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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_against_Tibet_and_Ngoloks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_against_Tibet_and_Ngoloks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 War against Tibet and Ngoloks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_against_Tibet_and_Ngoloks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Sino-Japanese_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Sino-Japanese_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Second Sino-Japanese War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Sino-Japanese_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Chinese Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ambassador to Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ambassador to Saudi Arabia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Position_on_East_Turkestan_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_on_East_Turkestan_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Position on East Turkestan Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_on_East_Turkestan_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mansion" class="vector-toc-list-item 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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Industrialization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Environment and infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_and_infrastructure-sublist" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA" title="ما بوفانغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ما بوفانغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ma Bufang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ma Bufang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ما بوفنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ما بوفنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ma Bufang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%B6%80%ED%8C%A1" title="마부팡 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마부팡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="मा बुफ़ांग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मा बुफ़ांग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ma Bufang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ma Bufang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="מא בופאנג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מא בופאנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ma Bufang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ma Bufang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%AD%A9%E8%8A%B3" title="馬歩芳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="馬歩芳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ma Bufang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ma Bufang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ма Буфан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ма Буфан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ma Bufang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Bufang" title="Ma Bufang – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ma Bufang" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ма Буфан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ма Буфан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%87%D9%81%D8%A7%DA%AD" title="ما بۇفاڭ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ما بۇفاڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese warlord (1903–1975)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ma_(surname)" title="Ma (surname)">Ma</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ma Bufang</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh-hant"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>馬步芳</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Bufang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ma_Bufang.jpg/220px-Ma_Bufang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ma_Bufang.jpg/330px-Ma_Bufang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Ma_Bufang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="468" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lieutenant General Ma Bufang</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations#Taiwan.E2.80.93Saudi_Arabia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan–Saudi Arabia relations">Ambassador of the Republic of China to Saudi Arabia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 9 August 1957 – 3 June 1961</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Chiang Kai-shek</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Diplomatic relations established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bao_Junjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bao Junjian">Bao Junjian</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Governor of <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 5 Mar 1938 – 5 Sep 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Lin_(warlord)" title="Ma Lin (warlord)">Ma Lin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Shoushan" title="Zhao Shoushan">Zhao Shoushan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1903 (1903) <a href="/wiki/Linxia_County" title="Linxia County">Linxia County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 July 1975(1975-07-31) (aged 71–72) <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Republic of China (renounced) Saudi Arabia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ma Suqin<a href="#cite_note-isbn=0-7007-1302-6-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Jiyuan" title="Ma Jiyuan">Ma Jiyuan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Officers' Training Corps of Qinghai<a href="#cite_note-Robert_L._Jarman_2001_311-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sacred_Tripod" title="Order of the Sacred Tripod">Order of the Sacred Tripod</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">King of Qinghai</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1928–1949</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ninghai_Army" title="Ninghai Army">Ninghai Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Chairman of Qinghai Province, Commander-in-Chief of 40th Army Group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Pacification_of_Qinghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai">Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ma Bufang (1903 – 31 July 1975) (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 馬步芳; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 马步芳; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Mǎ Bùfāng; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: Ma3 Pu4-fang1, <a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a>: مَا بُ‌فَانْ) was a prominent Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ma_clique" title="Ma clique">Ma clique</a> <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a> in China during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> era, ruling the province of <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zedong_Mao,_Michael_Y._M._Kau,_John_K._Leung_1986_34-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> His rank was lieutenant-general.<a href="#cite_note-ISBN_1-55655-768-X-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> Ma Bufang and his older brother <a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a> (1901–1977) were born in Monigou Township (漠泥沟乡) in what is today <a href="/wiki/Linxia_County" title="Linxia County">Linxia County</a>, 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Linxia City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-STRONGHOLD_OF_MUSLIM_CHINA-6">[6]</a> Their father <a href="/wiki/Ma_Qi" title="Ma Qi">Ma Qi</a> (马麒) formed the <a href="/wiki/Ninghai_Army" title="Ninghai Army">Ninghai Army</a> in Qinghai in 1915, and received civilian and military posts from the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Beiyang Government">Beiyang Government</a> in Beijing confirming his military and civilian authority there. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism_templates" title="Category:Islamism templates">series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Xi%27an" title="Great Mosque of Xi'an"><img alt="Top of the Great Mosque of Xi'an" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/210px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/315px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg/420px-Xian_Great_Mosque_07_%285458567815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_China" title="History of Islam in China">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.3em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Song_dynasty" title="Islam during the Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Islam during the Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Rebellions and revolts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahriyya_revolt" title="Jahriyya revolt">Jahriyya revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion (1856–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">First Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Second Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Post-dynastic China</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China_(1912%E2%80%93present)" title="Islam in China (1912–present)">1912–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerns_and_controversies_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics" title="Concerns and controversies at the 2022 Winter Olympics">Concerns and controversies at the 2022 Winter Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja" title="Afaq Khoja">Afaq Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Wenxiu" title="Du Wenxiu">Du Wenxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Dahai" title="Hu Dahai">Hu Dahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Songshan" title="Hu Songshan">Hu Songshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasim_Tuet" title="Kasim Tuet">Kasim Tuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(scholar)" title="Liu Zhi (scholar)">Liu Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Anliang" title="Ma Anliang">Ma Anliang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ma Bufang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fuxiang" title="Ma Fuxiang">Ma Fuxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Gui_(general)" title="Ma Gui (general)">Ma Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Hualong" title="Ma Hualong">Ma Hualong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Laichi" title="Ma Laichi">Ma Laichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Mingxin" title="Ma Mingxin">Ma Mingxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Qixi" title="Ma Qixi">Ma Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wanfu" title="Ma Wanfu">Ma Wanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yize" title="Ma Yize">Ma Yize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhu" title="Ma Zhu">Ma Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajall_Shams_al-Din_Omar" title="Ajall Shams al-Din Omar">Shams al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_fei-erh" title="Su fei-erh">Su fei-erh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheidie%27erding" title="Yeheidie'erding">Yeheidie'erding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ma_Dexin" title="Yusuf Ma Dexin">Yusuf Ma Dexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Daiyu" title="Wang Daiyu">Wang Daiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chengzhi" title="Zhang Chengzhi">Zhang Chengzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Uyghur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kitab" title="Han Kitab">Han Kitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_China" title="List of mosques in China">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhuan" title="Menhuan">Sufi orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_China" title="Islamic Association of China">Islamic Association of China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Cities</li><li>Regions</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sichuan" title="Islam in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunhua_Salar_Autonomous_County" title="Xunhua Salar Autonomous County">Xunhua</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_China" title="Ahmadiyya in China">Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiang_people" title="Dongxiang people">Dongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tajiks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #21643d;padding-top:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #21643d;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> • <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_China" title="Template:Islam in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_China" title="Template talk:Islam in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> His older brother Ma Buqing received a classical Chinese education, while Ma Bufang received education in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Ma Qi originally had Ma Bufang study to become an <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> while his older brother Ma Buqing was educated in the military. Ma Bufang studied until he was nineteen and then pursued a military career like his brother.<a href="#cite_note-Stéphane_A._Dudoignon_2004_68-8">[8]</a> Ma Bufang controlled the Great <a href="/wiki/Dongguan_Mosque" title="Dongguan Mosque">Dongguan Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stéphane_A._Dudoignon_2004_68-8">[8]</a> Ma was a graduate of the Officers' Training Corps of Qinghai.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_L._Jarman_2001_311-2">[2]</a> Ma Bufang sided with <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Guominjun" title="Guominjun">Guominjun</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_War" title="Central Plains War">Central Plains War</a>, when he switched to the winning side of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>. Ma Qi died in 1931 and his power was assumed by his brother <a href="/wiki/Ma_Lin_(warlord)" title="Ma Lin (warlord)">Ma Lin</a> (马麟), who was appointed governor of Qinghai. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascension_to_Governorship">Ascension to Governorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ascension to Governorship">edit</a>]</div> General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Lin_(warlord)" title="Ma Lin (warlord)">Ma Lin</a> held the position of civil Governor, while Ma Bufang was military Governor. They feuded with, and disliked each other. Ma Bufang was not admired by people as much as his uncle Ma Lin, whom the people adored.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In 1936, under the order of Chiang Kai-shek, and with the help of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhongying" title="Ma Zhongying">Ma Zhongying</a>'s remnant force in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongbin" title="Ma Hongbin">Ma Hongbin</a>'s force from <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, Ma Bufang and his brother Ma Buqing played an important role in annihilating <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a>'s 21,800 strong force that crossed the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> in an attempt to expand the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist</a> base. In 1937, Ma Bufang rose with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and forced his uncle Ma Lin to concede his position. At that point Ma Bufang became governor of Qinghai, with military and civilian powers, and remained in that position until the Communist victory in 1949. During Ma Bufang's rise to power, he along with Ma Buqing and cousins Ma Hongkui and Ma Hongbin, were instrumental in helping another cousin, Ma Zhongying, to prevail in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. They did not want Ma Zhongying to compete with them on their own turf, so they encouraged and supported Ma Zhongying in developing his own power base in other regions such as Gansu and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. Ma Bufang defeated Ma Zhongying in a battle in Gansu, and drove him into Xinjiang. In 1936, Ma Bufang was appointed commander of the newly organized 2nd army.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Because Ma Bufang did not want the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> to succeed his predecessor, he stationed his men in such a way that the Dalai Lama was effectively under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>, saying this was needed for "protection", and refusing to permit him to leave for Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He did all he could to delay the movement of the Dalai Lama from Qinghai to Tibet by demanding 100,000 Chinese silver dollars.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Even though his uncle Ma Lin was officially governor of Qinghai, Ma Bufang held de facto military power in the province and foreigners acknowledged this.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> While his uncle Ma Lin was governor of Qinghai, Ma Bufang was pacification commissioner of Gansu.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1936, during Autumn, Ma Bufang made his move to expel his uncle from power and to replace him.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Ma Bufang made Ma Lin's position untenable and unbearable until he resigned from power by making the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dean_King_2010-18">[18]</a> Ma Lin's next position was to be part of the National Government Committee. In an interview Ma Lin was described as having: "high admiration and unwavering loyalty to Chiang Kai-shek".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> had granted his family a yellow standard which had his family name "Ma" on it. Ma Bufang continued to use this standard in battle and, as of 1936, he had 30,000 Muslim cavalrymen in his army.<a href="#cite_note-Dean_King_2010-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_against_Tibet_and_Ngoloks">War against Tibet and Ngoloks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War against Tibet and Ngoloks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Golok_rebellions_(1917%E2%80%931949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golok rebellions (1917–1949)">Golok rebellions (1917–1949)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–Tibetan War">Sino–Tibetan War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qinghai-Tibet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai-Tibet War">Qinghai-Tibet War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T.V._Soong_at_Mosque_in_Xining_Qinghai_May_1934.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/T.V._Soong_at_Mosque_in_Xining_Qinghai_May_1934.png/262px-T.V._Soong_at_Mosque_in_Xining_Qinghai_May_1934.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/T.V._Soong_at_Mosque_in_Xining_Qinghai_May_1934.png/393px-T.V._Soong_at_Mosque_in_Xining_Qinghai_May_1934.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/T.V._Soong_at_Mosque_in_Xining_Qinghai_May_1934.png/524px-T.V._Soong_at_Mosque_in_Xining_Qinghai_May_1934.