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Toggle Start of World War II subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Start_of_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ghettoization_and_resettlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghettoization_and_resettlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ghettoization and resettlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghettoization_and_resettlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Invasion of the Soviet Union </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Invasion of the Soviet Union subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mass_shootings_of_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_shootings_of_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mass shootings of Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_shootings_of_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematic_deportations_across_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematic_deportations_across_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Systematic deportations across Europe </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Systematic_deportations_across_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Systematic deportations across Europe subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Systematic_deportations_across_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extermination_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extermination_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Extermination camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extermination_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquidation_of_the_ghettos_in_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquidation_of_the_ghettos_in_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Liquidation of the ghettos in Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquidation_of_the_ghettos_in_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deportations_from_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deportations_from_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Deportations from elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deportations_from_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perpetrators_and_beneficiaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpetrators_and_beneficiaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Perpetrators and beneficiaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perpetrators_and_beneficiaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Forced labor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escape_and_hiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escape_and_hiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Escape and hiding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escape_and_hiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 International reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_half_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_half_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Second half of the war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_half_of_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Second half of the war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Second_half_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continuing_killings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_killings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Continuing killings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_killings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_marches_and_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_marches_and_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Death marches and liberation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_marches_and_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Death toll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Aftermath and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_home_and_emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_home_and_emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Return home and emigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_home_and_emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Criminal trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Reparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remembrance_and_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remembrance_and_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Remembrance and historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remembrance_and_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1.2 Book chapters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1.3 Journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">The Holocaust</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 160 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-160" aria-hidden="true" > 160 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkermord_an_den_europ%C3%A4ischen_Juden" title="Völkermord an den europäischen Juden – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Völkermord an den europäischen Juden" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%86%E1%88%8E%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5" title="ሆሎኮስት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሆሎኮስት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="यहूदी अग्निकांड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यहूदी अग्निकांड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eallb%C3%A6rnet" title="Eallbærnet – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eallbærnet" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الإبادة النازية لليهود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإبادة النازية لليهود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocausto" title="Holocausto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Holocausto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%9B%DC%A0%DC%A5%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%9D%DC%97%DC%98%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܝܗܘܕܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܝܗܘܕܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A9" title="Հոլոքոսթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հոլոքոսթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="ইহুদী গণহত্যা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইহুদী গণহত্যা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaustu" title="Holocaustu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Holocaustu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocausto" title="Holocausto – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Holocausto" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokost" title="Holokost – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Holokost" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="هولوکاست – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هولوکاست" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="ইহুদি গণহত্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইহুদি গণহত্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокост – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Холокост" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Халакост – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Халакост" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Галакост – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галакост" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokausto" title="Holokausto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Holokausto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Холокост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaust" title="Holokaust – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Holokaust" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loskaberzh" title="Loskaberzh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loskaberzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокост – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Холокост" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокост – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Холокост" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaust" title="Holokaust – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Holokaust" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokosti" title="Holokosti – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Holokosti" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushigido" title="Rushigido – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rushigido" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Holocost" title="Yr Holocost – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Holocost" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokausta" title="Holokausta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Holokausta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaust" title="Holokaust – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Holokaust" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ολοκαύτωμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολοκαύτωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocausto" title="Holocausto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Holocausto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoka%C5%ADsto" title="Holokaŭsto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Holokaŭsto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaustoa" title="Holokaustoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Holokaustoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="هولوکاست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هولوکاست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="The Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaust" title="Holokaust – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Holokaust" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah" title="Shoah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shoah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaust" title="Holokaust – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Holokaust" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uileloscadh" title="Uileloscadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uileloscadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Deherree" title="Yn Deherree – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Deherree" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uile-losgadh" title="Uile-losgadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uile-losgadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocausto" title="Holocausto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Holocausto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="홀로코스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홀로코스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="The Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Հոլոքոստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոլոքոստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="यहूदी नरसंहार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यहूदी नरसंहार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaust" title="Holokaust – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Holokaust" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokausto" title="Holokausto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Holokausto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokausto" title="Holokausto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Holokausto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaus" title="Holokaus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Holokaus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocausto" title="Holocausto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Holocausto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helf%C3%B6rin" title="Helförin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Helförin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olocausto" title="Olocausto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olocausto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="השואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soowa_(Shoah)" title="Soowa (Shoah) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Soowa (Shoah)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹೋಲೋಕಾಸ್ಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೋಲೋಕಾಸ್ಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰოლოკოსტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰოლოკოსტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокост – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Холокост" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loskaberth" title="Loskaberth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Loskaberth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsembabwoko_ry%E2%80%99Abayahudi" title="Itsembabwoko ry’Abayahudi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Itsembabwoko ry’Abayahudi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maangamizi_makuu_dhidi_ya_Wayahudi_wa_Ulaya" title="Maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah" title="Shoah – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Shoah" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokost" title="Holokost – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Holokost" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокост – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Холокост" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah" title="Shoah – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Shoah" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olok%C3%B3sto" title="Olokósto – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Olokósto" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soa" title="Soa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Soa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokausts" title="Holokausts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Holokausts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокост – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Холокост" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaustas" title="Holokaustas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Holokaustas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaus" title="Holocaus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Holocaus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah" title="Shoah – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Shoah" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokauszt" title="Holokauszt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Holokauszt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокауст – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Холокауст" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah" title="Shoah – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Shoah" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹോളോകോസ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹോളോകോസ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Olokawst" title="L-Olokawst – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="L-Olokawst" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="होलोकॉस्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="होलोकॉस्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰოლოკოსტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰოლოკოსტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="هولوكوست – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هولوكوست" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="هولوکاست – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هولوکاست" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokus" title="Holokus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Holokus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houlocausto" title="Houlocausto – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Houlocausto" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокост – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Холокост" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျူး သုတ်သင်ရေး စီမံကိန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျူး သုတ်သင်ရေး စီမံကိန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="यहुदी नरसंहार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="यहुदी नरसंहार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="होलोकस्ट – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="होलोकस्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="ホロコースト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホロコースト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокост – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Холокост" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Holokauste" title="Li Holokauste – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Li Holokauste" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olocaust" title="Olocaust – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Olocaust" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокост – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Холокост" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokost" title="Holokost – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Holokost" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%98%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਯਹੂਦੀ ਘੱਲੂਘਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਹੂਦੀ ਘੱਲੂਘਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9" title="ہولو کاسٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہولو کاسٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokousto" title="Holokousto – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Holokousto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BC" title="هولو کاسټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هولو کاسټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Olokaas" title="Di Olokaas – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Di Olokaas" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B" title="ការសម្លាប់រង្គាល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ការសម្លាប់រង្គាល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oloc%C3%A0ust" title="Olocàust – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Olocàust" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zag%C5%82ada_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w" title="Zagłada Żydów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zagłada Żydów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocausto" title="Holocausto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Holocausto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokausto" title="Holokausto – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Holokausto" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulukawustu" title="Hulukawustu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hulukawustu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Голокауст – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Голокауст" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокост – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холокост" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокост – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Холокост" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oloc%C3%A0ustu" title="Olocàustu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Olocàustu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokausti" title="Holokausti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Holokausti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olucaustu" title="Olucaustu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Olucaustu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="මහා යුදෙව් සංහාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මහා යුදෙව් සංහාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Holocaust" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD" title="ھولوڪاسٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھولوڪاسٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaust" title="Holokaust – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Holokaust" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokavst" title="Holokavst – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Holokavst" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokost" title="Holokost – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Holokost" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ھۆلۆکۆست – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆلۆکۆست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Холокауст – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Холокауст" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaust" title="Holokaust – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Holokaust" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokausti" title="Holokausti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Holokausti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rintelsen" title="Förintelsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förintelsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokausto" title="Holokausto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Holokausto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பெரும் இன அழிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெரும் இன அழிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulukust" title="Hulukust – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Hulukust" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokost" title="Holokost – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Holokost" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="హోలోకాస్ట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హోలోకాస్ట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olokaustu" title="Olokaustu – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Olokaustu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ฮอโลคอสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮอโลคอสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokost" title="Holokost – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Holokost" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Голокост – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голокост" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holokaust" title="Holokaust – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Holokaust" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Holokausto" title="An Holokausto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="An Holokausto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="犹太人大屠杀 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="犹太人大屠杀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the state-sponsored genocide of European Jews during World War II. For all peoples persecuted during this era, see <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Holocaust victims</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Holocaust" and "Shoah" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Holocaust (disambiguation)">Holocaust (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shoah (disambiguation)">Shoah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the origin of the name, see <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">Holocaust (sacrifice)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">The Holocaust</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau,_1944_(Auschwitz_Album)_1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large number of people standing beside a railway siding with the camp gate in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1b.jpg/240px-Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1b.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1b.jpg/360px-Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1b.jpg/480px-Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4205" data-file-height="2814" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Jews arriving at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German-occupied Poland</a>, May 1944. Most were <a href="/wiki/Selection_(Holocaust)" title="Selection (Holocaust)">selected</a> to go to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_chambers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas chambers">gas chambers</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">Europe, primarily <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Poland" title="German-occupied Poland">German-occupied Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">mass shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches">death marches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison gas">poison gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Around 6 million Jews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">its collaborators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">allies</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Holocaust (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɑːləkɔːˈst/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/29\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Holocaust.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Holocaust.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Holocaust.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Holocaust.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Holocaust.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Holocaust.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Holocaust.wav">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">HAW-lə-kawst</a>) was the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">European Jews</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Between 1941 and 1945, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">its collaborators</a> systematically murdered <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">some six million Jews</a> across <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out primarily through <a href="#Mass_shootings">mass shootings</a> and poison gas in <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a>, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a> in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied Poland</a>. Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and prisoners of war (POWs); the term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">other groups</a>. The Nazis developed <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">their ideology</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">pursuit of "living space"</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">seized power</a> in early 1933. Meant to <a href="/wiki/Emigration_of_Jews_from_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">force all German Jews to emigrate</a>, regardless of means, the regime passed anti-Jewish laws, encouraged harassment, and orchestrated a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> in November 1938. After Germany <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a> in September 1939, occupation authorities began to establish <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a> to segregate Jews. Following the June 1941 <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the Soviet Union">invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, 1.5 to 2 million Jews <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mass_shootings_of_Jews">were shot</a> by German forces and local collaborators. Later in 1941 or early 1942, the highest levels of the German government decided to <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">murder all Jews in Europe</a>. Victims were deported by rail to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were killed with poison gas. Other Jews continued to be employed in <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor in Nazi Germany">forced labor camps</a> where many died from starvation, abuse, exhaustion, or being used as test subjects in deadly <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">medical experiments</a>. Although many Jews tried to escape, surviving in hiding was difficult due to factors such as the lack of money to pay helpers and the risk of denunciation. The property, homes, and jobs belonging to murdered Jews were redistributed to the German occupiers and other non-Jews. Although the majority of Holocaust victims died in 1942, the killing continued at a lower rate until the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">end of the war</a> in May 1945. Many <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Jewish survivors</a> emigrated outside of Europe after the war. A few <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_perpetrators" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust perpetrators">Holocaust perpetrators</a> faced criminal trials. Billions of dollars in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_reparations" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust reparations">reparations</a> have been paid, although falling short of the Jews' losses. The Holocaust has also been commemorated in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">museums, memorials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="The Holocaust in the arts and popular culture">culture</a>. It has become central to Western historical consciousness as a symbol of the ultimate human evil. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_scope">Terminology and scope</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></div> The term Holocaust, derived from a Greek word meaning '<a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">burnt offering</a>',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201614-1">[1]</a> has become the most common word used to describe the Nazi extermination of Jews in English and many other languages.<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> The term Holocaust is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of other groups that the Nazis targeted,<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> especially those targeted on a biological basis, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Roma and Sinti</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">Soviet civilians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016xxix-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiewykNicosia200045–52-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckBerenbaum2002311-6">[4]</a> All of these groups, however, were targeted for different reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2023Introduction:_What_is_the_Holocaust?-7">[5]</a> By the 1970s, the adjective Jewish was dropped as redundant and Holocaust, now capitalized, became the default term for the destruction of European Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalimani201870–100,_78–79,_86–87,_94–95,_xxix-8">[6]</a> The Hebrew word Shoah ('catastrophic destruction') exclusively refers to Jewish victims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesRoth20102-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn20184-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016xxix-4">[2]</a> The perpetrators used the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>" as a euphemism for their genocide of Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201615-11">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagoge_Pegnitz_Nuernberg_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A postcard of a river with buildings behind it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Synagoge_Pegnitz_Nuernberg_1900.jpg/220px-Synagoge_Pegnitz_Nuernberg_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Synagoge_Pegnitz_Nuernberg_1900.jpg/330px-Synagoge_Pegnitz_Nuernberg_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Synagoge_Pegnitz_Nuernberg_1900.jpg/440px-Synagoge_Pegnitz_Nuernberg_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Pegnitz_(river)" title="Pegnitz (river)">Pegnitz</a> River (c. 1900) with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Synagogue_of_Nuremberg" title="Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg">Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg</a>, destroyed in 1938 during the <a href="/wiki/November_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="November pogroms">November pogroms</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Jews have lived in Europe</a> for more than two thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert201522-12">[10]</a> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in Europe, Jews were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">antisemitism based on Christian theology</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">blamed them for killing Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen201614–17-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitz201058-14">[12]</a> In the nineteenth century many European countries <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">granted full citizenship rights to Jews</a> in hopes that they would <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">assimilate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201620–21-15">[13]</a> By the early twentieth century, most Jews in central and western Europe were well integrated into society, while in eastern Europe, where emancipation had arrived later, many Jews continued to live in <a href="/wiki/Shtetls" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtetls">small towns</a>, spoke <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, and practiced <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201621–22-16">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political antisemitism">Political antisemitism</a> positing the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a> and usually an <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">international Jewish conspiracy</a> emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth century due to the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">rise of nationalism in Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> that increased economic conflicts between Jews and non-Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b195-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201821–23-18">[16]</a> Some scientists began to <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">categorize humans into different races</a> and argued that there was a <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">life or death struggle between them</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201825-19">[17]</a> Many racists argued that <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Jews were a separate racial group alien to Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016146-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b196-21">[19]</a> The turn of the twentieth century saw a major effort to establish a <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a> overseas, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide</a> and subsequent racial apartheid regime in <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">South West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitz201062-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201637-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) intensified nationalist and racist sentiments in Germany and other European countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitz201064–65-24">[22]</a> Jews in eastern Europe were targeted by <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">widespread pogroms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201824-25">[23]</a> Germany had <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties of World War I">two million war dead</a> and lost a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">substantial territory</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitz201064–65-24">[22]</a> opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">postwar settlement</a> united Germans across the political spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitz201065-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2009133-27">[25]</a> The military promoted the untrue but compelling idea that, rather than being defeated on the battlefield, <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Germany had been stabbed in the back</a> by socialists and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitz201065-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2009135-28">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stab-in-the-back_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Stab-in-the-back_postcard.jpg/220px-Stab-in-the-back_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Stab-in-the-back_postcard.jpg/330px-Stab-in-the-back_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Stab-in-the-back_postcard.jpg/440px-Stab-in-the-back_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>1919 <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austrian</a> postcard showing a <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Jew stabbing a German Army soldier in the back</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> was founded in the wake of the war,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b197-29">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">its ideology</a> is often cited as the main factor explaining the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016143-30">[28]</a> From the beginning, the Nazis—not unlike other nation-states in Europe—dreamed of <a href="/wiki/A_World_Without_Jews" title="A World Without Jews">a world without Jews</a>, whom they identified as "the embodiment of everything that was wrong with <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2023Introduction:_What_is_the_Holocaust?