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<span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status,_prestige,_and_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status,_prestige,_and_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Status, prestige, and power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status,_prestige,_and_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sociology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System_of_professions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_of_professions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>System of professions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_of_professions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Profession</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruf" title="Beruf – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Beruf" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A9" title="مهنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مهنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="МугӀалим – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="МугӀалим" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C5%9F%C9%99" title="Peşə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Peşə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87" title="حیرفه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حیرفه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaraw" title="Baaraw – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Baaraw" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE" title="পেশা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেশা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Прафесія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прафесія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propesyon" title="Propesyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Propesyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Професия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Професия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ལས་རིགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལས་རིགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professi%C3%B3" title="Professió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Professió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povol%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Povolání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Povolání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galwedigaeth" title="Galwedigaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Galwedigaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession" title="Profession – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Profession" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruf" title="Beruf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beruf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elukutse" title="Elukutse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elukutse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Επάγγελμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επάγγελμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesi%C3%B3n" title="Profesión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Profesión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesio" title="Profesio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Profesio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanbide" title="Lanbide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lanbide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87" title="حرفه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حرفه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession" title="Profession – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Profession" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berop" title="Berop – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Berop" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proifeasan" title="Proifeasan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Proifeasan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesi%C3%B3n" title="Profesión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Profesión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%AC%B8%EC%A7%81" title="전문직 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전문직" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մասնագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մասնագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वृत्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वृत्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanimanje" title="Zanimanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zanimanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesiono" title="Profesiono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Profesiono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cr%E1%BB%A5_Aka" title="Ọrụ Aka – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọrụ Aka" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesi" title="Profesi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Profesi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professione" title="Professione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Professione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A2" title="מקצוע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקצוע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prof%C3%A8si" title="Profèsi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Profèsi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პროფესიების სია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროფესიების სია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BF" title="Кәсіп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кәсіп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taaluma" title="Taaluma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Taaluma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesyon" title="Profesyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Profesyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestier" title="Mestier – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mestier" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%9A" title="ວິຊາຊີບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິຊາຊີບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesija" title="Profesija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Profesija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beruff" title="Beruff – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Beruff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesija" title="Profesija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Profesija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szakma" title="Szakma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szakma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="ജീവിതപ്രവൃത്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവിതപ്രവൃത്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professjoni" title="Professjoni – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Professjoni" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="مهنه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مهنه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakacaka_(vulica)" title="Cakacaka (vulica) – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Cakacaka (vulica)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beroep" title="Beroep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beroep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="व्यवसाय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="व्यवसाय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%82%E9%96%80%E8%81%B7" title="専門職 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="専門職" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesjon" title="Profesjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Profesjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesjon" title="Profesjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Profesjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession" title="Profession – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Profession" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Профессий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Профессий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasb" title="Kasb – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kasb" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE" title="ਧੰਦਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧੰਦਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="پیشا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیشا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%DA%A9" title="مسلک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مسلک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesja_(zaw%C3%B3d)" title="Profesja (zawód) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Profesja (zawód)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profiss%C3%A3o" title="Profissão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Profissão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesie" title="Profesie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Profesie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puruhisyun" title="Puruhisyun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puruhisyun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Професія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Професія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Профессия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Профессия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession" title="Profession – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Profession" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profesioni" title="Profesioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Profesioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="වෘත්තිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෘත්තිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession" title="Profession – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Profession" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88" title="پيشو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پيشو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povolanie_(zamestnanie)" title="Povolanie (zamestnanie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Povolanie (zamestnanie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poklic" title="Poklic – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poklic" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%95" title="پیشە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیشە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Занимање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Занимање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanimanje" title="Zanimanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zanimanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukang_(prof%C3%A9si)" title="Tukang (profési) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tukang (profési)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professio" title="Professio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Professio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession" title="Profession – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Profession" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propesyon" title="Propesyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Propesyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%80" title="Һөнәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һөнәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="వృత్తులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వృత్తులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E" title="วิชาชีพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิชาชีพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1" title="Касб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Касб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meslek" title="Meslek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meslek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Професія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Професія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%81" title="پیشہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیشہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%81_nghi%E1%BB%87p" title="Nghề nghiệp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghề nghiệp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propesyon" title="Propesyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Propesyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E4%B8%9A" title="专业 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="专业" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9A" title="פאך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD" title="專業 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="專業" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD" title="專業 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="專業" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28640#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vocation founded upon specialized educational training</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Profession_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Profession (disambiguation)">Profession (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_farmer_telling_his_family,_a_doctor,_a_vicar_and_a_lawyer_Wellcome_V0011022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/A_farmer_telling_his_family%2C_a_doctor%2C_a_vicar_and_a_lawyer_Wellcome_V0011022.jpg/290px-A_farmer_telling_his_family%2C_a_doctor%2C_a_vicar_and_a_lawyer_Wellcome_V0011022.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/A_farmer_telling_his_family%2C_a_doctor%2C_a_vicar_and_a_lawyer_Wellcome_V0011022.jpg/435px-A_farmer_telling_his_family%2C_a_doctor%2C_a_vicar_and_a_lawyer_Wellcome_V0011022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/A_farmer_telling_his_family%2C_a_doctor%2C_a_vicar_and_a_lawyer_Wellcome_V0011022.jpg/580px-A_farmer_telling_his_family%2C_a_doctor%2C_a_vicar_and_a_lawyer_Wellcome_V0011022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century etching of a farmer consulting with his doctor, vicar and lawyer</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>profession</b> is a field of <a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">work</a> that has been successfully <a href="/wiki/Professionalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Professionalized">professionalized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be defined as a disciplined group of individuals, <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professionals</a>, who adhere to ethical standards and who hold themselves out as, and are accepted by the public as possessing special knowledge and skills in a widely recognised body of learning derived from research, education and training at a high level, and who are prepared to apply this knowledge and exercise these skills in the interest of others.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professional occupations are founded upon specialized <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educational</a> <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a>, the purpose of which is to supply disinterested objective counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation, wholly apart from expectation of other business gain.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval and early modern tradition recognized only three professions: <a href="/wiki/Divinity_(academic_discipline)" title="Divinity (academic discipline)">divinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-perks-p2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perks-p2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were called the <b>learned professions</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some legal definitions, profession is not a <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">trade</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor an industry.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some professions change slightly in status and power, but their prestige generally remains stable over time, even if the profession begins to have more required study and formal education.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disciplines formalized more recently, such as architecture, now have equally long periods of study associated with them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although professions may enjoy relatively high status and public prestige, not all professionals earn high salaries, and even within specific professions there exist significant differences in salary. In law, for example, a corporate <a href="/wiki/Defense_lawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense lawyer">defense lawyer</a> working on an hourly basis may earn several times what a <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">prosecutor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Public_defender" title="Public defender">public defender</a> earns. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profession&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "profession" is a truncation of the term "liberal profession", which is, in turn, an <a href="/wiki/Anglicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicization">Anglicization</a> of the French term <i>profession libérale</i>. Originally borrowed by English users in the 19th century, it has been re-borrowed by international users from the late 20th, though the (upper-middle) class overtones of the term do not seem to survive re-translation: "liberal professions" are, according to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s Directive on Recognition of Professional Qualifications (2005/36/EC), "those practised on the basis of relevant professional qualifications in a personal, responsible and professionally independent capacity by those providing intellectual and conceptual services in the interest of the client and the public". Under the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, liberal professions are professions that require specialized training and that are regulated by "national governments or professional bodies".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profession&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A profession arises through the process of <a href="/wiki/Professionalization" title="Professionalization">professionalization</a> when any trade or occupation transforms itself:</p><blockquote><p>"... [through] the development of formal qualifications based upon education, apprenticeship, and examinations, the emergence of regulatory bodies with powers to admit and discipline members, and some degree of <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> rights.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Major milestones which may mark an occupation being identified as a profession include:<sup id="cite_ref-perks-p2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perks-p2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>an occupation becomes a full-time occupation</li> <li>the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">training</a> school</li> <li>the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> school</li> <li>the establishment of a local <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">association</a></li> <li>the establishment of a national association of <a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">professional ethics</a></li> <li>the establishment of state <a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">licensing</a> laws</li></ol> <p>Applying these milestones to the historical sequence of development in the United States shows <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a> achieving professional status first (George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln all worked as land surveyors before entering politics<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), followed by <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">actuarial science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerks19933_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerks19933-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rise of technology and occupational specialization in the 19th century, other bodies began to claim professional status: <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">veterinary medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teaching" title="Teaching">teaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Librarianship" class="mw-redirect" title="Librarianship">librarianship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">optometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a>, each of which could claim, using these milestones, to have become professions by 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profession&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Profession" title="Special:EditPage/Profession">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Profession%22">"Profession"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Profession%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Profession%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Profession%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Profession%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Profession%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Regulatory organisations are typically charged with overseeing a defined industry. Usually they will have two general tasks: </p> <ol><li>creating, reviewing and amending standards expected of individuals and organisations within the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Intervening when there is a reasonable suspicion that a regulated individual or organisation <a href="/wiki/Professional_conduct" title="Professional conduct">may not be complying</a> with its obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Originally, any regulation of the professions was <a href="/wiki/Self-regulatory_organization" title="Self-regulatory organization">self-regulation</a> through bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Physicians">College of Physicians</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a>. With the growing role of government, <a href="/wiki/Statutory_body" title="Statutory body">statutory bodies</a> have increasingly taken on this role, their members being appointed either by the profession or (increasingly) by the government. Proposals for the introduction or enhancement of statutory regulation may be welcomed by a profession as protecting clients and enhancing its quality and reputation, or as restricting access to the profession and hence enabling higher fees to be charged. It may be resisted as limiting the members' freedom to innovate or to practice as in their professional judgement they consider best. </p><p>An example was in 2008, when the British government proposed wide statutory regulation of psychologists. The inspiration for the change was a number of problems in the <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> field, but there are various kinds of psychologists including many who have no clinical role, and where the case for regulation was not so clear. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Work psychology</a> brought especial disagreement, with the <a href="/wiki/British_Psychological_Society" title="British Psychological Society">British Psychological Society</a> favoring statutory regulation of "occupational psychologists" and the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Business_Psychologists" title="Association of Business Psychologists">Association of Business Psychologists</a> resisting the statutory regulation of "business psychologists" – descriptions of professional activity which it may not be easy to distinguish. </p><p>Besides regulating access to a profession, professional bodies may set <a href="/wiki/Test_(assessment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Test (assessment)">examinations</a> of competence and enforce adherence to an <a href="/wiki/Ethical_code" title="Ethical code">ethical code</a>. There may be several such bodies for one profession in a single country, an example being the <a href="/wiki/British_qualified_accountants" title="British qualified accountants">accountancy bodies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Association_of_Chartered_Certified_Accountants" title="Association of Chartered Certified Accountants">ACCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Accountants_Ireland" title="Chartered Accountants Ireland">CAI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Management_Accountants" title="Chartered Institute of Management Accountants">CIMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Public_Finance_and_Accountancy" title="Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy">CIPFA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_in_England_and_Wales" title="Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales">ICAEW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Scotland" title="Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland">ICAS</a>), all of which have been given a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a>, although their members are not necessarily considered to hold equivalent qualifications, and which operate alongside further bodies (<a href="/wiki/Association_of_Authorised_Public_Accountants" title="Association of Authorised Public Accountants">AAPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Financial_Accountants" title="Institute of Financial Accountants">IFA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Certified_Public_Accountants_Association" title="Certified Public Accountants Association">CPAA</a>). Another example of a regulatory body that governs a profession is the Hong Kong Professional Teachers Union, which governs the conduct, rights, obligations, and duties of salaried teachers working in educational institutions in Hong Kong. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> profession is highly regulated in some countries (Canada and the United States) with a strict licensing system for <a href="/wiki/Professional_Engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional Engineer">Professional Engineer</a> that controls the practice but not in others (UK) where titles and qualifications are regulated <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered Engineer">Chartered Engineer</a> but the practice is not regulated. </p><p>Typically, individuals are required by law to be qualified by a local professional body before they are permitted to practice in that profession. However, in some countries, individuals may not be required by law to be qualified by such a professional body in order to practice, as is the case for accountancy in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (except for auditing and insolvency work which legally require qualification by a professional body). In such cases, qualification by the professional bodies is effectively still considered a prerequisite to practice as most employers and clients stipulate that the individual hold such qualifications before hiring their services. For example, in order to become a fully qualified teaching professional in Hong Kong working in a state or government-funded school, one needs to have successfully completed a <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_Diploma_in_Education" title="Postgraduate Diploma in Education">Postgraduate Diploma in Education</a> ("PGDE") or a bachelor's degree in <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> ("BEd") at an approved tertiary educational institution or university. This requirement is set out by the Educational Department Bureau of Hong Kong, which is the governmental department that governs the Hong Kong education sector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autonomy">Autonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profession&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professions tend to be autonomous, which means they have a high degree of control of their own affairs: "professionals are autonomous insofar as they can make independent judgments about their work".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This usually means "the freedom to exercise their professional judgement."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it also has other meanings. "Professional autonomy is often described as a claim of professionals that has to serve primarily their own interests...this professional autonomy can only be maintained if members of the profession subject their activities and decisions to a critical evaluation by other members of the profession."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of autonomy can therefore be seen to embrace not only judgement, but also self-interest and a continuous process of critical evaluation of ethics and procedures from within the profession itself. </p><p>One major implication of professional autonomy is the traditional ban on corporate practice of the professions, especially accounting, architecture, engineering, medicine, and law. This means that in many jurisdictions, these professionals cannot do business through regular for-profit corporations and raise capital rapidly through <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offerings or flotations</a>. Instead, if they wish to practice collectively they must form special business entities such as partnerships or <a href="/wiki/Professional_corporation" title="Professional corporation">professional corporations</a>, which feature (1) reduced protection against liability for professional negligence and (2) severe limitations or outright prohibitions on ownership by non-professionals. The obvious implication of this is that all equity owners of the professional business entity must be professionals themselves. This avoids the possibility of a non-professional owner of the firm telling a professional how to do his or her job and thereby protects professional autonomy. The idea is that the <i>only</i> non-professional person who should be telling the professional what to do is the <i>client</i>; in other words, professional autonomy preserves the integrity of the two-party professional-client relationship. Above this client-professional relationship the profession requires the professional to use their autonomy to follow the rules of ethics that the profession requires. But because professional business entities are effectively locked out of the stock market, they tend to grow relatively slowly compared to public corporations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status,_prestige,_and_power"><span id="Status.2C_prestige.2C_and_power"></span>Status, prestige, and power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profession&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Status, prestige, and power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupational_prestige" title="Occupational prestige">Occupational prestige</a></div> <p>Professions tend to have a high <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>, regarded by society as highly important.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This high esteem arises primarily from the higher social function of their work. The typical profession involves technical, specialized, and highly skilled work. This skill and experience is often referred to as "professional <a href="/wiki/Expertise" class="mw-redirect" title="Expertise">expertise</a>." In the modern era, training for a profession involves obtaining degrees and certifications. Often, entry to the profession is barred without <a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">licensure</a>. Learning new skills that are required as a profession evolves is called <a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">continuing education</a>. Standards are set by <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> and associations. Leading professionals tend to police and protect their area of expertise and monitor the conduct of their fellow professionals through associations, national or otherwise. Professionals often exercise a dominating influence over related trades, setting guidelines and standards.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socially powerful professionals consolidate their power in organizations for specific goals. Working together, they can reduce bureaucratic entanglements and increase a profession's adaptability to the changing conditions of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociology">Sociology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profession&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> argued that professions created a stable society by providing structure separate from the state and the military that was less inclined to create <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">anomie</a> and could create altruism and encourage social responsibility and altruism. This <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">functionalist</a> perspective was extended by <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a> who considered how the function of a profession could change in responses to changes in society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Esther_Lucile_Brown" title="Esther Lucile Brown">Esther Lucile Brown</a>, an anthropologist, studied various professions starting the 1930s while working with Ralph Hurlin at the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Sage_Foundation" title="Russell Sage Foundation">Russell Sage Foundation</a>. She published <i>Social Work as a Profession</i> in 1935, and following this publications studying the work of engineers, nurses, medical physicians and lawyers. In 1944, the Department of Studies in the Professions was created at the Russell Sage Foundation with Brown as its head.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 183">: 183 </span></sup> </p><p>Theories based on <a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">conflict theories</a> following <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> consider how professions can act in the interest of their own group to secure social and financial benefits were espoused by Johnson (<i>Professions and Powers,</i> 1972) and Larson (<i>The Rise of Professionalism</i>, 1977). One way that a profession can derive financial benefits is limiting the supply of services.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p><p>Theories based on discourse, following <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> and applying ideas of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a> look at how the individual's understanding of reality influence the role of professions. These viewpoints were espoused by <a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Luckmann" title="Thomas Luckmann">Luckmann</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Construction_of_Reality" title="The Social Construction of Reality">The Social Construction of Reality</a></i>, 1966).