteness marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEF</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="demonstrative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DIST</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="blq" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yeuyeu</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yeuyeu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">star</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014153_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014153-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>tarelo</b> yeuyeu</p><p style="display: none;"><b>ta-te-lo</b> yeuyeu</p><p style="display: none;"><b>DEF-EMP-DEM.DIST</b> star</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Those are stars.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paradigms">Paradigms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Paradigms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four pronominal paradigms: free subject forms, bound subject forms, object forms and possessive forms. They are formally very similar. Pronouns distinguish singular, dual, paucal and plural number, and have a <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">clusivity</a> distinction. Dual refers to two entities, paucal refers to a few (any number between three and about ten), and plural refers to many. Inclusive pronouns include the addressee ('we, including you'), whereas exclusive ones exclude them ('we, but not you'). Below, the paradigm for the free forms is given. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Paucal </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">Exclusive</span> </th> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">wong</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">wui</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">wure</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">ep</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">Inclusive</span> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">tau</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">tare</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">tap</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">wo</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">au</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">are</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">ap</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">yi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">u</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">ire</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">ip</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directional_system">Directional system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Directional system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_in_the_paradigm">Forms in the paradigm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Forms in the paradigm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sailing_outrigger_canoe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sailing_outrigger_canoe.JPG/220px-Sailing_outrigger_canoe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sailing_outrigger_canoe.JPG/330px-Sailing_outrigger_canoe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sailing_outrigger_canoe.JPG/440px-Sailing_outrigger_canoe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Navigating the outrigger canoe</figcaption></figure> <p>The language has a system of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Directionality_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directionality (grammar) (page does not exist)">directionals</a> composed of ten members, eight of which are specified with regard to an absolute <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_frame_of_reference" title="Linguistic frame of reference">frame of reference</a> (FoR).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An absolute FoR is based on fixed bearings, such as where the sun rises or sets or wind directions. In Baluan-Pam the FoR is based on a land-sea axis; a distinction is made between: </p> <ol><li>seaward movement</li> <li>landward movement</li> <li>movement parallel to the shore</li></ol> <p>Therefore, going inland always means going up, and going towards the shore always means going down. In addition, since motion parallel to the shore (i.e. intersecting the land–sea axis) usually means moving on more or less the same level, this has obtained a secondary meaning of 'moving on a horizontal level'. At sea, the system is extrapolated: thus, for moving towards the shore the same directionals are used as for moving inland, and for moving out to sea the same directionals are used as for moving towards the shore when on land. </p><p>The directionals are organised along two dimensions: absolute FoR and <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deixis</a>. The table below shows the paradigm. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>down, seaward (on land);<br />out to sea (on water) </th> <th>up, landward (on land);<br />toward the shore (on water) </th> <th>parallel to shore </th> <th>not specified </th></tr> <tr> <th>away from deictic centre </th> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">suwot</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">sot</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">wot</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">la</i></span>, <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">lak</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>toward deictic centre </th> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">si</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">sa</i></span>, <span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">sak</i></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">me</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>not deictically anchored </th> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">suwen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">sen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Baluan-Pam-language text"><i lang="blq">wen</i></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The deixis distinction cross-cuts with the FoR distinction, so that five terms are specified for FoR and for deixis, three are specified for FoR only, and two are specified for deixis but not FoR. There is no dedicated term for motion toward the deictic centre parallel to the shore, and no unspecified term that is not deictically anchored (such a term would not add any information to a lexical verb of motion). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_directionals">Use of directionals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Use of directionals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The directional paradigm provides a very precise reference structure with ample use in discourse. For virtually all actions that in some sense involve motion (including perception-based actions such as seeing/looking, speaking or listening), the direction of the action has to be specified with a directional. In Paluai, this is done by a <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">serial verb construction</a> (SVC), in which a directional either precedes or follows the main verb. Directional SVCs are a common feature of Oceanic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baluan-Pam_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101210/http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/maps/Manus_small.jpg">"Manus Language Map"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/maps/Manus_small.jpg">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manus+Language+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fpacific%2Fpng%2Fmaps%2FManus_small.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaluan-Pam+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamel1994" class="citation book cs1">Hamel, Patricia J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145798/1/PL-C103.pdf"><i>A grammar and lexicon of Loniu, Papua New Guinea</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Series C - 103. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2Fpl-c103">10.15144/pl-c103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-410-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-410-3"><bdi>0-85883-410-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+and+lexicon+of+Loniu%2C+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Series+C+-+103&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2Fpl-c103&rft.isbn=0-85883-410-3&rft.aulast=Hamel&rft.aufirst=Patricia+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F145798%2F1%2FPL-C103.