-7">[5]</a> The Nazis defined the German nation as a <a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">racial community</a> unbounded by <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Germany" title="Territorial evolution of Germany">Germany's physical borders</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201857-31">[29]</a> and sought to purge it of racially foreign and socially deficient elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitz201065-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone202061,_65-32">[30]</a> The Nazi Party and its leader, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, were also obsessed with reversing Germany's territorial losses and acquiring additional <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> (living space) in Eastern Europe for colonization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201842-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen201652–54-34">[32]</a> These ideas appealed to many Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone202062–63,_65-35">[33]</a> The Nazis promised to protect European civilization from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201017-36">[34]</a> Hitler believed that Jews <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">controlled the Soviet Union</a>, as well as the Western powers, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">were plotting to destroy Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2019120–121,_123-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201859-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201018-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_Nazi_Germany">Rise of Nazi Germany</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Das_Grossdeutsche_Reich.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Das_Grossdeutsche_Reich.jpeg/260px-Das_Grossdeutsche_Reich.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Das_Grossdeutsche_Reich.jpeg/390px-Das_Grossdeutsche_Reich.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Das_Grossdeutsche_Reich.jpeg/520px-Das_Grossdeutsche_Reich.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Territorial expansion of Germany</a> from 1933 to 1941</figcaption></figure> Amidst a <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">worldwide economic depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_cabinets_of_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Presidential cabinets of the Weimar Republic">political fragmentation</a>, the Nazi Party rapidly increased its support, reaching a high of 37 percent <a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">in mid-1932 elections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2009138–139-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201833-41">[39]</a> by campaigning on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Anticommunism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunism">anticommunism</a> and economic recovery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016151-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201833–34-43">[41]</a> Hitler <a href="/wiki/Nazi_rise_to_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi rise to power">was appointed chancellor</a> in January 1933 in a backroom deal supported by right-wing politicians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2009138–139-40">[38]</a> Within months, all other political parties were banned, the regime seized control of the media,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201639-44">[42]</a> tens of thousands of political opponents—especially communists—were arrested, and <a href="/wiki/Early_camps" title="Early camps">a system of camps</a> for <a href="/wiki/Protective_custody_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Protective custody (Nazi Germany)">extrajudicial imprisonment</a> was set up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann201532–38-45">[43]</a> The Nazi regime cracked down on crime and social outsiders—such as <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Roma and Sinti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">homosexual men</a>, and those perceived as workshy—through a variety of measures, including imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone202066-46">[44]</a> The Nazis <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">forcibly sterilized</a> 400,000 people and subjected others to <a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">forced abortions</a> for real or supposed hereditary illnesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone202067-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201655-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201047–48-49">[47]</a> Although the Nazis sought to control every aspect of public and private life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201835-50">[48]</a> Nazi repression was directed almost entirely against groups perceived as outside the national community. Most Germans had little to fear provided they did not oppose the new regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2009148-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone202065-52">[50]</a> The new regime built popular support through economic growth, which partly occurred through <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">state-led measures</a> such as <a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">rearmament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201639-44">[42]</a> The annexations of <a href="/wiki/German_annexation_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="German annexation of Austria">Austria</a> (1938), <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Sudetenland</a> (1938), and <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a> (1939) also increased the Nazis' popular support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201640-53">[51]</a> Germans were inundated with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">propaganda</a> both against Jews<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201639-44">[42]</a> and other groups targeted by the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201655-48">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_Jews">Persecution of Jews</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">The Holocaust in Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_pre-war_Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany">Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany</a></div> The roughly 500,000 <a href="/wiki/German_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jews">German Jews</a> made up less than 1 percent of the country's population in 1933. They were wealthier on average than other Germans and largely assimilated, although a minority were recent immigrants from eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani20167-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201043-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201896-56">[54]</a> Various German government agencies, Nazi Party organizations, and local authorities instituted <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_prewar_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany">about 1,500 anti-Jewish laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201639,_41-57">[55]</a> In 1933, Jews were banned or restricted from several professions and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201640-53">[51]</a> After hounding the German Jews out of public life by the end of 1934, the regime passed the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201052-58">[56]</a> The laws reserved full citizenship rights for those of "German or related blood", restricted Jews' economic activity, and criminalized new marriages and <a href="/wiki/Race_defilement" class="mw-redirect" title="Race defilement">sexual relationships between Jews and non-Jewish Germans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201052,_60-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201641-60">[58]</a> Jews were defined as those with three or four Jewish grandparents; many of those with partial Jewish descent were classified as <a href="/wiki/Mischlinge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mischlinge">Mischlinge</a>, with varying rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016106-61">[59]</a> The regime also sought to segregate Jews with a view to their ultimate disappearance from the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich201052-58">[56]</a> Jewish students were gradually forced out of the school system. Some municipalities enacted restrictions governing where Jews were allowed to live or conduct business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201642-62">[60]</a> In 1938 and 1939, Jews were barred from additional occupations, and their businesses were expropriated to force them out of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201641-60">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_old_synagogue_in_Aachen_after_its_destruction_during_Kristallnacht_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A building that has been ransacked with debris strewn around" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/View_of_the_old_synagogue_in_Aachen_after_its_destruction_during_Kristallnacht_03.jpg/170px-View_of_the_old_synagogue_in_Aachen_after_its_destruction_during_Kristallnacht_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/View_of_the_old_synagogue_in_Aachen_after_its_destruction_during_Kristallnacht_03.jpg/255px-View_of_the_old_synagogue_in_Aachen_after_its_destruction_during_Kristallnacht_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/View_of_the_old_synagogue_in_Aachen_after_its_destruction_during_Kristallnacht_03.jpg/340px-View_of_the_old_synagogue_in_Aachen_after_its_destruction_during_Kristallnacht_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>View of the old synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> after its destruction during <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></figcaption></figure> Anti-Jewish violence, largely locally organized by members of Nazi Party institutions, took primarily non-lethal forms from 1933 to 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201643–44-63">[61]</a> Jewish stores, especially in rural areas, were often boycotted or vandalized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201644–45-64">[62]</a> As a result of local and popular pressure, many small towns became entirely <a href="/wiki/Judenfrei" title="Judenfrei">free of Jews</a> and as many as a third of Jewish businesses may have been forced to close.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201645-65">[63]</a> Anti-Jewish violence was even worse in <a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">areas annexed by Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201646-66">[64]</a> On 9–10 November 1938, the Nazis organized <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> (Night of Broken Glass), a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>. Over 7,500 Jewish shops (out of 9,000) were looted, more than 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> were damaged or destroyed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016184–185-67">[65]</a> at least 90 Jews were murdered,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016184,_187-68">[66]</a> and as many as <a href="/wiki/Mass_arrests_after_Kristallnacht" title="Mass arrests after Kristallnacht">30,000 Jewish men were arrested</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201644-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010112-70">[68]</a> although many were released within weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016200-71">[69]</a> German Jews were <a href="/wiki/Judenverm%C3%B6gensabgabe" title="Judenvermögensabgabe">levied a special tax</a> that raised more than 1 billion <a href="/wiki/Reichsmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsmarks">Reichsmarks</a> (RM).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010117,_119-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-1billion-75">[c]</a> The Nazi government wanted to <a href="/wiki/Emigration_of_Jews_from_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">force all Jews to leave Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201648-76">[73]</a> By the end of 1939, most Jews who could emigrate had already done so; those who remained behind were disproportionately elderly, poor, or female and could not obtain a visa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201649,_53-77">[74]</a> The plurality, around 110,000, left for the United States, while smaller numbers emigrated to South America, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Ghetto" title="Shanghai Ghetto">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201652-78">[75]</a> Germany collected <a href="/wiki/Reich_Flight_Tax" title="Reich Flight Tax">emigration taxes</a> of nearly 1 billion RM,<a href="#cite_note-1billion-75">[c]</a> mostly from Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201650-79">[76]</a> The policy of forced emigration continued into 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201651-80">[77]</a> Besides Germany, a significant number of other European countries abandoned democracy for some kind of authoritarian or fascist rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201017-36">[34]</a> Many countries, including Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia, passed antisemitic legislation in the 1930s and 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016332–334-81">[78]</a> In October 1938, <a href="/wiki/Polenaktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Polenaktion">Germany deported many Polish Jews</a> in response to a Polish law that enabled the <a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">revocation of citizenship</a> for Polish Jews living abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201649-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010109–110-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Start_of_World_War_II">Start of World War II</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danzigers_cheer_for_Adolf_Hitler_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large crowd of people with swastika banners" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Danzigers_cheer_for_Adolf_Hitler_2.jpg/220px-Danzigers_cheer_for_Adolf_Hitler_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Danzigers_cheer_for_Adolf_Hitler_2.jpg/330px-Danzigers_cheer_for_Adolf_Hitler_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Danzigers_cheer_for_Adolf_Hitler_2.jpg/440px-Danzigers_cheer_for_Adolf_Hitler_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Danzigers rallying for Hitler, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">free city</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Danzig_crisis" title="Danzig crisis">annexation into Germany</a></figcaption></figure> The German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> (armed forces) <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a> on 1 September 1939, triggering declarations of war <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">from the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="French declaration of war on Germany (1939)">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201656-84">[81]</a> During the five weeks of fighting, as many as 16,000 civilians, hostages, and <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> may have been shot by the German invaders;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201657-85">[82]</a> there was also a great deal of looting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201898-86">[83]</a> Special units known as <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> followed the army to eliminate any possible resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201899,_101-87">[84]</a> Around 50,000 Polish and Polish Jewish leaders and intellectuals <a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">were arrested or executed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201657–58-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018102–103-89">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> was established to hold those members of the Polish intelligentsia not killed in the purges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2017241-90">[87]</a> Around 400,000 Poles were expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Wartheland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartheland">Wartheland</a> in western Poland to the <a href="/wiki/General_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="General Governorate">General Governorate</a> occupation zone from 1939 to 1941, and the area was <a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">resettled</a> by <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">ethnic Germans from eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201658-91">[88]</a> The rest of Poland was <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union#Soviet_annexation_of_eastern_Poland,_1939–1941" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">occupied by the Soviet Union</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">invaded Poland from the east</a> on 17 September pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet pact">German–Soviet pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201846,_73-92">[89]</a> The Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens</a> to the Soviet interior, including as many as 260,000 Jews who largely survived the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201886-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016362-94">[91]</a> Although most Jews were not communists, some accepted positions in the Soviet administration, contributing to a pre-existing perception among many non-Jews that Soviet rule was a Jewish conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201889–90-95">[92]</a> In 1940, Germany invaded much of western Europe including <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_France_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of France (1940)">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Denmark and Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201656-84">[81]</a> In 1941, Germany <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Yugoslavia">invaded Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201656-84">[81]</a> Some of these new holdings were <a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">fully or partially annexed into Germany</a> while others were placed under <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">civilian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Military Administration (Nazi Germany)">military rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201657-85">[82]</a> The war provided cover for "<a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a>", the murder of around 70,000 institutionalized Germans with mental or physical disabilities at specialized killing centers using poison gas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201658-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay202138-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen2016162-97">[94]</a> The victims included all 4,000 to 5,000 institutionalized Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay202137-98">[95]</a> Despite efforts to maintain secrecy, knowledge of the killings leaked out and Hitler ordered a halt to the centralized killing program in August 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016284-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201659-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay202137–38-101">[98]</a> Decentralized killings via denial of medical care, starvation, and poisoning caused an additional 120,000 deaths by the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201659-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021254-102">[99]</a> Many of the same personnel and technologies were later used for the mass murder of Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018207-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay202140-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghettoization_and_resettlement">Ghettoization and resettlement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">The Holocaust in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unpaved_steet_in_the_Frysztak_Ghetto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="People and buildings with an unpaved street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Unpaved_steet_in_the_Frysztak_Ghetto.jpg/220px-Unpaved_steet_in_the_Frysztak_Ghetto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Unpaved_steet_in_the_Frysztak_Ghetto.jpg/330px-Unpaved_steet_in_the_Frysztak_Ghetto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Unpaved_steet_in_the_Frysztak_Ghetto.jpg/440px-Unpaved_steet_in_the_Frysztak_Ghetto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Unpaved street in the <a href="/wiki/Frysztak_Ghetto" title="Frysztak Ghetto">Frysztak Ghetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krakow_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Krakow District">Krakow District</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-134-0771A-39,_Polen,_Ghetto_Warschau,_Kind_in_Lumpen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="People walking on a paved surface around a still body" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-134-0771A-39%2C_Polen%2C_Ghetto_Warschau%2C_Kind_in_Lumpen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-134-0771A-39%2C_Polen%2C_Ghetto_Warschau%2C_Kind_in_Lumpen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-134-0771A-39%2C_Polen%2C_Ghetto_Warschau%2C_Kind_in_Lumpen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-134-0771A-39%2C_Polen%2C_Ghetto_Warschau%2C_Kind_in_Lumpen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-134-0771A-39%2C_Polen%2C_Ghetto_Warschau%2C_Kind_in_Lumpen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-134-0771A-39%2C_Polen%2C_Ghetto_Warschau%2C_Kind_in_Lumpen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A body lying in the street of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a> in the <a href="/wiki/General_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="General Governorate">General Governorate</a></figcaption></figure> Germany gained control of 1.7 million Jews in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201896-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010148-105">[102]</a> The Nazis <a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">tried to concentrate Jews</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lublin_District" title="Lublin District">Lublin District</a> of the General Governorate. 45,000 Jews were deported by November and left to fend for themselves, causing many deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018108-106">[103]</a> Deportations stopped in early 1940 due to the opposition of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a>, the leader of the General Governorate, who did not want his fiefdom to become a dumping ground for unwanted Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018107–109-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b201-108">[105]</a> After the conquest of France, the Nazis considered <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">deporting Jews</a> to <a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">French Madagascar</a>, but this proved impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010164-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018109,_117-110">[107]</a> The Nazis planned that harsh conditions in these areas would kill many Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010164-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b201-108">[105]</a> In September 1939, around 7,000 Jews were killed, alongside thousands of Poles, however, they were not systematically targeted as they would be later, and open mass killings would subside until June of 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201663,_437-111">[108]</a> During the invasion, synagogues were burned and thousands of Jews fled or were expelled into the Soviet occupation zone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201887,_103-112">[109]</a> Various anti-Jewish regulations were soon issued. In October 1939, adult Jews in the General Governorate were required to perform forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018116-113">[110]</a> In November 1939 they were ordered to wear white armbands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018115-114">[111]</a> Laws decreed the seizure of most Jewish property and the takeover of Jewish-owned businesses. When Jews were forced into ghettos, they lost their homes and belongings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018116-113">[110]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Nazi ghettos</a> were established in the Wartheland and General Governorate in 1939 and 1940 on the initiative of local German administrators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiron2020247,_251,_254-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018117-116">[113]</a> The largest ghettos, such as <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a>, were established in existing residential neighborhoods and closed by fences or walls. In many smaller ghettos, Jews were forced into poor neighborhoods but with no fence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiron2020252-117">[114]</a> Forced labor programs provided subsistence to many ghetto inhabitants, and in some cases protected them from deportation. Workshops and factories were operated inside some ghettos, while in other cases Jews left the ghetto to work outside it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiron2020253-118">[115]</a> Because the ghettos were not segregated by sex some family life continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiron2020253–254-119">[116]</a> A Jewish community leadership (<a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a>) exercised some authority and tried to sustain the Jewish community while following German demands. As a survival strategy, many tried to make the ghettos useful to the occupiers as a labor reserve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiron2020254-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2020240-121">[118]</a> Jews in western Europe were not forced into ghettos but faced discriminatory laws and confiscation of property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010272-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016314–315-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiron2020247–248-124">[121]</a> Rape and sexual exploitation of Jewish and non-Jewish women in eastern Europe <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_during_the_Holocaust" title="Sexual violence during the Holocaust">was common</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermann2020127–128-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union">Invasion of the Soviet Union</h2></div> Germany and its allies Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Italy <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a> on 22 June 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201667-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b201-108">[105]</a> Although the war was launched more for strategic than ideological reasons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016351-127">[124]</a> what Hitler saw as an apocalyptic battle against the forces of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016172-128">[125]</a> was to be carried out as a <a href="/wiki/War_of_extermination" class="mw-redirect" title="War of extermination">war of extermination</a> with <a href="/wiki/Barbarossa_decree" title="Barbarossa decree">complete disregard</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws and customs of war">laws and customs of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018121–122-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b201–202-130">[127]</a> A quick victory was expected<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010179-131">[128]</a> and was planned to be followed by a massive <a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">demographic engineering</a> project to <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">remove 31 million people and replace them with German settlers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201863–64-132">[129]</a> To increase the speed of conquest the Germans planned to feed their army by looting, exporting additional food to Germany, and to terrorize the local inhabitants with preventative killings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201668-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010180-134">[131]</a> The Germans foresaw that the invasion would cause a food shortfall and <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">planned the mass starvation</a> of Soviet cities and some rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201667–68-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201867-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010181–182-137">[134]</a> Although the starvation policy was less successful than planners hoped,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016221–222-138">[135]</a> the residents of some cities, particularly in Ukraine, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">besieged Leningrad</a>, as well as the Jewish ghettos, endured human-made famine, during which millions of people died of starvation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2009182–183-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021142,_294-140">[137]</a> By mid-June 1941, about 30,000 Jews had died, 20,000 of whom had starved to death in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_established_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany">ghettos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201665-141">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-43,_Minsk,_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer_vor_Hinrichtung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-43%2C_Minsk%2C_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer_vor_Hinrichtung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-43%2C_Minsk%2C_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer_vor_Hinrichtung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-43%2C_Minsk%2C_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer_vor_Hinrichtung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-43%2C_Minsk%2C_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer_vor_Hinrichtung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-43%2C_Minsk%2C_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer_vor_Hinrichtung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-43%2C_Minsk%2C_Widerstandsk%C3%A4mpfer_vor_Hinrichtung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Public execution of <a href="/wiki/Masha_Bruskina" title="Masha Bruskina">Masha Bruskina</a>, a Belarusian Jew who helped Soviet prisoners escape</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war in the custody of the German Army</a> were intended to die in large numbers. Sixty percent—3.3 million people—died, primarily of starvation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018125-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201672-143">[140]</a> making them the second largest group of victims of Nazi mass killing after European Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach20165-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021294-145">[142]</a> Jewish prisoners of war and <a href="/wiki/Commissar_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissar order">commissars</a> were systematically executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016231–232-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021161-147">[144]</a> About a million civilians were killed by the Nazis during <a href="/wiki/Anti-partisan_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-partisan warfare">anti-partisan warfare</a>, including more than 300,000 in Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016288-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021190-149">[146]</a> From 1942 onwards, the Germans and their allies targeted villages suspected of supporting the partisans, burning them and killing or expelling their inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016297–298-150">[147]</a> During these operations, nearby small ghettos were liquidated and their inhabitants shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016298–299-151">[148]</a> By 1943, anti-partisan operations aimed for the depopulation of large areas of Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016298-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021182–183-153">[150]</a> Jews and those unfit for work were typically shot on the spot with others deported.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016298–299-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021182-154">[151]</a> Although most of those killed were not Jews,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021190-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016298-152">[149]</a> anti-partisan warfare often led to the deaths of Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016300,_310-155">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_shootings_of_Jews">Mass shootings of Jews</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust in the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">The Holocaust in Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv_pogrom_(June_-_July_1941).