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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_Parliament_of_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_Parliament_of_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Original Parliament of Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_Parliament_of_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Treaty of Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1979_devolution_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979_devolution_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1979 devolution referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1979_devolution_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1997_devolution_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997_devolution_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1997 devolution referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997_devolution_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opening_of_the_new_Scottish_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_of_the_new_Scottish_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Opening of the new Scottish Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_of_the_new_Scottish_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_chamber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_chamber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Parliamentary chamber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_chamber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proceedings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proceedings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Committees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_functions_and_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_functions_and_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legislative functions and powers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislative_functions_and_powers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislative functions and powers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislative_functions_and_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Powers_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers_of_the_Scottish_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Powers of the Scottish Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers_of_the_Scottish_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reserved_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserved_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Reserved powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reserved_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scrutiny_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scrutiny_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Scrutiny of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scrutiny_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members,_constituencies_and_voting_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members,_constituencies_and_voting_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Members, constituencies and voting systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members,_constituencies_and_voting_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Lothian_question" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Lothian_question"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>West Lothian question</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Lothian_question-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Abolition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scottish Parliament</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotse_Parlement" title="Skotse Parlement – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skotse Parlement" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="البرلمان الإسكتلندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البرلمان الإسكتلندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parllamentu_Escoc%C3%A9s" title="Parllamentu Escocés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Parllamentu Escocés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eotlandiya_parlamenti" title="Şotlandiya parlamenti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şotlandiya parlamenti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6" title="স্কটিশ সংসদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্কটিশ সংসদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamant_Bro-Skos" title="Parlamant Bro-Skos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Parlamant Bro-Skos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament_Escoc%C3%A8s" title="Parlament Escocès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parlament Escocès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotsk%C3%BD_parlament" title="Skotský parlament – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skotský parlament" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd_yr_Alban" title="Senedd yr Alban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Senedd yr Alban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlands_parlament" title="Skotlands parlament – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skotlands parlament" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottisches_Parlament" title="Schottisches Parlament – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schottisches Parlament" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0otimaa_parlament" title="Šotimaa parlament – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šotimaa parlament" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Σκωτικό Κοινοβούλιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκωτικό Κοινοβούλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_Escoc%C3%A9s" title="Parlamento Escocés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parlamento Escocés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skota_Parlamento" title="Skota Parlamento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skota Parlamento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskoziako_Legebiltzarra" title="Eskoziako Legebiltzarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskoziako Legebiltzarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="مجلس اسکاتلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجلس اسکاتلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_%C3%A9cossais" title="Parlement écossais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parlement écossais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0rlamaid_na_h-Alba" title="Pàrlamaid na h-Alba – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pàrlamaid na h-Alba" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0rlamaid_na_h-Alba" title="Pàrlamaid na h-Alba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàrlamaid na h-Alba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_escoc%C3%A9s" title="Parlamento escocés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parlamento escocés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C" title="스코틀랜드 의회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스코틀랜드 의회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Շոտլանդիայի խորհրդարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շոտլանդիայի խորհրդարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6" title="स्कॉटिश संसद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्कॉटिश संसद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlemen_Skotlandia" title="Parlemen Skotlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parlemen Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoska_%C3%BEingi%C3%B0" title="Skoska þingið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skoska þingið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_scozzese" title="Parlamento scozzese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parlamento scozzese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99" title="הפרלמנט הסקוטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרלמנט הסקוטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="შოტლანდიის პარლამენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შოტლანდიის პარლამენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotijas_parlaments" title="Skotijas parlaments – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skotijas parlaments" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottescht_Parlament" title="Schottescht Parlament – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schottescht Parlament" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kotijos_parlamentas" title="Škotijos parlamentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Škotijos parlamentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament_scozzes" title="Parlament scozzes – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Parlament scozzes" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3t_parlament" title="Skót parlament – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Skót parlament" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlimen_Scotland" title="Parlimen Scotland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parlimen Scotland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schots_Parlement" title="Schots Parlement – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schots Parlement" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A" title="スコットランド議会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スコットランド議会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skottlands_parlament" title="Skottlands parlament – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skottlands parlament" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_skotske_parlamentet" title="Det skotske parlamentet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det skotske parlamentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament_Szkocki" title="Parlament Szkocki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parlament Szkocki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_da_Esc%C3%B3cia" title="Parlamento da Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parlamento da Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Парламент Шотландии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парламент Шотландии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Pairlament" title="Scots Pairlament – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Scots Pairlament" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Scottish Parliament" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پەرلەمانی سکۆتلاند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەرلەمانی سکۆتلاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Шкотски парламент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шкотски парламент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlannin_parlamentti" title="Skotlannin parlamentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skotlannin parlamentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotska_parlamentet" title="Skotska parlamentet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skotska parlamentet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐสภาสกอตแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐสภาสกอตแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sko%C3%A7_Parlamentosu" title="İskoç Parlamentosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskoç Parlamentosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Парламент Шотландії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парламент Шотландії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Scottish_Parliament&params=55_57_8_N_3_10_29_W_region:GB-EDH_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°57′8″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°10′29″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.95222°N 3.17472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.95222; -3.17472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Devolved parliament of Scotland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the devolved legislature. For the national legislature before 1707, see <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; border-top: 2px solid #500791; border-bottom: 2px solid #500791"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Scottish Parliament</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Pàrlamaid na h-Alba</i></span></li> <li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">Scots Pairlament</i></span></li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/6th_Scottish_Parliament" title="6th Scottish Parliament">6th Scottish Parliament</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Parliament_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emblem of the Scottish Parliament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Scottish_Parliament_emblem.svg/250px-Scottish_Parliament_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Scottish_Parliament_emblem.svg/375px-Scottish_Parliament_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Scottish_Parliament_emblem.svg/500px-Scottish_Parliament_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="28" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #500791; border-bottom: 2px solid #500791">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">Unicameral</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #500791; border-bottom: 2px solid #500791">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> (pre-union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> (pre-devolution)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">New session started</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 May 2021</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #500791; border-bottom: 2px solid #500791">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> <br />since 8 September 2022 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament">Presiding Officer</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Johnstone" title="Alison Johnstone">Alison Johnstone</a> <br />since 13 May 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_Scottish_Parliament#List_of_deputy_presiding_officers" title="Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament">Deputy Presiding Officer</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annabelle_Ewing" title="Annabelle Ewing">Annabelle Ewing</a>, SNP</li><li>since 14 May 2021</li><li><a href="/wiki/Liam_McArthur" title="Liam McArthur">Liam McArthur</a>, Liberal Democrats</li><li>since 14 May 2021</li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a>, SNP <br />since 8 May 2024 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="Deputy First Minister of Scotland">Deputy First Minister</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Forbes" title="Kate Forbes">Kate Forbes</a>, SNP <br />since 8 May 2024 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Parliamentary_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Parliamentary Business">Minister for Parliamentary Business</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Hepburn" title="Jamie Hepburn">Jamie Hepburn</a>, SNP <br />since 8 May 2024 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Scotland)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Scotland)">Leader of the Opposition</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Findlay" title="Russell Findlay">Russell Findlay</a>, Conservative <br />since 27 September 2024 </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #500791; border-bottom: 2px solid #500791">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">129</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Parliament_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Scottish_Parliament_2024.svg/250px-Scottish_Parliament_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Scottish_Parliament_2024.svg/375px-Scottish_Parliament_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Scottish_Parliament_2024.svg/500px-Scottish_Parliament_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Swinney_government" title="Swinney government">Government</a> (62)</b> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FDF38E; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> (62)</span></dd></dl> <p><b>Opposition (66)</b> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0087DC; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Conservatives</a> (31)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E4003B; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Labour</a> (22)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00B140; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Greens</a> (7)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FAA61A; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a> (4)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#005EB8; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alba_Party" title="Alba Party">Alba Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ash_Regan" title="Ash Regan">1</a>)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> (1)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><b>Other (1)</b> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament">Presiding Officer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alison_Johnstone" title="Alison Johnstone">1</a>)</dd></dl> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Committees</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Committees of the Scottish Parliament">17</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Audit</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Equal Opportunities</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Europe and External Relations</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Finance</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Procedures</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Public Petitions</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Standards and Public Appointments</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Subordinate Legislation</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Economy, Energy and Tourism</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Education, Lifelong Learning and Culture</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Health and Sport</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Justice</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Local Government and Communities</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Rural Affairs and Environment</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Scottish Parliamentary Pensions Scheme</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Transport, Infrastructure,</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Committee on The Scottish Government's Handling of Harassment Complaints against Former Ministers</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Climate Change</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #500791; border-bottom: 2px solid #500791">Elections</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Additional-member_system" title="Additional-member system">Additional-member system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Last election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">6 May 2021</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Next election</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Next_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="Next Scottish Parliament election">On or before 7 May 2026</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #500791; border-bottom: 2px solid #500791">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Parliament_Debating_Chamber_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Debating Chamber of the Scottish Parliament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Scottish_Parliament_Debating_Chamber_3.jpg/250px-Scottish_Parliament_Debating_Chamber_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Scottish_Parliament_Debating_Chamber_3.jpg/375px-Scottish_Parliament_Debating_Chamber_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Scottish_Parliament_Debating_Chamber_3.jpg/500px-Scottish_Parliament_Debating_Chamber_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4544" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #500791; border-bottom: 2px solid #500791">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.scot/">www<wbr />.parliament<wbr />.scot</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206171#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 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class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Scotland" title="Category:Politics of Scotland">a series</a> within the<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics of Scotland</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/125px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/188px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">The Monarch</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Heir apparent</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom">Prerogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">Royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scottish republicanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Swinney_government" title="Swinney government">Swinney government</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><small><a href="/wiki/The_Rt_Hon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rt Hon">The Rt Hon</a></small> <a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">MSP</a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland">Keeper of the Great Seal</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><small><a href="/wiki/The_Rt_Hon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rt Hon">The Rt Hon</a></small> <a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">MSP</a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="Deputy First Minister of Scotland">Deputy First Minister</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Kate_Forbes" title="Kate Forbes">Kate Forbes</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">MSP</a></small> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government#Cabinet" title="Scottish Government">Cabinet Secretaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government#Junior_Scottish_Ministers" title="Scottish Government">Junior Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_budget" title="Scottish budget">Scottish budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Scotland" title="Taxation in Scotland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorates_of_the_Scottish_Government" title="Directorates of the Scottish Government">Directorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_agencies_of_the_Scottish_Government" title="Executive agencies of the Scottish Government">Executive agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bodies_of_the_Scottish_Government" title="Public bodies of the Scottish Government">Public bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_the_United_Kingdom#Scottish_Government" title="State-owned enterprises of the United Kingdom">State-owned enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_House" title="Bute House">Bute House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_House" title="St Andrew's House">St Andrew's House</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scottish Parliament</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/6th_Scottish_Parliament" title="6th Scottish Parliament">Sixth session</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament">Presiding Officer</a> </b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Alison_Johnstone" title="Alison Johnstone">Alison Johnstone</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">MSP</a></small> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Act of the Scottish Parliament">Primary legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_statutory_instrument" title="Scottish statutory instrument">Statutory instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Committees of the Scottish Parliament">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister%27s_Questions_(Scottish_Parliament)" title="First Minister's Questions (Scottish Parliament)">First Minister's Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards_Commission_for_Scotland" title="Standards Commission for Scotland">Standards Commission for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2012" title="Scotland Act 2012">2012 Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2016" title="Scotland Act 2016">2016 Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Adjacent_Waters_Boundaries_Order_1999" title="Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999">Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020">EU Continuity Act 2020</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law and justice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Justice_and_Home_Affairs" title="Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Home Affairs">Cabinet Secretary for Justice</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Angela_Constance" title="Angela Constance">Angela Constance</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">MSP</a></small> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bain" title="Dorothy Bain">Dorothy Bain</a> <small><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a></small> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session" title="Lord President of the Court of Session">Lord President</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><small><a href="/wiki/The_Rt_Hon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rt Hon">The Rt Hon</a></small> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Sutherland,_Lord_Carloway" title="Colin Sutherland, Lord Carloway">Lord Carloway</a> <small><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a> <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">PC</a></small> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Scotland" title="Judiciary of Scotland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Courts_and_Tribunals_Service" title="Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service">Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service" title="Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service">Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scottish Prison Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="Advocate General for Scotland">Advocate General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland" title="Solicitor General for Scotland">Solicitor General</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Elections and referendums</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland#Scottish_Parliament" title="Elections in Scotland">Scottish Parliament elections</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="1999 Scottish Parliament election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2003 Scottish Parliament election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2007 Scottish Parliament election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2011 Scottish Parliament election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2016 Scottish Parliament election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="Next Scottish Parliament election"><i>Next</i></a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland#UK_Parliament" title="Elections in Scotland">United Kingdom Parliament elections</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_(Scotland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Parliament of the United Kingdom (Scotland) (page does not exist)">1801 co-option</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1802_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1802 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1806_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1806 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1806</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1807_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1807 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1812_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1812 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1818_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1818 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1818</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1820_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1820 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1826_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1826 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1830 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1831_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1831 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1832_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1832 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1835_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1835 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1837_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1837 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1841_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1841 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1847_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1847 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1852_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1852 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1857_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1857 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1859_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1859 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1865_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1865 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1868_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1868 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1874_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1874 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1880 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1885 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1886_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1886 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1892_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1892 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1895_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1895 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1900_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1900 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1906_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1906 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1910 (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1910 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1918_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1918 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1922 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1923_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1923 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1924_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1924 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1929 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1931 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1945_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1945 United Kingdom general election in Scotland (page does not exist)">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1950 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1951 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1955 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1959 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1964 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1966 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1970 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1974 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1974 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1979 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1983 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1987 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1992 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="1997 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="2001 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="2005 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="2010 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="2015 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="2017 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland" title="2019 United Kingdom general election in Scotland">2019</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland#European_Parliament" title="Elections in Scotland">European Parliament elections</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1984 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1989 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1999 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2004 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland#Local_councils" title="Elections in Scotland">Local elections</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Scottish_local_elections" title="1967 Scottish local elections">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_Scottish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 Scottish local elections (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Scottish_local_elections" title="1969 Scottish local elections">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Scottish_local_elections" title="1970 Scottish local elections">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Scottish_local_elections" title="1971 Scottish local elections">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Scottish_local_elections" title="1972 Scottish local elections">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Scottish_local_elections" title="1973 Scottish local elections">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Scottish_local_elections" title="1974 Scottish local elections">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Scottish_local_elections" title="1977 Scottish local elections">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Scottish_local_elections" title="1980 Scottish local elections">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Scottish_regional_elections" title="1982 Scottish regional elections">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Scottish_local_elections" title="1984 Scottish local elections">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Scottish_regional_elections" title="1986 Scottish regional elections">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Scottish_local_elections" title="1988 Scottish local elections">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Scottish_regional_elections" title="1990 Scottish regional elections">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Scottish_local_elections" title="1992 Scottish local elections">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Scottish_regional_elections" title="1994 Scottish regional elections">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Scottish_local_elections" title="1995 Scottish local elections">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Scottish_local_elections" title="1999 Scottish local elections">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Scottish_local_elections" title="2003 Scottish local elections">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_local_elections" title="2007 Scottish local elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Scottish_local_elections" title="2012 Scottish local elections">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Scottish_local_elections" title="2017 Scottish local elections">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Scottish_local_elections" title="2022 Scottish local elections">2022</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland#Referendums" title="Elections in Scotland">Referendums</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1979 Scottish devolution referendum">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Strathclyde_water_referendum" title="1994 Strathclyde water referendum">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Scottish devolution referendum">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_congestion_charge#Referendum" title="Edinburgh congestion charge">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_electoral_regions_from_2011#Constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions from 2011">Scottish Parliament constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_electoral_regions_from_2011#Electoral_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions from 2011">Scottish Parliament electoral regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Westminster_constituencies" title="Scottish Westminster constituencies">Scottish Westminster constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">Proposed second independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Scotland" title="Electoral system of Scotland">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Scotland" title="List of political parties in Scotland">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Scotland and the United Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom Government</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Starmer_ministry" title="Starmer ministry">Starmer ministry</a> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><small><a href="/wiki/The_Rt_Hon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rt Hon">The Rt Hon</a></small> <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a></small> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></b></li></ul> <p><small><a href="/wiki/The_Rt_Hon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rt Hon">The Rt Hon</a></small> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Murray_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Murray (Scottish politician)">Ian Murray</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a></small> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scottish_devolution" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland">Scotland Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Affairs Committee">Scottish Affairs Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Grand_Committee" title="Scottish Grand Committee">Scottish Grand Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interministerial_Standing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Interministerial Standing Committee">Interministerial Standing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett_formula" title="Barnett formula">Barnett formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_and_excepted_matters" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserved and excepted matters">Reserved matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_consent_motion" title="Legislative consent motion">Sewel motion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Administration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Council areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffdom" title="Sheriffdom">Sheriffdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_community_council_areas_in_Scotland" title="List of community council areas in Scotland">Community councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenancy_areas_of_Scotland" title="Lieutenancy areas of Scotland">Lieutenancy areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Scottish_Local_Authorities" title="Convention of Scottish Local Authorities">Convention of Scottish Local Authorities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Scotland" title="Category:Politics of Scotland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Scotland" title="Template:Politics of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:Politics of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Scottish Parliament</b> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">Pàrlamaid na h-Alba</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gd-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">[ˈpʰaːrˠl̪ˠəmɪtʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>nə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhal̪ˠapə]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>: <i lang="sco">Scots Pairlament</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. Located in the <a href="/wiki/Holyrood,_Edinburgh" title="Holyrood, Edinburgh">Holyrood</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, it is frequently referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> <i>Holyrood</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parliament is a democratically elected body comprising 129 members known as <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the Scottish Parliament">Members of the Scottish Parliament</a> (MSPs), elected for five-year terms<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the regionalised form of <a href="/wiki/Additional-member_system" title="Additional-member system">Additional-member system</a> (MMP): 73 MSPs represent individual geographical <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Parliament constituencies and regions">constituencies</a> elected by the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality</a> (first-past-the-post) system, while a further 56 are returned as list members from eight <a href="/wiki/Additional-member_system" title="Additional-member system">additional member</a> regions. Each region elects seven party-list MSPs. Each region elects 15 to 17 MSPs in total.<sup id="cite_ref-ScotParlWorks_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScotParlWorks-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent <a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">general election</a> to the Parliament was held on 6 May 2021, with the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> winning a plurality. </p><p>The original <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> was the national legislature of the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> and existed from the early 13th century until the Kingdom of Scotland merged with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoricalConnection_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoricalConnection-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, the Parliament of Scotland ceased to exist, while the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>, which sat at <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, was subsumed into the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoricalConnection_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoricalConnection-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, all of the traditions, procedures, and standing orders of the English parliament were retained, with the addition of Scottish members in both the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">Commons</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">Lords</a>. </p><p>Following a <a href="/wiki/1997_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Scottish devolution referendum">referendum in 1997</a>, in which the Scottish electorate voted for devolution, the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Devolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Devolved">devolved</a> legislature were specified by the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a>. The Act delineates the legislative competence of the Parliament – the areas in which it can make <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">laws</a> – by explicitly specifying powers that are "<a href="/wiki/Devolved,_reserved_and_excepted_matters" title="Devolved, reserved and excepted matters">reserved</a>" to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK Parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the Scottish Parliament, and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first meeting of the reconvened Parliament took place on 12 May 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legislative competence of the Scottish Parliament has been amended numerous times since then. The <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2012" title="Scotland Act 2012">Scotland Act 2012</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2016" title="Scotland Act 2016">Scotland Act 2016</a> expanded the Parliament's powers, especially over taxation and welfare. The purpose of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020">United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020</a>, the most recent amendment, is to constrain the powers of the devolved institutions<sup id="cite_ref-DouHu22_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DouHu22-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and restrict the exercise of devolved competences.<sup id="cite_ref-Reality_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reality-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its effect is to undermine the freedom of action, regulatory competence and authority of the Parliament, limiting its ability to make different economic or social choices to those made by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UKIM_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKIM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History"><span class="anchor" id="History_of_the_Scottish_Parliament">History</span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scottish_devolution" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Scottish devolution">History of Scottish devolution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_Parliament_of_Scotland">Original Parliament of Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Original Parliament of Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Union 1707">Treaty of Union 1707</a> united the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> into a new state called "<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>", Scotland had an <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independent</a> parliament known as the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>. Initial Scottish proposals in the negotiation over the Union suggested a devolved Parliament be retained in Scotland, but this was not accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> negotiators.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Union">Treaty of Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treaty of Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the next 290 years, Scotland was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, both seated at Westminster, and the lack of a Parliament of Scotland remained an important element in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Scottish national identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Devolution_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devolution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suggestions for a 'devolved' Parliament were made before 1914, but were shelved due to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Devolution_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devolution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sharp rise in nationalism in Scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some form of <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">home rule</a> or complete <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">independence</a>, and in 1969 prompted the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> to set up the <a href="/wiki/Kilbrandon_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilbrandon Commission">Kilbrandon Commission</a> to consider the <a href="/wiki/British_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="British constitution">British constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Devolution_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devolution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for Scotland, within the unitary state of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Devolution_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devolution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Assembly" title="Scottish Assembly">Scottish Assembly</a> to legislate for the majority of domestic Scottish affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1979_devolution_referendum">1979 devolution referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1979 devolution referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this time, the discovery of <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">oil</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and the following "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Scotland%27s_oil" title="It's Scotland's oil">It's Scotland's oil</a>" campaign of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> (SNP) resulted in rising support for Scottish independence, as well as the SNP. The party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should.