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaluan-Pam+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin201420-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin201420_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin201420_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchRossCrowley2002" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, John; Ross, Malcolm; Crowley, Terry (2002). <i>The Oceanic languages</i>. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oceanic+languages&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Ross%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Crowley%2C+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaluan-Pam+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2009" class="citation book cs1">Blust, Robert (2009). <i>The Austronesian languages</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+languages&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaluan-Pam+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014295-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014295_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014148-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014148_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014148_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014147-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014147_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014447-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014447_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014447_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014447_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014149_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014448-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014448_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014448_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, p. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014151_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014150-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014150_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014448–449-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014448–449_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, pp. 448–449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014153-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014153_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014153_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152-153-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchokkin2014152-153_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchokkin2014">Schokkin 2014</a>, p. 152-153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2003" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, Stephen C. 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James Cook University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25903%2Ftpm1-j309">10.25903/tpm1-j309</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+grammar+of+Paluai%2C+the+language+of+Baluan+Island%2C+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=James+Cook+University&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25903%2Ftpm1-j309&rft.aulast=Schokkin&rft.aufirst=Dineke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.jcu.edu.au%2F28026%2F1%2F28026-schokkin-2014-thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaluan-Pam+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">cite thesis</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div style="display:none;"> <p>1PC:first person, paucal 2PC:second person, paucal 3PC:third person, paucal DEF:definiteness marker EMP:emphatic marker INANIM:inanimate INT:intermediate MOD:modal operator NEG:negation marker NEG1:negation marker 1 NEG2:negation marker 2 PERT:pertensive PROX:proximate REL:relative clause marker SUB:subordinate clause marker ZERO:unrealised pronoun </p> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Template:Admiralty Islands languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Template talk:Admiralty Islands languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Admiralty Islands languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Admiralty_Islands_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty Islands languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manus_languages" title="Manus languages">Manus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipi_language" title="Bipi language">Bipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit_language" title="Hermit language">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khehek_language" title="Khehek language">Khehek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likum_language" title="Likum language">Likum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondropolon_language" title="Mondropolon language">Mondropolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyindrou_language" title="Nyindrou language">Nyindrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sori-Harengan_language" title="Sori-Harengan language">Sori-Harengan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu-Bohuai_language" title="Tulu-Bohuai language">Tulu-Bohuai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intermediate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loniu_language" title="Loniu language">Loniu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokerang_language" title="Mokerang language">Mokerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak-Tong_language" title="Pak-Tong language">Pak-Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andra-Hus_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Andra-Hus language">Andra-Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Elu language (Papua New Guinea)">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ere_language" title="Ere language">Ere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kele_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Kele language (New Guinea)">Kele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurti_language" title="Kurti language">Kurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(New_Guinea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koro language (New Guinea)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipon_language" title="Leipon language">Leipon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Lele language (Papua New Guinea)">Lele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nali_language" title="Nali language">Nali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papitalai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Papitalai language">Papitalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponam_language" title="Ponam language">Ponam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_language" title="Titan language">Titan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baluan-Pam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenkau_language" title="Lenkau language">Lenkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_language_(Austronesian)" title="Lou language (Austronesian)">Lou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauna_language" title="Nauna language">Nauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penchal_language" title="Penchal language">Penchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaniet_language" title="Kaniet language">Kaniet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimat_language" title="Seimat language">Seimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuvulu-Aua_language" title="Wuvulu-Aua language">Wuvulu-Aua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguluwan_language" title="Nguluwan language">Nguluwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapese_language" title="Yapese language">Yapese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Template:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moor language">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warembori_language" title="Warembori language">Warembori</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Halmahera Sea languages">Halmahera Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambel–Biga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maya–Matbat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maden_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiawat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiawat language">Fiawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera_languages" title="South Halmahera languages">South Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba_language" title="Taba language">Taba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebe_language" title="Gebe