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half naked woman running, and a man carrying a bat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lviv_pogrom_%28June_-_July_1941%29.jpg/150px-Lviv_pogrom_%28June_-_July_1941%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lviv_pogrom_%28June_-_July_1941%29.jpg/225px-Lviv_pogrom_%28June_-_July_1941%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Lviv_pogrom_%28June_-_July_1941%29.jpg/300px-Lviv_pogrom_%28June_-_July_1941%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>At least 3,000 Jews were killed during the 1941 <a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv pogroms</a>, mainly by local Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2020162–163-156">[153]</a></figcaption></figure> The systematic murder of Jews began in the Soviet Union in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay202113–14Beorn2018128-157">[154]</a> During the invasion, many Jews were conscripted into the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. Out of 10 or 15 million Soviet civilians who <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">fled eastwards to the Soviet interior</a>, 1.6 million were Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201672–73-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiron2020254-120">[117]</a> Local inhabitants killed as many as 50,000 Jews in pogroms in Latvia, <a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">eastern Poland</a>, Ukraine, and the Romanian borderlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201669,_440-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopstein2023105,_107–108-160">[157]</a> Although German forces tried to incite pogroms, their role in causing violence is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopstein2023107-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b202-162">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian soldiers</a> <a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">killed tens of thousands of Jews from Odessa</a> by April 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201669-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018185-164">[161]</a> Prior to the invasion, the Einsatzgruppen were reorganized in preparation for mass killings and instructed to shoot Soviet officials and Jewish state and party employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018129-165">[162]</a> The shootings were justified on the basis of Jews' supposed central role in supporting the communist system, but it was not initially envisioned to kill all Soviet Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010190-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201666-167">[164]</a> The occupiers relied on locals to identify Jews to be targeted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018259–260-168">[165]</a> The first German mass killings targeted adult male Jews who had worked as civil servants or in jobs requiring education. Tens of thousands were shot by the end of July. The vast majority of civilian victims were Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201669-163">[160]</a> In July and August <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> (Schutzstaffel), made several visits to the <a href="/wiki/Death_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Death squads">death squads</a>' zones of operation, relaying orders to kill more Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018132-169">[166]</a> At this time, the killers began to murder Jewish women and children too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018132-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010207-170">[167]</a> Executions peaked at 40,000 a month <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> in August and September and in October and November reached their height <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">in Belarus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201669–70-171">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-092-18A,_Sowjetunion,_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men rounded up and walking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-092-18A%2C_Sowjetunion%2C_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-092-18A%2C_Sowjetunion%2C_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-092-18A%2C_Sowjetunion%2C_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-092-18A%2C_Sowjetunion%2C_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-092-18A%2C_Sowjetunion%2C_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1994-092-18A%2C_Sowjetunion%2C_Festnahme_von_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Original Nazi propaganda caption: "Too bad even for a bullet... The Jews shown here were shot at once." 28 June 1941 in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rozhanka,_Shchuchyn_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rozhanka, Shchuchyn District (page does not exist)">Rozhanka</a>, Belarus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_with_an_unidentified_unit_execute_a_group_of_Soviet_civilians_kneeling_by_the_side_of_a_mass_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men execute at least four Soviet civilians kneeling by the side of a mass grave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Men_with_an_unidentified_unit_execute_a_group_of_Soviet_civilians_kneeling_by_the_side_of_a_mass_grave.jpg/220px-Men_with_an_unidentified_unit_execute_a_group_of_Soviet_civilians_kneeling_by_the_side_of_a_mass_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Men_with_an_unidentified_unit_execute_a_group_of_Soviet_civilians_kneeling_by_the_side_of_a_mass_grave.jpg/330px-Men_with_an_unidentified_unit_execute_a_group_of_Soviet_civilians_kneeling_by_the_side_of_a_mass_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Men_with_an_unidentified_unit_execute_a_group_of_Soviet_civilians_kneeling_by_the_side_of_a_mass_grave.jpg/440px-Men_with_an_unidentified_unit_execute_a_group_of_Soviet_civilians_kneeling_by_the_side_of_a_mass_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Shooting from behind became popular because killers did not have to look at their victims' faces and the dead were likely to fall into the grave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2018135–136-172">[169]</a></figcaption></figure> The executions often took place a few kilometers from a town. Victims were rounded up and marched to the execution site, forced to undress, and shot into previously dug pits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201670-173">[170]</a> The favored technique was a shot in the back of the neck with a single bullet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2009203-174">[171]</a> In the chaos, many victims were not killed by the gunfire but instead <a href="/wiki/Buried_alive" class="mw-redirect" title="Buried alive">buried alive</a>. Typically, the pits would be guarded after the execution but sometimes a few victims managed to escape afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201670-173">[170]</a> Executions were public spectacles and the victims' property was looted both by the occupiers and local inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b203-175">[172]</a> Around 200 ghettos were established in the occupied Soviet Union, with many existing only briefly before their inhabitants were executed. A few large ghettos such as Vilna, <a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a> lasted into 1943 because they became centers of production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiron2020254-120">[117]</a> Victims of mass shootings included Jews deported from elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201679-176">[173]</a> Besides Germany, Romania <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">killed the largest number of Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016372-177">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b207-178">[175]</a> Romania deported about 154,000–170,000 Jews from <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Bukovina</a> to ghettos in <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria</a> from 1941 to 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201036-179">[176]</a> Jews from Transnistria were also imprisoned in these ghettos, where the total death toll may have reached 160,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016371-180">[177]</a> Hungary expelled thousands of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenian</a> and foreign Jews in 1941, who were shortly thereafter <a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">shot in Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016380-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010224-182">[179]</a> At the beginning of September, all German Jews were required to wear a yellow star, and in October, Hitler decided to <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">deport them to the east</a> and ban emigration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201675–77-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010284–285-184">[181]</a> Between mid-October and the end of 1941, 42,000 Jews from Germany and its annexed territories and 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Romani people from Austria</a> were deported to Łódź, Kovno, Riga, and <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201676-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010286-186">[183]</a> In late November, <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort_massacres_of_November_1941" title="Ninth Fort massacres of November 1941">5,000 German Jews were shot</a> outside of Kovno and <a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">another 1,000</a> near Riga, but Himmler ordered an end to such massacres and some in the senior Nazi leadership voiced doubts about killing German Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201679-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010298–299-187">[184]</a> Executions of German Jews in the Baltics resumed in early 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010300-188">[185]</a> After the expansion of killings to target the entire Soviet Jewish population, the 3,000 men of the Einsatzgruppen proved insufficient and Himmler mobilized 21 battalions of <a href="/wiki/Order_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Order Police">Order Police</a> to assist them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018132-169">[166]</a> In addition, Wehrmacht soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> brigades, and local auxiliaries shot many Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201670-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018142-189">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b205–206-190">[187]</a> By the end of 1941, more than 80 percent of the Jews in central Ukraine, eastern Belarus, Russia, Latvia, and Lithuania had been shot, but less than 25 percent of those living farther west where 900,000 remained alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201671-191">[188]</a> By the end of the war, around 1.5 to 2 million Jews were shot<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018128-192">[189]</a> and as many as 225,000 Roma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen2016200-193">[190]</a> The murderers found the executions distressing and logistically inconvenient, which influenced the decision to switch to other methods of killing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018146–147-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematic_deportations_across_Europe">Systematic deportations across Europe</h2></div> Most historians agree that Hitler issued an <a href="/wiki/Hitler_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler order">explicit order</a> to kill all Jews across Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2019120-195">[192]</a> but there is disagreement as to when.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201678-196">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b204-197">[194]</a> Some historians cite inflammatory statements by Hitler and other Nazi leaders as well as the concurrent <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">mass shootings of Serbian Jews</a>, plans for <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a> in Poland, and the beginning of the deportation of German Jews as indicative of the final decision having been made before December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201678-196">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010303-198">[195]</a> Others argue that these policies were initiatives by local leaders and that the final decision was made later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201678-196">[193]</a> On 5 December 1941, the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Winter_campaign_of_1941%E2%80%9342" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter campaign of 1941–42">launched its first major counteroffensive</a>. On 11 December, <a href="/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="German declaration of war on the United States">Hitler declared war on the United States</a> after Japan <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacked Pearl Harbor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201679–80-199">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021199-200">[197]</a> The next day, he <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery_meeting_of_12_December_1941" title="Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941">told leading Nazi party officials</a>, referring to his <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">1939 prophecy</a>, "The world war is here; the annihilation of the Jews must be the necessary consequence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021199-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010306-201">[198]</a> It took the Nazis several months after this to organize a continent-wide genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021199-200">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Main_Security_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Main Security Office">Reich Main Security Office</a> (RSHA), convened the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> on 20 January 1942. This high-level meeting was intended to coordinate anti-Jewish policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201684–85-202">[199]</a> The majority of Holocaust killings were carried out in 1942, with it being the peak of the genocide, as over 3 million Jews were murdered, with 20 or 25 percent of Holocaust victims dying before early 1942 and the same number surviving by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018202-203">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201699-204">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extermination_camps">Extermination camps</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg/220px-Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg/330px-Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg/440px-Prze%C5%82adunek_%C5%BByd%C3%B3w_do_wagon%C3%B3w_kolejki_w%C4%85skotorowej_do_Che%C5%82mna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption>Deportation to Chełmno</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Gas_vans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas vans">Gas vans</a> developed from those used to kill mental patients since 1939 were assigned to the Einsatzgruppen and first used in November 1941; victims were forced into the van and killed with engine exhaust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010279-205">[202]</a> The first extermination camp was <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a> in the Wartheland, established on the initiative of the local civil administrator <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a> with Himmler's approval; it began operations in December 1941 using gas vans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201674-206">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018209-207">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010290–291-208">[205]</a> In October 1941, <a href="/wiki/Higher_SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher SS and Police Leader">Higher SS and Police Leader</a> of Lublin <a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018210-209">[206]</a> began work planning <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a>—the first purpose-built extermination camp to feature stationary <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a> using carbon monoxide based on the previous <a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a> programme<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nazi_Genocide_pp._96,_99-211">[208]</a>—amid increasing talk among German administrators in Poland of large-scale murder of Jews in the General Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010280,_293–294,_302-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201674-206">[203]</a> In late 1941 in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_East_Upper_Silesia" title="The Holocaust in East Upper Silesia">East Upper Silesia</a>, Jews in forced-labor camps operated by the <a href="/wiki/Schmelt_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmelt Organization">Schmelt Organization</a> deemed "unfit for work" began to be sent in groups to Auschwitz where they were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010280–281,_292-213">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016208–209-214">[211]</a> In early 1942, <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a> became the preferred killing method in extermination camps<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010281–282-215">[212]</a> after gassing experiments were conducted on Russian POWs in late August 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2004526–527-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nazi_Genocide_pp._96,_99-211">[208]</a> The camps were located on rail lines to make it easier to transport Jews to their deaths, but in remote places to avoid notice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018210-209">[206]</a> The stench caused by mass killing operations was noticeable to anyone nearby.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen2016247,_251-217">[214]</a> Except in the deportations from western and central Europe, people were typically deported to the camps in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">overcrowded cattle cars</a>. As many as 150 people were forced into a single <a href="/wiki/Boxcar" title="Boxcar">boxcar</a>. Many died en route, partly because of the low priority accorded to these transports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016286–287-218">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021204-219">[216]</a> Shortage of rail transport sometimes led to postponement or cancellation of deportations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016283-220">[217]</a> Upon arrival, the victims were robbed of their remaining possessions, forced to undress, had their hair cut, and were chased into the gas chamber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021204–205-221">[218]</a> Death from the gas was agonizing and could take as long as 30 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010330-222">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021199-200">[197]</a> The gas chambers were primitive and sometimes malfunctioned. Some prisoners were shot because the gas chambers were not functioning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2010153–154-223">[220]</a> At other extermination camps, nearly everyone on a transport was killed on arrival, but at Auschwitz around 20–25 percent were separated out for labor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016199-224">[221]</a> although many of these prisoners died later on<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016211-225">[222]</a> through starvation, mass shooting, torture,<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> and medical experiments.<a href="#cite_note-Weindling_von_Villiez_Loewenau_Farron_2016_pp._1–6-227">[224]</a> Belzec, <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a> reported a combined revenue of RM 178.7 million from belongings stolen from their victims, far exceeding costs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016273-228">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021209-229">[226]</a> Combined, the camps required the labor of less than 3,000 Jewish prisoners, 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a> (largely Ukrainian auxiliaries), and very few German guards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016274-230">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021204-219">[216]</a> About half of the Jews killed in the Holocaust died by poison gas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016121-231">[228]</a> Thousands of Romani people were also murdered in the extermination camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021247-232">[229]</a> Prisoner uprisings at <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_uprising" title="Treblinka uprising">Treblinka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_uprising" title="Sobibor uprising">Sobibor</a> meant that these camps were shut down earlier than envisioned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016111-233">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021208-234">[231]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:center; margin-left:1.0em"> <caption>Major extermination camps<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Camp </th> <th scope="col">Location </th> <th scope="col">Number of Jews killed </th> <th scope="col">Killing technology </th> <th scope="col">Planning began </th> <th scope="col">Mass gassing duration </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wartheland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartheland">Wartheland</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>150,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_vans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas vans">Gas vans</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>July 1941<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>8 December 1941 – April 1943 and April–July 1944<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201674,_120-236">[233]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lublin_District" title="Lublin District">Lublin District</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>440,823–596,200<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehnstaedt202163-237">[234]</a></td> <td>Stationary <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a>, engine exhaust<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>October 1941<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201674,_120-236">[233]</a></td> <td>17 March 1942 – December 1942<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201674,_120-236">[233]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lublin_District" title="Lublin District">Lublin District</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>170,618–238,900<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehnstaedt202163-237">[234]</a></td> <td>Stationary <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a>, engine exhaust<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>Late 1941 or March 1942<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201693–94,_120-238">[235]</a></td> <td>May 1942 – October 1942<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201693–94,_120-238">[235]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_District" title="Warsaw District">Warsaw District</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>780,863–951,800<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehnstaedt202163-237">[234]</a></td> <td>Stationary <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a>, engine exhaust<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>April 1942<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>23 July 1942 – October 1943<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_II%E2%80%93Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II–Birkenau">Auschwitz II–Birkenau</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_East_Upper_Silesia" title="The Holocaust in East Upper Silesia">East Upper Silesia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>900,000–1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>Stationary <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chamber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">hydrogen cyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>September 1941 (built as POW camp)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010281–282-215">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a></td> <td>February 1942 – October 1944<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016120-235">[232]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquidation_of_the_ghettos_in_Poland">Liquidation of the ghettos in Poland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulative_murders_at_Belzec,_Sobibor,_and_Treblinka_from_January_1942_to_February_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cumulative_murders_at_Belzec%2C_Sobibor%2C_and_Treblinka_from_January_1942_to_February_1943.jpg/220px-Cumulative_murders_at_Belzec%2C_Sobibor%2C_and_Treblinka_from_January_1942_to_February_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cumulative_murders_at_Belzec%2C_Sobibor%2C_and_Treblinka_from_January_1942_to_February_1943.jpg/330px-Cumulative_murders_at_Belzec%2C_Sobibor%2C_and_Treblinka_from_January_1942_to_February_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Cumulative_murders_at_Belzec%2C_Sobibor%2C_and_Treblinka_from_January_1942_to_February_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Cumulative murders of Jews from the <a href="/wiki/General_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="General Governorate">General Governorate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Belzec" class="mw-redirect" title="Belzec">Belzec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobibor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibor">Sobibor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a> from January 1942 to February 1943</figcaption></figure> Plans to kill most of the Jews in the General Governorate were affected by various goals of the SS, military, and civil administration to reduce the amount of food consumed by Jews, enable a slight increase in rations to non-Jewish Poles, and combat the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201691-239">[236]</a> In March 1942, killings began in Belzec, targeting Jews from Lublin who were not capable of work. This action reportedly reduced the black market and was deemed a success to be replicated elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016243-240">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021200-241">[238]</a> By mid-1942, Nazi leaders decided to allow only 300,000 Jews to survive in the General Governorate by the end of the year for forced labor;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201691-239">[236]</a> for the most part, only those working in <a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">armaments production</a> were spared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010342-242">[239]</a> The majority of ghettos were liquidated in mass executions nearby, especially if they were not near a train station. Larger ghettos were more commonly liquidated during multiple deportations to extermination camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018220-243">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021200-241">[238]</a> During this campaign, 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> were murdered in the largest killing operation of the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010340-244">[241]</a> In order to reduce resistance, the ghetto would be raided without warning, usually in the early morning, and the extent of the operation would be concealed as long as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010339-245">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a> would cordon off the ghetto while the <a href="/wiki/Order_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Order Police">Order Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Security Police</a> carried out the action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010338-246">[243]</a> In addition to local non-Jewish collaborators, the Jewish councils and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghetto_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghetto police">Jewish ghetto police</a> were often ordered to assist with liquidation actions, although these Jews were in most cases murdered later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b209-247">[244]</a> Chaotic, capriciously executed selections determined who would be loaded onto the trains. Many Jews were shot during the action, often leaving ghettos strewn with corpses. Jewish forced laborers had to clean it up and collect any valuables from the victims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010339-245">[242]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_boy" title="Warsaw Ghetto boy"><img alt="A young boy surrounded by other unarmed civilians holds his hands over his head while a man in uniform points a submachine gun in his direction" resource="/wiki/File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06c.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06c.jpg/220px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06c.jpg/330px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06c.jpg/440px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_06c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Ghetto uprising">Warsaw Ghetto uprising</a> became significant as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish resistance against the Nazis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b209-247">[244]</a></figcaption></figure> The Warsaw Ghetto <a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw" title="Grossaktion Warsaw">was cleared</a> between 22 July and 12 September. Of the original population of 350,000 Jews, 250,000 were killed at Treblinka, 11,000 were deported to labor camps, 10,000 were shot in the ghetto, 35,000 were allowed to remain in the ghetto after a final selection, and around 20,000 or 25,000 managed to hide in the ghetto. Misdirection efforts convinced many Jews that they could avoid deportation until it was too late.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010335–336-248">[245]</a> During a six-week period beginning in August, 300,000 Jews from the <a href="/wiki/Radom_District" title="Radom District">Radom District</a> were sent to Treblinka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021203-249">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010337-250">[247]</a> At the same time as the mass killing of Jews in the General Governorate, Jews who were in ghettos to the west and east were targeted. Tens of thousands of Jews were deported from ghettos in the Warthegau and East Upper Silesia to Chełmno and Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010343-251">[248]</a> 300,000 Jews—largely skilled laborers—were shot in <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a>, and southwestern Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201693,_249-252">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010352-253">[250]</a> Deportations and mass executions in the <a href="/wiki/Bialystok_District" title="Bialystok District">Bialystok District</a> and Galicia killed many Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010338,_352–353-254">[251]</a> Although there was practically no resistance in the General Governorate in 1942, some Soviet Jews improvised weapons, attacked those attempting to liquidate the ghetto, and set it on fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010341,_353–354-255">[252]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">ghetto uprisings</a> were only undertaken when the inhabitants began to believe that their death was certain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2020241–242-256">[253]</a> In 1943, larger uprisings in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Ghetto uprising">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hlybokaye" title="Hlybokaye">Glubokoje</a> necessitated the use of heavy weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016110-257">[254]</a> The uprising in Warsaw prompted the Nazi leadership to liquidate additional ghettos and labor camps in German-occupied Poland with their inhabitants massacred, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wola_massacre" title="Wola massacre">Wola Massacre</a>, or deported to extermination camps for fear of additional Jewish resistance developing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010378–380-258">[255]</a> Nevertheless, in early 1944, more than 70,000 Jews were performing forced labor in the General Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016214-259">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deportations_from_elsewhere">Deportations from elsewhere</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deportation_of_Jews_from_W%C3%BCrzburg_to_the_Lublin_district,_25_April_1942_(USHMM_46207).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A column of people marching with luggage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Deportation_of_Jews_from_W%C3%BCrzburg_to_the_Lublin_district%2C_25_April_1942_%28USHMM_46207%29.jpg/220px-Deportation_of_Jews_from_W%C3%BCrzburg_to_the_Lublin_district%2C_25_April_1942_%28USHMM_46207%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Deportation_of_Jews_from_W%C3%BCrzburg_to_the_Lublin_district%2C_25_April_1942_%28USHMM_46207%29.jpg/330px-Deportation_of_Jews_from_W%C3%BCrzburg_to_the_Lublin_district%2C_25_April_1942_%28USHMM_46207%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Deportation_of_Jews_from_W%C3%BCrzburg_to_the_Lublin_district%2C_25_April_1942_%28USHMM_46207%29.jpg/440px-Deportation_of_Jews_from_W%C3%BCrzburg_to_the_Lublin_district%2C_25_April_1942_%28USHMM_46207%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Jews are deported from <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lublin_District" title="Lublin District">Lublin District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/General_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="General Governorate">General Governorate</a>, 25 April 1942.</figcaption></figure> Unlike the killing areas in the east, the deportation from elsewhere in Europe was centrally organized from Berlin, although it depended on the outcome of negotiations with allied governments and popular responses to deportation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201699-204">[201]</a> Beginning in late 1941, local administrators responded to the deportation of Jews to their area by massacring local Jews in order to free up space in ghettos for the deportees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010299–300,_331-260">[257]</a> If the deported Jews did not die of harsh conditions, they were killed later in extermination camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010321-261">[258]</a> Jews deported to Auschwitz were initially entered into the camp; the practice of conducting selections and murdering many prisoners upon arrival began in July 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201697-262">[259]</a> In May and June, German and Slovak Jews deported to Lublin began to be sent directly to extermination camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201697-262">[259]</a> In Western Europe, almost all Jewish deaths occurred after deportation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2020460-263">[260]</a> The occupiers often relied on local policemen to arrest Jews, limiting the number who were deported.