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">T. V. Soong</a> and Ma Bufang of the Republic of China visit a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in Xining, Qinghai in 1934</figcaption></figure> Ma Bufang had a conflicted relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> population of Qinghai. Some <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhists</a> served in his army while others were crushed and killed by it. In 1932, Ma Bufang's Muslim troops, and the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> general <a href="/wiki/Liu_Wenhui" title="Liu Wenhui">Liu Wenhui</a>, defeated the <a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a>'s Tibetan armies when <a href="/wiki/Qinghai-Tibet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai-Tibet War">Tibet tried to invade Qinghai province</a>. Ma Bufang overran the Tibetan armies and recaptured several counties in <a href="/wiki/Xikang" title="Xikang">Xikang</a> province. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AArx%C3%BC_County" title="Sêrxü County">Shiqu</a>, Dengke, and other counties were seized from the Tibetans<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> who were pushed back to the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Jinsha_River" title="Jinsha River">Jinsha River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Ma and Liu warned Tibetan officials not to cross the Jinsha River again.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> A truce was signed ending the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The reputation of the Muslim forces of Ma Bufang was boosted by the war and victory against the Tibetan army.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The stature of Ma Biao rose over his role in the war and later in 1937 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War#Muslim_Jihad_against_Japan" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">his battles against the Japanese</a> propelled him to fame nationwide in China. The control of China over the border area of Kham and Yushu with Tibet was guarded by the Qinghai army. Chinese Muslim run schools used their victory in the war against Tibet to show how they defended the integrity of China's territory as it was put in danger since the Japanese invasion.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> government supported Ma Bufang when he launched seven extermination expeditions into <a href="/wiki/Golog" class="mw-redirect" title="Golog">Golog</a>, eliminating thousands of <a href="/wiki/Ngolok" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngolok">Ngolok</a> tribesmen.<a href="#cite_note-Uradyn_Erden_Bulag_2002_54-30">[30]</a> Some Tibetans counted the number of times he attacked, remembering the seventh attack which made life impossible for them.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Ma was highly anti-communist, and he and his army wiped out many Ngolok tribal Tibetans in the northeast and eastern Qinghai, and also destroyed <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Buddhist">Tibetan Buddhist</a> Temples.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Ma Bufang established the Kunlun Middle School and used it to recruit Tibetan students, who were subjected to harsh military life. The school became an important source of Tibetan translators as Ma expanded his military domain over land inhabited by Tibetans.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> As Ma Bufang defeated more Tibetans, he also drafted them into his army. Ma Bufang attacked and demolished a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in <a href="/wiki/Rebgong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebgong">Rebgong</a> in 1939, one of the oldest in Amdo.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Ma Bufang sent his army to destroy and loot the Tsanggar Monastery in 1941; his forces expelled the monks. It was not until the Communists took power that the Monastery could be rebuilt; the monks returned in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Many of the monasteries attacked by Ma Bufang were associated with the Ngoloks. Tibetan tribals in southern Qinghai revolted due to taxation between 1939 and 1941, but they were crushed by "suppression campaigns" and massacred by Ma Bufang which caused a major influx of Tibetan refugees into Tibet from Qinghai.<a href="#cite_note-Lin2011-38">[38]</a> A former Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Khampa</a> soldier named Aten, who battled Ma Bufang's forces, provided an account of a battle. He described the Chinese Muslims as "fierce". After he and his troops were ambushed by 2,000 of Ma Bufang's Chinese Muslim cavalry, he was left with bullet wounds and he "had no illusions as to the fate of most of our group", most of whom were wiped out.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Aten also asserted that "the Tibetan province of Amdo", was "occupied" by Ma Bufang.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Sino-Japanese_War">Second Sino-Japanese War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Sino-Japanese War">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang_Kai-shek_on_right_Ma_Buqing_on_left_Ma_Bufang_second_from_left.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Chiang_Kai-shek_on_right_Ma_Buqing_on_left_Ma_Bufang_second_from_left.png/263px-Chiang_Kai-shek_on_right_Ma_Buqing_on_left_Ma_Bufang_second_from_left.png" decoding="async" width="263" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Chiang_Kai-shek_on_right_Ma_Buqing_on_left_Ma_Bufang_second_from_left.png/394px-Chiang_Kai-shek_on_right_Ma_Buqing_on_left_Ma_Bufang_second_from_left.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Chiang_Kai-shek_on_right_Ma_Buqing_on_left_Ma_Bufang_second_from_left.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> (right) meets with the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Muslim</a> Generals Ma Bufang (second from left), and <a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a> (first from left) in <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a> in August 1942.</figcaption></figure> Ma Bufang called for peace and tolerance between ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The soldiers in Ma Bufang's cavalry forces belonged to a wide range of ethnicities. <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, Tibetans, and Han Chinese all served in Ma Bufang's cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Ma Bufang's ethnic tolerance in theory ensured that recruits could escape ethnic divergence in his armies. In 1937 and 1938, the Japanese attempted to approach Ma Bufang and were ignored.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Ma Bufang's soldiers were designated as the 82nd Army during the war against <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Pufang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Ma_Pufang.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="269" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Ma Bufang- date unknown</figcaption></figure> In 1937, when the Japanese attack at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beiping%E2%80%93Tianjin" title="Battle of Beiping–Tianjin">Battle of Beiping–Tianjin</a> began the Chinese government was notified by Muslim General Ma Bufang of the Ma clique that he was prepared to bring the fight to the Japanese in a telegram message.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a>, he arranged for a cavalry division, under Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(general)" title="Ma Biao (general)">Ma Biao</a>, to be sent east to battle the Japanese. Ma Buqing and Ma Bufang discussed the battle plans against the Japanese over the telephone with Chiang Kai-shek. The top crack elite cavalry of Ma Bufang was sent against Japan. Ethnic Turkic <a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar Muslims</a> made up the majority of the first cavalry division which Ma Bufang sent. Because of fierce resistance by <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a> and Ma Bufang's Muslim cavalry, the Japanese were never able to reach and capture <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a> during the war.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Ma Bufang also obstructed Japanese agents trying to contact the Tibetans and was called an "adversary" by a Japanese agent.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Ma became governor of Qinghai when he expelled his uncle <a href="/wiki/Ma_Lin_(warlord)" title="Ma Lin (warlord)">Ma Lin</a> from power in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> He commanded a group army. He was appointed because of his <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">anti-Japanese inclinations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_L._Jarman_2001_311-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Under orders from the Kuomintang government of Chiang Kaishek, Ma Bufang repaired <a href="/wiki/Yushu_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Yushu Airport">Yushu Batang Airport</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan separatists</a> from seeking independence.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chiang also ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Lin-50">[50]</a> Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with bombing if they did not comply. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> He also constantly attacked the <a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang Monastery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Ma Bufang's army battled extensively in bloody battles against the Japanese in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province. Ma Bufang sent his army, under the command of his relative General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Biao_(general)" title="Ma Biao (general)">Ma Biao</a>, to fight the Japanese in Henan. The Qinghai Chinese, Salar, Chinese Muslim, <a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a>, and Tibetan troops Ma Bufang sent fought to the death against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>, or committed suicide refusing to be taken prisoner, when cornered by the enemy. When they defeated the Japanese, the Muslim troops slaughtered all of them except for a few prisoners sent back to Qinghai to prove that they had been victorious. In September 1940, when the Japanese launched an offensive against the Muslim Qinghai troops, the Muslims ambushed them and killed so many of them that they were forced to retreat. The Japanese could not even pick up their dead; instead, they cut an arm from their corpses for cremation to send back to Japan. The Japanese did not attempt to make a similar offensive again. Ma Biao was the eldest son of Ma Haiqing, who was the sixth younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Haiyan" title="Ma Haiyan">Ma Haiyan</a>, Ma Bufang's grandfather. During the war against Japan, Ma Bufang commanded the 82nd Army.