language">Gebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biakic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Biakic languages">Biakic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yapen_languages_(Austronesian)" title="Yapen languages (Austronesian)">Yapen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooi language">Wooi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerisiam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerisiam language">Yerisiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar language">Umar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty languages">Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yapese_language" title="Yapese language">Yapese</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manus_languages" title="Manus languages">Manus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baluan-Pam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenkau_language" title="Lenkau language">Lenkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_language_(Austronesian)" title="Lou language (Austronesian)">Lou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauna_language" title="Nauna language">Nauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penchal_language" title="Penchal language">Penchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kaniet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kaniet language">Northern Kaniet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaniet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Kaniet language">Southern Kaniet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimat_language" title="Seimat language">Seimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuvulu-Aua_language" title="Wuvulu-Aua language">Wuvulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuvulu-Aua_language" title="Wuvulu-Aua language">Aua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">Saint Matthias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mussau-Emira_language" title="Mussau-Emira language">Mussau-Emira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenis_language" title="Tenis language">Tenis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utupua</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Solomon_Islands)" title="Amba language (Solomon Islands)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asumboa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asumboa language">Asumboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbili_language" title="Tanimbili language">Tanimbili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanikoro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teanu_language" title="Teanu language">Teanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovono_language" title="Lovono language">Lovono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanema_language" title="Tanema language">Tanema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reefs-Santa_Cruz_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Reefs-Santa Cruz languages">Reefs–Santa Cruz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84iwoo_language" title="Äiwoo language">Äiwoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engdewu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Engdewu language">Engdewu / Nanggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BCgu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Natügu language">Natügu / Santa Cruz</a> <ul><li>Nalögo</li> <li>Noipx</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast<br />Solomonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gela–Guadalcanal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugotu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugotu language">Bugotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela_language" title="Gela language">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengo_language" title="Lengo language">Lengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birao_language" title="Birao language">Birao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghari_language" title="Ghari language">Ghari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malango_language" title="Malango language">Malango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talise_language" title="Talise language">Talise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malaita–<br />San Cristobal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longgu_language" title="Longgu language">Longgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'a language">Sa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arosi_language" title="Arosi language">Arosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagani_language" title="Fagani language">Fagani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauro_language" title="Bauro language">Bauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahua_language" title="Kahua language">Kahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owa_language" title="Owa language">Owa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_Wawa_language" title="Marau Wawa language">Marau Wawa</a> ? †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To%27abaita_language" class="mw-redirect" title="To'abaita language">To'abaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baelelea_language" title="Baelelea language">Baelelea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baeggu_language" title="Baeggu language">Baeggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fataleka_language" title="Fataleka language">Fataleka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_language_(Malaita)" title="Lau language (Malaita)">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwara%27ae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwara'ae language">Kwara'ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langalanga_language" title="Langalanga language">Wala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula%27alaa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gula'alaa language">Gula'alaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaio_language" title="Kwaio language">Kwaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dori%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dori'o language">Dori'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Are%27are_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Are'are language">'Are'are</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroha_language" title="Oroha language">Oroha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western<br />Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso–Melanesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kimbe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bola_language_(Austronesian)" title="Bola language (Austronesian)">Bola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulu_language_(Oceanic)" title="Bulu language (Oceanic)">Bulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meramera_language" title="Meramera language">Meramera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakanai_language" title="Nakanai language">Nakanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneapa_language" title="Uneapa language">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitu_language" title="Vitu language">Vitu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Ireland–<br />Northwest<br />Solomonic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungag–Nalik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kara language (Papua New Guinea)">Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxudumau_language" title="Laxudumau language">Laxudumau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalik_language" title="Nalik language">Nalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiang_language" title="Tiang language">Tiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigak_language" title="Tigak language">Tigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungag_language" title="Tungag language">Tungag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tabar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lihir_language" title="Lihir language">Lihir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_language" title="Mandara language">Madara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notsi_language" title="Notsi language">Notsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barok_language" title="Barok language">Barok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavatbura-Lamusong_language" title="Lavatbura-Lamusong language">Lavatbura–Lamusong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madak_language" title="Madak language">Madak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">St. George</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilur_language" title="Bilur