<sup id="cite_ref-Devolution_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devolution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined effect of these events led to <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> Wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Devolution_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devolution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1978" title="Scotland Act 1978">Scotland Act 1978</a>, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh if the public approved it in a <a href="/wiki/1979_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1979 Scottish devolution referendum">referendum be held on 1 March 1979</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1979_referendum_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979_referendum-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A narrow majority of 51.6% to 48.4% voted in favour of a Scottish Assembly, but the Act also required that at least 40% of the total electorate vote in favour of the proposal. As the turnout was only 63.6%, the vote in favour represented only 32.9% of the eligible voting population, and the Assembly was not established.<sup id="cite_ref-1979_referendum_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1979_referendum-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, demand for a Scottish Parliament grew, in part because the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">government of the United Kingdom</a> was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, while Scotland itself elected relatively few Conservative MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-Devolution_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devolution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the 1979 referendum defeat, the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_a_Scottish_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign for a Scottish Assembly">Campaign for a Scottish Assembly</a> was initiated as a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure group">pressure group</a>, leading to the 1989 <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Constitutional_Convention" title="Scottish Constitutional Convention">Scottish Constitutional Convention</a> with various organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scottish churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Scotland" title="List of political parties in Scotland">political parties</a> and representatives of industry taking part. Publishing its blueprint for devolution in 1995, the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1997_devolution_referendum">1997 devolution referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1997 devolution referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Devolution continued to form part of the platform of the Labour Party which won power under <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> in May 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Devolution_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devolution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1997, the <a href="/wiki/1997_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Scottish devolution referendum">Scottish devolution referendum</a> was put to the Scottish electorate and secured a majority in favour of the reestablishment of the Scottish Parliament, with tax-varying powers, in Edinburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_of_the_new_Scottish_Parliament">Opening of the new Scottish Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opening of the new Scottish Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ScottishParliamentFront.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/ScottishParliamentFront.JPG/220px-ScottishParliamentFront.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/ScottishParliamentFront.JPG/330px-ScottishParliamentFront.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/ScottishParliamentFront.JPG/440px-ScottishParliamentFront.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>The public entrance of the Scottish Parliament building, opened in October 2004.</figcaption></figure> <p>An election was held on 6 May 1999, and on 1 July of that year power was transferred from Westminster to the new reconvened Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the permanent building at Holyrood was being constructed, a temporary home for the Parliament was found in Edinburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_Hall_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly Hall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mile" title="Royal Mile">Royal Mile</a> was chosen to host the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official photographs and television interviews were held in the courtyard adjoining the Assembly Hall, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Edinburgh" title="New College, Edinburgh">School of Divinity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. This building was vacated twice to allow for the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Church's General Assembly</a>. In May 2000, the Parliament was temporarily relocated to the former <a href="/wiki/Strathclyde_Regional_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Strathclyde Regional Council">Strathclyde Regional Council</a> debating chamber at <a href="/wiki/Nye_Bevan_House" title="Nye Bevan House">Strathclyde House</a> in Glasgow,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> in May 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since September 2004, the official home of the Scottish Parliament has been a new <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building</a>, in the Holyrood area of Edinburgh. The Scottish Parliament building was designed by Spanish architect <a href="/wiki/Enric_Miralles" title="Enric Miralles">Enric Miralles</a> in partnership with local Edinburgh Architecture firm <a href="/wiki/RMJM" title="RMJM">RMJM</a> which was led by Design Principal <a href="/wiki/Tony_Kettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Kettle">Tony Kettle</a>. Some of the principal features of the complex include leaf-shaped buildings, a grass-roofed branch merging into adjacent parkland and <a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">gabion</a> walls formed from the stones of previous buildings. Throughout the building there are many repeated motifs, such as shapes based on <a href="/wiki/Henry_Raeburn" title="Henry Raeburn">Raeburn's</a> <a href="/wiki/Skating_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Skating Minister">Skating Minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crow-stepped_gable" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow-stepped gable">Crow-stepped gables</a> and the upturned boat skylights of the Garden Lobby, complete the unique<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> architecture. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> opened the new building on 9 October 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, the Scottish Parliament celebrated its 25th anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herald2024_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herald2024-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Officials">Officials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament">Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg/220px-Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg/330px-Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg/440px-Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_at_the_opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3455" data-file-height="2429" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> at the opening of the Scottish Parliament on 1 July 1999 alongside then <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Dewar" title="Donald Dewar">Donald Dewar</a> and then Presiding Officer <a href="/wiki/Lord_Steel_of_Aikwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Steel of Aikwood">Lord Steel of Aikwood</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After each election to the Scottish Parliament, at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament">Presiding Officer</a>, the equivalent of the speaker in other legislatures, and two MSPs to serve as deputies. The Presiding Officer (currently <a href="/wiki/Alison_Johnstone" title="Alison Johnstone">Alison Johnstone</a>) and deputies (currently <a href="/wiki/Annabelle_Ewing" title="Annabelle Ewing">Annabelle Ewing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liam_McArthur" title="Liam McArthur">Liam McArthur</a>) are elected by a <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> of the 129 MSPs, which is the only secret ballot conducted in the Scottish Parliament. Principally, the role of the Presiding Officer is to chair chamber proceedings and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliamentary_Corporate_Body" title="Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body">Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When chairing meetings of the Parliament, the Presiding Officer and his/her deputies must be politically impartial.<sup id="cite_ref-PresidingOfficer_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PresidingOfficer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During debates, the Presiding Officer (or the deputy) is assisted by the parliamentary clerks, who give advice on how to interpret the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">standing orders</a> that govern the proceedings of meetings. A vote clerk sits in front of the Presiding Officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamber_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamber-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a member of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliamentary_Corporate_Body" title="Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body">Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body</a>, the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff, property and resources it requires to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convening the Parliamentary Bureau, which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber, is another of the roles of the Presiding Officer. Under the Standing Orders of the Parliament the Bureau consists of the Presiding Officer and one representative from each political party with five or more seats in the Parliament. Amongst the duties of the Bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber, establish the number, remit and membership of parliamentary committees and regulate the passage of legislation (bills) through the Parliament. The Presiding Officer also represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-PresidingOfficer_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PresidingOfficer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Presiding Officer controls debates by calling on members to speak. The Presiding Officer rules on <a href="/wiki/Points_of_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Points of order">points of order</a> raised by members, which are not subject to debate or appeal. The Presiding Officer may also discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-PresidingOfficer_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PresidingOfficer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parliamentary_chamber">Parliamentary chamber</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parliamentary chamber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debating_chamber,_Scottish_Parliament_(31-05-2006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Debating_chamber%2C_Scottish_Parliament_%2831-05-2006%29.jpg/220px-Debating_chamber%2C_Scottish_Parliament_%2831-05-2006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Debating_chamber%2C_Scottish_Parliament_%2831-05-2006%29.jpg/330px-Debating_chamber%2C_Scottish_Parliament_%2831-05-2006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Debating_chamber%2C_Scottish_Parliament_%2831-05-2006%29.jpg/440px-Debating_chamber%2C_Scottish_Parliament_%2831-05-2006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>Seating in the <a href="/wiki/Debating_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Debating chamber">debating chamber</a> is arranged in a semicircle, with ministers sitting in the front section of the semicircle, directly opposite the presiding officer and parliamentary clerks.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Debating_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Debating chamber">debating chamber</a> of the Scottish Parliament has seating arranged in a <a href="/wiki/Hemicycle" title="Hemicycle">hemicycle</a>, a design which is common across European legislatures, intended to encourage consensus and compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 131 seats in the debating chamber. Of the total 131 seats, 129 are occupied by the Parliament's elected MSPs and two are seats for the Scottish Law Officers—the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland" title="Solicitor General for Scotland">Solicitor General for Scotland</a>, who are not elected members of the Parliament but are members of the Scottish Government. As such, the Law Officers may attend and speak in the plenary meetings of the Parliament but, as they are not elected MSPs, cannot vote.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members are able to sit anywhere in the debating chamber, but typically sit in their party groupings.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamber_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamber-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Minister, Scottish <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_Governments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish Governments">cabinet ministers</a> and law officers sit in the front row, in the middle section of the chamber. The largest party in the Parliament sits in the middle of the semicircle, with opposing parties on either side.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamber_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamber-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Presiding Officer, parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In front of the Presiding Officers' desk is the parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_mace" title="Ceremonial mace">mace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_mace_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_mace-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is made from silver and <a href="/wiki/Inlaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Inlaid">inlaid</a> with gold panned from Scottish rivers and inscribed with the words: <i>Wisdom</i>, <i>Compassion</i>, <i>Justice</i> and <i>Integrity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mace_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mace-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words <i>There shall be a Scottish Parliament</i>, which are the first words of the Scotland Act, are inscribed around the head of the mace,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_mace_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_mace-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mace_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mace-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has a ceremonial role in the meetings of Parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing the authority of the Parliament to make laws.<sup id="cite_ref-mace_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mace-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presented to the Scottish Parliament by the Queen upon Parliament's official opening in July 1999, the mace is displayed in a glass case, suspended from the lid. At the beginning of each sitting in the chamber, the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass, to symbolise that a full meeting of the Parliament is taking place.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamber_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamber-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proceedings">Proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg/220px-The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg/330px-The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg/440px-The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3451" data-file-height="2426" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Scotland" title="Crown of Scotland">Crown of Scotland</a> is carried by the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Douglas-Hamilton,_16th_Duke_of_Hamilton" title="Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 16th Duke of Hamilton">Duke of Hamilton</a> as Queen Elizabeth II leaves the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building#Debating_chamber" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Chamber</a>, following the Opening of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Scottish_Parliament" title="4th Scottish Parliament">fourth Session</a> in July 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>Parliament typically sits Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from early January to late June and from early September to mid December, with two-week recesses in April and October.<sup id="cite_ref-Brief_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm and on Thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-Brief_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public. Entry is free, but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space. Parliament TV is a webcast and archive of Parliamentary business back to 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s parliamentary channel <a href="/wiki/BBC_Parliament" title="BBC Parliament">BBC Parliament</a>. Proceedings are also recorded in text form, in print and online, in the <i>Official Report</i>, which is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since September 2012, the first item of business on Tuesday afternoons is usually Time for Reflection<sup id="cite_ref-Reflection_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reflection-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes, sharing a perspective on issues of <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>. This contrasts with the formal style of "Prayers", which is the first item of business in meetings of the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>. Speakers are drawn from across Scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the <a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Census in the United Kingdom">Scottish census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reflection_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reflection-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invitations to address Parliament in this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau. Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers. Before September 2012, Time for reflection was held on Wednesday afternoons.<sup id="cite_ref-Reflection_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reflection-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Presiding Officer (or Deputy Presiding Officer) decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak.<sup id="cite_ref-PresidingOfficer_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PresidingOfficer-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally, the Presiding Officer tries to achieve a balance between different viewpoints and political parties when selecting members to speak.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamber_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamber-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, ministers or party leaders open debates, with opening speakers given between 5 and 20 minutes, and succeeding speakers allocated less time.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamber_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamber-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Presiding Officer can reduce speaking time if a large number of members wish to participate in the debate. Debate is more informal than in some parliamentary systems.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members may call each other directly by name, rather than by constituency or cabinet position, and hand clapping is allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speeches to the chamber are normally delivered in English, but members may use <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>, or any other language with the agreement of the Presiding Officer.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish Parliament has conducted debates in the Gaelic language.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humza_Yousaf_before_the_Scottish_Parliament_chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Humza_Yousaf_before_the_Scottish_Parliament_chamber.jpg/220px-Humza_Yousaf_before_the_Scottish_Parliament_chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Humza_Yousaf_before_the_Scottish_Parliament_chamber.jpg/330px-Humza_Yousaf_before_the_Scottish_Parliament_chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Humza_Yousaf_before_the_Scottish_Parliament_chamber.jpg/440px-Humza_Yousaf_before_the_Scottish_Parliament_chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>First Minister <a href="/wiki/Humza_Yousaf" title="Humza Yousaf">Humza Yousaf</a> speaks before the parliamentary chamber</figcaption></figure> <p>Each sitting day, normally at 5 pm, MSPs decide on all the <a href="/wiki/Motion_(democracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (democracy)">motions</a> and amendments that have been moved that day. This "Decision Time" is heralded by the sounding of the division bell, which is heard throughout the Parliamentary campus and alerts MSPs who are not in the chamber to return and vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamber_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamber-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Decision Time, the Presiding Officer puts questions on the motions and amendments by reading out the name of the motion or amendment as well as the proposer and asking "<i>Are we all agreed?</i>", to which the chamber first votes orally. If there is audible dissent, the Presiding Officer announces "<i>There will be a division</i>" and members vote by means of electronic consoles on their desks. Each MSP has a unique access card with a <a href="/wiki/Microchip" class="mw-redirect" title="Microchip">microchip</a> which, when inserted into the console, identifies them and allows them to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamber_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamber-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the outcome of each division is known in seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outcome of most votes can be predicted since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote. Parties entrust some MSPs, known as <a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">whips</a>, with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MSPs do not tend to vote against such instructions, since those who do are unlikely to reach higher political ranks in their parties.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections, and, in serious cases, may be expelled from their parties outright.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingdom2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingdom2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, as with many Parliaments, the independence of Members of the Scottish Parliament tends to be low, and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party's policies are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingdom2_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingdom2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some circumstances, however, parties announce "free votes", which allows Members to vote as they please. This is typically done on <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> issues.