<a href="#cite_note-Pettibone2013-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a> was subjected to <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">aerial bombardment</a> by Japanese warplanes in 1941 during the Second-Sino Japanese War. The bombing spurred all ethnicities in Qinghai, including the local Qinghai Mongols and Qinghai Tibetans, against the Japanese. The Salar Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Han_Youwen" title="Han Youwen">Han Youwen</a> directed the defense of the city of Xining during air raids by Japanese planes. Han survived an aerial bombardment by Japanese planes in Xining while he was being directed via telephone from Ma Bufang, who hid in an air raid shelter in a military barracks. The bombing resulted in human flesh splattering a <a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun" title="Blue Sky with a White Sun">Blue Sky with a White Sun</a> flag and Han being buried in rubble. Han Youwen was dragged out of the rubble while bleeding and he managed to grab a machine gun while he was limping and fired back at the Japanese warplanes and cursed the Japanese as dogs in his native <a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bukang" title="Ma Bukang">Ma Bukang</a> and Ma Bufang were having a discussion on Ma Biao when Japanese warplanes bombed Xining. In 1942, Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, head of the Chinese government, toured <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwestern China</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, and Qinghai, where he met both Ma Buqing and Ma Bufang. It was reported around this time that Ma had 50,000 elite soldiers in his army.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Ma Bufang supported the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Songshan" title="Hu Songshan">Hu Songshan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_Civil_War">Chinese Civil War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chinese Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Bufang_and_Muhammad_Naguib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ma_Bufang_and_Muhammad_Naguib.jpg/332px-Ma_Bufang_and_Muhammad_Naguib.jpg" decoding="async" width="332" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ma_Bufang_and_Muhammad_Naguib.jpg/498px-Ma_Bufang_and_Muhammad_Naguib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ma_Bufang_and_Muhammad_Naguib.jpg/664px-Ma_Bufang_and_Muhammad_Naguib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naguib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Naguib">Muhammad Naguib</a> with General Ma Bufang.</figcaption></figure> Ma Bufang was elected to the Sixth Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> in 1945. The Kuomintang Chinese government ordered Ma Bufang to march his troops into Xinjiang several times to intimidate the pro-Soviet Governor <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a>. This helped to provide protection for Chinese settling in Xinjiang.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Ma Bufang was sent with his Muslim Cavalry to <a href="/wiki/Urumqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urumqi">Urumqi</a> by the Kuomintang in 1945 during the <a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a> to protect it from the Uyghur army from Hi.<a href="#cite_note-ISBN_1-55655-768-X-5">[5]</a> Ma Bufang relocated <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s shrine from Yulin to <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a> in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On April 7, 1949 Ma Bufang and Ma Hongkui announced jointly that they would continue to fight the Communists, and would not make an accord with them.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Fighting continued as the Communists advanced.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Ma was made Chief of all Military and Political affairs of the Northwest by the Kuomintang.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a>, who was exiled from Tibet by the Dalai Lama's government, wanted to seek revenge by leading an army against Tibet in September 1949 and asked for help from Ma Bufang.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Ma Bufang patronized the Panchen Lama, and the Lamaist Red Sect against the Dalai Lama. Qinghai served as a "sanctuary" for Red Sect members; Ma Bufang allowed <a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum Monastery</a> to be totally self-governed by the Panchen Lama.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> General Ma Bufang was appointed Supreme Commander in Chief of the entire region of northwestern China by the government, described by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a> magazine as "13 times as big as <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>", containing "14 million people" "one-third Han Chinese, one-third Moslem Chinese, and the remainder Tibetans, Turkis, Mongolians, Kazaks". He entered Lanzhou in a <a href="/wiki/Buick" title="Buick">Buick</a> with his troops, seizing buildings and setting up camps.<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_News:_Ma_v._Marx-65">[65]</a> Ma Bufang also had to battle against forty Soviet warplanes sent by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> against his forces.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Generals <a href="/wiki/Hu_Zongnan" title="Hu Zongnan">Hu Zongnan</a> and Ma Bufang led five corps to defeat General Peng's army near <a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a>. They killed 15,000 members of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In August 1949, Ma Bufang traveled by plane to the Kuomintang (KMT) government in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> to request supplies via airdrop, while his son <a href="/wiki/Ma_Jiyuan" title="Ma Jiyuan">Ma Jiyuan</a> assumed command over the KMT forces at <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a> who advised journalists they would defend the city. However, the government denied his request, and Ma flew back to Lanzhou, then abandoned it, retreating by truck back to Xining.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Then the Chinese Communist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>, led by General <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou_Campaign" title="Lanzhou Campaign">defeated Ma's army</a> and occupied <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a>, the capital of Gansu. Ma was driven out of Xining and escaped to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> then <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. He had 50,000 dollars in money with him.<a href="#cite_note-BrownPickowicz2007-69">[69]</a> While residing in a flat in Hong Kong, he stated his intention to flee to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In October, Chiang Kai-shek urged him to return to the Northwest to resist the PLA, but he fled to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> with more than 200 relatives and subordinates, in the name of <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Ma Bufang, and his family members like son Ma Jiyuan, cousin <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bukang" title="Ma Bukang">Ma Bukang</a>, and nephew <a href="/wiki/Ma_Chengxiang" title="Ma Chengxiang">Ma Chengxiang</a>, fled to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>; however, after one year, Ma Bufang and Ma Bukang then moved to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, while his son Ma Jiyuan, with ten Generals, moved to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> General Ma Bufang announced the start of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_Insurgency_in_China_(1950%E2%80%931958)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950–1958)">Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950–1958)</a>, on January 9, 1950, when he was in Cairo, Egypt saying that Chinese Muslims would never surrender to Communism and would fight a guerilla war against the Communists.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> His former military forces, most of them Muslim, continued to play a major role in the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-Zedong_Mao,_Michael_Y._M._Kau,_John_K._Leung_1986_34-3">[3]</a> In 1950, Ma moved to Cairo. He was there to request help from Arab countries.