language">Bilur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanamaket_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanamaket language">Fanamaket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandas_language" title="Kandas language">Kandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konomala_language" title="Konomala language">Konomala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_language" title="Label language">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungalunga_language" title="Lungalunga language">Lungalunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwer_Mil_language" title="Niwer Mil language">Niwer Mil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patpatar_language" title="Patpatar language">Patpatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoaaina_language" title="Ramoaaina language">Ramoaaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siar-Lak_language" title="Siar-Lak language">Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursurunga_language" title="Sursurunga language">Sursurunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Tolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwar_Feni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwar Feni language">Warwar Feni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Solomonic_languages" title="Northwest Solomonic languages">Northwest<br />Solomonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hahon_language" title="Hahon language">Hahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak%C3%B6_language" title="Hakö language">Hakö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halia_language" title="Halia language">Halia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehan_language" title="Nehan language">Nehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papapana_language" title="Papapana language">Papapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petats_language" title="Petats language">Petats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saposa_language" title="Saposa language">Saposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solos_language" title="Solos language">Solos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teop_language" title="Teop language">Teop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinputz_language" title="Tinputz language">Tinputz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannoni_language" title="Bannoni language">Bannoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Piva language">Piva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-Alu_language" title="Mono-Alu language">Mono-Alu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torau_language" title="Torau language">Torau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruava_language" title="Uruava language">Uruava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babatana_language" title="Babatana language">Babatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ririo_language" title="Ririo language">Ririo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisi_language" title="Varisi language">Varisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghua_language" title="Vaghua language">Vaghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanongga_language" title="Ghanongga language">Ghanongga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoava_language" title="Hoava language">Hoava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusaghe_language" title="Kusaghe language">Kusaghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungga_language" title="Lungga language">Lungga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marovo_language" title="Marovo language">Marovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduke_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nduke language">Nduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roviana_language" title="Roviana language">Roviana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbo_language" title="Simbo language">Simbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ughele_language" title="Ughele language">Ughele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangunu_language" title="Vangunu language">Vangunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blablanga_language" title="Blablanga language">Blablanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheke_Holo_language" title="Cheke Holo language">Cheke Holo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_language" title="Gao language">Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokota_language" title="Kokota language">Kokota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghu_language" title="Laghu language">Laghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabana_language" title="Zabana language">Zabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazao_language" title="Zazao language">Zazao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomoip_language" title="Tomoip language">Tomoip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarmi%E2%80%93Jayapura_languages" title="Sarmi–Jayapura languages">Sarmi–<br />Jayapura</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schouten_languages" title="Schouten languages">Schouten</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arop-Sissano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arop-Sissano language">Arop-Sissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_language" title="Sera language">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sissano_language" title="Sissano language">Sissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulau-Suain_language" title="Ulau-Suain language">Ulau-Suain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumleo_language" title="Tumleo language">Tumleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakamul_language" title="Yakamul language">Yakamul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiep_language" title="Kaiep language">Kaiep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairiru_language" title="Kairiru language">Kairiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terebu_language" title="Terebu language">Terebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biem_language" title="Biem language">Biem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kis_language" title="Kis language">Kis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manam_language" title="Manam language">Manam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medebur_language" title="Medebur language">Medebur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Sepa language (Papua New Guinea)">Sepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wogeo_language" title="Wogeo language">Wogeo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huon_Gulf_languages" title="Huon Gulf languages">Huon Gulf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukawa_language" title="Bukawa language">Bukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kela_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kela language (Papua New Guinea)">Kela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabem_language" title="Yabem language">Yabem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribwatsa_language" title="Aribwatsa language">Aribwatsa</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribwaung_language" title="Aribwaung language">Aribwaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adzera_language" title="Adzera language">Adzera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danggal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Danggal language">Dangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwet_language" title="Duwet language">Duwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labu_language" title="Labu language">Labu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maralango_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maralango language">Maralango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language_(Madang_Province)" title="Mari language (Madang Province)">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musom_language" title="Musom language">Musom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_language" title="Nafi language">Nafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silisili_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Silisili language">Silisili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampar_language" title="Wampar language">Wampar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampur_language" title="Wampur language">Wampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hote_language" title="Hote language">Hote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwal_language" title="Iwal