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016375–376-264">[261]</a> In 1942, nearly 100,000 Jews were deported <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">from Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201696–97-265">[262]</a> Only 25 percent of the Jews in France were killed;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016366-266">[263]</a> most of them were either non-citizens or recent immigrants. <a href="/wiki/Si_Kaddour_Benghabrit" title="Si Kaddour Benghabrit">Si Kaddour Benghabrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdelkader_Mesli" title="Abdelkader Mesli">Abdelkader Mesli</a> saved hundreds of Jews by hiding them in the basements of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Paris" title="Grand Mosque of Paris">Grand Mosque of Paris</a> and other resistance efforts in France.<a href="#cite_note-lep1-267">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201695–96,_387-268">[265]</a> The death rate in the Netherlands was higher than neighboring countries, which scholars have attributed to difficulty in hiding or increased collaboration of the Dutch police.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016257-269">[266]</a> The German government sought the deportation of Jews from allied countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201697-262">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010324,_360-270">[267]</a> The first to <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">hand over its Jewish population was Slovakia</a>, which <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_transports_from_Slovakia" title="List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia">arrested and deported about 58,000 Jews</a> to Poland <a href="/wiki/First_mass_transport_of_Jews_to_Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="First mass transport of Jews to Auschwitz concentration camp">from March</a> to October 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201033–34-271">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016373,_379-272">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010325–326-273">[270]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> had already <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in Croatia">shot or killed in concentration camps</a> the majority of its Jewish population (along with a <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">larger number of Serbs</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201035-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016306,_368,_372-275">[272]</a> and later deported several thousand Jews in 1942 and 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010366,_389-276">[273]</a> Bulgaria deported 11,000 Jews from <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holocaust in North Macedonia">Yugoslavia</a>, who were murdered at Treblinka, but <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">declined to allow the deportation of Jews from its prewar territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010392-277">[274]</a> Romania and Hungary did not send any Jews, which were the largest surviving populations after 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201697,_102,_371–372-278">[275]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">German occupation of Italy</a> in September 1943, there were no serious attempt to deport Italian Jews, and Italy refused to allow the deportation of Jews in many <a href="/wiki/Italian-occupied_Europe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Italian-occupied Europe (disambiguation)">Italian-occupied areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010396-279">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016387-280">[277]</a> Nazi Germany did not attempt the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Jews">Finnish Jews</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016105-281">[278]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jews_outside_Europe_under_Axis_occupation" title="Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation">North African Jews living under French or Italian rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016115–116,_382-282">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpetrators_and_beneficiaries">Perpetrators and beneficiaries</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility for the Holocaust</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photographie_prise_%C3%A0_Solah%C3%BCtte_en_juillet_1944_-_collections_USHMM_-_34585A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men and women in uniform smiling and posing with musical instruments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Photographie_prise_%C3%A0_Solah%C3%BCtte_en_juillet_1944_-_collections_USHMM_-_34585A.jpg/220px-Photographie_prise_%C3%A0_Solah%C3%BCtte_en_juillet_1944_-_collections_USHMM_-_34585A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Photographie_prise_%C3%A0_Solah%C3%BCtte_en_juillet_1944_-_collections_USHMM_-_34585A.jpg/330px-Photographie_prise_%C3%A0_Solah%C3%BCtte_en_juillet_1944_-_collections_USHMM_-_34585A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Photographie_prise_%C3%A0_Solah%C3%BCtte_en_juillet_1944_-_collections_USHMM_-_34585A.jpg/440px-Photographie_prise_%C3%A0_Solah%C3%BCtte_en_juillet_1944_-_collections_USHMM_-_34585A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Auschwitz <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> guards and female staff auxiliaries enjoying themselves on vacation in <a href="/wiki/Solah%C3%BCtte" title="Solahütte">Solahütte</a></figcaption></figure> An estimated 200,000 to 250,000 Germans were directly involved in killing Jews, and if one includes all those involved in the organization of extermination, the number rises to 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay20212-283">[280]</a> Genocide required the active and tacit consent of millions of Germans and non-Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermann2020117-284">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurzlaff20201055-285">[282]</a> The motivation of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_perpetrators" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust perpetrators">Holocaust perpetrators</a> varied and has led to historiographical debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermann2020117-284">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2009264-286">[283]</a> Studies of the SS officials who organized the Holocaust have found that most had strong ideological commitment to Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermann2020124–125-287">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2009265-288">[285]</a> In addition to ideological factors, many perpetrators were motivated by the prospect of material gain and social advancement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermann2020121-289">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2009269-290">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b213-291">[288]</a> German SS, police, and regular army units rarely had trouble finding enough men to shoot Jewish civilians, even though punishment for refusal was absent or light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b211-292">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2009280-293">[290]</a> Non-German perpetrators and collaborators included Dutch, French, and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Police" title="Blue Police">Polish policemen</a>, Romanian soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">foreign SS and police auxiliaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> partisans, and some civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermann2020117-284">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018260-294">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurzlaff20201064,_1066-295">[292]</a> Some were coerced into committing violence against Jews, but others killed for entertainment, material rewards, the possibility of better treatment from the occupiers, or ideological motivations such as nationalism and anti-communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxham2009281-296">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018259,_264-297">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurzlaff20201067-298">[295]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Christian Gerlach</a>, non-Germans "not under German command" caused 5 to 6 percent of the Jewish deaths, and their involvement was crucial in other ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201613-299">[296]</a> Millions of Germans and others benefited from the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermann2020117-284">[281]</a> Corruption was rampant in the SS despite the proceeds of the Holocaust being designated as state property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015340,_376–377-300">[297]</a> Different German state agencies vied to receive property stolen from Jews murdered at the death camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015379-301">[298]</a> Many workers were able to obtain better jobs vacated by murdered Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016340-302">[299]</a> Businessmen benefitted from eliminating their Jewish competitors or taking over Jewish-owned businesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016450-303">[300]</a> Others took over housing and possessions that had belonged to Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016349-304">[301]</a> Some Poles living near the extermination camps later dug up human remains in search of valuables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016349-304">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2020166-305">[302]</a> The property of deported Jews was also appropriated by Germany's allies and collaborating governments. Even <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet states</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quisling_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Quisling government">Norway</a> were able to successfully lay claim to Jewish property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016334–335-306">[303]</a> In the decades after the war, Swiss banks <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress_lawsuit_against_Swiss_banks" title="World Jewish Congress lawsuit against Swiss banks">became notorious</a> for harboring gold deposited by Nazis who had stolen it during the Holocaust, as well as profiting from unclaimed deposits made by Holocaust victims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMessenger2020383-307">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forced_labor">Forced labor</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor in Nazi Germany">Forced labor in Nazi Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1084-19,_Russland,_Mogilew,_Zwangsarbeit_von_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="People collecting refuse in a wagon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1084-19%2C_Russland%2C_Mogilew%2C_Zwangsarbeit_von_Juden.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1084-19%2C_Russland%2C_Mogilew%2C_Zwangsarbeit_von_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1084-19%2C_Russland%2C_Mogilew%2C_Zwangsarbeit_von_Juden.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1084-19%2C_Russland%2C_Mogilew%2C_Zwangsarbeit_von_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1084-19%2C_Russland%2C_Mogilew%2C_Zwangsarbeit_von_Juden.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1084-19%2C_Russland%2C_Mogilew%2C_Zwangsarbeit_von_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Jews of <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a>, Belarus, forced to clean a street, July 1941</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074,_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2007-0074%2C_IG-Farbenwerke_Auschwitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Woman with <a href="/wiki/Ostarbeiter" title="Ostarbeiter">Ostarbeiter</a> badge at work at <a href="/wiki/IG-Farben" class="mw-redirect" title="IG-Farben">IG-Farbenwerke</a> in Auschwitz</figcaption></figure> Beginning in 1938—especially in Germany and its annexed territories—many Jews were drafted into <a href="/wiki/Zwangsarbeitslager_f%C3%BCr_Juden" title="Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden">forced-labor camps</a> and segregated work details. These camps were often of a temporary nature and typically overseen by civilian authorities. Initially, mortality did not increase dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2020265,_267-308">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoerer2020141–143-309">[306]</a> After mid-1941, conditions for Jewish forced laborers drastically worsened and death rates increased; even <a href="/wiki/Private_sector_participation_in_Nazi_crimes" title="Private sector participation in Nazi crimes">private companies</a> deliberately subjected workers to murderous conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoerer2020142–143-310">[307]</a> Beginning in 1941 and increasingly as time went on, Jews capable of employment were separated from others—who were usually killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016196–197-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoerer2020142-312">[309]</a> They were typically employed in non-skilled jobs and could be replaced easily if non-Jewish workers were available, but those in skilled positions had a higher chance of survival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016207-313">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoerer2020143-314">[311]</a> Although conditions varied widely between camps, Jewish forced laborers were typically treated worse than non-Jewish prisoners and suffered much higher mortality rates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2020270-315">[312]</a> In mid-1943, Himmler sought to bring surviving Jewish forced laborers under the control of the SS in the concentration camp system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010379,_383-316">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2020271–272-317">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[d]</a> Some of the forced-labor camps for Jews and some ghettos, such as Kovno, were designated concentration camps, while others were dissolved and surviving prisoners sent to a concentration camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2020265,_272-323">[319]</a> Despite many deaths, as many as 200,000 Jews survived the war inside the concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2020265-324">[320]</a> Although most Holocaust victims were never imprisoned in a concentration camp, the image of these camps is a popular symbol of the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2020264–265-325">[321]</a> Including the Soviet prisoners of war, 13 million people were brought to Germany for forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016194-326">[322]</a> The largest nationalities were Soviet and Polish<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016187-327">[323]</a> and they were the worst-treated groups except for Roma and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016189-328">[324]</a> Soviet and Polish forced laborers endured inadequate food and medical treatment, long hours, and abuse by employers. Hundreds of thousands died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016189–190-329">[325]</a> Many others were forced to work for the occupiers without leaving their country of residence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016195-330">[326]</a> Some of Germany's allies, including Slovakia and Hungary, agreed to deport Jews to protect non-Jews from German demands for forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016392–393-331">[327]</a> East European women were also kidnapped, via <a href="/wiki/%C5%81apanka" title="Łapanka">lapanka</a>, to serve as sex slaves of German soldiers in <a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">camp brothels</a><a href="#cite_note-Herbermann-332">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lenten-333">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-polityka-334">[330]</a> despite the prohibition of relationships, including fraternization, between German and foreign workers,<a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-hertzstein2-336">[332]</a> which imposed the penalty of imprisonment<a href="#cite_note-hertzstein2-336">[332]</a> and death.<a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-Majer2-338">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escape_and_hiding">Escape and hiding</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26559.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bunker with a bed and other supplies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26559.jpg/220px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26559.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26559.jpg/330px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26559.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26559.jpg/440px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_-_26559.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>A bunker where Jews attempted to hide during the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Ghetto uprising">Warsaw Ghetto uprising</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust</a></div> Gerlach estimates that 200,000 Jews survived in hiding across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016117-339">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Knowledge of German intentions</a> was essential to take action, but many struggled to believe the news.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016424–425-340">[336]</a> Many attempted to jump from trains or flee ghettos and camps, but successfully escaping and living in hiding was extremely difficult and often unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018236-341">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurzlaff20201064-342">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016413-343">[339]</a> The support, or at least absence of active opposition, of the local population was essential but often lacking in Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018236–237-344">[340]</a> Those in hiding depended on the assistance of non-Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016419-345">[341]</a> Having money,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016420-346">[342]</a> social connections with non-Jews, a non-Jewish appearance, perfect command of the local language, determination, and luck played a major role in determining survival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016423-347">[343]</a> Jews in hiding were hunted down with the assistance of local collaborators and rewards offered for their denunciation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010382-348">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018260-294">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurzlaff20201066-349">[345]</a> The death penalty was sometimes enforced on people hiding them, especially in eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016360-350">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b206-351">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018269-352">[348]</a> Rescuers' motivations varied on a spectrum from altruism to expecting sex or material gain; it was not uncommon for helpers to betray or murder Jews if their money ran out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018269–270-353">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b206-351">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurzlaff20201065,_1075-354">[350]</a> Gerlach argues that hundreds of thousands of Jews may have died because of rumors or denunciations, and many others never attempted to escape because of a belief it was hopeless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016417-355">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews participated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance in World War II">resistance movements</a> in most European countries, and often were overrepresented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016290-356">[352]</a> Jews were not always welcome, particularly in nationalist resistance groups—some of which killed Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016648-357">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018242-358">[354]</a> Particularly in Belarus, with its favorable geography of dense forests, many Jews joined the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a>—an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 across the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018237,_242–243-359">[355]</a> An additional 10,000 to 13,000 Jewish non-combatants lived in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish partisan">family camps</a> in Eastern European forests, of which the most well known was the <a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018243-360">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurzlaff20201074-361">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response to the Holocaust</a></div> The Nazi leaders knew that their actions would bring international condemnation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2019140-362">[358]</a> On 26 June 1942, <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC services</a> in all languages publicized <a href="/w/index.php?title=1942_Bund_report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1942 Bund report (page does not exist)">a report</a> by the <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Jewish Social-Democratic Bund</a> and other resistance groups and transmitted by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a>, documenting the killing of 700,000 Jews in Poland. In December 1942, <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">the Allies</a>, then known as the United Nations, adopted a <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_by_Members_of_the_United_Nations" title="Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations">joint declaration</a> condemning the systematic murder of Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELáníček201274–75,_81-363">[359]</a> Most neutral countries in Europe maintained a pro-German foreign policy during the war. Nevertheless, some Jews were able to escape to neutral countries, whose policies ranged from rescue to non-action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMessenger2020393-364">[360]</a> During the war the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Joint_Distribution_Committee" title="American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee">American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee</a> (JDC) raised $70 million and in the years after the war it raised $300 million. This money was spent aiding emigrants and providing direct relief in the form of parcels and other assistance to Jews living under German occupation, and after the war to <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a>. The United States banned sending relief into German-occupied Europe after entering the war, but the JDC continued to do so. From 1939 to 1944, 81,000 European Jews emigrated with the JDC's assistance.<a href="#cite_note-365">[361]</a> Throughout the war, no detailed photo intelligence study was carried out on any of the major concentration or extermination camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeldBerenbaum200055-366">[362]</a> Appeals from Jewish representatives to the American and British governments to bomb rail lines leading to the camps or crematoriums was rejected, with little to no input from the War Departments of the United States or United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeldBerenbaum200061-367">[363]</a> However, debate exists on whether a military response would have impacted on the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeldBerenbaum20002-368">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_half_of_the_war">Second half of the war</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuing_killings">Continuing killings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau,_1944_(Auschwitz_Album)_3a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_3a.jpg/220px-Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_3a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_3a.jpg/330px-Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_3a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_3a.jpg/440px-Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz_II-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_3a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Jews from <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>, annexed by Hungary in 1938,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408-369">[365]</a> on the selection ramp at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II">Auschwitz II</a> in May or June 1944. Men are lined up to the right, women and children to the left. About 25 percent were selected for work and the rest gassed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016199-224">[221]</a></figcaption></figure> After German military defeats in 1943, it became increasingly evident that Germany would lose the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen2016266-370">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016196-371">[367]</a> In early 1943, 45,000 Jews <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece#Salonica_(March–August_1943)" title="The Holocaust in Greece">were deported</a> from <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Greece">German-occupied northern Greece</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thessaloniki" title="History of the Jews in Thessaloniki">Salonica</a>, to Auschwitz, where nearly all were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010391-372">[368]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Italy switched sides</a> in late 1943, Germany deported several thousand Jews from Italy and the former Italian occupation zones of France, Yugoslavia, Albania, and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece#Passover_roundup_(March_1944)" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a>, with limited success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010402–403-373">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016113-374">[370]</a> Attempts to continue deportations in Western Europe after 1942 often failed because of Jews going into hiding and the increasing recalcitrance of local authorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016102-375">[371]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Most Danish Jews escaped to Sweden</a> with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish resistance">Danish resistance</a> in the face of a half-hearted German deportation effort in late 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016302-376">[372]</a> Additional killings in 1943 and 1944 eliminated all remaining ghettos and most surviving Jews in Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018128-192">[189]</a> Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka were shut down and <a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">destroyed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010410–412-377">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018221-378">[374]</a> The largest murder action after 1942 was that against the Hungarian Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016103-379">[375]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Hungary_(1944)" title="German invasion of Hungary (1944)">German invasion of Hungary</a> in 1944, the Hungarian government cooperated closely in the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">deportation of 437,000 Jews in eight weeks</a>, mostly to Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016114,_368-380">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010408-369">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018193-381">[377]</a> The expropriation of Jewish property was useful to achieve Hungarian economic goals and sending the Jews as forced laborers avoided the need to send non-Jewish Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016114-382">[378]</a> Those who survived the selection were forced to provide construction and manufacturing labor as part of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4gerstab" title="Jägerstab">a last-ditch effort</a> to increase the production of <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoerer2020142-312">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015457-383">[379]</a> Although the Nazis' goal of eliminating any Jewish population from Germany had largely been achieved in 1943, it was reversed in 1944 as a result of the importation of these Jews for labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016188-384">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_marches_and_liberation">Death marches and liberation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg/220px-Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg/330px-Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg/440px-Mass_Grave_at_Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp_-_Fritz_Klein_-_IWM_BU4260.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption>A mass grave at <a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen-Belsen">Bergen-Belsen</a> after the camp's liberation, April 1945</figcaption></figure> Following Allied advances, the SS deported concentration camp prisoners to camps in Germany and Austria, starting in mid-1944 from the Baltics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010414–418-385">[381]</a> Weak and sick prisoners were often killed in the camp and others were forced to travel by rail or on foot, usually with no or inadequate food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010414-386">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021234-387">[383]</a> Those who could not keep up were shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010415-388">[384]</a> The evacuations were ordered partly to retain the prisoners as forced labor and partly to avoid allowing any prisoners to fall into enemy hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016116-389">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021234-387">[383]</a> In October and November 1944, 90,000 Jews were deported from Budapest to the Austrian border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010409–410-390">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2020272-391">[387]</a> The transfer of prisoners from Auschwitz began in mid-1944, the gas chambers were shut down and destroyed after October, and in January most of the remaining 67,000 Auschwitz prisoners were sent on a death march westwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010415-388">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021233-392">[388]</a> In January 1945, more than 700,000 people were imprisoned in the concentration camp system, of whom as many as a third died before the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016117-339">[335]</a> At this time, most concentration camp prisoners were Soviet and Polish civilians, either arrested for real or supposed resistance or for attempting to escape forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016117-339">[335]</a> The death marches led to the breakdown of supplies for the camps that continued to exist, causing additional deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010414-386">[382]</a> Although there was no systematic killing of Jews during the death marches,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021235-393">[389]</a> around 70,000 to 100,000 Jews died in the last months of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2010418-394">[390]</a> Many of the death march survivors ended up in other concentration camps that were liberated in 1945 during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western Allied invasion of Germany</a>. The liberators found piles of corpses that they had to bulldoze into mass graves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone202069-395">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020178-396">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b215-397">[393]</a> Some survivors were freed there<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b215-397">[393]</a> and others had been liberated by the Red Army during its march westwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b214-398">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_toll">Death toll</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Holocaust victims</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holocaust_death_rate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see image description" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Holocaust_death_rate.svg/220px-Holocaust_death_rate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Holocaust_death_rate.svg/330px-Holocaust_death_rate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Holocaust_death_rate.svg/440px-Holocaust_death_rate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Holocaust deaths as an approximate percentage of the 1939 Jewish population: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 5em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  90</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  40</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  30</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  20</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Low</div> </div></figcaption></figure> Around six million Jews were killed.<a href="#cite_note-399">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[397]</a> Of the six million victims, most of those killed were from Eastern Europe, and with half from Poland alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn20181-402">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen2016155-403">[399]</a> Around 1.3 million Jews who had once lived under Nazi rule or in one of Germany's allies survived the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016404-404">[400]</a> One-third of the Jewish population worldwide, and two-thirds of European Jews, had been wiped out.<a href="#cite_note-405">[401]</a> Death rates varied widely due to a variety of factors and approached 100 percent in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016407-406">[402]</a> Some reasons why survival chances varied was the availability of emigration<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016407–408-407">[403]</a> and protection from Germany's allies—which saved around 600,000 Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016118,_409–410-408">[404]</a> <a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Holocaust" title="Children in the Holocaust">Jewish children</a> and the elderly faced even lower survival rates than adults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016428–429-409">[405]</a> It is considered to be the single largest genocide in human history.<a href="#cite_note-410">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[407]</a> The deadliest phase of the Holocaust was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a>, which was marked by the introduction of extermination camps. Roughly two million Jews were killed from March 1942 to November 1943. Around 1.47 million Jews were murdered in just 100 days from late July to early November 1942, a rate approximately 83% higher than the commonly suggested figure for the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-412">[408]</a> Between July to October 1942, two million Jews were murdered, including Operation Reinhard and other killings, with over three million Jews killed in 1942 alone, as stated by historian <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Christian Gerlach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016100-413">[409]</a> On the other hand, historian <a href="/wiki/Alex_J._Kay" title="Alex J. Kay">Alex J. Kay</a> states that over two million Jews were murdered from late July to mid-November, stating that "these three-and-a-half months were the most intense, the deadliest of the entire Holocaust".