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after Decision Time a "Members Debate" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamber_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamber-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members Business is a debate on a motion proposed by an MSP who is not a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Executive">Scottish minister</a>. Such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time. As well as the proposer, other members normally contribute to the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and motion relate to "winds up" the debate by speaking after all other participants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Committees">Committees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Committees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Committees of the Scottish Parliament">Committees of the Scottish Parliament</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Parliament_-_Committee_Room_(5732688523).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scottish_Parliament_-_Committee_Room_%285732688523%29.jpg/220px-Scottish_Parliament_-_Committee_Room_%285732688523%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scottish_Parliament_-_Committee_Room_%285732688523%29.jpg/330px-Scottish_Parliament_-_Committee_Room_%285732688523%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Scottish_Parliament_-_Committee_Room_%285732688523%29.jpg/440px-Scottish_Parliament_-_Committee_Room_%285732688523%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>A Committee Room in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shona_Robison_before_the_Civil_Justice_Committee_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Shona_Robison_before_the_Civil_Justice_Committee_2022.jpg/220px-Shona_Robison_before_the_Civil_Justice_Committee_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Shona_Robison_before_the_Civil_Justice_Committee_2022.jpg/330px-Shona_Robison_before_the_Civil_Justice_Committee_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Shona_Robison_before_the_Civil_Justice_Committee_2022.jpg/440px-Shona_Robison_before_the_Civil_Justice_Committee_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shona_Robison" title="Shona Robison">Shona Robison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Social_Justice,_Housing_and_Local_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Secretary for Social Justice, Housing and Local Government">Cabinet Secretary for Social Justice, Housing and Local Government</a> before the Civil Justice Committee</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in <a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">committee</a>. The role of committees is stronger in the Scottish Parliament than in other parliamentary systems, partly as a means of strengthening the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and partly to compensate for the fact that there is no revising chamber. The principal role of committees in the Scottish Parliament is to take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Committee_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Committee-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Committee meetings take place on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday morning when Parliament is sitting. Committees can also meet at other locations throughout Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Committees comprise a small number of MSPs, who look at specific subjects such as health, the economy or justice. They play a central role in the work of the Scottish parliament because, unlike the UK Parliament, the Scottish parliament is a single-chamber parliament. The committees can thus, consider and amend proposals for new laws, they can also propose new laws themselves. The committees can investigate any area that is within their remit and publish recommendations, and can also report on petitions that have been submitted by members of the public or groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Committee_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Committee-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CommitteeInfo_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommitteeInfo-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current Mandatory Committees in the fourth Session of the Scottish Parliament are: Public <a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a>; Equal Opportunities; <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">European</a> and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions; Standards, Procedures and Public Appointments; and Delegated Powers and Law Reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Committee_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Committee-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subject Committees are established at the beginning of each parliamentary session, and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across Parliament. Typically each committee corresponds with one (or more) of the departments (or ministries) of the Scottish Government. The current Subject Committees in the fourth Session are: Economy, Energy and Tourism; <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education and Culture</a>; <a href="/wiki/NHS_Scotland" title="NHS Scotland">Health and Sport</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Justice</a>; <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local Government and Regeneration</a>; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Infrastructure and Capital Investment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Committee_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Committee-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further type of committee is normally set up to scrutinise <a href="/wiki/Private_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Private bill">private bills</a> submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills normally relate to large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property.<sup id="cite_ref-PrivateBillCommitteeMeetings_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrivateBillCommitteeMeetings-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private Bill Committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Tram_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Tram Network">Edinburgh Tram Network</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Airport_Rail_Link" title="Glasgow Airport Rail Link">Glasgow Airport Rail Link</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Airdrie%E2%80%93Bathgate_rail_link" title="Airdrie–Bathgate rail link">Airdrie–Bathgate rail link</a> and extensions to the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Scotland">National Gallery of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PrivateBillCommitteeMeetings_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrivateBillCommitteeMeetings-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_functions_and_powers">Legislative functions and powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legislative functions and powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Act of the Scottish Parliament">Act of the Scottish Parliament</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Parliament_Act_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scottish_Parliament_Act_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Scottish_Parliament_Act_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scottish_Parliament_Act_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Scottish_Parliament_Act_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scottish_Parliament_Act_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Scottish_Parliament_Act_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1187" data-file-height="1533" /></a><figcaption>After a <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> has passed through all legislative stages, it becomes an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Act of the Scottish Parliament">Act of the Scottish Parliament</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a>, which was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and given <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> by Queen Elizabeth II on 19 November 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> governs the functions and role of the Scottish Parliament and delimits its legislative competence.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the establishment of the Parliament, there have been a number of changes to its legislative competence. </p><p>The Parliament is able to debate any issue (including those reserved to Westminster) but is unable to make laws on issues that are outside its legislative competence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Scottish Parliament is able to make laws on the areas constitutionally devolved to it, the legislative process begins with <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bills</a> (draft laws) which are presented to Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Bills_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bills-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bills can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill; a committee of the Parliament can present a bill in one of the areas under its remit; a member of the Scottish Parliament can introduce a bill as a private member; or a <a href="/wiki/Private_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Private bill">private bill</a> can be submitted to Parliament by an outside proposer.<sup id="cite_ref-Bills_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bills-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party (or parties). Bills pass through Parliament in a number of stages before receiving royal assent, whereupon they become <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of the Scottish Parliament">Acts of the Scottish Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2012" title="Scotland Act 2012">Scotland Act 2012</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2016" title="Scotland Act 2016">Scotland Act 2016</a> extended the devolved competencies, including areas such as taxation powers, welfare and elections to the Scottish parliament. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020">United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020</a> is intended to restrict the operation of devolved powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Inte_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inte-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter legislation, passed under the regime of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, gives UK ministers extended powers to enforce mutual recognition of regulations across the UK, and the exemptions permitted for the devolved administrations are significantly less extensive than previous exemptions under the <a href="/wiki/EU_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Single Market">EU Single Market</a> rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Keating21_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keating21-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It both legally and practically restrains the legislative competence of the Parliament<sup id="cite_ref-WolffeDevol_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WolffeDevol-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and undermines devolution.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The business secretary tacitly acknowledged this fact in the <a href="/wiki/Impact_assessment" title="Impact assessment">impact assessment</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy" title="Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy">BEIS department</a> was obliged to publish alongside the bill, which states: "The final cost of this legislation is the potentially reduced ability for different parts of the UK to achieve local policy benefits. While this legislation does not constrain the ability of different parts of the UK to introduce distinct policies, to the extent that those policies may be enforceable on a reduced number of businesses might make it harder to realise fully the benefits of those policies."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the UK Government stated on publication that the proposed bill sought to "protect the integrity of the UK's single market",<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the legislation has been heavily criticised for its dealings with the devolved nations. First Minister Nicola Sturgeon called the bill a "full frontal assault on devolution".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation undermines the freedom of action,<sup id="cite_ref-lawscot.org.uk_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawscot.org.uk-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regulatory competence and authority of the Parliament, limiting its ability to make different economic or social choices from those made in Westminster, and to focus and plan investment in infrastructure in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-UKIM_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKIM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the terms of the Scotland Acts, the Parliament of the United Kingdom agreed to devolve some of its responsibilities over Scottish domestic policy to the Scottish Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-UKParliament_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKParliament-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scotland Act 1998 enabled the Scottish Parliament to pass <a href="/wiki/Primary_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary legislation">primary legislation</a> on these issues, and to hold the Scottish Government to account.<sup id="cite_ref-Cairney_2014_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cairney_2014-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Westminster Parliament retains the authority to legislate on devolved matters, under the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_consent_motion" title="Legislative consent motion">Sewell convention</a> it is understood that it will not do so without the consent of the Scottish Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powers_of_the_Scottish_Parliament">Powers of the Scottish Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Powers of the Scottish Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All matters that are not specifically stated in Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act as <a href="/wiki/Devolved,_reserved_and_excepted_matters" title="Devolved, reserved and excepted matters">reserved matters</a> are automatically devolved to the Scottish Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-devolvedmatters_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devolvedmatters-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish Parliament has powers over areas such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">fisheries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Animal welfare in the United Kingdom">animal welfare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Scotland" title="Environment of Scotland">environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_registration_(Scots_law)" title="Land registration (Scots law)">land registration</a> and use</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">food safety</a> and food standards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumer advocacy and advice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Scotland" title="Water supply and sanitation in Scotland">water and sanitation</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate_Scotland" title="Crown Estate Scotland">Crown Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">economic development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inward_investment" title="Inward investment">inward investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_Scotland" title="Income tax in Scotland">income tax on non-savings and non-dividend income</a></li> <li>issue of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> to finance capital investment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Tax" title="Council Tax">Council Tax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_rates_in_Scotland" title="Business rates in Scotland">Business rates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Departure_Tax" title="Air Departure Tax">Air Departure Tax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Buildings_Transaction_Tax" title="Land and Buildings Transaction Tax">Land and Buildings Transaction Tax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Landfill_Tax" title="Scottish Landfill Tax">Scottish Landfill Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary</a>) and training</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_Scotland" title="Social care in Scotland">social care</a></li> <li>abortion law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">legal system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legal_aid#Scotland" title="Legal aid">legal aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_civil_procedure" title="Scots civil procedure">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_criminal_law" title="Scottish criminal law">criminal</a> law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts in Scotland">courts and tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_profession" title="Legal profession">legal profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Scottish Fire and Rescue Service">fire and rescue services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">prisons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">air gun</a> licensing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_licensing_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom#Licensing_law_in_Scotland" title="Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom">alcohol licensing</a></li> <li>hunting with dogs and dangerous dogs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_registration" title="Civil registration">civil registration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_archives" title="National archives">national archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">planning permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland" title="Sport in Scotland">sport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">the arts</a>, heritage and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li> <li>parking controls, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland#Bus_travel" title="Transport in Scotland">bus policy</a>, concessionary fares, cycling, taxis and minicabs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland#Railways" title="Transport in Scotland">railway services, franchising, and construction of new railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland#Road_network" title="Transport in Scotland">road network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">trunk road</a> management, <a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Road signs in the United Kingdom">road signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_speed_limits_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Road speed limits in the United Kingdom">speed limits</a></li> <li>shipping, ports, inland waterways, harbours and <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland#Ferries" title="Transport in Scotland">ferries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland" title="Housing in Scotland">housing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">homelessness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Building_regulations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Building regulations in the United Kingdom">building standards</a></li> <li>charities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onshore_(hydrocarbons)" title="Onshore (hydrocarbons)">onshore</a> <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a></li> <li>heating and cooling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_holiday" title="Bank holiday">bank holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday trading">Sunday trading</a></li> <li>welfare foods for pregnant women, mothers and children</li> <li>devolved <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> benefits</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reserved_powers">Reserved powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reserved powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scottish Parliament and are reserved to the United Kingdom Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-powers_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powers-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">the constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a></li> <li>fiscal, economic and monetary policy, currency, government borrowing and lending, the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_Tax_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Inheritance Tax in the United Kingdom">inheritance tax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Value-added tax in the United Kingdom">value-added tax</a>, excise duties, <a href="/wiki/Motoring_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Motoring taxation in the United Kingdom">motoring taxation</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_corporation_tax" title="United Kingdom corporation tax">corporation tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Insurance" title="National Insurance">National Insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital gains tax in the United Kingdom">capital gains tax</a>, income tax on savings and dividend income</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">pensions</a></li> <li>financial services and markets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">drug policy</a></li> <li>data protection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Firearms regulation in the United Kingdom">firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_immigration_law" title="United Kingdom immigration law">immigration</a> and nationality</li> <li>national security</li> <li>betting, gaming and lotteries</li> <li>competition, intellectual property, import and export control, consumer protection</li> <li>product standards, weights and measures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postal services in the United Kingdom">post</a></li> <li>common markets for UK goods and services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">electricity, coal, oil, gas, nuclear energy</a></li> <li>employment and industrial relations, health and safety</li> <li>most aspects of <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">transport</a> safety and regulation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Tax_Credit" title="Working Tax Credit">Working Tax Credit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jobseeker%27s_Allowance" title="Jobseeker's Allowance">Jobseeker's Allowance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Income_Support" title="Income Support">Income Support</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_benefits_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Child benefits in the United Kingdom">Child Benefit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_tax_credit" title="Child tax credit">Child tax credit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housing_Benefit" title="Housing Benefit">Housing Benefit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Credit" title="Universal Credit">Universal Credit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-devolvedmatters_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devolvedmatters-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scrutiny_of_government">Scrutiny of government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scrutiny of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FMQ_2_September_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/FMQ_2_September_2021.png/220px-FMQ_2_September_2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/FMQ_2_September_2021.png/330px-FMQ_2_September_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/FMQ_2_September_2021.png/440px-FMQ_2_September_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>First Minister <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon" title="Nicola Sturgeon">Nicola Sturgeon</a> in the Scottish Parliament during <a href="/wiki/First_Minister%27s_Questions_(Scottish_Parliament)" title="First Minister's Questions (Scottish Parliament)">First Minister's Questions</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament forms the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>. In contrast to many other parliamentary systems, Parliament elects a <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a> from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term (after a <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">general election</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FM_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FM-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister, and a vote is taken by all members of Parliament. Normally, the leader of the largest party is returned as First Minister, and head of the Scottish Government.