language">Iwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapin_language" title="Kapin language">Kapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumalu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumalu language">Kumalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangga_Buang_language" title="Mangga Buang language">Mangga Buang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapos_Buang_language" title="Mapos Buang language">Mapos Buang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumeng_language" title="Mumeng language">Mumeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piu_language" title="Piu language">Piu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehes_language" title="Vehes language">Vehes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamap_language" title="Yamap language">Yamap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbami_language" title="Numbami language">Numbami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ngero%E2%80%93Vitiaz_languages" title="Ngero–Vitiaz languages">Ngero–Vitiaz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariai_language" title="Bariai language">Bariai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitua_language" title="Gitua language">Gitua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kove_language" title="Kove language">Kove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusi_language" title="Lusi language">Lusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalamai_language" title="Malalamai language">Malalamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutu_language" title="Mutu language">Mutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awad_Bing_language" title="Awad Bing language">Awad Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilibil_language" title="Bilibil language">Bilibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedaged_language" title="Gedaged language">Gedaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marik_language" title="Marik language">Marik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matukar_language" title="Matukar language">Matukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindiri_language" title="Mindiri language">Mindiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_language" title="Takia language">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wab_language" title="Wab language">Wab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamogai_language" title="Lamogai language">Lamogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouk-Aria_language" title="Mouk-Aria language">Mouk-Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigon_language" title="Aigon language">Aigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karore_language" title="Karore language">Karore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaulong_language" title="Kaulong language">Kaulong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miu_language" title="Miu language">Miu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengseng_language" title="Sengseng language">Sengseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Aiklep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akolet_language" title="Akolet language">Akolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Apalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avau_language" title="Avau language">Avau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebeli_language" title="Bebeli language">Bebeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Gimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesing-Gelimi_language" title="Lesing-Gelimi language">Lesing-Gelimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangseng_language" title="Mangseng language">Mangseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solong_language" title="Solong language">Solong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lote_language" title="Lote language">Lote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamusi_language" title="Mamusi language">Mamusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengen_language" title="Mengen language">Mengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arop-Lukep_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arop-Lukep language">Arop-Lukep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnai_language" title="Karnai language">Karnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasanga_language" title="Malasanga language">Malasanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mur_Pano_language" title="Mur Pano language">Mur Pano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mato_language" title="Mato language">Mato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronji_language" title="Ronji language">Ronji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amara_language" title="Amara language">Amara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleu-Kilenge_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleu-Kilenge language">Maleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbula_language" title="Mbula language">Mbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sio_language" title="Sio language">Sio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tami_language" title="Tami language">Tami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Auhelawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Auhelawa language">'Auhelawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhutu_language" title="Buhutu language">Buhutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwanabwana_language" title="Bwanabwana language">Bwanabwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oya%27oya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oya'oya language">Oya'oya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliba_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Saliba language (Papua New Guinea)">Saliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suau_language" title="Suau language">Suau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unubahe_language" title="Unubahe language">Unubahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagawaga_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Wagawaga language (New Guinea)">Wagawaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwaidoka_language" title="Bwaidoka language">Bwaidoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodio_language" title="Diodio language">Diodio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamalele_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamalele language">Iamalele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iduna_language" title="Iduna language">Iduna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koluwawa_language" title="Koluwawa language">Koluwawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiadomu_language" title="Maiadomu language">Maiadomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunama_language" title="Bunama language">Bunama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boselewa_language" title="Boselewa language">Boselewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobu_language" title="Dobu language">Dobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duau_language" title="Duau language">Duau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeya_language" title="Galeya language">Galeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molima_language" title="Molima language">Molima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwatebu_language" title="Mwatebu language">Mwatebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewa_Bay_language" title="Sewa Bay language">Sewa Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawawa_language" title="Dawawa language">Dawawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakabai_language" title="Kakabai language">Kakabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Are_language" title="Are language">Are</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arifama-Miniafia_language" title="Arifama-Miniafia language">Arifama-Miniafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_language" title="Doga language">Doga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapapaiwa_language" title="Gapapaiwa language">Gapapaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayavi_language" title="Ghayavi language">Ghayavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaninuwa_language" title="Kaninuwa language">Kaninuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubir_language" title="Ubir language">Ubir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweda_language" title="Gweda language">Gweda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haigwai_language" title="Haigwai