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021207-414">[410]</a> It was the fastest rate of genocidal killing in history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2023191-415">[411]</a> On 3 November 1943, around 18,400 Jews were murdered at <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a> over the course of nine hours, in what was the largest number ever killed in a death camp on a single day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2023210-416">[412]</a> It was part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Operation Harvest Festival</a>, the murder of some 43,000 Jews, the single largest massacre of Jews by German forces, occurring from 3 to 4 November 1943.<a href="#cite_note-417">[413]</a> Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; estimated by Gerlach at 6 to 8 million, at more than 10 million by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[414]</a> and at over 11 million by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-419">[415]</a> In some countries, such as Hungary, Jews were a majority of civilian deaths; in Poland, they were either a majority<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach20163-420">[416]</a> or about half.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen2016155-403">[399]</a> In other countries such as the Soviet Union, France, Greece, and Yugoslavia, non-Jewish civilian losses outnumbered Jewish deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach20163-420">[416]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_legacy">Aftermath and legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath of the Holocaust</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_home_and_emigration">Return home and emigration</h3></div> After liberation, many Jews attempted to return home. Limited success in finding relatives, the refusal of many non-Jews to return property,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018273–274-421">[417]</a> and violent attacks such as the <a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a> convinced many survivors to leave eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018275–276-422">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b215-397">[393]</a> Antisemitism was reported to increase in several countries after the war, in part due to conflicts over property restitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016353–355-423">[419]</a> When the war ended, there were less than 28,000 German Jews and 60,000 non-German Jews in Germany. By 1947, the number of Jews in Germany had increased to 250,000 owing to emigration from eastern Europe allowed by the communist authorities; Jews made up around 25 percent of the population of <a href="/wiki/Displaced_persons_camps_in_post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Europe" title="Displaced persons camps in post–World War II Europe">displaced persons camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochavi2010509-424">[420]</a> Although many survivors were in poor health, they attempted to organize self-government in these camps, including education and rehabilitation efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochavi2010512–513-425">[421]</a> Due to the reluctance of other countries to allow their immigration, many survivors remained in Germany until the establishment of Israel in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochavi2010509-424">[420]</a> Others moved to the United States around 1950 due to loosened immigration restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochavi2010521-426">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_trials">Criminal trials</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Category:Holocaust trials</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rows of men sitting on benches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg/220px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg/330px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg/440px-Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Defendants in the dock at the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal">International Military Tribunal</a>, November 1945</figcaption></figure> Most Holocaust perpetrators were never put on trial for their crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b214-398">[394]</a> During and after World War II, many European countries launched <a href="/wiki/Purges_of_Nazi_collaborators" title="Purges of Nazi collaborators">widespread purges of real and perceived collaborators</a> that affected possibly as much as 2–3 percent of the population of Europe, although most of the resulting trials did not emphasize crimes against Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020174-427">[423]</a> Nazi atrocities led to the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> in 1948, but it was not used in Holocaust trials due to the <a href="/wiki/Non-retroactivity" title="Non-retroactivity">non-retroactivity</a> of criminal laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann2010524-428">[424]</a> In 1945 and 1946, the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal">International Military Tribunal</a> tried <a href="/wiki/List_of_defendants_at_the_International_Military_Tribunal" title="List of defendants at the International Military Tribunal">23 Nazi leaders</a> primarily for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against peace">waging wars of aggression</a>, which the prosecution argued was the root of Nazi criminality;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020176-429">[425]</a> nevertheless, the systematic murder of Jews came to take center stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020177-430">[426]</a> This trial and others held by the Allies in occupied Germany—the United States Army alone charged 1,676 defendants in 462 war crimes trials<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann2010525-431">[427]</a>—were widely perceived as an unjust form of political revenge by the German public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann2010534-432">[428]</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> later investigated 100,000 people and tried more than 6,000 defendants, mainly low-level perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020184-433">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann2010534–535-434">[430]</a> The high-level organizer <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> was kidnapped and <a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">tried in Israel</a> in 1961. Instead of convicting Eichmann on the basis of documentary evidence, Israeli prosecutors asked many Holocaust survivors to testify, a strategy that increased publicity but has proven controversial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020182–183-435">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b215–216-436">[432]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reparations">Reparations</h3></div> Historians estimate that property losses to Jews of Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, France, Poland, and Hungary amounted to around 10 billion in 1944 dollars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoschlerTher20077-437">[433]</a> or $170 billion in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-74">[72]</a> This estimate does not include the value of labor extracted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2010548-438">[434]</a> Overall, the amount of Jewish property looted by the Nazis was about 10 percent of the total stolen from occupied countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2010548-438">[434]</a> Efforts by survivors to receive reparations for their losses began immediately after World War II. There was an additional wave of restitution efforts in the 1990s connected to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communism">fall of Communism</a> in eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoschlerTher200713–14-439">[435]</a> Between 1945 and 2018, <a href="/wiki/Wiedergutmachung" title="Wiedergutmachung">Germany paid $86.8 billion</a> in restitution and compensation to Holocaust survivors and heirs. In 1952, West Germany negotiated <a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany">an agreement</a> to pay <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">DM</a> 3 billion (around $714 million) to Israel and DM 450 million (around $107 million) to the <a href="/wiki/Claims_Conference" title="Claims Conference">Claims Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-440">[436]</a> Germany paid pensions and other reparations for harm done to some Holocaust survivors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2010549–550-441">[437]</a> Other countries have paid restitution for assets stolen from Jews from these countries. Most Western European countries restored some property to Jews after the war, while communist countries <a href="/wiki/Nationalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalized">nationalized</a> many formerly Jewish assets, meaning that the overall amount restored to Jews has been lower in those countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBazyler_''et_al.''2019482–483-442">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2010552-443">[439]</a> Poland is the only member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> that never passed any restitution legislation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBazyler_''et_al.''2019487-444">[440]</a> Many restitution programs fell short of restoration of prewar assets, and in particular, large amounts of immovable property was never returned to survivors or their heirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBazyler_''et_al.''2019485-445">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2010556-446">[442]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remembrance_and_historiography">Remembrance and historiography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europeabove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A memorial of many square concrete blocks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europeabove.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europeabove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europeabove.jpg/330px-Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europeabove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europeabove.jpg/440px-Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europeabove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europe" title="Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe">Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe</a> in Berlin, 2016</figcaption></figure> In the decades after the war, Holocaust memory was largely confined to the survivors and their communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann201097-447">[443]</a> The popularity of Holocaust memory peaked in the 1990s after the fall of Communism, and became central to Western historical consciousness<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann201098,_107-448">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfeld201515,_346-449">[445]</a> as a symbol of the ultimate human evil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2010110-450">[446]</a> Genocide scholar <a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">A. Dirk Moses</a> asserted that "the Holocaust has gradually supplanted genocide as modernity's icon of evil",<a href="#cite_note-451">[447]</a> while political scientist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Straus" title="Scott Straus">Scott Straus</a> declared that "the Holocaust, perhaps more than any other event in the past century, represents the pinnacle of evil".<a href="#cite_note-452">[448]</a> The Holocaust has been described as "perhaps the most savage and significant single crime in recorded history" and that of the most barbaric events in the twentieth century "the Holocaust probably ranks as the very worst".<a href="#cite_note-453">[449]</a> Renowned German historian <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Benz" title="Wolfgang Benz">Wolfgang Benz</a> described it as the "singularly most monstrous crime committed in the history of mankind".<a href="#cite_note-454">[450]</a> <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Holocaust education</a>, in which its advocates argue promotes citizenship while reducing prejudice generally, became widespread at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2010288-455">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutcliffe20228-456">[452]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Day" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Day">International Holocaust Remembrance Day</a> is commemorated each year on 27 January, while some other countries have set a <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_memorial_days" title="Holocaust memorial days">different memorial day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2010104-457">[453]</a> It has been commemorated in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust memorials">memorials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust museums">museums</a>, and speeches, as well as <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="The Holocaust in the arts and popular culture">works of culture such as novels, poems, films, and plays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfeld201514-458">[454]</a> <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Denial of the Holocaust</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial" title="Legality of Holocaust denial">criminal offense</a> in some countries;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020185-459">[455]</a> while denials of the Holocaust have been promoted by various Middle Eastern governments, figures and media. Although many are convinced that <a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">there are lessons or some kind of redemptive meaning</a> to be drawn from the Holocaust, whether this is the case and what these lessons are is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfeld201593-460">[456]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b190–191-461">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2010288-455">[451]</a> Communist states marginalized the topic of antisemitic persecution while eliding their nationals' collaboration with Nazism, a tendency that continued into the post-communist era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfeld201522-462">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b191-463">[459]</a> In West Germany, a self-critical memory of the Holocaust developed in the 1970s and 1980s, and spread to some other western European countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKansteiner2017306–307-464">[460]</a> The national memories of the Holocaust were extended to the European Union as a whole, in which Holocaust memory has provided both shared history and an emotional rationale for committing to <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. Participation in this memory is required of countries <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">seeking entry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKansteiner2017308-465">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2010100,_102–103-466">[462]</a> In contrast to Europe, in the United States the memory of the Holocaust tends to be more abstract and universalized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2010103-467">[463]</a> During South African <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, the Holocaust was evoked widely and divergently, by <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">Jews</a> and non-Jews alike.<a href="#cite_note-468">[464]</a> Whether Holocaust memory actually promotes human rights is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2010288-455">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKansteiner2017305-469">[465]</a> In Israel, the memory of the Holocaust has been used at times to justify the use of force and violation of international human rights norms, in particular as part of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKansteiner2017308-465">[461]</a> The Holocaust is the most well-known genocide in history, and is considered to be the single most infamous case of genocide in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">European history</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-470">[466]</a> It is the single most documented and studied genocide in history.<a href="#cite_note-471">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[468]</a> It is also seen as the archetype of genocide and the benchmark in <a href="/wiki/Genocide_studies" title="Genocide studies">genocide studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-473">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[470]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">scholarly literature on the Holocaust</a> is massive, encompassing thousands of books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20106-475">[471]</a> The tendency to see the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Holocaust as a unique or incomprehensible event</a> continues to be popular among the broader public after being largely rejected by historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2010206–207-476">[472]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfeld2015119-477">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutcliffe20222-478">[474]</a> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Omer Bartov</a> points out how the Holocaust was unique in that it was "the industrial killing of millions of human beings in factories of death, ordered by a modern state, organized by a conscientious bureaucracy, and supported by a law-abiding, patriotic "civilized" society."<a href="#cite_note-479">[475]</a> Another debate concerns whether the Holocaust emerged from <a href="/wiki/Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Western civilization">Western civilization</a> or was an aberration of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2010163,_219,_239-480">[476]</a> The Jewish population still remains below pre-Holocaust levels. According to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Central Bureau of Statistics of Israel</a>, the world Jewish population reached 15.2 million by the end of 2020 – approximately 1.4 million less than on the eve of the Holocaust in 1939, when the number was 16.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-481">[477]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartov2023a">Bartov 2023a</a>, pp. 18–19, "Much of this debate curiously boils down to a very specific historical question, namely, did the Nazis target the Jews for genocide in a manner that was essentially different from their treatment of any other group under their rule? [...] There can be little doubt that the Jews played a singular role in the Nazi imaginaire and that German Jewish policies distinguished them within the Nazi universe of murder and fantasy; but other groups clearly have been similarly targeted in other genocides [...] 'the extent of the 'final solution' was ... shaped by an antisemitism that was colored by a different element over and above the racism and ethno-nationalism that explains the murder of other groups by Nazi Germany—that element being the view of 'the Jews' as an implacable, collective world enemy.' To be sure, this makes the Holocaust unique only within the context of the Nazi empire ..."; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2023">Smith 2023</a>, p. 36, "The Holocaust is particular to Jews and yet has had increasing relevance for those who do not identify as Jewish. ... All Jews everywhere were to be murdered because of their racial heritage was 'put into state policy' on January 20, 1942 at the Wannsee conference (Bazyler 2017, 29). Witness to the genocide of the Jews is a uniquely Jewish experience, because only Jews were targeted by that policy, even if other groups were targeted for genocide under other policies. The Nazi regime committed genocide against the Roma and Sinti, governed by separate policies. They also committed war crimes against Soviet Prisoners of War under other policies. So too the mass murder of disabled and the mentally ill had their own policies. The Nazis committed multiple genocides and crimes against humanity, at the same time, sometimes in the same place, governed by different laws, policies, and practices. It is not correct to say that there were many victim types during 'the Holocaust,' if by 'the Holocaust' we mean the genocide of the Jews."; <a href="#CITEREFStone2023">Stone 2023</a>, Introduction: What is the Holocaust?, "This is why the focus here is on the Jews. Roma, the disabled, Soviet POWs, homosexuals and other groups were victims of the Nazis, and it is entirely legitimate to study their fate alongside one another. But using the term 'Holocaust' to encompass all of these groups with the aim of being inclusive and not prioritizing one group's suffering, actually does a disservice to groups other than Jews. For the Nazis persecuted these groups for different reasons, reasons we fail to appreciate if we collapse them all together."; <a href="#CITEREFEngel2021">Engel 2021</a>, pp. 3 ("This book is about an encounter between two sets of human beings: on one hand, the people who acted on behalf of the German state, its agencies, or its almost 66 million citizens between 30 January 1933 and 8 May 1945; on the other, the more than 9 million Jews ...") and 5 ("Those discoveries about the encounter between the Third Reich and the Jews made that encounter stand out in the minds of many from other instances of Nazi persecution and encouraged observers to assign it its own special name."); <a href="#CITEREFJackson2021">Jackson 2021</a>, pp. 199–200, "The Nazis killed some people almost exclusively due to their supposed genetic inferiority (the mentally and physically handicapped, Slavs, Roma); they killed others almost exclusively due to their perceived cultural decadence (communists, democrats, modernist authors and artists); but only the Jews were indicted on both grounds simultaneously and with equal vigor. ... This is not to say that Roma, communists, and others were not hated and murdered by the Nazis, but it is to note that the Jews were unique in being despised and assaulted in every dimension of their identity, corporeal and psychic."; <a href="#CITEREFSahlstrom2021">Sahlstrom 2021</a>, p. 291, "the established understanding of the Holocaust today as the genocide of six million Jews"; <a href="#CITEREFBartrop2019">Bartrop 2019</a>, p. 50, "Given this, it must always be remembered that the Holocaust was a premeditated action by the Nazis to permanently eradicate a Jewish presence in Europe. Others—the disabled, Roma, Poles and other Slavs, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, dissenting clergy, communists, socialists, "asocials," and political opponents of all sorts—were also persecuted and in many cases murdered in huge numbers; however, it was the campaign against the Jews that was the ideological "ground zero" for Nazi racial ideology. Others besides Jews were murdered, often on a genocidal scale, and should be remembered and acknowledged: but it was only the Jews who were all to be killed as part of a calculated policy of genocide."; <a href="#CITEREFBeorn2018">Beorn 2018</a>, p. 4, "I will use the term 'Holocaust' to refer mainly to the Nazi attempt to murder the Jews of Europe; however, I will also use the more inclusive term 'Nazi genocidal project' to capture the larger murderous vision of which the Jews were such a large part. This includes Sinti/Roma (gypsies), the handicapped, political 'enemies,' Soviet prisoners of war, and—particularly in the East—entire ethnic groups such as the Slavs. One cannot understand the Holocaust in Eastern Europe without placing it in the context of this larger Nazi genocidal project that foresaw murder and demographic engineering on a colossal scale."; <a href="#CITEREFCesarani2016">Cesarani 2016</a>, p. xxxix, "This book deals with the fate of the Jews, not of 'other victims' of Nazi political repression and racial-biological policies. Several other groups endured social exclusion, incarceration in concentration camps, and mass murder. However, the rationale for the persecution of these groups differed radically from the intentions that underlay anti-Jewish policy. Even though homosexual men and women, Germans of African descent, and the severely mentally and physically disabled were all disparaged in Nazi racial thinking, and depicted as a threat to the strength and purity of the Volk, only the Jews were characterized as an implacable, powerful, global enemy that had to be fought at every turn and finally eliminated."; <a href="#CITEREFHayes2015">Hayes 2015</a>, p. xiii, "This book also reflects another of its editor's convictions: the Holocaust was National Socialist Germany's assault on the Jews of Europe. Nazism attacked many groups, but none for the same reason that it attacked the Jews, none with the same urgency, and none to the same extent."; <a href="#CITEREFHayesRoth2010">Hayes & Roth 2010</a>, p. 2, "Other groups—for example, Sinti and Roma, homosexuals, and Slavs—were swept up in the maelstrom of the Holocaust, but not for the same reasons as Jews and not with the same consequences ... In none of these cases, however, was the target group considered dangerous or coherent enough to warrant complete or immediate extirpation. This circumstance constitutes a significant difference from policies pursued toward the Jews, a difference that helps to clarify and define the Holocaust itself."; <a href="#CITEREFStone2010">Stone 2010</a>, pp. 1–2, "For the purpose of this book, the Holocaust is understood as the genocide of the Jews ... 'Holocaust', then, refers to the genocide of the Jews, which by no means excludes an understanding that other groups—notably Romanies and Slavs—were victims of genocide."; <a href="#CITEREFBloxham2009">Bloxham 2009</a>, p. 1, "Between 5,100,000 and 6,200,000 Jews were murdered during the Second World War, an episode the Nazis called the 'final solution of the Jewish question'. The world today knows it as the Holocaust."; <a href="#CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000">Niewyk & Nicosia 2000</a>, pp. 45 ("The Holocaust is commonly defined as the mass murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans during World War II. Not everyone finds this a fully satisfactory definition.") and 51 ("the traditional view that it was the genocide of the Jews alone") </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2023">King 2023</a>, pp. 26–27, "Rather than one big thing, the Holocaust might now be described as an array of event categories. In <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Christopher Browning</a>'s terms, the Holocaust involved three separate "clusters of genocidal projects": euthanasia and "racial purification" directed against the disabled and Sinti and Roma (at the time referred to collectively as "Gypsies") within the Third Reich; the eradication of Slavic populations living in countries east of Germany; and the Final Solution proper—that is, the attempted mass murder of every Jew residing anywhere within Germany's sphere of influence (Browning 2010, 407). (The list of persecuted categories—people targeted by the Nazis in ways short of genocide—would of course be longer.)"; <a href="#CITEREFEngel2021">Engel 2021</a>, p. 6, "Echoing this view, some have contended that the expression 'the Holocaust' ought to refer not only to the encounter between the Third Reich and the Jews but also to 'the horrors that Poles, other Slavs, and Gypsies endured at the hands of the Nazis' (Lukas, 1986: 220). Others have extended the term to encompass the Third Reich's treatment of homosexuals, the mentally ill or infrm, and Jehovah's Witnesses, speaking of 11 or 12 million victims of the Holocaust, half of whom were Jews. Still others have employed the word 'holocaust' also when referring to cases of mass murder not perpetrated by the Third Reich."; <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, pp. 1–2, "For perhaps the first time, all major victim groups where the death tolls reached at least into the tens of thousands will be considered together: Jewish and non-Jewish ... it makes a great deal of sense to consider the different strands of Nazi mass killing together rather than in isolation from one another. This of course means going against the grain of most scholarship on the subject by examining the genocide of the European Jews alongside other Nazi mass-murder campaigns."; <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 14–15, "There are a number of words I will try to avoid because of the serious misconceptions they might lead to. The terms 'Holocaust' and 'Shoah' are not useful since neither has any analytical value. 'Holocaust' (derived from the Greek holókauton, or burned sacrifice) has a religious connotation unbefitting of the event it is supposed to refer to, and users of this term may mean by it either the persecution and murder of Jews alone, or Nazi German violence against any group more generally ... Importantly, 'Holocaust' and 'Shoah' have also been criticized as 'teleological and anachronistic' terms that convey a retrospective view that makes complex processes appear 'as a single event.'"; <a href="#CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000">Niewyk & Nicosia 2000</a>, p. 51, "The authors of this volume have adopted the third approach to a working definition: The Holocaust—that is, Nazi genocide—was the systematic, state-sponsored murder of entire groups determined by heredity. This applied to Jews, Gypsies, and the handicapped. This section also makes it clear that other definitions are defended by scholars who deserve a respectful hearing." </li> <li id="cite_note-1billion-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1billion_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1billion_75-1">b</a> Equivalent to $400 million at the time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968655-73">[71]</a> or $7 billion in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-inflation-74">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camp</a> system administered by the <a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">SS Main Economic and Administrative Office</a> (SS-WVHA)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015290-318">[315]</a> was <a href="/wiki/Types_of_Nazi_camps" title="Types of Nazi camps">administratively separate</a> from other forced-labor camps<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015456-319">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2020274-320">[317]</a> and from the single-purpose extermination camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015293-321">[318]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201614-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach201614_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesarani2016xxix-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2016xxix_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesarani2016xxix_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCesarani2016">Cesarani 2016</a>, p. xxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiewykNicosia200045–52-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiewykNicosia200045–52_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000">Niewyk & Nicosia 2000</a>, pp. 45–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckBerenbaum2002311-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckBerenbaum2002311_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeckBerenbaum2002">Peck & Berenbaum 2002</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2023Introduction:_What_is_the_Holocaust?-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2023Introduction:_What_is_the_Holocaust?_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2023Introduction:_What_is_the_Holocaust?_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2023">Stone 2023</a>, Introduction: What is the Holocaust?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalimani201870–100,_78–79,_86–87,_94–95,_xxix-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalimani201870–100,_78–79,_86–87,_94–95,_xxix_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalimani2018">Calimani 2018</a>, pp. 70–100, 78–79, 86–87, 94–95, xxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayesRoth20102-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayesRoth20102_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayesRoth2010">Hayes & Roth 2010</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn20184-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn20184_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeorn2018">Beorn 2018</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201615-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach201615_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert201522-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert201522_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert2015">Gilbert 2015</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen201614–17-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergen201614–17_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergen2016">Bergen 2016</a>, pp. 14–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeitz201058-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeitz201058_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeitz2010">Weitz 2010</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201620–21-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach201620–21_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201621–22-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach201621–22_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b195-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b195_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartov2023b">Bartov 2023b</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201821–23-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn201821–23_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeorn2018">Beorn 2018</a>, pp. 21–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn201825-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn201825_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeorn2018">Beorn 2018</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016146-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016146_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b196-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b196_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartov2023b">Bartov 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2020</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015293-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015293_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2020265,_272-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean2020265,_272_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean2020">Dean 2020</a>, pp. 265, 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2020265-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean2020265_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean2020">Dean 2020</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2020264–265-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean2020264–265_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean2020">Dean 2020</a>, pp. 264–265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016194-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016194_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016187-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016187_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016189-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016189_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016189–190-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016189–190_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 189–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016195-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016195_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016392–393-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016392–393_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 392–393. </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbermann-332"><a href="#cite_ref-Herbermann_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanda_HerbermannHester_BaerElizabeth_Roberts_Baer2000" class="citation book cs1">Nanda Herbermann; Hester Baer; Elizabeth Roberts Baer (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JM3AdnmE18C&q=%22it+is+impossible+to+speak+of+free+will+when+considering+the+circumstances%22&pg=PA34">The Blessed Abyss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>). Detroit: <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a> Press. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2920-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2920-9"><bdi>0-8143-2920-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blessed+Abyss&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8143-2920-9&rft.au=Nanda+Herbermann&rft.au=Hester+Baer&rft.au=Elizabeth+Roberts+Baer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JM3AdnmE18C%26q%3D%2522it%2Bis%2Bimpossible%2Bto%2Bspeak%2Bof%2Bfree%2Bwill%2Bwhen%2Bconsidering%2Bthe%2Bcircumstances%2522%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988">   </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenten-333"><a href="#cite_ref-Lenten_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenten2000" class="citation book cs1">Lenten, Ronit (2000). Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah: Reoccupying the Territories of Silence. Berghahn Books. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-775-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-775-1"><bdi>1-57181-775-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Daughters+of+the+Shoah%3A+Reoccupying+the+Territories+of+Silence&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57181-775-1&rft.aulast=Lenten&rft.aufirst=Ronit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-polityka-334"><a href="#cite_ref-polityka_334-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrowskaZaremba2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ostrowska, Joanna; Zaremba, Marcin (30 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205003034/http://archiwum.polityka.pl/art/do-burdelu-marsz,424445.html">"Do burdelu, marsz!"</a> [To the brothel, march!]. <a href="/wiki/Polityka" title="Polityka">Polityka</a> (in Polish). Vol. 22, no. 2707. pp. 70–72. 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Abingdon and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429428616">10.4324/9780429428616</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-36944-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-36944-3"><bdi>978-1-138-36944-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Long+Term+and+the+Short+Term%3A+Antisemitism+and+the+Holocaust&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+History+of+Antisemitism&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York&rft.pages=278&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429428616&rft.isbn=978-1-138-36944-3&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-routledge-history-of-antisemitism-1138369446-9781138369443_compress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn20181-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn20181_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeorn2018">Beorn 2018</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergen2016155-403">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergen2016155_403-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergen2016155_403-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergen2016">Bergen 2016</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016404-404"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016404_404-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/remaining-jewish-population-of-europe-in-1945">"Jewish Population of Europe in 1945"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. 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European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe. 13 (1): 29–34. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-3006">0014-3006</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41442658">41442658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Judaism%3A+A+Journal+for+the+New+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Genocidal+Universe%3A+A+Framework+for+Understanding+the+Holocaust&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-34&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41442658%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0014-3006&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41442658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichie2024" class="citation web cs1">Richie, Alexandra (27 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/origins-international-holocaust-remembrance-day">"The Origins of International Holocaust Remembrance Day"</a>. The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. Retrieved 11 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWII+Museum+%7C+New+Orleans&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+International+Holocaust+Remembrance+Day&rft.date=2024-01-27&rft.aulast=Richie&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Forigins-international-holocaust-remembrance-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Lewi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314819">"Quantifying the Holocaust: Hyperintense kill rates during the Nazi genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a>. 5 (1): eaau7292. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5.7292S">2019SciA....5.7292S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aau7292">10.1126/sciadv.aau7292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314819">6314819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30613773">30613773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Quantifying+the+Holocaust%3A+Hyperintense+kill+rates+during+the+Nazi+genocide&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=eaau7292&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6314819%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019SciA....5.7292S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30613773&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aau7292&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Lewi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6314819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016100-413"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016100_413-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021207-414"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021207_414-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2023191-415"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2023191_415-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2023">Stone 2023</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2023210-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2023210_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2023">Stone 2023</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604185359/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/aktion-erntefest-operation-harvest-festival">"Aktion "Erntefest" (Operation "Harvest Festival")"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/aktion-erntefest-operation-harvest-festival">the original</a> on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Aktion+%22Erntefest%22+%28Operation+%22Harvest+Festival%22%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Faktion-erntefest-operation-harvest-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Gilbert2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a> (2014). "Epilogue - "I will tell the world"". The Holocaust: The Human Tragedy. Rosetta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7953-3719-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7953-3719-2"><bdi>978-0-7953-3719-2</bdi></a>. <q>As well as the six million Jews who were murdered, more than ten million other non-combatants were killed by the Nazis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epilogue+-+%22I+will+tell+the+world%22&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+The+Human+Tragedy&rft.pub=Rosetta+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7953-3719-2&rft.au=Martin+Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution">"Documenting numbers of victims of the Holocaust and Nazi persecution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Documenting+numbers+of+victims+of+the+Holocaust+and+Nazi+persecution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fdocumenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzJAXkfozW8C&pg=PT67">Niewyk & Nicosia 2000</a> give a total of 17 million (including more than 5 million Jews). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach20163-420">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach20163_420-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach20163_420-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018273–274-421"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018273–274_421-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeorn2018">Beorn 2018</a>, pp. 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018275–276-422"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018275–276_422-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeorn2018">Beorn 2018</a>, pp. 275–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016353–355-423"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016353–355_423-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 353–355. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochavi2010509-424">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKochavi2010509_424-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKochavi2010509_424-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKochavi2010">Kochavi 2010</a>, p. 509. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochavi2010512–513-425"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKochavi2010512–513_425-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKochavi2010">Kochavi 2010</a>, pp. 512–513. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochavi2010521-426"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKochavi2010521_426-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKochavi2010">Kochavi 2010</a>, p. 521. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020174-427"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020174_427-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPriemel2020">Priemel 2020</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann2010524-428"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWittmann2010524_428-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittmann2010">Wittmann 2010</a>, p. 524. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020176-429"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020176_429-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPriemel2020">Priemel 2020</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020177-430"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020177_430-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPriemel2020">Priemel 2020</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann2010525-431"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWittmann2010525_431-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittmann2010">Wittmann 2010</a>, p. 525. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann2010534-432"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWittmann2010534_432-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittmann2010">Wittmann 2010</a>, p. 534. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020184-433"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020184_433-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPriemel2020">Priemel 2020</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWittmann2010534–535-434"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWittmann2010534–535_434-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittmann2010">Wittmann 2010</a>, pp. 534–535. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020182–183-435"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPriemel2020182–183_435-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPriemel2020">Priemel 2020</a>, pp. 182–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b215–216-436"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartov2023b215–216_436-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartov2023b">Bartov 2023b</a>, pp. 215–216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoschlerTher20077-437"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoschlerTher20077_437-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoschlerTher2007">Goschler & Ther 2007</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2010548-438">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2010548_438-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2010548_438-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2010">Hayes 2010</a>, p. 548. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoschlerTher200713–14-439"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoschlerTher200713–14_439-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoschlerTher2007">Goschler & Ther 2007</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/just-act-report-to-congress/germany/">"The JUST Act Report: Germany"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 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Cornell University Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801486814" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801486814"><bdi>978-0801486814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%27s+War+and+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0801486814&rft.aulast=Bartov&rft.aufirst=Omer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2010163,_219,_239-480"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2010163,_219,_239_480-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2010">Stone 2010</a>, pp. 163, 219, 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-705065">"World Jewish population nears pre-Holocaust numbers at 15.2 million"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 25 April 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=World+Jewish+population+nears+pre-Holocaust+numbers+at+15.2+million&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Farticle-705065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartrop2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. Bartrop">Bartrop, Paul R.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kU6fDwAAQBAJ">The Holocaust: The Basics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-32989-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-32989-7"><bdi>978-1-351-32989-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+The+Basics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-351-32989-7&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkU6fDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartov2023a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Bartov, Omer</a> (2023a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ci3WEAAAQBAJ">Genocide, the Holocaust and Israel-Palestine: First-Person History in Times of Crisis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-33234-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-33234-8"><bdi>978-1-350-33234-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%2C+the+Holocaust+and+Israel-Palestine%3A+First-Person+History+in+Times+of+Crisis&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-350-33234-8&rft.aulast=Bartov&rft.aufirst=Omer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCi3WEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazyler_et_al.2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bazyler" title="Michael Bazyler">Bazyler, Michael J.</a>; Boyd, Kathryn Lee; Nelson, Kristen L. (2019). Searching for Justice After the Holocaust: Fulfilling the Terezin Declaration and Immovable Property Restitution. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092306-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-092306-8"><bdi>978-0-19-092306-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Justice+After+the+Holocaust%3A+Fulfilling+the+Terezin+Declaration+and+Immovable+Property+Restitution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-092306-8&rft.aulast=Bazyler&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Kathryn+Lee&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Kristen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeorn2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Waitman_Wade_Beorn" title="Waitman Wade Beorn">Beorn, Waitman Wade</a> (2018). The Holocaust in Eastern Europe: At the Epicenter of the Final Solution. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3219-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3219-7"><bdi>978-1-4742-3219-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+in+Eastern+Europe%3A+At+the+Epicenter+of+the+Final+Solution&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-3219-7&rft.aulast=Beorn&rft.aufirst=Waitman+Wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergen2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Bergen" title="Doris Bergen">Bergen, Doris</a> (2016). War & Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4228-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4228-9"><bdi>978-1-4422-4228-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+%26+Genocide%3A+A+Concise+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4228-9&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxham2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a> (2009). The Final Solution: A Genocide. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955034-0"><bdi>978-0-19-955034-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Solution%3A+A+Genocide&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955034-0&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalimani2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calimani, Anna Vera Sullam (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QegCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT6">I Nomi dello sterminio: Definizioni di una tragedia</a> [The Names of Extermination: Definitions of a Tragedy] (in Italian). Marietti 1820. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-821-19615-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-821-19615-7"><bdi>978-8-821-19615-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Nomi+dello+sterminio%3A+Definizioni+di+una+tragedia&rft.pub=Marietti+1820&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-8-821-19615-7&rft.aulast=Calimani&rft.aufirst=Anna+Vera+Sullam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQegCEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher R.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9Wg4gjtP3cC">The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0392-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-0392-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-0392-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Final+Solution%3A+The+Evolution+of+Nazi+Jewish+Policy%2C+September+1939%E2%80%93March+1942&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press+and+Yad+Vashem&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-0392-1&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9Wg4gjtP3cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCesarani2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cesarani" title="David Cesarani">Cesarani, David</a> (2016). <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution:_The_Fate_of_the_Jews_1933%E2%80%931949" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 1933–1949">Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 1933–1949</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-76891-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-76891-8"><bdi>978-0-230-76891-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solution%3A+The+Fate+of+the+Jews+1933%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-230-76891-8&rft.aulast=Cesarani&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Engel_(historian)" title="David Engel (historian)">Engel, David</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aI8kEAAAQBAJ">The Holocaust: The Third Reich and the Jews</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-77837-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-77837-7"><bdi>978-0-429-77837-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+The+Third+Reich+and+the+Jews&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-429-77837-7&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaI8kEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Claims_Settlement_Commission" title="Foreign Claims Settlement Commission">Foreign Claims Settlement Commission</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cX5AAAAAIAAJ">Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States: Decisions and Annotations</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041397012">1041397012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Claims+Settlement+Commission+of+the+United+States%3A+Decisions+and+Annotations&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041397012&rft.au=Foreign+Claims+Settlement+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcX5AAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2015" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (2015) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWhsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22">Never Again: A History of the Holocaust</a>. RosettaBooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7953-4674-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7953-4674-3"><bdi>978-0-7953-4674-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Again%3A+A+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=RosettaBooks&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7953-4674-3&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWhsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Gerlach, Christian</a> (2016). The Extermination of the European Jews. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70689-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70689-6"><bdi>978-0-521-70689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extermination+of+the+European+Jews&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-521-70689-6&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hayes_(historian)" title="Peter Hayes (historian)">Hayes, Peter</a> (2017). Why? Explaining the Holocaust. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why%3F+Explaining+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hayes_(historian)" title="Peter Hayes (historian)">Hayes, Peter</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6synBgAAQBAJ">How Was It Possible?: A Holocaust Reader</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7491-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-7491-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Was+It+Possible%3F%3A+A+Holocaust+Reader&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7491-4&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6synBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2021" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Timothy P. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NF8tEAAAQBAJ">Mordecai Would Not Bow Down: Anti-Semitism, the Holocaust, and Christian Supersessionism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753807-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753807-4"><bdi>978-0-19-753807-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mordecai+Would+Not+Bow+Down%3A+Anti-Semitism%2C+the+Holocaust%2C+and+Christian+Supersessionism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-753807-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Timothy+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNF8tEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_J._Kay" title="Alex J. Kay">Kay, Alex J.</a> (2021). <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Destruction" title="Empire of Destruction">Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26253-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26253-7"><bdi>978-0-300-26253-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Destruction%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Mass+Killing&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26253-7&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Longerich, Peter</a> (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280436-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+The+Nazi+Persecution+and+Murder+of+the+Jews&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280436-5&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeldBerenbaum2000" class="citation book cs1">Neufeld, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a> (2000). The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies have attempted it?. New York: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1280-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1280-7"><bdi>0-7006-1280-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bombing+of+Auschwitz%3A+Should+the+Allies+have+attempted+it%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7006-1280-7&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Berenbaum%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000" class="citation book cs1">Niewyk, Donald L.; <a href="/wiki/Francis_R._Nicosia" title="Francis R. Nicosia">Nicosia, Francis R.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzJAXkfozW8C">The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52878-8"><bdi>978-0-231-52878-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52878-8&rft.aulast=Niewyk&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.au=Nicosia%2C+Francis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzJAXkfozW8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckBerenbaum2002" class="citation book cs1">Peck, Abraham J.; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zkZC6bp3upsC&pg=PA311">The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21529-1"><bdi>978-0-253-21529-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+and+History%3A+The+Known%2C+the+Unknown%2C+the+Disputed%2C+and+the+Reexamined&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21529-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkZC6bp3upsC%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavriel_D._Rosenfeld" title="Gavriel D. Rosenfeld">Rosenfeld, Gavriel D.</a> (2015). Hi Hitler! How the Nazi Past is Being Normalized in Contemporary Culture. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07399-9"><bdi>978-1-107-07399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hi+Hitler%21+How+the+Nazi+Past+is+Being+Normalized+in+Contemporary+Culture&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-07399-9&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Gavriel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Russell, Nestar (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1">Understanding Willing Participants</a>. Vol. 2: Milgram's Obedience Experiments and the Holocaust. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-97999-1">10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97999-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97999-1"><bdi>978-3-319-97999-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151138604">151138604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Willing+Participants&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151138604%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-97999-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-97999-1&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Nestar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-97999-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Smith" title="Stephen D. Smith">Smith, Stephen D.</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yPqhEAAAQBAJ">The Trajectory of Holocaust Memory: The Crisis of Testimony in Theory and Practice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83062-0"><bdi>978-1-000-83062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trajectory+of+Holocaust+Memory%3A+The+Crisis+of+Testimony+in+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-83062-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyPqhEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Stone_(historian)" title="Dan Stone (historian)">Stone, Dan</a> (2010). Histories of the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956679-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956679-2"><bdi>978-0-19-956679-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956679-2&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2023" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Dan (2023). The Holocaust: An Unfinished History. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Publishing Group">Penguin Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-38870-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-38870-9"><bdi>978-0-241-38870-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+An+Unfinished+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-241-38870-9&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachsmann2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Wachsmann" title="Nikolaus Wachsmann">Wachsmann, Nikolaus</a> (2015). KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-11825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-11825-9"><bdi>978-0-374-11825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KL%3A+A+History+of+the+Nazi+Concentration+Camps&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-374-11825-9&rft.aulast=Wachsmann&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_chapters">Book chapters</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssmann2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleida_Assmann" title="Aleida Assmann">Assmann, Aleida</a> (2010). "The Holocaust – a Global Memory? Extensions and Limits of a New Memory Community". Memory in a Global Age: Discourses, Practices and Trajectories. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave Macmillan UK">Palgrave Macmillan UK</a>. pp. 97–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28336-7"><bdi>978-0-230-28336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust+%E2%80%93+a+Global+Memory%3F+Extensions+and+Limits+of+a+New+Memory+Community&rft.btitle=Memory+in+a+Global+Age%3A+Discourses%2C+Practices+and+Trajectories&rft.pages=97-117&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-28336-7&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Aleida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartov2023b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Bartov, Omer</a> (2023b). "The Holocaust". The Oxford History of the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. pp. 190–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288683-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288683-5"><bdi>978-0-19-288683-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=190-216&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-19-288683-5&rft.aulast=Bartov&rft.aufirst=Omer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeorn2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Waitman_Wade_Beorn" title="Waitman Wade Beorn">Beorn, Waitman Wade</a> (2020). "All the Other Neighbors: Communal Genocide in Eastern Europe". A Companion to the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. pp. 153–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2"><bdi>978-1-118-97052-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=All+the+Other+Neighbors%3A+Communal+Genocide+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=153-172&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97052-2&rft.aulast=Beorn&rft.aufirst=Waitman+Wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_C._Dean" title="Martin C. Dean">Dean, Martin C.</a> (2020). "Survivors of the Holocaust within the Nazi Universe of Camps". A Companion to the Holocaust. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 263–277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97049-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97049-2"><bdi>978-1-118-97049-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Survivors+of+the+Holocaust+within+the+Nazi+Universe+of+Camps&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=263-277&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97049-2&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Martin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Engel_(historian)" title="David Engel (historian)">Engel, David</a> (2020). "A Sustained Civilian Struggle: Rethinking Jewish Responses to the Nazi Regime". A Companion to the Holocaust. Wiley. pp. 233–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2"><bdi>978-1-118-97052-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Sustained+Civilian+Struggle%3A+Rethinking+Jewish+Responses+to+the+Nazi+Regime&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=233-245&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97052-2&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2019). "The Decision to Exterminate the Jews of Europe". The Jews, the Holocaust, and the Public: The Legacies of David Cesarani. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>. pp. 117–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-28675-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-28675-0"><bdi>978-3-030-28675-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Decision+to+Exterminate+the+Jews+of+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Jews%2C+the+Holocaust%2C+and+the+Public%3A+The+Legacies+of+David+Cesarani&rft.pages=117-143&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-28675-0&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoschlerTher2007" class="citation book cs1">Goschler, Constantin; <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Ther" title="Philipp Ther">Ther, Philipp</a> (2007). "Introduction: A History Without Boundaries: the Robbery and Restitution of Jewish Property in Europe". Robbery and Restitution: The Conflict over Jewish Property in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. pp. 1–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-564-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-564-2"><bdi>978-0-85745-564-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+A+History+Without+Boundaries%3A+the+Robbery+and+Restitution+of+Jewish+Property+in+Europe&rft.btitle=Robbery+and+Restitution%3A+The+Conflict+over+Jewish+Property+in+Europe&rft.pages=1-18&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-564-2&rft.aulast=Goschler&rft.aufirst=Constantin&rft.au=Ther%2C+Philipp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayesRoth2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hayes_(historian)" title="Peter Hayes (historian)">Hayes, Peter</a>; Roth, John K. (2010). "Introduction". The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921186-9"><bdi>978-0-19-921186-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Holocaust+Studies&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921186-9&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Roth%2C+John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2010" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Peter (2010). "Plunder and Restitution". 