<sup id="cite_ref-FM_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FM-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theoretically, Parliament also elects the Scottish Ministers who form the government of Scotland and sit in the Scottish cabinet, but such ministers are, in practice, appointed to their roles by the First Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Nominations_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nominations-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Junior ministers, who do not attend cabinet, are also appointed to assist Scottish ministers in their departments. Most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected MSPs, with the exception of Scotland's Chief Law Officers: the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General.<sup id="cite_ref-Brief_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst the First Minister chooses the ministers – and may decide to remove them at any time – the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the Sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-Nominations_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nominations-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several procedures enable the Scottish Parliament to scrutinise the Government.<sup id="cite_ref-Cairney_2014_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cairney_2014-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question. For example, at the beginning of each parliamentary year, the First Minister delivers a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the statement has been delivered, the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on issues related to the substance of the statement.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber. A "General Question Time" takes place on a Thursday between 11:40 a.m. and noon where members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government.<sup id="cite_ref-Brief_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 2:30 pm, a 40-minute-long themed "Question Time" takes place, where members can ask questions of ministers in departments that are selected for questioning that sitting day, such as health and justice or education and transport.<sup id="cite_ref-Brief_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between noon and 12:30 p.m. on Thursdays, when Parliament is sitting, <a href="/wiki/First_Minister%27s_Questions_(Scottish_Parliament)" title="First Minister's Questions (Scottish Parliament)">First Minister's Question Time</a> takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-Brief_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gives members an opportunity to question the First Minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Members who wish to ask general or themed questions, or questions of the First Minister, must lodge them with parliamentary clerks beforehand and selections are made by the Presiding Officer. Written questions may also be submitted by members to ministers. Written questions and answers are published in the <i>Official Report</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brief_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brief-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first session of Leaders' Virtual Question Time, or virtual First Minister's Questions, was held on 9 April 2020 during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members,_constituencies_and_voting_systems"><span id="Members.2C_constituencies_and_voting_systems"></span>Members, constituencies and voting systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Members, constituencies and voting systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral system in Scotland">Electoral system in Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Parliament_election_map_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Scottish_Parliament_election_map_2021.svg/300px-Scottish_Parliament_election_map_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Scottish_Parliament_election_map_2021.svg/450px-Scottish_Parliament_election_map_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Scottish_Parliament_election_map_2021.svg/600px-Scottish_Parliament_election_map_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>The Scottish elections are divided into two tiers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Elections for the Scottish Parliament were amongst the first in Britain to use a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional representation</a> (MMP) system.<sup id="cite_ref-PR_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PR-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system is a regionalized form of MMP, known as the <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member</a> system (AMS) of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> in Britain. Under the system, voters are given two votes: one for a specific candidate and one for a political party.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The one vote is used to elect the local member; the other is grouped with votes from other districts in the region to compose party-proportional representation within the region. (There are no overall levelling seats.) </p><p>Of the 129 MSPs, 73 are elected to represent <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_electoral_regions" title="Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions">constituencies</a> and are known as "Constituency MSPs".<sup id="cite_ref-ScotParlWorks_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScotParlWorks-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voters choose one member to represent the constituency, and the member with most votes is returned as a constituency MSP. The 73 Scottish Parliament constituencies shared the same boundaries as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies" title="United Kingdom constituencies">UK Parliament constituencies</a> in Scotland, prior to the 2005 reduction in the number of Scottish MPs, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> which each return their own constituency MSP. Currently, the average Scottish Parliament constituency comprises 55,000 electors.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituency_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituency-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the geographical distribution of <a href="/wiki/Population_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Population in Scotland">population in Scotland</a>, this results in constituencies of a smaller area in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Lowlands" title="Central Lowlands">Central Lowlands</a>, where the bulk of Scotland's population live, and much larger constituency areas in the north and west of the country, which have a low population density. The island archipelagos of Orkney, Shetland and the <a href="/wiki/Na_h-Eileanan_an_Iar_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Western Isles</a> comprise a much smaller number of electors, due to their dispersed population.<sup id="cite_ref-Constituency_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constituency-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a constituency MSP resigns from Parliament, this triggers a by-election in his or her constituency, where a replacement MSP is returned by the plurality system.<sup id="cite_ref-PR_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PR-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remaining 56 MSPs, called "List MSPs", are elected by an additional members system, which seeks to make the overall results more proportional, countering any distortions in the constituency results. Seven list MSPs are elected from each of eight <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_electoral_regions_from_2011#Electoral_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions from 2011">electoral regions</a>, of which constituencies are sub-divisions:<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Scotland_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="Central Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">Central Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="Glasgow (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="Highlands and Islands (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">Highlands and Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothian_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="Lothian (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Scotland_and_Fife_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="Mid Scotland and Fife (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">Mid Scotland and Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Scotland_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="North East Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">North East Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Scotland">South Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Scotland_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="West Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">West Scotland</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSP_Group_Shot_Dec2004-lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/MSP_Group_Shot_Dec2004-lg.jpg/220px-MSP_Group_Shot_Dec2004-lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/MSP_Group_Shot_Dec2004-lg.jpg/330px-MSP_Group_Shot_Dec2004-lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/98/MSP_Group_Shot_Dec2004-lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>The 2003 election's 129 Members of the Scottish Parliament; 73 represented individual constituencies and 56 represented eight additional member regions</figcaption></figure> <p>Each political party draws up a list of candidates standing in each electoral region, from which the list MSPs are elected. Independents can also stand in regions, in which case they are treated as a one-person "list". Candidates can stand for both a constituency and a list; should they be elected for a constituency, this takes precedence and they are skipped over when apportioning seats from their party list.<sup id="cite_ref-AMSSystem_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMSSystem-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a list MSP later leaves the Parliament, the next person on the resigning MSPs' party's list takes the seat.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Should a list MSP leave their party, however, they retain their seat and are not replaced. If an independent list MSP leaves the Parliament, they are not replaced and the seat is left vacant until the next general election.<sup id="cite_ref-margo_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-margo-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total number of seats in the Parliament is allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">d'Hondt method</a>. For example, to determine who is awarded the first list seat, the number of list votes cast for each party is divided by one plus the number of seats the party won in the region (at this point just constituency seats). The party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat. This is repeated <a href="/wiki/Iterated_function" title="Iterated function">iteratively</a> until all available list seats are allocated.<sup id="cite_ref-AMSSystem_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMSSystem-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the allocation of seats to parties mirrors the popular vote, it is commonplace for the most successful party in the election not to win an outright majority of the seats, thereby requiring them to seek some form and level of cross-party support for their initiatives in government. Nonetheless, the 2011 election saw the SNP become the first–and to date, only–party to win a majority government.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in the House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply to being an MSP. Such qualifications were introduced under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_Disqualification_Act_1975" title="House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975">House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1981" title="British Nationality Act 1981">British Nationality Act 1981</a>. Specifically, members must be over the age of 18<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and must be a <a href="/wiki/Citizen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen of the United Kingdom">citizen of the United Kingdom</a>, the Republic of Ireland, one of the countries in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, a citizen of a <a href="/wiki/British_overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British overseas territory">British overseas territory</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> citizen resident in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Disqualifications_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disqualifications-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the police and the armed forces are disqualified from sitting in the Scottish Parliament as elected MSPs, and similarly, civil servants and members of foreign legislatures are disqualified.<sup id="cite_ref-Disqualifications_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disqualifications-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual may not sit in the Scottish Parliament if he or she is judged to be insane under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Health_(Care_and_Treatment)_(Scotland)_Act_2003" title="Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003">Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Disqualifications_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disqualifications-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no legal prohibition on holding a <a href="/wiki/Dual_mandate" title="Dual mandate">dual mandate</a>, sitting in both the Scottish Parliament and the House of Commons. However, while several members of the original Scottish Parliament held seats at Westminster, it is now rare; since 2011, only one MSP has served concurrently as an MP for a significant period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_by-elections_to_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="List of by-elections to the Scottish Parliament">List of by-elections to the Scottish Parliament</a></div> <table border="0" style="background:none;float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumbinner" style="width:570px"> <table style="background: transparent; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; width:570px" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:570px; background:white; height:120px; padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_s9kpuw83x16ssljqqos9yarxg9t86b9"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Percentage" coords="4,107,45,127" title="Percentage" alt="Percentage" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" coords="0,101,40,91" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election" alt="2021 Scottish Parliament election" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election" coords="0,86,40,76" title="2016 Scottish Parliament election" alt="2016 Scottish Parliament election" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election" coords="0,72,40,62" title="2011 Scottish Parliament election" alt="2011 Scottish Parliament election" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election" coords="0,57,40,47" title="2007 Scottish Parliament election" alt="2007 Scottish Parliament election" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/2003_Scottish_Parliament_election" coords="0,43,40,33" title="2003 Scottish Parliament election" alt="2003 Scottish Parliament election" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/1999_Scottish_Parliament_election" coords="0,28,40,18" title="1999 Scottish Parliament election" alt="1999 Scottish Parliament election" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_s9kpuw83x16ssljqqos9yarxg9t86b9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/s9kpuw83x16ssljqqos9yarxg9t86b9.png" /></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;" colspan="3"><div class="thumbcaption">Percentage of seats won in each election by political group, 1999 to 2021. Left to right:<br /> <table style="background:none"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E4003B; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Labour</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FAA61A; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Lib Dem</a></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DCDCDC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC66CC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Senior_Citizens_Unity_Party" title="Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party">SSCUP</a></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0087DC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Conservative</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Party" title="Scottish Socialist Party">Socialist</a></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00B140; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Greens</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FDF38E; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div><small></small></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"> Composition of the Scottish Parliament. See or edit <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:Scottish_Parliament_MSP.tab" class="extiw" title="c:Data:Scottish Parliament MSP.tab">source data</a>.</div></div></div> <p>Elections for the Scottish Parliament are for all 129 seats using the <a href="/wiki/Additional_Member_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Member System">Additional Member System</a>. There have been six elections to the Parliament, in <a href="/wiki/1999_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="1999 Scottish Parliament election">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2003 Scottish Parliament election">2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2007 Scottish Parliament election">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2011 Scottish Parliament election">2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2016 Scottish Parliament election">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">2021</a>. </p><p>Under the Scotland Act 1998, ordinary general elections for the Scottish Parliament are held on the first Thursday in May every four years (<a href="/wiki/1999_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="1999 Scottish Parliament election">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2003 Scottish Parliament election">2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2007 Scottish Parliament election">2007</a> and so on).<sup id="cite_ref-ScotlandAct2_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScotlandAct2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by the Monarch on the proposal of the Presiding Officer.<sup id="cite_ref-ScotlandAct2_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScotlandAct2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the Parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved (with at least two-thirds of the Members voting in favour), or if the Parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be First Minister within 28 days of a General Election or of the position becoming vacant,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Presiding Officer proposes a date for an extraordinary general election and the Parliament is dissolved by the Monarch by <a href="/wiki/Royal_proclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal proclamation">royal proclamation</a>. Extraordinary general elections are in addition to ordinary general elections, unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election, in which case they supplant it. The following ordinary election reverts to the first Thursday in May, a multiple of four years after 1999 (i.e., 5 May 2011, 7 May 2015, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latest Scottish Parliament election was held on Thursday 6 May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-dates_act_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dates_act-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a>, an ordinary general election to the Scottish Parliament would normally have been held on the first Thursday in May four years after the <a href="/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2016 Scottish Parliament election">2016 election</a>, i.e. in May 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-ScotlandAct1_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScotlandAct1-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would have coincided with the proposed date of the next United Kingdom general election until an early UK election was called <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">in 2017</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clash_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clash-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2015, the Scottish Government published a Scottish Elections (Dates) Bill, which proposed to extend the term of the Parliament to five years.<sup id="cite_ref-clash_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clash-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That Bill was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 25 February 2016 and received Royal Assent on 30 March 2016, setting the new date for the election as 6 May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-dates_act_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dates_act-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citizens of the UK, Ireland, <a href="/wiki/EU_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="EU member states">EU member states</a> and other countries who have permission to enter or remain in the UK (or who do not need such permission), and are resident in Scotland, are entitled to vote. The minimum voting age is 16.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This differs from elections to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">the Westminster parliament</a>, which are restricted to citizens of the UK, Ireland and qualifying <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> citizens, with a minimum voting age of 18. Citizens of other non-<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> <a href="/wiki/EU_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="EU member states">EU member states</a> who are resident in Scotland have been entitled to vote in elections to the Scottish Parliament since 1999. Since this date, the franchise has been further extended, with a two-thirds majority being required to make changes to the franchise under the Scotland Act 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2016 Scottish Parliament election">2016</a> election, the franchise for Scottish Parliament elections was expanded to include 16- and 17-year-olds.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the Scottish Parliament voted to extend the right to vote in Scotland to all foreign nationals with leave to remain (limited or indefinite).<sup id="cite_ref-scot2020_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scot2020-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For criticisms of the Scottish Parliament Building, see <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building#Controversy" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building § Controversy</a>.</div> <p>The resignation of <a href="/wiki/Henry_McLeish" title="Henry McLeish">Henry McLeish</a> as First Minister, brought on by an <a href="/wiki/Officegate" title="Officegate">office expenses scandal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generated controversy in the first years of the Scottish Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various academics have written on how the Scottish Parliament can be improved as a governing institution.