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_of_professions">System of professions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profession&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: System of professions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Abbott_(sociologist)" title="Andrew Abbott (sociologist)">Andrew Abbott</a> constructed a sociological model of professions in his book <i>The System of Professions</i>. Abbott views professions as having <i>jurisdiction</i> over the right to carry out tasks with different possession vying for control of jurisdiction over tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A profession often possesses an <i>expert knowledge system</i> which is distinct from the profession itself. This abstract system is often not of direct practical use but is rather optimized for logical consistency and rationality, and to some degree acts to increase the status of the entire profession. One profession may seek control of another profession's jurisdiction by challenging it at this academic level. Abbott argues that in the 1920s the <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatric</a> profession tried to challenge the legal profession for control over society's response to criminal behavior. Abbott argues the formalization of a profession often serves to make a jurisdiction easier or harder to protect from other jurisdictions: general principles making it harder for other professions to gain jurisdiction over one area, clear boundaries preventing encroachment, fuzzy boundaries making it easier for one profession to take jurisdiction over other tasks. </p><p>Professions may expand their jurisdiction by other means. Lay education on the part of professions as in part an attempt to expand jurisdiction by imposing a particular understanding on the world (one in which the profession has expertise). He terms this sort of jurisdiction <i>public jurisdiction</i>. <i>Legal jurisdiction</i> is a monopoly created by the state legislation, as applies to law in many nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profession&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is considerable agreement about defining the characteristic features of a profession. They have a "professional association, cognitive base, institutionalized training, licensing, <a href="/wiki/Work_autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Work autonomy">work autonomy</a>, colleague control... (and) code of ethics",<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to which Larson then also adds, "high standards of professional and intellectual excellence," (Larson, p. 221) that "professions are occupations with special power and prestige", (Larson, p.x) and that they comprise "an exclusive <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> group," (Larson, p. 20) in all societies. Members of a profession have also been defined as "workers whose qualities of detachment, autonomy, and group allegiance are more extensive than those found among other groups...their attributes include a high degree of systematic knowledge; strong community orientation and <a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">loyalty</a>; self-regulation; and a system of rewards defined and administered by the community of workers."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A profession has been further defined as: "a special type of occupation...(possessing) corporate solidarity...prolonged specialized training in a body of abstract knowledge, and a collectivity or service orientation...a vocational sub-culture which comprises implicit codes of behavior, generates an <a href="/wiki/Esprit_de_corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Esprit de corps">esprit de corps</a> among members of the same profession, and ensures them certain occupational advantages...(also) bureaucratic structures and monopolistic privileges to perform certain types of work...professional literature, legislation, etc."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A critical characteristic of a profession is the need to cultivate and exercise professional <i>discretion</i> - that is, the ability to make case by case <i>judgements</i> that cannot be determined by an absolute rule or instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12004638_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12004638-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profession&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticipatory_socialization" title="Anticipatory socialization">Anticipatory socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_professional_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="First professional degree">First professional degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a> (or body)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boundaries" title="Professional boundaries">Professional boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional class">Professional class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Professional degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">Professional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_responsibility" title="Professional responsibility">Professional responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professionalization" title="Professionalization">Professionalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiprofession" title="Semiprofession">Semiprofession</a></li> <li>Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Professions" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for the Study of Professions">Centre for the Study of Professions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_occupations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of occupations">List of occupations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profession&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPerkin2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_James_Perkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold James Perkin">Perkin, Harold James</a> (2002). <i>The Rise of Professional Society: England Since 1880</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415301787" title="Special:BookSources/9780415301787"><bdi>9780415301787</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1378675481">1378675481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Professional+Society%3A+England+Since+1880&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1378675481&rft.isbn=9780415301787&rft.aulast=Perkin&rft.aufirst=Harold+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.professions.org.au/what-is-a-professional">"What is a Profession"</a>. Australian Council of Professions. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901054651/https://www.professions.org.au/what-is-a-professional/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Profession&rft.pub=Australian+Council+of+Professions&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.professions.org.au%2Fwhat-is-a-professional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220312022406/https://www.psc.gov.au/what-is-a-profession">"What is a Profession"</a>. Professional Standards Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psc.gov.au/what-is-a-profession">the original</a> on 12 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Profession&rft.pub=Professional+Standards+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psc.gov.au%2Fwhat-is-a-profession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>, 21 April 1917, article by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney Webb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a> quoted with approval at paragraph 123 of a report by the UK Competition Commission, dated 8 November 1977, entitled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140402141250/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1976_1979/108architects.htm"><i>Architects Services</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> (in Chapter 7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopat2016" class="citation book cs1">Popat, Nitin (18 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C6ybCwAAQBAJ&q=oldest+profession+confidentiality&pg=PT215"><i>Introduction to Accounting</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781329911642" title="Special:BookSources/9781329911642"><bdi>9781329911642</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Accounting&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.isbn=9781329911642&rft.aulast=Popat&rft.aufirst=Nitin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC6ybCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Doldest%2Bprofession%2Bconfidentiality%26pg%3DPT215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perks-p2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perks-p2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perks-p2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perks, R.W. (1993): <i>Accounting and Society</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-47330-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-412-47330-5">0-412-47330-5</a>. p.