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"Transnational Holocaust Memory, Digital Culture and the End of Reception Studies". The Twentieth Century in European Memory: Transcultural Mediation and Reception. 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"Can – or Should – There Be a Political Science of the Holocaust?". In <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kopstein" title="Jeffrey Kopstein">Kopstein, Jeffrey S.</a> (ed.). Politics, Violence, Memory: The New Social Science of the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6676-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6676-3"><bdi>978-1-5017-6676-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Can+%E2%80%93+or+Should+%E2%80%93+There+Be+a+Political+Science+of+the+Holocaust%3F&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Violence%2C+Memory%3A+The+New+Social+Science+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-6676-3&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochavi2010" class="citation book cs1">Kochavi, Arieh J. (2010). "Liberation and Dispersal". The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 509–523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921186-9"><bdi>978-0-19-921186-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberation+and+Dispersal&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Holocaust+Studies&rft.pages=509-523&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921186-9&rft.aulast=Kochavi&rft.aufirst=Arieh+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopstein2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kopstein" title="Jeffrey Kopstein">Kopstein, Jeffrey S.</a> (2023). "A Common History of Violence?: The Pogroms of Summer 1941 in Comparative Perspective". Politics, Violence, Memory: The New Social Science of the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. 104–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6676-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6676-3"><bdi>978-1-5017-6676-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Common+History+of+Violence%3F%3A+The+Pogroms+of+Summer+1941+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Violence%2C+Memory%3A+The+New+Social+Science+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=104-123&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-6676-3&rft.aulast=Kopstein&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessenger2020" class="citation book cs1">Messenger, David A. (2020). "The Geopolitics of Neutrality: Diplomacy, Refuge, and Rescue during the Holocaust". A Companion to the Holocaust. Wiley. pp. 381–396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2"><bdi>978-1-118-97052-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Geopolitics+of+Neutrality%3A+Diplomacy%2C+Refuge%2C+and+Rescue+during+the+Holocaust&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=381-396&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97052-2&rft.aulast=Messenger&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiron2020" class="citation book cs1">Miron, Guy (2020). "Ghettos and Ghettoization – History and Historiography". A Companion to the Holocaust. Wiley. pp. 247–261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2"><bdi>978-1-118-97052-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghettos+and+Ghettoization+%E2%80%93+History+and+Historiography&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=247-261&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97052-2&rft.aulast=Miron&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriemel2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Christian_Priemel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Christian Priemel">Priemel, Kim Christian</a> (2020). "War Crimes Trials, the Holocaust, and Historiography, 1943–2011". A Companion to the Holocaust. Wiley. pp. 173–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2"><bdi>978-1-118-97052-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+Crimes+Trials%2C+the+Holocaust%2C+and+Historiography%2C+1943%E2%80%932011&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=173-189&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97052-2&rft.aulast=Priemel&rft.aufirst=Kim+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahlstrom2021" class="citation book cs1">Sahlstrom, Julia (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55532-0_11">"Recognition, Justice, and Memory: Swedish-Jewish Reactions to the Holocaust and the Major Trials"</a>. In Heuman, Johannes; Rudberg, Pontus (eds.). Early Holocaust Memory in Sweden: Archives, Testimonies and Reflections. The Holocaust and its Contexts. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>. pp. 287–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-55532-0_11">10.1007/978-3-030-55532-0_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-55532-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-55532-0"><bdi>978-3-030-55532-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229432191">229432191</a>. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recognition%2C+Justice%2C+and+Memory%3A+Swedish-Jewish+Reactions+to+the+Holocaust+and+the+Major+Trials&rft.btitle=Early+Holocaust+Memory+in+Sweden%3A+Archives%2C+Testimonies+and+Reflections&rft.series=The+Holocaust+and+its+Contexts&rft.pages=287-313&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229432191%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-55532-0_11&rft.isbn=978-3-030-55532-0&rft.aulast=Sahlstrom&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-55532-0_11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoerer2020" class="citation book cs1">Spoerer, Mark (2020). "The Nazi War Economy, the Forced Labor System, and the Murder of Jewish and Non-Jewish Workers". A Companion to the Holocaust. Wiley. pp. 135–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2"><bdi>978-1-118-97052-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nazi+War+Economy%2C+the+Forced+Labor+System%2C+and+the+Murder+of+Jewish+and+Non-Jewish+Workers&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=135-151&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97052-2&rft.aulast=Spoerer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2020" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Dan (2020). "Ideologies of Race". 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The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 54–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921186-9"><bdi>978-0-19-921186-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Holocaust+Studies&rft.pages=54-67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921186-9&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestermann2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Westermann" title="Edward B. Westermann">Westermann, Edward B.</a> (2020). "Old Nazis, Ordinary Men, and New Killers: Synthetic and Divergent Histories of Perpetrators". A Companion to the Holocaust. Wiley. pp. 117–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97052-2"><bdi>978-1-118-97052-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Nazis%2C+Ordinary+Men%2C+and+New+Killers%3A+Synthetic+and+Divergent+Histories+of+Perpetrators&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=117-133&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97052-2&rft.aulast=Westermann&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittmann2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Wittmann" title="Rebecca Wittmann">Wittmann, Rebecca</a> (2010). "Punishment". The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 524–539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921186-9"><bdi>978-0-19-921186-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punishment&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Holocaust+Studies&rft.pages=524-539&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921186-9&rft.aulast=Wittmann&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurzlaff2020" class="citation journal cs1">Burzlaff, Jan (2020). "Confronting the Communal Grave: a Reassessment of Social Relations During the Holocaust in Eastern Europe". The Historical Journal. 63 (4): 1054–1077. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X19000566">10.1017/S0018246X19000566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Confronting+the+Communal+Grave%3A+a+Reassessment+of+Social+Relations+During+the+Holocaust+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1054-1077&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X19000566&rft.aulast=Burzlaff&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLáníček2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_L%C3%A1n%C3%AD%C4%8Dek" title="Jan Láníček">Láníček, Jan</a> (2012). "Governments-in-exile and the Jews during and after the Second World War". <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Studies_(journal)" title="Holocaust Studies (journal)">Holocaust Studies</a>. 18 (2–3): 73–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17504902.2012.11087307">10.1080/17504902.2012.11087307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Studies&rft.atitle=Governments-in-exile+and+the+Jews+during+and+after+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=73-94&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17504902.2012.11087307&rft.aulast=L%C3%A1n%C3%AD%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehnstaedt2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Lehnstaedt" title="Stephan Lehnstaedt">Lehnstaedt, Stephan</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/temoigner/9886">"Aktion Reinhardt – Sources, Research and Commemoration in the last 30 years"</a>. Témoigner. Entre histoire et mémoire. Revue pluridisciplinaire de la Fondation Auschwitz (132): 62–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ftemoigner.9886">10.4000/temoigner.9886</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2031-4183">2031-4183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256347577">256347577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%C3%A9moigner.+Entre+histoire+et+m%C3%A9moire.+Revue+pluridisciplinaire+de+la+Fondation+Auschwitz&rft.atitle=Aktion+Reinhardt+%E2%80%93+Sources%2C+Research+and+Commemoration+in+the+last+30+years&rft.issue=132&rft.pages=62-70&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256347577%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2031-4183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Ftemoigner.9886&rft.aulast=Lehnstaedt&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Ftemoigner%2F9886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutcliffe2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sutcliffe, Adam (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2022.2160533">"Whose Feelings Matter? Holocaust Memory, Empathy, and Redemptive Anti-Antisemitism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 26 (2): 222–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2022.2160533">10.1080/14623528.2022.2160533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Whose+Feelings+Matter%3F+Holocaust+Memory%2C+Empathy%2C+and+Redemptive+Anti-Antisemitism&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222-242&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2022.2160533&rft.aulast=Sutcliffe&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14623528.2022.2160533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2020" class="citation journal cs1">Welch, Susan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/68efc96d-e75e-48d2-a5c2-1aba2e1cb28e">"Gender and Selection During the Holocaust: Transports of Western European Jews to the East"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a>. 22 (4): 459–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1764743">10.1080/14623528.2020.1764743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Gender+and+Selection+During+the+Holocaust%3A+Transports+of+Western+European+Jews+to+the+East&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=459-478&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1764743&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsphere.psu.edu%2Fresources%2F68efc96d-e75e-48d2-a5c2-1aba2e1cb28e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Holocaust" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>be</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France">fr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps">it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li>nl</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li>sk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia (Action T4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antisemitism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_footer" title="Template:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_footer" title="Template talk:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antisemitism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Canards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_studies" title="Antisemitism studies">Antisemitism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century">19th <abbr title="Century">C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_and_the_New_Testament" title="Antisemitism and the New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Soviet_mathematics" title="Antisemitism in Soviet mathematics">Soviet mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_English" title="Mein Kampf in English">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_imprints_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Contemporary imprints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponization_of_antisemitism" title="Weaponization of antisemitism">Weaponization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Catholic Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_curse" title="Blood curse">Blood curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Antisemitic laws, policies and government actions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Pogroms in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Zionist_League" title="Jewish Anti-Zionist League">Jewish Anti-Zionist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank trial (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus Affair (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Beilis trial (Russian Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud (Iraq)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_League_in_Iraq" title="Anti-Zionist League in Iraq">Anti-Zionist League (Iraq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism on the internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Believers" title="Bible Believers">Bible Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cobb" title="Craig Cobb">Podblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Islam" title="Radio Islam">Radio Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations working against antisemitism</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League (ADL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Holocaust_Oral_History_Project" title="Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project">Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_British_Labour_Party" title="Antisemitism in the British Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Mexico" title="Antisemitism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestinian Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="More_articles_related_to_the_Holocaust" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="More_articles_related_to_the_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">More articles related to the Holocaust</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adolf_Hitler" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adolf_Hitler" title="Template:Adolf Hitler"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adolf_Hitler" title="Template talk:Adolf Hitler"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adolf_Hitler" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adolf Hitler"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adolf_Hitler" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_directives" title="Adolf Hitler's directives">Political directives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler%27s_directives" title="List of Adolf Hitler's directives">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_English" title="Mein Kampf in English">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler">Last will and testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Military career of Adolf Hitler">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Hitler cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Adolf_Hitler" title="Assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler">Assassination attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">Death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of residence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_Headquarters" title="Führer Headquarters">Führer Headquarters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berghof_(residence)" title="Berghof (residence)">Berghof</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kehlsteinhaus" title="Kehlsteinhaus">Kehlsteinhaus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery#New_Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Führerbunker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vorbunker" title="Vorbunker">Vorbunker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlerhorst" title="Adlerhorst">Adlerhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anlage_S%C3%BCd" title="Anlage Süd">Anlage Süd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsennest" title="Felsennest">Felsennest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerhauptquartier_Tannenberg" title="Führerhauptquartier Tannenberg">Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf_(Wehrmacht_headquarters)" title="Werwolf (Wehrmacht headquarters)">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_Lair" title="Wolf's Lair">Wolf's Lair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsschlucht_I" title="Wolfsschlucht I">Wolfsschlucht I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsschlucht_II" title="Wolfsschlucht II">Wolfsschlucht II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrersonderzug" title="Führersonderzug">Special train (Führersonderzug)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian residences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braunau_am_Inn" title="Braunau am Inn">Braunau am Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meldemannstra%C3%9Fe_dormitory" title="Meldemannstraße dormitory">Meldemannstraße dormitory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Munich_apartment" title="Adolf Hitler's Munich apartment">16 Prinzregentenplatz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obersalzberg" title="Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kampfh%C3%A4usl" title="Kampfhäusl">Kampfhäusl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Health of Adolf Hitler">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possible_monorchism_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Possible monorchism of Adolf Hitler">possible monorchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_wealth_and_income" title="Adolf Hitler's wealth and income">Wealth and income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Religious views of Adolf Hitler">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Sexuality of Adolf Hitler">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_and_vegetarianism" title="Adolf Hitler and vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler%27s_personal_staff" title="List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_bodyguard" title="Adolf Hitler's bodyguard">Bodyguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kubizek" title="August Kubizek">August Kubizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_and_Stefanie_Rabatsch" title="Adolf Hitler and Stefanie Rabatsch">Stefanie Rabatsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Hanisch" title="Reinhold Hanisch">Reinhold Hanisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler">Psychopathography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Table_Talk" title="Hitler's Table Talk">Hitler's Table Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="Paintings by Adolf Hitler">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_50th_birthday" title="Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday">50th birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Naturalization of Adolf Hitler">German naturalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal belongings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Globe_for_State_and_Industry_Leaders" title="Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders">Hitler's Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_private_library" title="Adolf Hitler's private library">Private library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perceptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_in_popular_culture" title="Adolf Hitler in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_baby_Hitler" title="Killing baby Hitler">Killing baby Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">The Victory of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler:_The_Last_Ten_Days" title="Hitler: The Last Ten Days">Hitler: The Last Ten Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Hitler" title="The Meaning of Hitler">The Meaning of Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Diaries" title="Hitler Diaries">Hitler Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloch_(1999_film)" title="Moloch (1999 film)">Moloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler:_The_Rise_of_Evil" title="Hitler: The Rise of Evil">Hitler: The Rise of Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downfall_(2004_film)" title="Downfall (2004 film)">Downfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Mizuki%27s_Hitler" title="Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler">Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse:_Hitler" title="Apocalypse: Hitler">Apocalypse: Hitler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_family" title="Hitler family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun">Eva Braun</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Hitler" title="Alois Hitler">Alois Hitler</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klara_Hitler" title="Klara Hitler">Klara Hitler</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hiedler" title="Johann Georg Hiedler">Johann Georg Hiedler</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Schicklgruber" title="Maria Schicklgruber">Maria Schicklgruber</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Hitler" title="Angela Hitler">Angela Hitler</a> (half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Hitler" title="Paula Hitler">Paula Hitler</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Rudolf_Raubal_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr.">Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr.</a> (half-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geli_Raubal" title="Geli Raubal">Geli Raubal</a> (half-niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stuart-Houston" title="William Stuart-Houston">William Stuart-Houston</a> (half-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Hitler" title="Heinz Hitler">Heinz Hitler</a> (half-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Loret" title="Jean-Marie Loret">Jean-Marie Loret</a> (possible illegitimate son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondi" title="Blondi">Blondi</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of streets named after Adolf Hitler">Streets named after Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_and_Mannerheim_recording" title="Hitler and Mannerheim recording">Mannerheim recording</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Adolf_Hitler" title="Category:Adolf Hitler">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Einsatzgruppen_and_Einsatzkommandos" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Einsatzgruppen" title="Template:Einsatzgruppen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Einsatzgruppen" title="Template talk:Einsatzgruppen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Einsatzgruppen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Einsatzgruppen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Einsatzgruppen_and_Einsatzkommandos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einsatzkommando" title="Einsatzkommando">Einsatzkommandos</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Director</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders of Einsatzgruppen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humbert_Achamer-Pifrader" title="Humbert Achamer-Pifrader">Humbert Achamer-Pifrader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Bierkamp" title="Walther Bierkamp">Walther Bierkamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_B%C3%B6hme_(SS_officer)" title="Horst Böhme (SS officer)">Horst Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ehrlinger" title="Erich Ehrlinger">Erich Ehrlinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Fuchs" title="Wilhelm Fuchs">Wilhelm Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Jost" title="Heinz Jost">Heinz Jost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%BCller" title="Bruno Müller">Bruno Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Naumann" title="Erich Naumann">Erich Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nebe" title="Arthur Nebe">Arthur Nebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ohlendorf" title="Otto Ohlendorf">Otto Ohlendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Panzinger" title="Friedrich Panzinger">Friedrich Panzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rasch" title="Otto Rasch">Otto Rasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Seetzen" title="Heinrich Seetzen">Heinrich Seetzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Walter_Stahlecker" title="Franz Walter Stahlecker">Franz Walter Stahlecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders of Einsatzkommandos, Sonderkommandos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach-Zelewski" title="Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski">Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Bast" title="Gerhard Bast">Gerhard Bast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Batz" title="Rudolf Batz">Rudolf Batz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Biberstein" title="Ernst Biberstein">Ernst Biberstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Birkner" title="Wolfgang Birkner">Wolfgang Birkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bischoff" title="Helmut Bischoff">Helmut Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Blume_(SS_officer)" title="Walter Blume (SS officer)">Walter Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Bock" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock">Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Bradfisch" title="Otto Bradfisch">Otto Bradfisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Braune" title="Werner Braune">Werner Braune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Buchardt" title="Friedrich Buchardt">Friedrich Buchardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn">Ludwig Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Isselhorst" title="Erich Isselhorst">Erich Isselhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_J%C3%A4ger" title="Karl Jäger">Karl Jäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Klingelh%C3%B6fer" title="Waldemar Klingelhöfer">Waldemar Klingelhöfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%BCgler" title="Wolfgang Kügler">Wolfgang Kügler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kutschmann" title="Walter Kutschmann">Walter Kutschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Lange" title="Rudolf Lange">Rudolf Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albert_Meisinger" title="Josef Albert Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Nosske" title="Gustav Adolf Nosske">Gustav Adolf Nosske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_Pr%C3%BCtzmann" title="Hans-Adolf Prützmann">Hans-Adolf Prützmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rauff" title="Walter Rauff">Walter Rauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sandberger" title="Martin Sandberger">Martin Sandberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Emanuel Schäfer">Emanuel Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schaper" title="Hermann Schaper">Hermann Schaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schulz" title="Erwin Schulz">Erwin Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Six" title="Franz Six">Franz Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Steimle" title="Eugen Steimle">Eugen Steimle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Strauch" title="Eduard Strauch">Eduard Strauch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Weiss_(Nazi_official)" title="Martin Weiss (Nazi official)">Martin Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_von_Woyrsch" title="Udo von Woyrsch">Udo von Woyrsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Becker" title="August Becker">August Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Fendler" title="Lothar Fendler">Lothar Fendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Hamann" title="Joachim Hamann">Joachim Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Haussmann" title="Emil Haussmann">Emil Haussmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Schubert_(SS_officer)" title="Heinz Schubert (SS officer)">Heinz Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Widmann" title="Albert Widmann">Albert Widmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktors_Ar%C4%81js" title="Viktors Arājs">Viktors Arājs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herberts_Cukurs" title="Herberts Cukurs">Herberts Cukurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antanas_Impulevi%C4%8Dius" title="Antanas Impulevičius">Antanas Impulevičius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konr%C4%81ds_Kal%C4%93js" title="Konrāds Kalējs">Konrāds Kalējs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algirdas_Klimaitis" title="Algirdas Klimaitis">Algirdas Klimaitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reichssicherheitshauptamt</a> (RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a> (SiPo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_SS_Cavalry_Division_Florian_Geyer" title="8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer">8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutscher_Selbstschutz" title="Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz">Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderdienst" title="Sonderdienst">Sonderdienst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Non-German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_TDA_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian TDA Battalions">TDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81achwa_Ghetto" title="Łachwa Ghetto">Łachwa Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutsk_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Slutsk affair">Slutsk Affair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalevi-Liiva" title="Kalevi-Liiva">Kalevi-Liiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Riga_synagogues" title="Burning of the Riga synagogues">Burning of the Riga synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action" title="Dünamünde Action">Dünamünde Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelgava_massacres" title="Jelgava massacres">Jelgava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daugavpils_Ghetto" title="Daugavpils Ghetto">Pogulianski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_massacres" title="Liepāja massacres">Liepāja (Šķēde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas June 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_massacre_of_October_29,_1941" title="Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941">Kaunas 29 October 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort_massacres_of_November_1941" title="Ninth Fort massacres of November 1941">Ninth Fort November 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenberg" title="Operation Tannenberg">Operation Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Intelligenzaktion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_AB-Aktion_in_Poland" title="German AB-Aktion in Poland">AB-Aktion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gully_of_Petrushino" title="Gully of Petrushino">Gully of Petrushino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zmievskaya_Balka" title="Zmievskaya Balka">Zmievskaya Balka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kremni%C4%8Dka_and_Nemeck%C3%A1_massacres" title="Kremnička and Nemecká massacres">Kremnička and Nemecká</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drobytsky_Yar" title="Drobytsky Yar">Drobytsky Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drohobycz_Ghetto" title="Drohobycz Ghetto">Drohobycz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Records</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Einsatzgruppen" title="List of Einsatzgruppen">List of Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_(list)" title="The Black Book (list)">The Black Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen_trial" title="Einsatzgruppen trial">Einsatzgruppen trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_Report" title="Jäger Report">Jäger Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book-Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Prosecution Book-Poland">Special Prosecution Book-Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen_reports" title="Einsatzgruppen reports">Einsatzgruppen reports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_navbox" title="Template talk:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">list by death toll</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_1490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Before_1490" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before 1490</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egica#Legislation" title="Egica">Visigothic Jews under Egica</a> (693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Tamerlane" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Assyria</a> (1393–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_1912" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#1490_to_1914" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">1490 to 1912</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Japanese_colonization_of_Hokkaido" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ainu</a> (1500s–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui</a> (1533–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Lameyans</a> (1636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodhead%27s_Coshocton_expedition" title="Brodhead's Coshocton expedition">Coshocton Expedition</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre" title="Gnadenhutten massacre">Gnadenhutten massacre</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawazi_massacre" title="Al-Jawazi massacre">al-Jawazi</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino massacre</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Siege of Tripolitsa</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuruyuki" title="Battle of Kuruyuki">Ava Guaraní</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Duala</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">Hungarian White