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Lothian_question">West Lothian question</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: West Lothian question"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian_question" title="West Lothian question">West Lothian question</a></div> <p>As a consequence of the establishment of the Scottish Parliament, Scottish MPs sitting in the <a href="/wiki/UK_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="UK House of Commons">UK House of Commons</a> are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland – whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament. This phenomenon is known as the <a href="/wiki/West_Lothian_question" title="West Lothian question">West Lothian question</a> and has led to criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Conservative victory in the <a href="/wiki/2015_UK_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 UK election">2015 UK election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">standing orders</a> of the House of Commons were changed to give MPs representing English constituencies a new "veto" over laws only affecting England, known as <a href="/wiki/English_votes_for_English_laws" title="English votes for English laws">English votes for English laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanism was abolished in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition">Abolition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Abolition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Abolish_the_Scottish_Parliament_Party" title="Abolish the Scottish Parliament Party">Abolish the Scottish Parliament Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> (UKIP),<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Unionist_Party_(1986)" title="Scottish Unionist Party (1986)">Scottish Unionist Party</a> (SUP)<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have advocated for abolishing the Scottish Parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes 11 <a href="/wiki/Labour_Co-op" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Co-op">Labour Co-op</a> MSPs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SNP MSP <a href="/wiki/John_Mason_(Scottish_politician)" title="John Mason (Scottish politician)">John Mason</a> had the whip removed on 17 August 2024 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cg791g2z8zyo">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cg791g2z8zyo</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103122215/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/language/scots/makingYourVoiceHeard/index.htm">"Makkin Yer Voice Heard in the Scottish Pairlament"</a>. Scottish Parliament. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/language/scots/makingYourVoiceHeard/index.htm">the original</a> on 3 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Makkin+Yer+Voice+Heard+in+the+Scottish+Pairlament&rft.pub=Scottish+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish.parliament.uk%2Fvli%2Flanguage%2Fscots%2FmakingYourVoiceHeard%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232141/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/language/languagePolicy/SPCB%20Language%20Policy_Scots.pdf">"SPCB Leid Policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scottish Parliament. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/language/languagePolicy/SPCB%20Language%20Policy_Scots.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPCB+Leid+Policy&rft.pub=Scottish+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish.parliament.uk%2Fvli%2Flanguage%2FlanguagePolicy%2FSPCB%2520Language%2520Policy_Scots.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> for <i>Scottish</i> is in fact <b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=46309&startset=34713072&query=SCOTS&fhit=Scots&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">Scots</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526191557/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=46309&startset=34713072&query=SCOTS&fhit=Scots&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051203012812/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/education/resources/teachingResources/wordBank.htm">"Scottish Parliament Word Bank"</a>. Scottish Parliament. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/education/resources/teachingResources/wordBank.htm">the original</a> on 3 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+Parliament+Word+Bank&rft.pub=Scottish+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish.parliament.uk%2Fvli%2Feducation%2Fresources%2FteachingResources%2FwordBank.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A five year term was set by the Scottish Elections (Reform) Act 2020, having been changed on two occasions previously (by the <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011" title="Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011">Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011</a> and the Scottish Elections (Dates) Act 2016) from the four year term specified by the Scotland Act 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScotParlWorks-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScotParlWorks_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScotParlWorks_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820113850/http://www.parliament.scot/PublicInformationdocuments/SP_HTSPW_English_Oct_14_web.pdf">"How the Scottish Parliament works"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scottish Parliament. October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.scot/PublicInformationdocuments/SP_HTSPW_English_Oct_14_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Scottish+Parliament+works&rft.pub=Scottish+Parliament&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.scot%2FPublicInformationdocuments%2FSP_HTSPW_English_Oct_14_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoricalConnection-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HistoricalConnection_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistoricalConnection_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820113753/http://www.parliament.scot/EducationandCommunityPartnershipsresources/TimelineEnglishSept_2013.pdf">"The Scottish Parliament – Past and Present"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Scottish Parliament. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.scot/EducationandCommunityPartnershipsresources/TimelineEnglishSept_2013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Parliament+%E2%80%93+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Scottish+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.scot%2FEducationandCommunityPartnershipsresources%2FTimelineEnglishSept_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519074917/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1998/80046--t.htm#sch5">"Scotland Act 1998: Scottish Parliament Reserved Issues"</a>. Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1998/80046--t.htm#sch5">the original</a> on 19 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland+Act+1998%3A+Scottish+Parliament+Reserved+Issues&rft.pub=Office+of+Public+Sector+Information+%28OPSI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2FACTS%2Facts1998%2F80046--t.htm%23sch5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murkens, Jones & Keating (2002), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226162954/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-99/or010104.htm#Col7">"Scottish Parliament Official Report – 12 May 1999"</a>. Scottish Parliament. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/officialReports/meetingsParliament/or-99/or010104.htm#Col7">the original</a> on 26 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+Parliament+Official+Report+%E2%80%93+12+May+1999&rft.pub=Scottish+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottish.parliament.uk%2Fbusiness%2FofficialReports%2FmeetingsParliament%2For-99%2For010104.htm%23Col7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DouHu22-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DouHu22_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DouHu22_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouganHuntMcEwenMcHarg2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dougan" title="Michael Dougan">Dougan, Michael</a>; Hunt, Jo; <a href="/wiki/Nicola_McEwen" title="Nicola McEwen">McEwen, Nicola</a>; McHarg, Aileen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3143668/">"Sleeping with an Elephant: Devolution and the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Law_Quarterly_Review" title="Law Quarterly Review">Law Quarterly Review</a></i>. <b>138</b> (Oct). London: <a href="/wiki/Sweet_%26_Maxwell" title="Sweet & Maxwell">Sweet & Maxwell</a>: 650–676. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-933X">0023-933X</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4018581">4018581</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220906005703/https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3143668/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool Repository</a>. <q>The Act has restrictive – and potentially damaging – consequences for the regulatory capacity of the devolved legislatures...This was not the first time since the Brexit referendum that the Convention had been set aside, but it was especially notable given that the primary purpose of the legislation was to constrain the capacity of the devolved institutions to use their regulatory autonomy...in practice, it constrains the ability of the devolved institutions to make effective regulatory choices for their territories in ways that do not apply to the choices made by the UK government and parliament for the English market.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Sleeping+with+an+Elephant%3A+Devolution+and+the+United+Kingdom+Internal+Market+Act+2020&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=Oct&rft.pages=650-676&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4018581%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.issn=0023-933X&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Jo&rft.au=McEwen%2C+Nicola&rft.au=McHarg%2C+Aileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivrepository.liverpool.ac.uk%2F3143668%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaMu22-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaMu22_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaMu22_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastermanMurray2022" class="citation book cs1">Masterman, Roger; Murray, Colin (2022). "The<span class="nowrap"> </span>United Kingdom's Devolution Arrangements". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/constitutional-and-administrative-law/E1EB9FEDC43459C991E42BD945231DB5"><i>Constitutional and Administrative Law</i></a> (Third ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 471–473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009158497">10.1017/9781009158497</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009158503" title="Special:BookSources/9781009158503"><bdi>9781009158503</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248929397">248929397</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240504011056/https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/constitutional-and-administrative-law/E1EB9FEDC43459C991E42BD945231DB5">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>UK Internal Market Act 2020 imposed new restrictions on the ability of the devolved institutions to enact measures...mutual recognition and non-discrimination requirements mean that standards set by the legislatures in Wales and Scotland cannot restrict the sale of goods which are acceptable in other parts of the UK. In other words, imposing such measures would simply create competitive disadvantages for businesses in Wales and Scotland; they would not change the product standards or environmental protections applicable to all goods which can be purchased in Wales and Scotland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3EUnited+Kingdom%27s+Devolution+Arrangements&rft.btitle=Constitutional+and+Administrative+Law&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=471-473&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248929397%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009158497&rft.isbn=9781009158503&rft.aulast=Masterman&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Murray%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fhighereducation%2Fbooks%2Fconstitutional-and-administrative-law%2FE1EB9FEDC43459C991E42BD945231DB5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WolffeDevol-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WolffeDevol_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WolffeDevol_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WolffeDevol_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WolffeDevol_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffe2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Wolffe" title="James Wolffe">Wolffe, W. James</a> (7 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/slr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/slr/hmab003/6213886">"Devolution and the Statute Book"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Review" title="Statute Law Review">Statute Law Review</a></i>. <b>42</b> (2). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 121–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fslr%2Fhmab003">10.1093/slr/hmab003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-3593">0144-3593</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421145355/https://academic.oup.com/slr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/slr/hmab003/6213886">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>the Internal Market Bill—a Bill that contains provisions which, if enacted, would significantly constrain, both legally and as a matter of practicality, the exercise by the devolved legislatures of their legislative competence; provisions that would be significantly more restrictive of the powers of the Scottish Parliament than either EU law or Articles 4 and 6 of the Acts of the Union...The UK Parliament passed the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 and the Internal Market Act 2020 notwithstanding that, in each case, all three of the devolved legislatures had withheld consent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statute+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Devolution+and+the+Statute+Book&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-136&rft.date=2021-04-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fslr%2Fhmab003&rft.issn=0144-3593&rft.aulast=Wolffe&rft.aufirst=W.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fslr%2Fadvance-article%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fslr%2Fhmab003%2F6213886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DougEvi20-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DougEvi20_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DougEvi20_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DougEvi20_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougan2020" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dougan" title="Michael Dougan">Dougan, Michael</a> (23 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12840">Professor Michael Dougan: Evidence on the UK internal market bill</a>. Finance and Constitution Committee (Report). Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliamentary_Corporate_Body" title="Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body">Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body</a>. 21st Meeting 2020, Session 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021090800/https://www.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12840">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>By imposing widespread obligations of non-discrimination and, more important, mutual recognition, the bill seeks to restrict the way that devolved competences operate in practice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Professor+Michael+Dougan%3A+Evidence+on+the+UK+internal+market+bill&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Scottish+Parliamentary+Corporate+Body&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.scot%2Fparliamentarybusiness%2Freport.aspx%3Fr%3D12840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DouganMcEwen20-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DouganMcEwen20_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DouganMcEwen20_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DouganMcEwen20_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouganHaywardHuntMcEwen2020" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dougan" title="Michael Dougan">Dougan, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Katy_Hayward" title="Katy Hayward">Hayward, Katy</a>; Hunt, Jo; <a href="/wiki/Nicola_McEwen" title="Nicola McEwen">McEwen, Nicola</a>; McHarg, Aileen; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wincott" title="Daniel Wincott">Wincott, Daniel</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union">UK and the Internal Market, Devolution and the Union</a>. Centre on Constitutional Change (Report). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>. pp. 2–3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185830/https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=UK+and+the+Internal+Market%2C+Devolution+and+the+Union&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh%3B+University+of+Aberdeen&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hayward%2C+Katy&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Jo&rft.au=McEwen%2C+Nicola&rft.au=McHarg%2C+Aileen&rft.au=Wincott%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk%2Fpublications%2Fuk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUKCLA2020" class="citation web cs1">UKCLA (9 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2020/09/09/kenneth-armstrong-can-the-uk-breach-the-withdrawal-agreement-and-get-away-with-it-the-united-kingdom-internal-market-bill/">"Kenneth Armstrong: Can the UK Breach the Withdrawal Agreement and Get Away With It? – the United Kingdom Internal Market Bill"</a>. <i>UK Constitutional Law Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520125925/https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2020/09/09/kenneth-armstrong-can-the-uk-breach-the-withdrawal-agreement-and-get-away-with-it-the-united-kingdom-internal-market-bill/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Albeit that its principal objective is to manage the free movement of goods, services and the recognition of professional qualifications in a post-Brexit UK where regulatory divergences may increase without the constraints of EU internal market law"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Constitutional+Law+Association&rft.atitle=Kenneth+Armstrong%3A+Can+the+UK+Breach+the+Withdrawal+Agreement+and+Get+Away+With+It%3F+%E2%80%93+the+United+Kingdom+Internal+Market+Bill&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft.au=UKCLA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukconstitutionallaw.org%2F2020%2F09%2F09%2Fkenneth-armstrong-can-the-uk-breach-the-withdrawal-agreement-and-get-away-with-it-the-united-kingdom-internal-market-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LydgateEvi20-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LydgateEvi20_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LydgateEvi20_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LydgateEvi20_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLydgate2020" class="citation report cs1">Lydgate, Emily (23 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12840">Dr Emily Lydgate, University of Sussex: Evidence on the UK internal market bill</a>. Finance and Constitution Committee (Report). Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliamentary_Corporate_Body" title="Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body">Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body</a>. 21st Meeting 2020, Session 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021090800/https://www.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/report.aspx?r=12840">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>In that context, even though the new powers might not be used, I expect that the UK Government wants the legislation to be in place before those statutory instruments come into force, in case the common frameworks fall apart. What we are seeing is the UK Government responding to a threat by trying to centralise power or create a system that will function in case there is a problem...For example, England might authorise a new active substance for pesticides, or a new GMO, and would then be able to freely export those products to devolved nations, even if they had controls domestically. In so doing, England could competitively undercut producers and in effect undermine permitted divergence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Dr+Emily+Lydgate%2C+University+of+Sussex%3A+Evidence+on+the+UK+internal+market+bill&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Scottish+Parliamentary+Corporate+Body&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft.aulast=Lydgate&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.scot%2Fparliamentarybusiness%2Freport.aspx%3Fr%3D12840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeanfutures.ed.ac.uk/what-does-a-uk-internal-market-mean-for-regulatory-divergence-in-the-uk/">"What Does a UK Internal Market Mean for Regulatory Divergence in the UK?"</a>. <i>European Futures</i>. 8 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524123627/https://www.europeanfutures.ed.ac.uk/what-does-a-uk-internal-market-mean-for-regulatory-divergence-in-the-uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>At the heart of the architecture of the UKIM Bill are the so-called 'market access' principles – mutual recognition and non-discrimination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Futures&rft.atitle=What+Does+a+UK+Internal+Market+Mean+for+Regulatory+Divergence+in+the+UK%3F&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanfutures.ed.ac.uk%2Fwhat-does-a-uk-internal-market-mean-for-regulatory-divergence-in-the-uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reality-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reality_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-MaMu22_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaMu22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WolffeDevol_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WolffeDevol-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DougEvi20_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DougEvi20-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DouganMcEwen20_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DouganMcEwen20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LydgateEvi20_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LydgateEvi20-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKIM-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UKIM_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKIM_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Keating21_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keating21-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KenMcEw21_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KenMcEw21-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WolffeDevol_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WolffeDevol-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DougEvi20_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DougEvi20-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DouganMcEwen20_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DouganMcEwen20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LydgateEvi20_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LydgateEvi20-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lawscot.org.uk_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawscot.org.uk-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dougan20Brief_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougan20Brief-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/1707.shtml#last">"The Last Parliament of Scotland 1703–1707"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Last+Parliament+of+Scotland+1703%E2%80%931707&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpolitics97%2Fdevolution%2Fscotland%2Fbriefing%2F1707.shtml%23last&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devolution-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devolution_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devolution_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devolution_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devolution_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devolution_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devolution_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devolution_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devolution_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/devolution/scotland/briefing/c20scot.shtml">"The Devolution Debate (1997) – This Century"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+1979+Referendums&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpolitics97%2Fdevolution%2Fscotland%2Fbriefing%2F79referendums.