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Ma served as representative of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> to Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia">Ambassador to Saudi Arabia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ambassador to Saudi Arabia">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Bufang_in_Egypt_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ma_Bufang_in_Egypt_1955.jpg/263px-Ma_Bufang_in_Egypt_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ma_Bufang_in_Egypt_1955.jpg/395px-Ma_Bufang_in_Egypt_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ma_Bufang_in_Egypt_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>Ma Bufang in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> 1955</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1955_Ma_Bufang_with_KMT_ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1955_Ma_Bufang_with_KMT_ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/263px-1955_Ma_Bufang_with_KMT_ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1955_Ma_Bufang_with_KMT_ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia.jpg/395px-1955_Ma_Bufang_with_KMT_ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/1955_Ma_Bufang_with_KMT_ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Ma Bufang with the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> in 1955.</figcaption></figure> In 1957, after the establishment of diplomatic relations between Egypt and the People's Republic of China, Ma was transferred by <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> to serve as the ROC ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Ma served in this post for four years; he never returned to Taiwan. He was in the post from 1957 to 1961 until his dismissal "on charges of corruption and incompetence".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> He received the Saudi citizenship and remained in Saudi Arabia until his death in 1975 at the age of 72.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> He had one son, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Jiyuan" title="Ma Jiyuan">Ma Jiyuan</a> (馬繼援), who served as a divisional commander in Ma Bufang's army. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_on_East_Turkestan_Independence">Position on East Turkestan Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Position on East Turkestan Independence">edit</a>]</div> While serving as ambassador, in response to a request by Abdul Ahad Hamed, a former <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a> living in Saudi Arabia, for accommodations to be granted to Uyghurs who held <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_passport" title="Taiwan passport">Republic of China passports</a>, living outside China, Ma Bufang sent the following letter which rejected this request and rejected his usage of the term "East Turkestan", upheld the official position of the Republic of China that Xinjiang was a part of China and that it did not recognize the <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Independence_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkestan Independence Movement">East Turkestan Independence Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <blockquote> Dear Brother, With all due respect to your previous position in the Government of Sinkiang and to the confidence placed in you by His Excellency the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a>, I hope that you will refrain from using expressions which should not be used by one who occupied the position of a mufti. We are all serving our beloved country trying to do our best for our countrymen. I also hope that you will refrain from using the expression "The Turkestani Nation" which was the creation of one Abdul Qayyum Khan while he was living in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. We are working for the welfare of the true people of Sinkiang not for the Turkestanis living outside Sinkiang or the followers of Abdul Qayyum Khan. Best regards, Ambassador of Nationalist China in Saudi Arabia<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mansion">Mansion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mansion">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qinghai.Xining.R%C3%A9sidence.Ma_Bufang.Cour1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Qinghai.Xining.R%C3%A9sidence.Ma_Bufang.Cour1.jpg/263px-Qinghai.Xining.R%C3%A9sidence.Ma_Bufang.Cour1.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Qinghai.Xining.R%C3%A9sidence.Ma_Bufang.Cour1.jpg/395px-Qinghai.Xining.R%C3%A9sidence.Ma_Bufang.Cour1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Qinghai.Xining.R%C3%A9sidence.Ma_Bufang.Cour1.jpg/526px-Qinghai.Xining.R%C3%A9sidence.Ma_Bufang.Cour1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ma Bufang Mansion in <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> Provence, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ma_Bufang_Mansion" title="Ma Bufang Mansion">Ma Bufang Mansion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> was where Ma and his family lived from 1943 to 1949. In 1938 Ma Bufang built a residence for his concubine called East mansion.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Ma Bufang's headquarters was converted into the provincial museum by the Communists, until a new one was built. It currently contains the "Qinghai Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute" collection.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_officers">Former officers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Former officers">edit</a>]</div> Ma Bufang's former chief of staff was Ma Wending, who defected to the communists and became vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the Qinghai Provincial People's Congress.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Another officer who served under Ma Bufang, the <a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a> General <a href="/wiki/Han_Youwen" title="Han Youwen">Han Youwen</a>, also defected to the Communists and joined the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>. Ma Bufang had another chief of staff in his North-West Command, Ma Ji. Ma Ji's son Ma Wenying later became a well known tailor.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Policies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> Ma Bufang recruited many <a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a> officers, such as Han Yimu and General <a href="/wiki/Han_Youwen" title="Han Youwen">Han Youwen</a> into his army; most came from <a href="/wiki/Xunhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xunhua">Xunhua</a> County. Ma Bufang's regime centered on the support of "fanatically disciplined and obedient Chinese Muslims". After he took over as Governor, he turned to civilian governing. His son was handed Ma Bufang's former role as authority over the army.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism">Nationalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nationalism">edit</a>]</div> Ma Bufang presented himself as a Chinese nationalist and someone who fought against Western <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> to the people of China in order to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to his advantage to keep himself in power as noted by the author Erden.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The Kuomintang party was officially anti-feudal, and the Kuomintang itself claimed to be a revolutionary party of the people, so being accused of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> was a serious insult. Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Kuomintang, spoke out publicly against feudalism and feudal warlords.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Ma Bufang was forced to defend himself against the accusations, and stated to the news media that his army was a part of the "National army, people's power".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrialization">Industrialization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Industrialization">edit</a>]</div> Ma Bufang was described as a <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of China">socialist</a> by American journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Roderick_(correspondent)" title="John Roderick (correspondent)">John Roderick</a> and "friendly" compared to the other Ma Clique warlords.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Ma Bufang was reported to be good humoured and jovial in contrast to the brutal reign of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Most of eastern China was ravaged by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. In contrast, during the Chinese Civil war Qinghai was relatively untouched. An American scholar, <a href="/wiki/A._Doak_Barnett" title="A. Doak Barnett">A. Doak Barnett</a>, praised Ma Bufang's government as: "one of the most efficient in China, and one of the most energetic. While most of China is bogged down, almost inevitably, by Civil War, Chinghai is attempting to carry out small-scale, but nevertheless ambitious, development and reconstruction schemes on its own initiative".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> General Ma started a state run and controlled industrialization project, directly creating educational, medical, agricultural, and sanitation projects, run or assisted by the state. The state provided money for food and uniforms in all schools, state run or private. Roads and a theater were constructed. The state controlled the press; no freedom was allowed for independent journalists. His regime was dictatorial in its political system. Barnett admitted that the regime had "sterm authoritarianism" and "little room for personal freedom".<a href="#cite_note-Werner_Draguhn,_David_S._G._Goodman_2002_38-96">[96]</a> In 1947 the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> sold Ma Bufang a piped water (sewage) system which was installed in <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Like all the other Kuomintang members, Ma Bufang was anti-Communist. Ma was regarded as a "modernizer" and "reformer" during his rule over Qinghai.