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1846" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Redwood, ed. (August 1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=50ZKAAAAMAAJ">"Statistics of the State of New-York"</a>. <i>Fisher's National Magazine and Industrial Record</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 234<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>[...] the three learned professions of divinity, law, and medicine [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fisher%27s+National+Magazine+and+Industrial+Record&rft.atitle=Statistics+of+the+State+of+New-York&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=234&rft.date=1846-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D50ZKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John J Parker, "A Profession Not a Skilled Trade" (1955-1956) 8 South Carolina Law Quarterly 179 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/sclr8&div=32&id=&page=">HeinOnline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806112249/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/sclr8&div=32&id=&page=">Archived</a> 6 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Sommerlad, Harris-Short, Vaughan and Young (eds), The Futures of Legal Education and the Legal Profession, Bloomsbury, 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yUq9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT147">p 147</a>; Richard Colman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/medicine-profession-not-trade">"Medicine is a profession not a trade"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215092713/https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/medicine-profession-not-trade">Archived</a> 15 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, British Medical Journal, 7 October 2001; A M Linz, "A profession, not a trade" (December 1990) New York State Dental Journal 56(10):16 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/2080056/">PubMed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616195348/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/2080056/">Archived</a> 16 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; E. G. Eberle, "The practice of medicine held to be a profession and not a trade" (August 1939) 28 Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 482 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jps.3080280802">Wiley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215094207/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jps.3080280802">Archived</a> 15 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Wendler, Tremml and Buecker (eds), Key Aspects of German Business Law: A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed, Springer, 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj6bBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255">p 255</a>; William F Ryan, "Methods of Achieving Professional Recognition" (1946) The American Engineer, vols 16-17, p 8 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdEmAAAAMAAJ">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v7gpAQAAMAAJ">[2]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1961) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xHchAQAAIAAJ">2</a> The Industrial and Labour Law Digest, 1926-1959, Annotated 668; Sharma and Goyal, Hospital Administration And Human Resource Management, 5th Ed, PHI Learning, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HFzTry0ll9kC&pg=PA445">p 445</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFossumMoore1975" class="citation journal cs1">Fossum, John; Moore, Michael (December 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(75)90072-X">"The stability of longitudinal and cross-sectional occupational prestige rankings"</a>. <i>Journal of Vocational Behavior</i>. <b>7</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">305–</span>311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0001-8791%2875%2990072-X">10.1016/0001-8791(75)90072-X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425154949/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/000187917590072X">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vocational+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+stability+of+longitudinal+and+cross-sectional+occupational+prestige+rankings&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.date=1975-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0001-8791%2875%2990072-X&rft.aulast=Fossum&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Moore%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2F0001-8791%2875%2990072-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holm, Ivar (2006): <i>Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations and underlying assumptions shape the built environment</i>. Oslo School of Architecture and Design. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-547-0174-1" title="Special:BookSources/82-547-0174-1">82-547-0174-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111075458/https://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/promoting-entrepreneurship/we-work-for/liberal-professions_en">"Liberal professions"</a>. <i>Growth</i>. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. 5 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/promoting-entrepreneurship/we-work-for/liberal-professions_en">the original</a> on 11 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Growth&rft.atitle=Liberal+professions&rft.date=2016-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fgrowth%2Fsmes%2Fpromoting-entrepreneurship%2Fwe-work-for%2Fliberal-professions_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullockTrombleyLawrie1999" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Alan; Trombley, Stephen; Lawrie, Alf (1999). <i>The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 689. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255871-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255871-6"><bdi>978-0-00-255871-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45667833">45667833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Fontana+Dictionary+of+Modern+Thought&rft.place=London&rft.pages=689&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45667833&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255871-6&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Trombley%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Lawrie%2C+Alf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmond" class="citation web cs1">Redmond, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/articles-and-essays/george-washington-survey-and-mapmaker/washington-as-public-land-surveyor/">"Washington as Public Land Surveyor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306085754/https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/articles-and-essays/george-washington-survey-and-mapmaker/washington-as-public-land-surveyor/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Washington+as+Public+Land+Surveyor&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.aulast=Redmond&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fgeorge-washington-papers%2Farticles-and-essays%2Fgeorge-washington-survey-and-mapmaker%2Fwashington-as-public-land-surveyor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehm1998" class="citation web cs1">Boehm, Jay (March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/surveying">"Surveying"</a>. <i>Thomas Jefferson's Monticello</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230602074405/https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/surveying/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+Jefferson%27s+Monticello&rft.atitle=Surveying&rft.date=1998-03&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Fsurveying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/newsalem.htm">"Lincoln's New Salem 1830–1837"</a>. <i>National Park Service</i>. 10 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818192113/https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/newsalem.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Lincoln%27s+New+Salem+1830%E2%80%931837&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fliho%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fnewsalem.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerks19933-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerks19933_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerks1993">Perks 1993</a>, p. 3.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPerks1993 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buckley, J.W. & Buckley, M.H. (1974): <i>The Accounting Profession</i>. Melville, Los Angeles. Quoted by Perks, p.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2001" class="citation web cs1">OECD (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/governance/regulatory-policy/2724495.pdf">"Good Governance And Regulatory Management"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Organization+for+Economic+Cooperation+and+Development&rft.atitle=Good+Governance+And+Regulatory+Management&rft.date=2001&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fgovernance%2Fregulatory-policy%2F2724495.