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Fraser2004" class="citation web cs1">Peter Fraser (15 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041024190756/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/holyrood/inquiry/sp205-02.htm">"Events Prior to 1 May 1997"</a>. The Holyrood Inquiry. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland+Act+preamble&rft.pub=Office+of+Public+Sector+Information+%28OPSI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2FACTS%2Facts1998%2F80046--a.htm%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/310036.stm">"Scotland's Parliament – powers and structures"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 April 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218234816/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/scotland_99/the_scottish_parliament/310036.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Scotland%27s+Parliament+%E2%80%93+powers+and+structures&rft.date=1999-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fevents%2Fscotland_99%2Fthe_scottish_parliament%2F310036.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bills-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bills_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bills_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/Bills/30590.aspx">"Parliamentary Business: Bills: Bills Explained"</a>. Scottish Parliament. May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133119/http://www.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/Bills/30590.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Business%3A+Bills%3A+Bills+Explained&rft.pub=Scottish+Parliament&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.scot%2Fparliamentarybusiness%2FBills%2F30590.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/Bills/25685.aspx">"Bills: Bills Explained: Public, Private & Hybrid Bills Guidance: Guidance on Public Bills: Part 2: Stages of Bills – the general rules"</a>. Scottish Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708205358/http://www.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/Bills/25685.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bills%3A+Bills+Explained%3A+Public%2C+Private+%26+Hybrid+Bills+Guidance%3A+Guidance+on+Public+Bills%3A+Part+2%3A+Stages+of+Bills+%E2%80%93+the+general+rules&rft.pub=Scottish+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.scot%2Fparliamentarybusiness%2FBills%2F25685.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inte-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inte_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-MaMu22_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaMu22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DouHu22_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DouHu22-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WolffeDevol_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WolffeDevol-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DougEvi20_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DougEvi20-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DouganMcEwen20_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DouganMcEwen20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LydgateEvi20_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LydgateEvi20-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keating21-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keating21_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating21_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Keating_(political_scientist)" title="Michael Keating (political scientist)">Keating, Michael</a> (2 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501763.2021.1876156">"Taking back control? Brexit and the territorial constitution of the United Kingdom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_European_Public_Policy" title="Journal of European Public Policy">Journal of European Public Policy</a></i>. <b>29</b> (4). Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 491–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501763.2021.1876156">10.1080/13501763.2021.1876156</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1814%2F70296">1814/70296</a></span>. <q>The UK Internal Market Act gives ministers sweeping powers to enforce mutual recognition and non-discrimination across the four jurisdictions. Existing differences and some social and health matters are exempted but these are much less extensive than the exemptions permitted under the EU Internal Market provisions. Only after an amendment in the House of Lords, the Bill was amended to provide a weak and non-binding consent mechanism for amendments (equivalent to the Sewel Convention) to the list of exemptions. The result is that, while the devolved governments retain regulatory competences, these are undermined by the fact that goods and services originating in, or imported into, England can be marketed anywhere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+European+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Taking+back+control%3F+Brexit+and+the+territorial+constitution+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491-509&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1814%2F70296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13501763.2021.1876156&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13501763.2021.1876156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gu23-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gu23_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuderjan2023" class="citation book cs1">Guderjan, Marius (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Intergovernmental-Relations-in-the-UK-Cooperation-and-Conflict-in-a-Devolved/Guderjan/p/book/9781032394855"><i>Intergovernmental Relations in the UK: Cooperation and Conflict in a Devolved Unitary State</i></a>. London/New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 166–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003349952">10.4324/9781003349952</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-39485-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-39485-5"><bdi>978-1-032-39485-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257877108">257877108</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701053606/https://www.routledge.com/Intergovernmental-Relations-in-the-UK-Cooperation-and-Conflict-in-a-Devolved/Guderjan/p/book/9781032394855">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2024</span>. <q>Since the act became law on 17 December 2020, the devolved administrations can continue to set standards for goods and services produced within their territory, but their rules do not apply to goods and services coming from other jurisdictions. They also must accept products imported into one part of the UK. This undermines their legislative autonomy and renders certain policies ineffective</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intergovernmental+Relations+in+the+UK%3A+Cooperation+and+Conflict+in+a+Devolved+Unitary+State&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pages=166-176&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257877108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003349952&rft.isbn=978-1-032-39485-5&rft.aulast=Guderjan&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FIntergovernmental-Relations-in-the-UK-Cooperation-and-Conflict-in-a-Devolved%2FGuderjan%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032394855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keating21b-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keating21b_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Keating_(political_scientist)" title="Michael Keating (political scientist)">Keating, Michael</a> (2 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501763.2021.1876156">"Taking back control? Brexit and the territorial constitution of the United Kingdom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_European_Public_Policy" title="Journal of European Public Policy">Journal of European Public Policy</a></i>. <b>29</b> (4). Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 491–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501763.2021.1876156">10.1080/13501763.2021.1876156</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1814%2F70296">1814/70296</a></span>. <q>The UK Internal Market Act gives ministers sweeping powers to enforce mutual recognition and non-discrimination across the four jurisdictions. Existing differences and some social and health matters are exempted but these are much less extensive than the exemptions permitted under the EU Internal Market provisions. Only after an amendment in the House of Lords, the Bill was amended to provide a weak and non-binding consent mechanism for amendments (equivalent to the Sewel Convention) to the list of exemptions. The result is that, while the devolved governments retain regulatory competences, these are undermined by the fact that goods and services originating in, or imported into, England can be marketed anywhere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+European+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Taking+back+control%3F+Brexit+and+the+territorial+constitution+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491-509&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1814%2F70296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13501763.2021.1876156&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13501763.2021.1876156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLydgateAnthony2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lydgate, Emily; Anthony, Chloe (September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2230.12735">"Brexit, food law and the UK's search for a post-EU identity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Law_Review" title="Modern Law Review">Modern Law Review</a></i>. <b>85</b> (5). London: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 1168–1190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2230.12735">10.1111/1468-2230.12735</a></span>. <q>While the mutual recognition principle preserves devolved powers, rather than requiring that devolved nations conform with a wide range of harmonised standards (as they did in the EU), the Act undermines devolution simply because devolved legislation will no longer apply to all relevant activity in the devolved territory...Devolution is also undermined by the asymmetry of legislative authority...the UK Internal Market Act is a protected enactment, which devolved administrations are unable to appeal or modify, but which the UK parliament will be able to modify when legislating for England.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Brexit%2C+food+law+and+the+UK%27s+search+for+a+post-EU+identity&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1168-1190&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2230.12735&rft.aulast=Lydgate&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Anthony%2C+Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1468-2230.12735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DouganMcEwen20b-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DouganMcEwen20b_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouganHaywardHuntMcEwen2020" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dougan" title="Michael Dougan">Dougan, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Katy_Hayward" title="Katy Hayward">Hayward, Katy</a>; Hunt, Jo; <a href="/wiki/Nicola_McEwen" title="Nicola McEwen">McEwen, Nicola</a>; McHarg, Aileen; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wincott" title="Daniel Wincott">Wincott, Daniel</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union">UK and the Internal Market, Devolution and the Union</a>. Centre on Constitutional Change (Report). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>. pp. 2–3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185830/https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>The market access principles undermine devolved competences in two ways...[they] significantly undermine the purpose of devolution, which was to enable the devolved nations and regions to legislate according to their own local needs and political preferences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=UK+and+the+Internal+Market%2C+Devolution+and+the+Union&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh%3B+University+of+Aberdeen&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hayward%2C+Katy&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Jo&rft.au=McEwen%2C+Nicola&rft.au=McHarg%2C+Aileen&rft.au=Wincott%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk%2Fpublications%2Fuk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arm22-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arm22_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2022" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Kenneth A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>As Ms MacDonald was an independent MSP elected to Holyrood as a regional list member, there will be no by-election, and her seat will remain vacant until the next Scottish Parliament election, in 2016.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Independent+MSP+Margo+MacDonald+dies&rft.date=2014-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-scotland-politics-26883278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/news/alex-salmonds-snp-wins-majority-in-scottish-elections">"SNP wins majority in Scottish elections"</a>. channel4.com. 6 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110712205311/http://www.channel4.com/news/alex-salmonds-snp-wins-majority-in-scottish-elections">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SNP+wins+majority+in+Scottish+elections&rft.pub=channel4.com&rft.date=2011-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fnews%2Falex-salmonds-snp-wins-majority-in-scottish-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dca.gov.uk/legist/electroadmin_factsheet.pdf">"Electoral Administration Act 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department for Constitutional Affairs (DCA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205155605/http://www.dca.gov.uk/legist/electroadmin_factsheet.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+Administration+Act+2006&rft.pub=Department+for+Constitutional+Affairs+%28DCA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dca.gov.uk%2Flegist%2Felectroadmin_factsheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span> <i>The Electoral Administration Act 2006, reduced the age of candidacy in the United Kingdom from 21 to 18.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disqualifications-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disqualifications_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disqualifications_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disqualifications_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070525094355/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1998/80046--b.htm#15">"Scotland Act 1998, Section 15, Disqualification from membership of Parliament"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Commons+scraps+English+votes+for+English+laws&rft.date=2021-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-57828406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421143150/https://www.abolishholyrood.org/policy">"POLICIES"</a>. <i>Abolish the Scottish Parliament</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abolishholyrood.org/policy">the original</a> on 21 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abolish+the+Scottish+Parliament&rft.atitle=POLICIES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abolishholyrood.org%2Fpolicy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKay" class="citation web cs1">MacKay, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irp.cdn-website.com/f6e3b8c6/files/uploaded/UKIP%20Scotland%20Manifesto%202021%20v2.1.pdf">"UKIP Scotland – The Scottish Parliament Manifesto 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513163602/https://irp.cdn-website.com/f6e3b8c6/files/uploaded/UKIP%20Scotland%20Manifesto%202021%20v2.1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UKIP+Scotland+%E2%80%93+The+Scottish+Parliament+Manifesto+2021&rft.aulast=MacKay&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firp.cdn-website.com%2Ff6e3b8c6%2Ffiles%2Fuploaded%2FUKIP%2520Scotland%2520Manifesto%25202021%2520v2.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412044348/https://www.scottishunionistparty.co.uk/content/view/13/8/">"Campaign Issues"</a>. <i>The Scottish Unionist Party Proudly Scottish ~ Proudly British</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scottishunionistparty.co.uk/content/view/13/8/">the original</a> on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Unionist+Party+Proudly+Scottish+~+Proudly+British&rft.atitle=Campaign+Issues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishunionistparty.co.uk%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F13%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+Parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Balfour, A. & McCrone, G. (2005): <i>Creating a Scottish Parliament</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studiolr.com/">StudioLR</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9550016-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9550016-0-9">0-9550016-0-9</a></li> <li>Burrows, N. (1999): "Unfinished Business – The Scotland Act 1998", <i>Modern Law Review</i>, Vol. 62, No. 2 (March 1999), pp. 241–260</li> <li>Dardanelli, P. (2005): <i>Between Two Unions: Europeanisation and Scottish Devolution</i>, Manchester University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-7080-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-7080-5">0-7190-7080-5</a></li> <li>Hassan, Gerry (1999): <i>A Guide to the Scottish Parliament: The Shape of Things to Come</i>, The Stationery Office", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-497231-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-497231-1">0-11-497231-1</a></li> <li>Hassan, Gerry (2019): <i>The Story of the Scottish Parliament: The First Two Decades Explained</i>, Edinburgh University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-5490-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-5490-2">978-1-4744-5490-2</a></li> <li>Kingdom, J. (1999): <i>Government and Politics in Britain, An Introduction</i>, Polity, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-1720-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-1720-4">0-7456-1720-4</a></li> <li>MacLean, B. (2005): <i>Getting It Together: Scottish Parliament</i>, Luath Press Ltd, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905222-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-905222-02-5">1-905222-02-5</a></li> <li>McFadden, J. & Lazarowicz, M. (2003): <i>The Scottish Parliament: An Introduction</i>, <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a> UK, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-406-96957-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-406-96957-4">0-406-96957-4</a></li> <li>Murkens, E.; Jones, P. & Keating, M. (2002): <i>Scottish Independence: A Practical Guide</i>, Edinburgh University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1699-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1699-3">0-7486-1699-3</a></li> <li>Taylor, Brian (1999): <i>The Scottish Parliament</i>, Polygon, Edinburgh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902930-12-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-902930-12-6">1-902930-12-6</a></li> <li>Taylor, Brian (2002): <i>The Scottish Parliament: The Road to Devolution</i>, Edinburgh University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-1759-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-1759-0">0-7486-1759-0</a></li> <li>Young, John R. (1996): <i>The Scottish Parliament, 1639–1661: A Political and Constitutional</i>, Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85976-412-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85976-412-5">0-85976-412-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.scot/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206171#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scottishparliament.tv">Scottish Parliament TV</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scottish_Parliament" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B798CD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scottish_Parliament" title="Template:Scottish Parliament"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scottish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Scottish Parliament"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Shadow_Cabinets_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Opposition Shadow Cabinets of the Scottish Parliament">Opposition Shadow Cabinets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Committees of the Scottish Parliament">Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Standards,_Procedures_and_Public_Appointments_Committee" title="Scottish Parliament Standards, Procedures and Public Appointments Committee">Scottish Parliament Standards, Procedures and Public Appointments Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliamentary_Corporate_Body" title="Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body">Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Clerk of the Scottish Parliament">Clerk of the Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards_Commission_for_Scotland" title="Standards Commission for Scotland">Standards Commission for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_maces_in_the_United_Kingdom#Scottish_Parliament" title="Ceremonial maces in the United Kingdom">Ceremonial mace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B798CD;width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Act of the Scottish Parliament">Act of the Scottish Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the Scottish Parliament">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_statutory_instrument" title="Scottish statutory instrument">Scottish statutory instrument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_statutory_instruments" title="List of Scottish statutory instruments">List of Scottish statutory instruments</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B798CD;width:1%">Estate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B798CD;width:1%">Members and constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">Members</a> (60) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_members_of_the_Scottish_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of members of the Scottish Parliament (page does not exist)">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_members_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="List of female members of the Scottish Parliament">female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_electoral_regions" title="Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions">Constituencies</a> (40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_constituencies_and_electoral_regions" title="Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions">Electoral regions</a> (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B798CD;width:1%">Boundary reviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Periodic_Review_of_Scottish_Parliament_Boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="First Periodic Review of Scottish Parliament Boundaries">First Periodic Review of Scottish Parliament Boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Periodic_Review_of_Scottish_Parliament_Boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Periodic Review of Scottish Parliament Boundaries">Second Periodic Review of Scottish Parliament Boundaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B798CD;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Scotland" title="List of political parties in Scotland">Current groupings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> (62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a> (31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Scottish Labour</a> (22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Scottish