Terror</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Kinder der Landstrasse</a> (1926–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Maya</a> (1962–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoon#Kuwait" title="Bedoon">Kuwaiti Bedoon</a> (1985–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a> (1987–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara genocide">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Las Anod conflict (2023–present)">Dhulbahante</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza Strip</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_terminology" title="Category:Holocaust terminology">Holocaust terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Holocaust trials</a> (1943–2022)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">20th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heinrich_Himmler" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Template:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="View this 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS" title="Ideology of the SS">Ideology of the SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Staff_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS">Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freundeskreis_der_Wirtschaft" title="Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft">Freundeskreis Reichsführer-SS</a> ("Circle of Friends of the Reichsführer-SS")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> (Chief of the RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a> (successor as Chief of the RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wolff" title="Karl Wolff">Karl Wolff</a> (Chief of Personal Staff)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Brandt" title="Rudolf Brandt">Rudolf Brandt</a> (Personal Administrative Officer to RFSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gauch" title="Hermann Gauch">Hermann Gauch</a> (adjutant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Grothmann" title="Werner Grothmann">Werner Grothmann</a> (aide-de-camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Macher" title="Heinz Macher">Heinz Macher</a> (second personal assistant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg" title="Walter Schellenberg">Walter Schellenberg</a> (personal aide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Maria_Wiligut" title="Karl Maria Wiligut">Karl Maria Wiligut</a> (occultist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Central_Office_for_the_Combating_of_Homosexuality_and_Abortion" title="Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion">Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Responsibility for <a class="mw-selflink selflink">the Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Crimes against Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Crimes against Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Persecution of Slavs in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Nazi_Germany_and_occupied_Europe" title="Anti-Masonry">Suppression of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_black_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany">Persecution of black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Volksliste" title="Deutsche Volksliste">Deutsche Volksliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegewald_(colony)" title="Hegewald (colony)">Hegewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himmler-Kersten_Agreement" title="Himmler-Kersten Agreement">Himmler-Kersten Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Himmler" title="Margarete Himmler">Margarete Himmler</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz">Gudrun Burwitz</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (mistress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Ludwig_Himmler" title="Gebhard Ludwig Himmler">Gebhard Ludwig</a> (older brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Himmler" title="Ernst Hermann Himmler">Ernst</a> (younger brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrin_Himmler" title="Katrin Himmler">Katrin Himmler</a> (great-niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kokott" title="Heinz Kokott">Heinz Kokott</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wendler" title="Richard Wendler">Richard Wendler</a> (brother-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Upper_Rhine" title="Army Group Upper Rhine">Army Group Upper Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Operation Nordwind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Failed assassins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Mor%C3%A1vek" title="Václav Morávek">Václav Morávek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sneum" title="Thomas Sneum">Thomas Sneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_von_Tresckow" title="Henning von Tresckow">Henning von Tresckow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a> (predecessor as Reichsführer-SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a> (successor as Reichsführer-SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falk_Zipperer" title="Falk Zipperer">Falk Zipperer</a> (closest friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a> (personal physician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Kersten" title="Felix Kersten">Felix Kersten</a> (personal masseur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blaschke" title="Hugo Blaschke">Hugo Blaschke</a> (dentist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Excell" title="Sidney Excell">Sidney Excell</a> (man who arrested Himmler)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_history" title="Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_history" title="Template talk:Jewish history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish history in Israel/Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Jewish population comparisons">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Captivity">Assyrian Captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Timeline of the Second Temple period">Timeline of the Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template talk:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> against <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st – 13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1–999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">Alexandrian pogrom</a> (38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">2nd Alexandrian pogrom</a> (66)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jewish_revolts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">The Great Revolt</a> (66–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt#Aftermath" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus</a> (351–352)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius#Massacre_of_the_Jews" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a> (614–617)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a> (628 CE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1000–1299</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacks_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(1009%E2%80%931013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013)">Córdoba massacre</a> (1013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1033_Fez_massacre" title="1033 Fez massacre">Fez massacre</a> (1033)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">Granada massacre</a> (1066)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worms_massacre_(1096)" title="Worms massacre (1096)">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer#Massacres_of_1096" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Mainz </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism#Twelfth_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Ham massacre</a> (1143)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)#Massacres_at_London_and_York_(1189–1190)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">Massacres at London and York</a> (1189–1190)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rintfleisch_massacres" title="Rintfleisch massacres">Rintfleisch massacres</a> (1298)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th – 19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1300–1599</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">Shepherds' Crusade</a> (1320)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navarre_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navarre pogrom (page does not exist)">Navarre pogrom</a> (1328)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armleder_persecutions" title="Armleder persecutions">Armleder persecutions</a> (1336–1339)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death_(1348–1350)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a> (1348–1350)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_massacre_(1349)" title="Erfurt massacre (1349)">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Massacre" title="Basel Massacre">Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer#Pogroms_and_expulsions_beginning_1195" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_massacre" title="Strasbourg massacre">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich Massacre">Zurich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain#1300–1391" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Toledo massacre</a> (1355)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_massacre" title="Brussels massacre">Brussels massacre</a> (1370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">1391 pogroms</a> (1391)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaffhausen Massacre">Schaffhausen Massacre</a> (1401)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1465_Moroccan_revolution" title="1465 Moroccan revolution">Moroccan revolution</a> (1465)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1473_C%C3%B3rdoba_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1473 Córdoba pogrom (page does not exist)">Córdoba pogrom</a> (1473)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modica#History" title="Modica">Massacre of the Assumption</a> (1474)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> (1478)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Arles#Fourteenth_and_fifteenth_centuries" title="History of the Jews in Arles">Arles pogrom</a> (1484)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_massacre" title="Lisbon massacre">Lisbon massacre</a> (1506)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1517_Hebron_attacks" title="1517 Hebron attacks">Hebron pogrom</a> (1517)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1517_Safed_attacks" title="1517 Safed attacks">Safed pogrom</a> (1517)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> (1536)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1600–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Chmielnicki massacres</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Safed" title="1660 destruction of Safed">Safed massacre</a> (1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawza_Exile" title="Mawza Exile">Mawza Exile</a> (1679)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Uman" title="Massacre of Uman">Massacre of Uman</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9touan_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tétouan pogrom (page does not exist)">Tétouan pogrom</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algiers massacre (page does not exist)">Algiers massacre</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1821_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">First Odessa pogrom</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1828_Baghdad_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1828 Baghdad massacre (page does not exist)">Baghdad massacre</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_looting_of_Safed" title="1834 looting of Safed">Tzfat pogrom</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hebron" title="Battle of Hebron">Hebron pogrom</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_attack_on_Safed" title="1838 Druze attack on Safed">Safed massacre</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahdad" title="Allahdad">Allahdad</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">Damascus affair</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1859_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Second Odessa pogrom</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1871_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Third Odessa pogrom</a> (1871)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Russian_Empire_(1881–1884)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1881–1884)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1881)" title="Kiev pogrom (1881)">Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_pogrom_(1881)" title="Warsaw pogrom (1881)">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1881–1906_period" title="Odessa pogroms">Fourth Odessa pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1891_Corfu_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1891 Corfu riots (page does not exist)">Corfu pogrom</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Algerian_riots" title="1898 Algerian riots">1898 Algerian riots</a> (1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1900–1937</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_pogrom_(1902)" title="Częstochowa pogrom (1902)">Częstochowa pogrom</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">First Kishinev pogrom</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabolotiv#History" title="Zabolotiv">Zablotov pogrom</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1905)" title="Kiev pogrom (1905)">Kiev pogrom</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1905_Pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Fifth Odessa pogrom</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Kishinev_pogrom" title="Second Kishinev pogrom">Second Kishinev pogrom</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_pogrom" title="Białystok pogrom">Białystok pogrom</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_pogrom" title="Siedlce pogrom">Siedlce pogrom</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_blood_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz blood libel">Shiraz pogrom</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">The Tritl</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1914)" title="Lwów pogrom (1914)">Lwów pogrom</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skvyra#History" title="Skvyra">Skver pogrom</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Jaffa_deportation" title="1917 Jaffa deportation">Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom_(1918)" title="Kielce pogrom (1918)">Kielce pogrom</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Lwów pogrom</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)">Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920 Nebi Musa riots</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Russian_Civil_War_(1918–1920)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms of the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1918–1920)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lida#Jewish_Community" title="Lida">Lida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomyshl#History" title="Radomyshl">Radomyshl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justingrad" title="Justingrad">Justingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skvyra#History" title="Skvyra">Skver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zviahel#History" title="Zviahel">Zviahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinsk_massacre" title="Pinsk massacre">Pinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastov_massacre" title="Fastov massacre">Fastov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskurov_pogrom" title="Proskurov pogrom">Proskurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogroms_(1919)" title="Kiev pogroms (1919)">Kiev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zawiercie#History" title="Zawiercie">Zavirtcha pogrom</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927_Oradea_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 Oradea pogrom (page does not exist)">Oradea pogrom</a> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927-es_nagyv%C3%A1radi_pogrom" class="extiw" title="hu:1927-es nagyváradi pogrom">hu</a>] (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">Safed massacre</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_pogrom" title="Campbell pogrom">Campbell pogrom</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Constantine_riots" title="1934 Constantine riots">Constantine riots</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">Thrace pogroms</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots_(April_1936)" title="Jaffa riots (April 1936)">The Bloody Day in Jaffa</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przytyk_pogrom" title="Przytyk pogrom">Przytyk pogrom</a> (1936) </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brest pogrom (page does not exist)">Brest pogrom</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom_von_Brest_(1937)" class="extiw" title="de:Pogrom von Brest (1937)">de</a>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaj%C5%9Bcia_anty%C5%BCydowskie_w_Brze%C5%9Bciu_nad_Bugiem" class="extiw" title="pl:Zajścia antyżydowskie w Brześciu nad Bugiem">pl</a>] (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1938–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1938" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1938</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1938_Tiberias_massacre" title="1938 Tiberias massacre">Tiberias massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1939</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_massacre" title="Częstochowa massacre">Częstochowa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnosielc#History" title="Krasnosielc">Silc massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom#The_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp pogrom">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Gab%C3%A8s" title="1941 anti-Jewish riots in Gabès">Gabès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas (June)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_murders_in_Tykocin" title="Mass murders in Tykocin">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ven%C4%8Dion%C4%97liai_massacre" title="Švenčionėliai massacre">Švenčionėliai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_massacre_of_October_29,_1941" title="Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941">Kaunas (October)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1942</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action" title="Dünamünde Action">Dünamünde Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_massacre" title="Dzyatlava massacre">Dzyatlava massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarny_massacre" title="Sarny massacre">Sarny massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1943</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Operation Harvest Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre" title="Ardeatine massacre">Ardeatine massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludu%C8%99_massacre" title="Luduș massacre">Luduș massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83rma%C8%99u_massacre" title="Sărmașu massacre">Sărmașu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremni%C4%8Dka_and_Nemeck%C3%A1_massacres" title="Kremnička and Nemecká massacres">Kremnička and Nemecká massacres</a> (1944–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsch_Sch%C3%BCtzen_massacre" title="Deutsch Schützen massacre">Deutsch Schützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topo%C4%BE%C4%8Dany_pogrom" title="Topoľčany pogrom">Topoľčany pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Kraków pogrom">Kraków pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripolitania pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Egypt" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt">Cairo pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1946–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1946" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunmadaras_pogrom" title="Kunmadaras pogrom">Kunmadaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskolc_pogrom" title="Miskolc pogrom">Miskolc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fajja_bus_attacks" title="Fajja bus attacks">Fajja bus attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Oil_Refinery_massacre" title="Haifa Oil Refinery massacre">Haifa Oil Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aden" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Manama" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Manama">Manama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada">Djerada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Cairo_bombings" title="1948 Cairo bombings">Cairo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre" title="Kfar Etzion massacre">Kfar Etzion massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1949_Menarsha_synagogue_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Menarsha synagogue attack">Menarsha synagogue attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s–1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Akrabim_massacre" title="Ma'ale Akrabim massacre">Scorpion Pass massacre</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafrir_synagogue_shooting_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafrir synagogue shooting attack">Shafrir synagogue shooting</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Tripoli_pogrom" title="1967 Tripoli pogrom">Tripoli pogrom</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis#Emigration_of_Polish_citizens_of_Jewish_origin" title="1968 Polish political crisis">Purge of Polish Jews</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avivim_school_bus_bombing" title="Avivim school bus bombing">Avivim school bus bombing</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona_massacre" title="Kiryat Shmona massacre">Kiryat Shmona massacre</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings#1975" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Nahariya_attack" title="1979 Nahariya attack">Nahariya massacre</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Paris_synagogue_bombing" title="1980 Paris synagogue bombing">Paris synagogue bombing</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Antwerp_attack" title="1980 Antwerp attack">Antwerp summer camp attack</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Antwerp_synagogue_bombing" title="1981 Antwerp synagogue bombing">Antwerp bombing</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Vienna_synagogue_attack" title="1981 Vienna synagogue attack">Vienna synagogue attack</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chez_Jo_Goldenberg_restaurant_attack" title="Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack">Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Burqa_massacre" title="Ras Burqa massacre">Ras Burqa massacre</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve_Shalom_Synagogue_massacre" title="Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre">Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Purim_stabbing_attack" title="1989 Purim stabbing attack">Purim stabbing</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Cairo_bus_attack" title="1990 Cairo bus attack">Cairo bus attack</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Street_bus_bombing" title="Dizengoff Street bus bombing">Dizengoff Street bus bombing</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Lid_suicide_bombing" title="Beit Lid suicide bombing">Beit Lid massacre</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Center_suicide_bombing" title="Dizengoff Center suicide bombing">Purim massacre</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Peace_massacre" title="Island of Peace massacre">Island of Peace massacre</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Mahane_Yehuda_Market_bombings" title="1997 Mahane Yehuda Market bombings">Mahane Yehuda Market bombings</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2000–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2001" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium_discotheque_massacre" title="Dolphinarium discotheque massacre">Dolphinarium discotheque massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbarro_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing">Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghriba_synagogue_bombing" title="Ghriba synagogue bombing">Ghriba synagogue bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Hadera_attack" title="2002 Hadera attack">Hadera attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Beit_Yisrael_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre">Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover_massacre" title="Passover massacre">Passover massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matza_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Matza restaurant suicide bombing">Matza restaurant suicide bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_bombing" title="Hebrew University bombing">Hebrew University bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Rishon_LeZion_bombing" title="2002 Rishon LeZion bombing">Rishon LeZion bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzuva_attack" title="Matzuva attack">Matzuva attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Hebron_ambush" title="2002 Hebron ambush">Hebron ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Istanbul_bombings" title="2003 Istanbul bombings">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Central_bus_station_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre">Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidka_Square_bus_bombing" title="Davidka Square bus bombing">Davidka Square bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Hillel_bombing" title="Café Hillel bombing">Café Hillel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Maxim restaurant suicide bombing">Maxim restaurant suicide bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_HaNavi_bus_bombing" title="Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing">Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_bus_37_suicide_bombing" title="Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing">Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2004–2009" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_bus_bombings" title="Beersheba bus bombings">Beersheba bus bombings</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Ashdod_Port_bombings" title="2004 Ashdod Port bombings">Ashdod Port bombings</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Rosh_Ha%27ir_restaurant_bombing" title="2nd Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing">Tel Aviv shawarma bombing</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_yeshiva_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack">Jerusalem yeshiva attack</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2010–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Itamar_attack" title="2011 Itamar attack">Itamar attack</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">Burgas bus bombing</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_and_Montauban_shootings" title="Toulouse and Montauban shootings">Toulouse and Montauban shootings</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Jerusalem_synagogue_attack" title="2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack">Jerusalem synagogue massacre</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Park_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting">Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting" title="Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting">Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks" title="January 2015 Île-de-France attacks">January 2015 Île-de-France attacks</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Tel_Aviv_shooting" title="June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting">Tel Aviv shooting</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Halamish_stabbing_attack" title="2017 Halamish stabbing attack">Halamish stabbing</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">Poway synagogue shooting</a> (2019) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">Jersey City shooting</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsey_Hanukkah_stabbing" title="Monsey Hanukkah stabbing">Monsey Hanukkah stabbing</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2020–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis#Arab_communities_in_Israel" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel riots</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Beersheba_attack" title="2022 Beersheba attack">Beersheba attack</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be%27eri_massacre" title="Be'eri massacre">Be'eri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_HaShlosha_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein HaShlosha massacre">Ein HaShlosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holit_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holit massacre">Holit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Aza_massacre" title="Kfar Aza massacre">Kfar Aza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissufim_massacre" title="Kissufim massacre">Kissufim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oz_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Oz massacre">Nahal Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaAsara_massacre" title="Netiv HaAsara massacre">Netiv HaAsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir_Oz_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nir Oz massacre">Nir Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirim_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirim massacre">Nirim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%27im_music_festival_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Re'im music festival massacre">Re'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhini_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakhini massacre">Yakhini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_antisemitic_riots_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="2023 antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus">Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">Dagestan attacks</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2024_Amsterdam_attacks" title="November 2024 Amsterdam attacks">Amsterdam attacks</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism" title="Template:Nazism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism" title="Template talk:Nazism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li>The Holocaust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li>Pre-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul></li> <ul><li>Post-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Black sentiment">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Canaanite_Pagans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persecution of Canaanite Pagans (page does not exist)">Persecution of Canaanite Pagans</a> (1210 BC-1200 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Holocaust" class="extiw" title="wikt:Holocaust">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Holocaust" class="extiw" title="c:Category:The Holocaust">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:The_Holocaust" class="extiw" title="n:Category:The Holocaust">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" class="extiw" title="q:The Holocaust">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Holocaust" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/The Holocaust">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" class="extiw" title="b:The Holocaust">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Holocaust" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/The Holocaust">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Holocaust_remembrance" class="extiw" title="voy:Holocaust remembrance">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4073091-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85061515">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGellately2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerlach2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoschlerTher2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayesRoth2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerf2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertzstein1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKansteiner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochavi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopstein2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandau2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLehnstaedt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenten2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieberman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongerich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLáníček2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Gilbert2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMessenger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiron2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoses2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNanda_HerbermannHester_BaerElizabeth_Roberts_Baer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeufeldBerenbaum2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrowskaZaremba2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeckBerenbaum2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriemel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichie2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfeld2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahlstrom2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoerer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraus2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutcliffe2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWachsmann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeindlingvon_VilliezLoewenauFarron2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeitz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestermann2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittmann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"Einsatzgruppen\"] = 1,\n [\"Mass_shootings\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Adolf Hitler\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Antisemitism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Holocaust, The\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Einsatzgruppen\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 8,\n [\"Genocide topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 19,\n [\"Heinrich Himmler\"] = 1,\n [\"Holocaust by country\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox civilian attack\"] = 1,\n [\"Jewish history\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend\"] = 9,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Massacres of Jews\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nazism\"] = 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Holocaust","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2763","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2763","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-15T05:48:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T15:47:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/13\/Selection_on_the_ramp_at_Auschwitz-Birkenau%2C_1944_%28Auschwitz_Album%29_1b.jpg","headline":"genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany carried out during the second world war"}</script> </body> </html>