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealth_and_Care_Professions_Council_(HCPC)" class="citation web cs1">Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.professionalstandards.org.uk/what-we-do/our-work-with-regulators/find-a-regulator/health-care-professions-council">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"They set standards, hold a register, quality assure education and investigate complaints."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22They+set+standards%2C+hold+a+register%2C+quality+assure+education+and+investigate+complaints.%22&rft.au=Health+and+Care+Professions+Council+%28HCPC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.professionalstandards.org.uk%2Fwhat-we-do%2Four-work-with-regulators%2Ffind-a-regulator%2Fhealth-care-professions-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayles, Michael D. <i>Professional Ethics</i>. Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/20archives/a21/">"The World Medical Association Declaration of Madrid on Professional Autonomy and Self-Regulation", 1987.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205094738/http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/20archives/a21/">Archived</a> 5 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Revised in France in 2005, rescinded and archived in India in 2009, and rewritten and adopted in India in 2009 as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/r4/index.html">"WMA Declaration of Madrid on Professionally-led Regulation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120827010024/http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/r4/index.html">Archived</a> 27 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooglandJochemsen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hoogland, Jan; Jochemsen, Henk (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6632369/Hoogland00professional.pdf">"Professional autonomy and the normative structure of medical practice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics</i>. <b>21</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">457–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1009925423036">10.1023/A:1009925423036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11142442">11142442</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10581304">10581304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Medicine+and+Bioethics&rft.atitle=Professional+autonomy+and+the+normative+structure+of+medical+practice&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10581304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11142442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1009925423036&rft.aulast=Hoogland&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Jochemsen%2C+Henk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fris.utwente.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F6632369%2FHoogland00professional.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinsleyHardy2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tinsley, Ron; Hardy, James C. (2003). "Faculty pressures and professional self-esteem: Life in Texas teacher education". <i>Essays in Education</i>. <b>6</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+in+Education&rft.atitle=Faculty+pressures+and+professional+self-esteem%3A+Life+in+Texas+teacher+education&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Tinsley&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Hardy%2C+James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter E. S. Freund and Meredith B. McGuire. <i>Health, Illness, and the Social Body: A Critical Sociology</i>, New Jersey, US: Prentice Hall, 1995, p.211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Benveniste1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Benveniste" title="Guy Benveniste">Guy Benveniste</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/professionalizin00benv"><i>Professionalizing the Organization</i></a></span>. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55542-039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55542-039-0"><bdi>978-1-55542-039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professionalizing+the+Organization&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Jossey-Bass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-55542-039-0&rft.au=Guy+Benveniste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprofessionalizin00benv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDentBourgeaultDenisKuhlmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Dent, Mike; Bourgeault, Ivy Lynn; Denis, Jean-Louis; Kuhlmann, Ellen (1 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EE-TDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge Companion to the Professions and Professionalism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69948-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69948-4"><bdi>978-1-317-69948-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306085841/https://books.google.com/books?id=EE-TDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+the+Professions+and+Professionalism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft.isbn=978-1-317-69948-4&rft.aulast=Dent&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Bourgeault%2C+Ivy+Lynn&rft.au=Denis%2C+Jean-Louis&rft.au=Kuhlmann%2C+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEE-TDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1939" class="citation journal cs1">Parsons, Talcott (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2570695">"The Professions and Social Structure"</a>. <i>Social Forces</i>. <b>17</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">457–</span>467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2570695">10.2307/2570695</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7732">0037-7732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=The+Professions+and+Social+Structure&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E467&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2570695&rft.issn=0037-7732&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Talcott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2570695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBloom2002" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Samuel William; Bloom, Samuel W. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b_EH7ZBnm5EC&dq=0%E2%80%9319%E2%80%93507232%E2%80%934&pg=PA8"><i>The Word as Scalpel: A History of Medical Sociology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507232-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507232-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507232-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306085820/https://books.google.com/books?id=b_EH7ZBnm5EC&dq=0%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%9319%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%93507232%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%934&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Word+as+Scalpel%3A+A+History+of+Medical+Sociology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507232-7&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Samuel+William&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Samuel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db_EH7ZBnm5EC%26dq%3D0%25E2%2580%259319%25E2%2580%2593507232%25E2%2580%25934%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott2014" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Andrew (7 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWzRAgAAQBAJ"><i>The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18966-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-18966-6"><bdi>978-0-226-18966-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306085822/https://books.google.com/books?id=WWzRAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+System+of+Professions%3A+An+Essay+on+the+Division+of+Expert+Labor&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.isbn=978-0-226-18966-6&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWWzRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magali Sarfatti Larson, <i>The Rise of Professionalism: a Sociological Analysis,</i> Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1978, p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanne Brown, <i>The Definition of a Profession: the Authority of Metaphor in the History of Intelligence Testing, 1890-1930</i>, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerHodge1970" class="citation book cs1">Turner, C.; Hodge, M. N. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ydCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19">"Occupations and Professions"</a>. In Jackson, J. A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/professionsprofe0000jack/page/19"><i>Professions and Professionalization</i></a>. Sociological Studies. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/professionsprofe0000jack/page/19">19–50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07982-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07982-2"><bdi>978-0-521-07982-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Occupations+and+Professions&rft.btitle=Professions+and+Professionalization&rft.series=Sociological+Studies&rft.pages=19-50&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07982-2&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Hodge%2C+M.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ydCAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12004638-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12004638_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColes2002" class="citation journal cs1">Coles, Colin (2002). "Developing professional judgment". <i>Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchp.1340220102">10.1002/chp.1340220102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12004638">12004638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Continuing+Education+in+the+Health+Professions&rft.atitle=Developing+professional+judgment&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchp.1340220102&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12004638&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><p>Cruess, S. R., Johnston, S. & Cruess R. L. (2004). "Profession": a working definition for medical educators. Teaching and learning in Medicine,16(1): 74–76. </p><p>Freidson, E. (1994). Professionalism reborn: Theory, prophecyand policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. </p><p>Gailmard, S. & Patty, J. W. (2007). Slackers and zealots: Civil service, policy discretion, and bureaucratic expertise. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 873–889. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00286.x </p><p>Gulick, L. (1937). Notes on the theory of organization. In J. Shafritz & A. Hyde (Eds.), Classics of public administration, eighth edition (pp. 105–114). Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. </p><p>Howlett, M., McConnell, A., and Pearl, A. (2014). Streams and stages: Reconciling Kingdon and policy process theory. European Journal of Political Research, 54(3) 419–434. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12064 </p><p>Lindblom, C. E. (1959). The science of "muddling through". In J. Shafritz and A. Hyde (Eds.), Classics of public administration, eighth edition, (pp. 172–182). Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. </p><p>Niskanen, Jr. (1971). Bureaucracy and Representative Government. New York: Imprint Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315081878 </p><p>Sinek, S. (2019). The Infinite Game. New York: Random House </p><p>Surowiecki, J. (2005). The wisdom of crowds. New York: Random House. </p><p>Taylor, F. W. (1912). The principles of scientific management. New York: Harper and Brothers. </p><p>Taylor, E. B. (1878). Researches into the early history of mankind and the development of civilization. Boston: Estes and Lauriat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profession&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1988" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Andrew (1988). <i>The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226000688" title="Special:BookSources/9780226000688"><bdi>9780226000688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+System+of+Professions%3A+An+Essay+on+the+Division+of+Expert+Labor&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780226000688&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrint1994" class="citation book cs1">Brint, Steven G (1994). <i>In an Age of Experts: The Changing Role of Professionals in Politics and Public Life</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691033990" title="Special:BookSources/9780691033990"><bdi>9780691033990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+an+Age+of+Experts%3A+The+Changing+Role+of+Professionals+in+Politics+and+Public+Life&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780691033990&rft.aulast=Brint&rft.aufirst=Steven+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfield1995" class="citation book cs1">Corfield, P. J. (1995). <i>Power and the Professions in Britain, 1700-1850</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415097567" title="Special:BookSources/9780415097567"><bdi>9780415097567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+the+Professions+in+Britain%2C+1700-1850&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780415097567&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDezalaySugarman1995" class="citation book cs1">Dezalay, Yves; Sugarman, David (1995). <i>Professional Competition and Professional Power: Lawyers, Accountants and the Social Construction of Markets</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415093620" title="Special:BookSources/9780415093620"><bdi>9780415093620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Competition+and+Professional+Power%3A+Lawyers%2C+Accountants+and+the+Social+Construction+of+Markets&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780415093620&rft.aulast=Dezalay&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.au=Sugarman%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreidson1988" class="citation book cs1">Freidson, Eliot (15 May 1988). <i>Professional Powers: A Study of the Institutionalization of Formal Knowledge</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226262253" title="Special:BookSources/9780226262253"><bdi>9780226262253</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26287874">26287874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Powers%3A+A+Study+of+the+Institutionalization+of+Formal+Knowledge&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988-05-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26287874&rft.isbn=9780226262253&rft.aulast=Freidson&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob1999" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, Joseph M (1999). <i>Doctors & Rules: A Sociology of Professional Values</i> (2nd ed.). New Brunswick and London: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765804778" title="Special:BookSources/9780765804778"><bdi>9780765804778</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39313497">39313497</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1914768W">1914768W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctors+%26+Rules%3A+A+Sociology+of+Professional+Values&rft.place=New+Brunswick+and+London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39313497&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL1914768W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780765804778&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1989" class="citation journal cs1">Montgomery, Jonathan (1989). "Medicine, Accountability, and Professionalism". <i>Journal of Law and Society</i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">319–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1409987">10.2307/1409987</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10822%2F833082">10822/833082</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409987">1409987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=Medicine%2C+Accountability%2C+and+Professionalism&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10822%2F833082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1409987%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1409987&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfession" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28640#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28640#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28640#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beruf"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4005857-8">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Professions"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107267">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Professions"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318415c">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Professions"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318415c">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="専門職"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570707">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="profese"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115886&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Profesijas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000055968&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="מקצועות חופשיים"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538698705171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013737">Historical Dictionary of 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