Greens</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a> (12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Party" title="Alba Party">Alba Party</a> (1)</li> <li>Independent (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B798CD;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland#Scottish_Parliament" title="Elections in Scotland">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Concurrent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="1999 Scottish Parliament election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2003 Scottish Parliament election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2007 Scottish Parliament election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2011 Scottish Parliament election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2016 Scottish Parliament election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">2021</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Next_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="Next Scottish Parliament election">Next</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_by-elections_to_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="List of by-elections to the Scottish Parliament">By-elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B798CD;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devolved,_reserved_and_excepted_matters" title="Devolved, reserved and excepted matters">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Youth_Parliament" title="Scottish Youth Parliament">Scottish Youth Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundaries_Scotland" title="Boundaries Scotland">Boundaries Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Scotland&#124;link=Scotland_Scottish_Parliaments_and_Governments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scottish_Governments" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_Governments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish Governments">Scottish Parliaments and Governments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_Scottish_Parliament" title="1st Scottish Parliament">1st Parliament</a> (1999–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewar_government" title="Dewar government">Dewar</a> (1999–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeish_government" title="McLeish government">McLeish</a> (2000–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_McConnell_government" title="First McConnell government">McConnell I</a> (2001–2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Scottish_Parliament" title="2nd Scottish Parliament">2nd Parliament</a> (2003–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_McConnell_government" title="Second McConnell government">McConnell II</a> (2003–2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3rd_Scottish_Parliament" title="3rd Scottish Parliament">3rd Parliament</a> (2007–2011)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Salmond_government" title="First Salmond government">Salmond I</a> (2007–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/4th_Scottish_Parliament" title="4th Scottish Parliament">4th Parliament</a> (2011–2016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Salmond_government" title="Second Salmond government">Salmond II</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sturgeon_government" title="First Sturgeon government">Sturgeon I</a> (2014–2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/5th_Scottish_Parliament" title="5th Scottish Parliament">5th Parliament</a> (2016–2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sturgeon_government" title="Second Sturgeon government">Sturgeon II</a> (2016–2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/6th_Scottish_Parliament" title="6th Scottish Parliament">6th Parliament</a> (2021–2026)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sturgeon_government" title="Third Sturgeon government">Sturgeon III</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yousaf_government" title="First Yousaf government">Yousaf I</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yousaf_government" title="Second Yousaf government">Yousaf II</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinney_government" title="Swinney government">Swinney</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scottish_devolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scottish_devolution" title="Template:Scottish devolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scottish_devolution" title="Template talk:Scottish devolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish_devolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish devolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scottish_devolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution in the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1979 Scottish devolution referendum">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Scottish devolution referendum">1997</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">devolved bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish parliament">Scottish parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_Governments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish Governments">(list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">first minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Ministers_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of First Ministers of Scotland">(list)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK Parliament commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Constitution_(United_Kingdom)" title="Royal Commission on the Constitution (United Kingdom)">Kilbrandon Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scottish parliament commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Scottish_Devolution" title="Commission on Scottish Devolution">Calman Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Commission" title="Smith Commission">Smith Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devolution legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2012" title="Scotland Act 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2016" title="Scotland Act 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolved,_reserved_and_excepted_matters" title="Devolved, reserved and excepted matters">Devolved matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of the Scottish Parliament">(Acts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish law">Scottish law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Committees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Affairs Committee">Scottish Affairs Select Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Grand_Committee" title="Scottish Grand Committee">Scottish Grand Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK Government departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office - Devolution Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Justice – Devolution Directorate-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="Advocate General for Scotland">Office of the Advocate General for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Office" title="Scotland Office">Scotland Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Budget</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnett_formula" title="Barnett formula">Barnett formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_grant" title="Block grant">Block grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Scotland" title="Taxation in Scotland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_fiscal_autonomy_for_Scotland_and_Wales" title="Full fiscal autonomy for Scotland and Wales">Devo-max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution#Proposed_further_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Further devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed alternatives to devolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Federalism in the United Kingdom">Federalism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_United_Kingdom_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed United Kingdom Confederation">Proposed United Kingdom Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scotland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scotland_topics" title="Template:Scotland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland_topics" title="Template talk:Scotland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scotland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">1707 Acts of Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era" title="Scotland in the modern era">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Anglo-Scottish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland" title="Climate of Scotland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland" title="Conservation in Scotland">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland" title="Fauna of Scotland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Scotland" title="Flora of Scotland">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland" title="Geology of Scotland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lochs_of_Scotland" title="List of lochs of Scotland">Lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_hills_of_Scotland" title="Mountains and hills of Scotland">Mountains and hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Scotland" title="List of highest mountains in Scotland">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland" title="Protected areas of Scotland">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Scotland" title="List of waterfalls in Scotland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Scotland" title="List of valleys of Scotland">Glens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Scotland" title="List of ecoregions in Scotland">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_in_Scotland" title="List of biosphere reserves in Scotland">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Scotland" title="Environment of Scotland">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Scotland" title="Municipalities of Scotland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Munro_mountains" title="List of Munro mountains">Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Scotland">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_governments" title="List of Scottish governments">List of governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Scotland" title="Electoral system of Scotland">Electoral system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland">Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="Deputy First Minister of Scotland">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Great Seal of Scotland">Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Scotland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Scotland" title="LGBT rights in Scotland">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Scotland" title="Armed forces in Scotland">Armed forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Scotland" title="Military history of Scotland">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Scotland" title="Lists of MPs for constituencies in Scotland">Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">Member of the Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Scotland" title="List of political parties in Scotland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Office" title="Scotland Office">Scotland Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Scotland" title="Unionism in Scotland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="Advocate General for Scotland">Advocate General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_in_Scotland" title="List of courts in Scotland">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Courts_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Courts of Scotland">Supreme Courts of Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Accountant_of_Court" title="Office of the Accountant of Court">Office of the Accountant of Court</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service" title="Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service">Crown Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session" title="Lord President of the Court of Session">Lord President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_fiscal" title="Procurator fiscal">Procurator fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland" title="Solicitor General for Scotland">Solicitor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_principal" title="Sheriff principal">Sheriff principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Justice" title="College of Justice">College of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_property_law" title="Scots property law">Scots property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_population_of_Scotland" title="Prison population of Scotland">Prison population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charities_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities in Scotland">Charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Scotland" title="List of companies of Scotland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Tweed">Harris Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland" title="Housing in Scotland">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland" title="Oil industry in Scotland">Oil industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Scotland" title="List of power stations in Scotland">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Scotland" title="Unemployment in Scotland">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Scotland" title="Category:Society of Scotland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_for_Excellence" title="Curriculum for Excellence">Curriculum for Excellence</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Scotland" title="Lists of schools in Scotland">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Scotland" title="List of further education colleges in Scotland">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Scotland" title="Universities in Scotland">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Qualifications_Authority" title="Scottish Qualifications Authority">Scottish Qualifications Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Scotland" title="Education Scotland">Education Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Scotland" title="List of museums in Scotland">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Scotland" title="List of oldest buildings in Scotland">Oldest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Scotland" title="Theatre of Scotland">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_toponymy" title="Scottish toponymy">Placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Scotland" title="Prostitution in Scotland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">Royal National Mòd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland" title="Sport in Scotland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_surnames" title="Scottish surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Scotland" title="National anthem of Scotland">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_flags" title="List of Scottish flags">flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regimental_tartan" title="Regimental tartan">regimental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn#Scotland" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Scotland" title="Festivals in Scotland">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_Scotland" title="Comedy in Scotland">Comedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highland English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Scots" title="List of Scots">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_actors" title="List of Scottish actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_artists" title="List of Scottish artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_musicians" title="List of Scottish musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_scientists" title="List of Scottish scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_writers" title="List of Scottish writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Scotland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Scotland">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Scotland" title="Category:Christianity in Scotland">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="List of moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Moderators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Scotland" title="Ethnic minorities in Scotland">Ethnic minorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scotland" title="Category:Scotland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Legislatures_of_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_legislatures" title="Template:UK legislatures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_legislatures" title="Template talk:UK legislatures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_legislatures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK legislatures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Legislatures_of_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Legislatures_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Legislatures of the United Kingdom">Legislatures of</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (UK)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolved</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory#United_Kingdom" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey"><i>Bailiwick of </i>Guernsey</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <ul><li><i>dependencies</i>: <a href="/wiki/States_of_Alderney" title="States of Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark#Chief_Pleas" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Isle of Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Keys" title="House of Keys">House of Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Legislative Council of the Isle of Man">Legislative Council</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia#Governance" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Anguilla)" title="House of Assembly (Anguilla)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Bermuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">House of Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Bermuda" title="Senate of Bermuda">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory#Administration" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Government of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Parliament of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Gibraltar Parliament">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Montserrat" title="Legislative Assembly of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Council_(Pitcairn)" title="Island Council (Pitcairn)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Saint_Helena" title="Legislative Council of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island_Council" title="Ascension Island Council">Ascension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha_Island_Council" title="Tristan da Cunha Island Council">Tristan da Cunha</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands#Government" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Turks_and_Caicos_Islands)" title="House of Assembly (Turks and Caicos Islands)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><small> <p><sup><small>1</small></sup> "Bailiwick-wide" legislation passed in the States of Guernsey applies not only in <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>, with the consent of their governments. <br /> <sup><small>2</small></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Politics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Island Councils</a> for Ascension and Tristan da Cunha exist, they are purely consultative. Legislation is enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Governor#United_Kingdom_overseas_territories" title="Governor">Governor</a>, although this power is normally exercised on their behalf by an <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_government#United_Kingdom_overseas_possessions" title="Administrator of the government">Administrator</a>. </p> </small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_legislatures_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliaments_in_Europe" title="Template:Parliaments in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliaments_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Parliaments in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliaments_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliaments in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_legislatures_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National legislatures in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_(Andorra)" title="General Council (Andorra)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Parliament" title="Austrian Parliament">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Cyprus)" title="House of Representatives (Cyprus)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Parliament of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folketing" title="Folketing">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riigikogu" title="Riigikogu">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malta" title="Parliament of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Moldova" title="Parliament of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Monaco)" title="National Council (Monaco)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_North_Macedonia" title="Assembly of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Poland" title="Parliament of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_and_General_Council" title="Grand and General Council">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Serbia)" title="National Assembly (Serbia)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council (Slovakia)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Parliament" title="Slovenian Parliament">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="People's Assembly of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Northern Cyprus)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Ossetia" title="Parliament of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_(Transnistria)" title="Supreme Council (Transnistria)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_%C3%85land" title="Parliament of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8gting" title="Løgting">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Gibraltar Parliament">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206171#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206171#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206171#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schottland. Parliament"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/14522-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81104636">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007590022005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/FDzhB2sJ">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Scottish Parliament</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" class="extiw" title="c:Scottish Parliament">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Scottish_Parliament" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Scottish Parliament">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Scottish_Parliament" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Scottish Parliament">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Scottish_Parliament" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Scottish Parliament">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206171" class="extiw" title="d:Q206171">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <p><br /> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Scottish_Parliament&params=55_57_8_N_3_10_29_W_region:GB-EDH_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°57′8″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°10′29″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.95222°N 3.17472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.95222; -3.17472</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&oldid=1257586867">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Parliament&oldid=1257586867</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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