language">Haigwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwala_language" title="Maiwala language">Maiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaveha_language" title="Minaveha language">Minaveha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taupota_language" title="Taupota language">Taupota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawala_language" title="Tawala language">Tawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakaikeke_language" title="Yakaikeke language">Yakaikeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuki_language" title="Anuki language">Anuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumawana_language" title="Gumawana language">Gumawana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kilivila–Misima</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budibud_language" title="Budibud language">Budibud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilivila_language" title="Kilivila language">Kilivila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misima_language" title="Misima language">Misima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyuw_language" title="Muyuw language">Muyuw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nimoa–Sudest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimoa_language" title="Nimoa language">Nimoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudest_language" title="Sudest language">Sudest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern<br />Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres-Banks_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres-Banks languages">Torres–Banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-Toga_language" title="Lo-Toga language">Lo-Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehali_language" title="Lehali language">Lehali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language" title="Löyöp language">Löyöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwotlap_language" title="Mwotlap language">Mwotlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volow_language" title="Volow language">Volow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemerig_language" title="Lemerig language">Lemerig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera'a language">Vera’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwesen_language" title="Mwesen language">Mwesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nume_language" title="Nume language">Nume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorig_language" title="Dorig language">Dorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Koro language (Vanuatu)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrat_language" title="Olrat language">Olrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwerlap_language" title="Mwerlap language">Mwerlap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maewo–Ambae–<br />North Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadia_language" title="Sungwadia language">Sun̄wadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterara language">Sun̄wadaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetora_language" title="Baetora language">Baetora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duidui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duidui language">Duidui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ambae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Ambae language">Northeast Ambae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ske_language" title="Ske language">Ske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apma_language" title="Apma language">Apma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa language">Sa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages" title="Espiritu Santo languages">Espiritu Santo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cumberland_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Cumberland language">Cape Cumberland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokuku_language" title="Nokuku language">Nokuku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolomako_language" title="Tolomako language">Tolomako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusi_language" title="Wusi language">Wusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akei_language" title="Akei language">Akei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasiriki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasiriki language">Tasiriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangoa_language" title="Tangoa language">Tangoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiale_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiale language">Tiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Merei language">Merei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiai_language" title="Kiai language">Kiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%CC%88av%CC%88ea_language" class="mw-redirect" title="M̈av̈ea language">M̈av̈ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutuba_language" title="Tutuba language">Tutuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aore_language" title="Aore language">Aore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamambo_language" title="Tamambo language">Tamambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores_language" title="Mores language">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark Bay language">Shark Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakao_language" title="Sakao language">Sakao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Southern<br />Oceanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language" title="Northeast Malakula language">Northeast Malakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vao_language" title="Vao language">Vao</a></li> <li>Vovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpotovoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpotovoro language">Mpotovoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirak language">Dirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malua_Bay_language" title="Malua Bay language">Malua Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%27%C3%ABnen_Taut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="V'ënen Taut language">V’ënen Taut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_language" title="Tape language">Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larevat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Larevat language">Larevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve%27ei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve'ei language">Neve’ei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naman language">Naman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navava_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Navava language">Navava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevwervwer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevwervwer language">Nevwervwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unua_language" title="Unua language">Unua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangkumu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkumu language">Pangkumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banam_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banam Bay language">Banam Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulua_language" title="Aulua language">Aulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendamboi_language" title="Lendamboi language">Lendamboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasarian_language" title="Nasarian language">Nasarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axamb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axamb language">Axamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avok_language" title="Avok language">Avok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskelynes_language" title="Maskelynes language">Maskelynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language" title="Port Sandwich language">Port Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinesip_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinesip language">Sinesip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naha%27ai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha'ai language">Naha’ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninde_language" title="Ninde language">Ninde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ambrym language">West Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ambrym language">South Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkir language">Mkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakanamanga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakanamanga language">Nakanamanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguna language">Nguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakir language">Namakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Efate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Efate language">South Efate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erromango</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sie language">Sie / Erromangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorung_language" title="Sorung language">Sorung</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifo language">Ifo</a> (Utaha) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Ura language (Vanuatu)">Ura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tanna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwamera_language" title="Kwamera language">Kwamera (South Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Tanna_language" title="Southwest Tanna language">Southwest Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenakel_language" title="Lenakel language">Lenakel (West Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesands_language" title="Whitesands language">Whitesands (East Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tanna_language" title="North Tanna language">North Tanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneityum_language" title="Aneityum language">Aneityum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalties–<br />New Caledonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalty Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaai_language" title="Iaai language">Iaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Caledonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndrumbea_language" title="Ndrumbea language">Ndrumbea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A8%C3%A8_language" title="Numèè language">Numèè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2c%C3%B9%C3%B9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xârâcùù language">Xârâcùù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2gur%C3%A8_language" title="Xârâgurè language">Xârâgurè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AEr%C3%AE_language" title="Tîrî language">Tîrî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zire_language" title="Zire language">Zire</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%B6_language" title="Arhö language">Arhö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%A2_language" title="Arhâ language">Arhâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neku_language" title="Neku language">Neku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orowe_language" title="Orowe language">Orowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamale_language" title="Vamale language">Vamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveke_language" title="Haveke language">Haveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeke_language" title="Haeke language">Haeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8muh%C3%AE_language" title="Cèmuhî language">Cèmuhî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwaamei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwaamei language">Pwaamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwapwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwapwa language">Pwapwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwatoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bwatoo">Bwatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmwaveke_language" title="Hmwaveke language">Hmwaveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waamwang_language" title="Waamwang language">Waamwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fw%C3%A2i_language" title="Fwâi language">Fwâi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawe_language" title="Jawe language">Jawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_language" title="Nemi language">Nemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pije_language" title="Pije language">Pije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caac_language" title="Caac language">Caac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumak_language" title="Kumak language">Kumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanga_language" title="Yuanga language">Yuanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%A2layu_language" title="Nyâlayu language">Nyâlayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_language" title="Nauruan language">Nauruan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Micronesian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosraean_language" title="Kosraean language">Kosraean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chuukic-Pohnpeic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuukic-Pohnpeic languages">Chuukic–<br />Pohnpeic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chuukic_languages" title="Chuukic languages">Chuukic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonsorol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonsorol language">Sonsorol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobian_language" title="Tobian language">Tobian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuukese_language" title="Chuukese language">Chuukese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleaian_language" title="Woleaian language">Woleaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulithian_language" title="Ulithian language">Ulithian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puluwatese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puluwatese language">Puluwatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namonuito_language" title="Namonuito language">Namonuito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanapag_language" title="Tanapag language">Tanapag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinian_language" title="Carolinian language">Carolinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satawalese_language" title="Satawalese language">Satawalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortlockese_language" title="Mortlockese language">Mortlockese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1%C3%A1fang_language" title="Pááfang language">Pááfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapia_language" title="Mapia language">Mapia</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pohnpeic_languages" title="Pohnpeic languages">Pohnpeic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mokilese_language" title="Mokilese language">Mokilese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingelapese_language" title="Pingelapese language">Pingelapese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohnpeian_language" title="Pohnpeian language">Pohnpeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngatikese_language" title="Ngatikese language">Ngatikese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua_language" title="Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua language">Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Fijian_language" title="Western Fijian language">Western Fijian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_Dau_language" title="Gone Dau language">Gone Dau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauan_language" title="Lauan language">Lauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomaiviti_language" title="Lomaiviti language">Lomaiviti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear<br />Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_language" title="Ontong Java language">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_language" title="Nukumanu language">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuguria language">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoic_languages" title="Samoic languages">Samoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuatoputapu_language" title="Niuatoputapu language">Niuatoputapu</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marqeusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Austral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Māori language">Cook Islands Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongareva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongareva language">Tongareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Futunic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian (East Uvean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan (East Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuna-Aniwa">Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuafo'ou language">Niuafo'ou</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a 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