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment_and_infrastructure">Environment and infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environment and infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> Ma enforced a strict <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> program to help the environment. Villagers were required to meet a quota for tree planting after being supplied with saplings and instructions; cutting down a tree without permission led to execution. Millions of trees were planted in Qinghai during his rule, and he built an irrigation system in addition to roads. Around 1.5 million people lived in Qinghai under Ma Bufang.<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_News:_Ma_v._Marx-65">[65]</a> He was obsessed with preventing soil erosion and tree planting, saying: "The salvation of our desert was in the tree". He had "education teams" teach the entire population about the role of trees in protecting the environment.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_women's_rights">Education and women's rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Education and women's rights">edit</a>]</div> Ma Bufang also promoted education. He made businessmen methodically clean up Xining, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, by serving as insect exterminators, killing flies, and neatly disposing of them.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Ma Bufang and his wife built a school for Muslim girls in <a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia</a> which provided a modern secular education.<a href="#cite_note-isbn=0-7007-1302-6-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patron_of_the_arts">Patron of the arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Patron of the arts">edit</a>]</div> Ma Bufang sent the Chinese artist <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Daqian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Daqian">Zhang Daqian</a> to Sku'bum to seek helpers to analyze and copy <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> Buddhist art.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Ma Bufang patronized the folk songwriter <a href="/wiki/Wang_Luobin" title="Wang Luobin">Wang Luobin</a>, who wrote the famous folk song "<a href="/w/index.php?title=In_That_Place_Wholly_Faraway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In That Place Wholly Faraway (page does not exist)">In That Place Wholly Faraway</a>" in Qinghai while shooting a film at Ma's invitation. Ma Bufang later rescued Wang Luobin from prison and employed him on his staff. Wang composed the "War Horse Song" for the cavalry division Ma Bufang sent to fight the Japanese invaders as well as the "March of the Chinese Muslims". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_of_minorities">Treatment of minorities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Treatment of minorities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Bufang_and_Ma_Buqing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ma_Bufang_and_Ma_Buqing.jpg/220px-Ma_Bufang_and_Ma_Buqing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Ma_Bufang_and_Ma_Buqing.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a> <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Chinese Muslim</a> Generals Ma Bufang (left) and his brother <a href="/wiki/Ma_Buqing" title="Ma Buqing">Ma Buqing</a> (right). Both members of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>.</figcaption></figure> Author Kevin Stuart claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Mongour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongour">Mongour</a> were reported to have been abused by KMT officials under Ma Bufang.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Ma cooperated with the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>'s regime in Tibet. The Panchen Lama stayed in Qinghai. Ma tried to persuade him to come with the Kuomintang government to Taiwan when the Communist victory was imminent, but the Panchen Lama decided to defect to the Communists instead. The Panchen Lama, unlike the Dalai Lama, sought to exert control in decision making.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In addition, the Kuomintang expanded into the Lhasa regime of the Dalai Lama.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Closer to the Communist takeover, Ma Bufang tried to rally Tibetan and Mongol militia at <a href="/wiki/Kokonuur_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokonuur Lake">Kokonuur Lake</a>. A Mongol official, Wang Benba, derailed the attempt, urging them not to fight, saying that Communist victory was inevitable.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tibetans">Tibetans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tibetans">edit</a>]</div> Tibetan independence groups allege and accuse Ma Bufang of carrying out <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a> policies in Tibetan areas: he is said to have forced Tibetans to intermarry, and to change their religious beliefs. He also spread and popularized holidays such as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Since Qinghai (Amdo) was under Ma's rule, the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> and his family spoke Chinese as their native language, not knowing Tibetan until 1939 when they relocated their home to <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Ma Bufang eliminated slavery and lordship among the Mongols and Tibetans. From the book The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity, the author, Uradyn Erden Bulag wrote: "In the past, the Mongols and Tibetans were divided as lords and slaves, but the two Chairmen [Ma Qi and Ma Bufang], insisting on the principle of equality of all nationalities in our country, corrected the absurdity and astutely reformed it."<a href="#cite_note-Uradyn_Erden_Bulag_2002_54-30">[30]</a> Near the Tibetan village of Skya Rgya in Qinghai, Muslims live around the Yellow river in the town of Dong sna 20 kilometers away and they are registered by the Chinese government as Hui. The elderly "Hui" in this village speak imperfect Chinese but speak perfect Tibetan and trade frequently with the Tibetans, saying they were originally Tibetans. One of them, a man born in 1931 said "We have the same blood; we have the same ancestors. We used to marry each other, shared the same customs and observed the same traditional principles. It was Ma Bufang who converted us to Islam."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> The new <a href="/wiki/Yihewani" title="Yihewani">Yihewani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a>) sect was patronized and backed by Ma Lin and Ma Bufang to help modernize society, education, and reform old traditions. Ma Bufang kept religious affairs and clerics separate from state and civil affairs; religion was only concerned with education, morality, and other non-administrative matters.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The Yihewani sect was <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">modernist</a>, identifying strongly with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">politics</a>, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> Muslims stressed a non-political, and, what they termed an "original" form of Islam. In 1937, when the Salafi formally split with the <a href="/wiki/Yihewani" title="Yihewani">Yihewani Muslim Brotherhood</a>, Ma Bufang <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">persecuted</a> them as <a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">"heterodox"</a> and "foreign". The Salafis were not allowed to move or to worship openly.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> General Ma effectively suppressed all non-Yihewani groups, including the traditional <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Gedimu" title="Gedimu">Gedimu</a>, the oldest sect of Islam in China, by enforcing Yihewani Imams on them. However, when the Communist party took over, the Gedimu used the Communist party's rules on freedom of religion to ward off the Yihewani practices and imams.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In contrast to his treatment of Salafis, General Ma allowed <a href="/wiki/Polytheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheists">polytheists</a> to worship openly, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionaries</a> to station themselves in Qinghai. General Ma, and other high-ranking Muslim Generals, even attended the Kokonuur Lake Ceremony where the God of the Lake was worshipped. During the ritual, the <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">Chinese national anthem</a> was sung. Participants bowed to a portrait of Kuomintang Party founder Dr. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Zhongshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Zhongshan">Sun Zhongshan</a>, and to the God of the Lake, and offerings were given to him by the participants, which included Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Ma Bufang invited <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakh Muslims</a> to attend the ceremony honoring the God.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> He received audiences of Christian missionaries, who sometimes gave him the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> His son Ma Jiyuan received a silver cup from Christian missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-HORLEMANN-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1928 General Officer Commanding 9th New Division</li> <li>1932 General Officer Commanding II New Corps</li> <li>1938–1949 Military-Governor of Qinghai Province</li> <li>1938–1941 General Officer Commanding LXXXII Corps</li> <li>1943–1945 Commander in Chief 40th Army Group</li></ul> He commanded the New 9th Division, New 2nd Army, and the 82nd Army.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Another one of his positions was vice-commander of the 77th Brigade of the 26th Division.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaria_JaschokJingjun_Shui2000" class="citation book cs1">Maria Jaschok; Jingjun Shui (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&q=ma+bufang+girls+school&pg=PA96">The history of women's mosques in Chinese Islam: a mosque of their own</a>. Routledge. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1302-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1302-6"><bdi>0-7007-1302-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+women%27s+mosques+in+Chinese+Islam%3A+a+mosque+of+their+own&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7007-1302-6&rft.au=Maria+Jaschok&rft.au=Jingjun+Shui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjV9_YvgUmpsC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bgirls%2Bschool%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_L._Jarman_2001_311-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_L._Jarman_2001_311_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_L._Jarman_2001_311_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_L._Jarman_2001_311_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_L._Jarman2001" class="citation book cs1">Robert L. Jarman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOkvAQAAIAAJ&q=He+held+a+series+of+army+commands+in+Chinghai+and+in+1938+was+appointed+chairman+of+that+province">China Political Reports 1911-1960: 1942-1945</a>. Archive Editions. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85207-930-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85207-930-4"><bdi>1-85207-930-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Political+Reports+1911-1960%3A+1942-1945&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Archive+Editions&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85207-930-4&rft.au=Robert+L.+Jarman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOkvAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DHe%2Bheld%2Ba%2Bseries%2Bof%2Barmy%2Bcommands%2Bin%2BChinghai%2Band%2Bin%2B1938%2Bwas%2Bappointed%2Bchairman%2Bof%2Bthat%2Bprovince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zedong_Mao,_Michael_Y._M._Kau,_John_K._Leung_1986_34-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zedong_Mao,_Michael_Y._M._Kau,_John_K._Leung_1986_34_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zedong_Mao,_Michael_Y._M._Kau,_John_K._Leung_1986_34_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZedong_MaoMichael_Y._M._KauJohn_K._Leung1986" class="citation book cs1">Zedong Mao; Michael Y. M. Kau; John K. Leung (1986). Michael Y. M. Kau; John K. Leung (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHfoxZJzYG4C&q=ma+bu-fang+the+governor+has+not+seen&pg=PA34">The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949-1976: September 1945 - December 1955</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87332-391-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87332-391-2"><bdi>0-87332-391-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005324/https://books.google.com/books?id=mHfoxZJzYG4C&q=ma+bu-fang+the+governor+has+not+seen&pg=PA34#v=snippet&q=ma%20bu-fang%20the%20governor%20has%20not%20seen&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+Mao+Zedong%2C+1949-1976%3A+September+1945+-+December+1955&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-87332-391-2&rft.au=Zedong+Mao&rft.au=Michael+Y.+M.+Kau&rft.au=John+K.+Leung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHfoxZJzYG4C%26q%3Dma%2Bbu-fang%2Bthe%2Bgovernor%2Bhas%2Bnot%2Bseen%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper_Rae_Gaubatz1996" class="citation book cs1">Piper Rae Gaubatz (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=drGGEsi1fFEC&q=ma+bufang+paintings&pg=PA36">Beyond the Great Wall: urban form and transformation on the Chinese frontiers</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2399-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2399-0"><bdi>0-8047-2399-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005324/https://books.google.com/books?id=drGGEsi1fFEC&q=ma+bufang+paintings&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Great+Wall%3A+urban+form+and+transformation+on+the+Chinese+frontiers&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8047-2399-0&rft.au=Piper+Rae+Gaubatz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdrGGEsi1fFEC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bpaintings%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISBN_1-55655-768-X-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISBN_1-55655-768-X_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISBN_1-55655-768-X_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_PrestonMichael_PartridgeAntony_Best2000" class="citation book cs1">Paul Preston; Michael Partridge; Antony Best (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1qYAAAAMAAJ&q=moslem">British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. From 1946 through 1950. Asia, Volume 1</a>. University Publications of America. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55655-768-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55655-768-X"><bdi>1-55655-768-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005333/https://books.google.com/books?id=z1qYAAAAMAAJ&q=moslem">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+documents+on+foreign+affairs%3A+reports+and+papers+from+the+Foreign+Office+confidential+print.+From+1946+through+1950.+Asia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+Publications+of+America&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55655-768-X&rft.au=Paul+Preston&rft.au=Michael+Partridge&rft.au=Antony+Best&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz1qYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmoslem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-STRONGHOLD_OF_MUSLIM_CHINA-6"><a href="#cite_ref-STRONGHOLD_OF_MUSLIM_CHINA_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMet1941" class="citation journal cs1">Met, Y. P. (1941). "The STRONGHOLD OF MUSLIM CHINA". The Muslim World. 31 (2): 178–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1941.tb00924.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.1941.tb00924.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=The+STRONGHOLD+OF+MUSLIM+CHINA&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1941.tb00924.x&rft.aulast=Met&rft.aufirst=Y.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStéphane_A._DudoignonHisao_KomatsuYasushi_Kosugi2006" class="citation book cs1">Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&q=ma+bufang+taiwan&pg=PA255">Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36835-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36835-3"><bdi>978-0-415-36835-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005325/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&q=ma+bufang+taiwan&pg=PA255">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectuals+in+the+modern+Islamic+world%3A+transmission%2C+transformation%2C+communication&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36835-3&rft.au=St%C3%A9phane+A.+Dudoignon&rft.au=Hisao+Komatsu&rft.au=Yasushi+Kosugi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJzB6wrz6Q4C%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Btaiwan%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stéphane_A._Dudoignon_2004_68-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stéphane_A._Dudoignon_2004_68_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stéphane_A._Dudoignon_2004_68_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStéphane_A._Dudoignon2004" class="citation book cs1">Stéphane A. Dudoignon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NyhtAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+qi+muslim">Devout societies vs. impious states?: transmitting Islamic learning in Russia, Central Asia and China, through the twentieth century : proceedings of an international colloquium held in the Carré des Sciences, French Ministry of Research, Paris, November 12–13, 2001</a>. Schwarz. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87997-314-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-87997-314-8"><bdi>3-87997-314-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005325/https://books.google.com/books?id=NyhtAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+qi+muslim">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devout+societies+vs.+impious+states%3F%3A+transmitting+Islamic+learning+in+Russia%2C+Central+Asia+and+China%2C+through+the+twentieth+century+%3A+proceedings+of+an+international+colloquium+held+in+the+Carr%C3%A9+des+Sciences%2C+French+Ministry+of+Research%2C+Paris%2C+November+12%E2%80%9313%2C+2001&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Schwarz&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-87997-314-8&rft.au=St%C3%A9phane+A.+Dudoignon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyhtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bqi%2Bmuslim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViolet_Olivia_Rutley_Cressy-Marcks1942" class="citation book cs1">Violet Olivia Rutley Cressy-Marcks (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hINCAAAAIAAJ&q=ma+bu+lin+Civil+Governor%2C+a+well-liked+Mohammedan%2C">Journey into China</a>. E.P. Dutton & co., inc. p. 292. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005326/https://books.google.com/books?id=hINCAAAAIAAJ&q=ma+bu+lin+Civil+Governor%2C+a+well-liked+Mohammedan%2C">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+into+China&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton+%26+co.%2C+inc.&rft.date=1942&rft.au=Violet+Olivia+Rutley+Cressy-Marcks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhINCAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bbu%2Blin%2BCivil%2BGovernor%252C%2Ba%2Bwell-liked%2BMohammedan%252C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIETAAAAIAAJ&q=Ma+pu-fang">The China monthly review, Volumes 78-79</a>. .W. Powell. 1936. p. 367. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005854/https://books.google.com/books?id=gIETAAAAIAAJ&q=Ma+pu-fang">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China+monthly+review%2C+Volumes+78-79&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=.W.+Powell&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIETAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMa%2Bpu-fang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Asiatic_Association1940" class="citation book cs1">American Asiatic Association (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKc5AQAAIAAJ&q=general+pu-fang">Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40</a>. Asia Pub. Co. p. 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005855/https://books.google.com/books?id=CKc5AQAAIAAJ&q=general+pu-fang">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%3A+journal+of+the+American+Asiatic+Association%2C+Volume+40&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Asia+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1940&rft.au=American+Asiatic+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKc5AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgeneral%2Bpu-fang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvyn_C._Goldstein1991" class="citation book cs1">Melvyn C. Goldstein (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&q=ma+pu-fang+japanese&pg=PA321">A history of modern Tibet, 1913-1951: the demise of the Lamaist state</a>. University of California Press. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07590-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07590-0"><bdi>0-520-07590-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005926/https://books.google.com/books?id=Upwq0I-wm7YC&q=ma+pu-fang+japanese&pg=PA321#v=snippet&q=ma%20pu-fang%20japanese&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Tibet%2C+1913-1951%3A+the+demise+of+the+Lamaist+state&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-520-07590-0&rft.au=Melvyn+C.+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUpwq0I-wm7YC%26q%3Dma%2Bpu-fang%2Bjapanese%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_of_100_for_Tibet_&_the_Dalai_Lama_Foundation,_Loyola_University_of_Chicago._Museum_of_Art2006" class="citation book cs1">Committee of 100 for Tibet & the Dalai Lama Foundation, Loyola University of Chicago. Museum of Art (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y9PAAAAMAAJ&q=Once+recognized,+he+is+taken+to+Lhasa,+but+only+after+the+Tibetan+government+purchases+safe+passage+from+the+Chinese+Muslim+warlord+Ma+Bufang,+a+man+holding+considerable+sway+in+the+region+who+threatens+to+hold+him+back.">The Missing Peace: Artists and the Dalai Lama</a>. Earth Aware. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932771-92-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-932771-92-1"><bdi>1-932771-92-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005922/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y9PAAAAMAAJ&q=Once+recognized,+he+is+taken+to+Lhasa,+but+only+after+the+Tibetan+government+purchases+safe+passage+from+the+Chinese+Muslim+warlord+Ma+Bufang,+a+man+holding+considerable+sway+in+the+region+who+threatens+to+hold+him+back.">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missing+Peace%3A+Artists+and+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Earth+Aware&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-932771-92-1&rft.au=Committee+of+100+for+Tibet+%26+the+Dalai+Lama+Foundation%2C+Loyola+University+of+Chicago.+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Y9PAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DOnce%2Brecognized%2C%2Bhe%2Bis%2Btaken%2Bto%2BLhasa%2C%2Bbut%2Bonly%2Bafter%2Bthe%2BTibetan%2Bgovernment%2Bpurchases%2Bsafe%2Bpassage%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BChinese%2BMuslim%2Bwarlord%2BMa%2BBufang%2C%2Ba%2Bman%2Bholding%2Bconsiderable%2Bsway%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bregion%2Bwho%2Bthreatens%2Bto%2Bhold%2Bhim%2Bback.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParshotam_Mehra2004" class="citation book cs1">Parshotam Mehra (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTFjMoAUfcgC&q=PA84">From conflict to conciliation: Tibetan polity revisited : a brief historical conspectus of the Dalai Lama-Panchen Lama Standoff, ca. 1904-1989</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-04914-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-04914-6"><bdi>3-447-04914-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005857/https://books.google.com/books?id=OTFjMoAUfcgC&q=PA84#v=onepage&q=PA84&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+conflict+to+conciliation%3A+Tibetan+polity+revisited+%3A+a+brief+historical+conspectus+of+the+Dalai+Lama-Panchen+Lama+Standoff%2C+ca.+1904-1989&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-447-04914-6&rft.au=Parshotam+Mehra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTFjMoAUfcgC%26q%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Central_Asian_SocietyCentral_Asian_Society1934" class="citation book cs1">Royal Central Asian Society; Central Asian Society (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhTMXTvVNjUC&q=ma+fu+hsiang+mongol">Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, Volume 21</a>. Royal Central Asian Society. p. 25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005858/https://books.google.com/books?id=xhTMXTvVNjUC&q=ma+fu+hsiang+mongol">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Central+Asian+Society%2C+Volume+21&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Royal+Central+Asian+Society.&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Royal+Central+Asian+Society&rft.au=Central+Asian+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxhTMXTvVNjUC%26q%3Dma%2Bfu%2Bhsiang%2Bmongol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_A._Schneider1971" class="citation book cs1">Laurence A. Schneider (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kuchiehkangchina0000schn">Ku Chieh-kang and China's new history: nationalism and the quest for alternative traditions</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kuchiehkangchina0000schn/page/290">290</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01804-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01804-4"><bdi>0-520-01804-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-06-28. <q>ma pu-fang japanese.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ku+Chieh-kang+and+China%27s+new+history%3A+nationalism+and+the+quest+for+alternative+traditions&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-520-01804-4&rft.au=Laurence+A.+Schneider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkuchiehkangchina0000schn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Asiatic_Association1940" class="citation book cs1">American Asiatic Association (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKc5AQAAIAAJ&q=nephew+pu-fang+1936+fall+uncle">Asia: journal of the American Asiatic Association, Volume 40</a>. Asia Pub. Co. p. 660. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005858/https://books.google.com/books?id=CKc5AQAAIAAJ&q=nephew+pu-fang+1936+fall+uncle">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%3A+journal+of+the+American+Asiatic+Association%2C+Volume+40&rft.pages=660&rft.pub=Asia+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1940&rft.au=American+Asiatic+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKc5AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dnephew%2Bpu-fang%2B1936%2Bfall%2Buncle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dean_King_2010-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dean_King_2010_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dean_King_2010_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean_King2010" class="citation book cs1">Dean King (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJqPc4tqSGEC&q=ma+bufang+buddhist&pg=PT253">Unbound: A True Story of War, Love, and Survival</a> (illustrated ed.). Hachette Digital, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-16708-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-16708-6"><bdi>978-0-316-16708-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719010310/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJqPc4tqSGEC&q=ma+bufang+buddhist&pg=PT253#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20buddhist&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbound%3A+A+True+Story+of+War%2C+Love%2C+and+Survival&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hachette+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-316-16708-6&rft.au=Dean+King&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJqPc4tqSGEC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bbuddhist%26pg%3DPT253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartford_Seminary_Foundation1941" class="citation book cs1">Hartford Seminary Foundation (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIBCAAAAYAAJ&q=In+his+conversation+with+us+he+expressed+keen+interest+in+the+development+of+the+war+against+Japan+and+high+admiration+of+and+unwavering+loyalty+to+Generalissimo+Chiang+Kai-shek.+He+seemed+punctilious+in+his+religious+observances">The Moslem World, Volumes 31-34</a>. Hartford Seminary Foundation. p. 183. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719010314/https://books.google.com/books?id=gIBCAAAAYAAJ&q=In+his+conversation+with+us+he+expressed+keen+interest+in+the+development+of+the+war+against+Japan+and+high+admiration+of+and+unwavering+loyalty+to+Generalissimo+Chiang+Kai-shek.+He+seemed+punctilious+in+his+religious+observances">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moslem+World%2C+Volumes+31-34&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Hartford+Seminary+Foundation&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Hartford+Seminary+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIBCAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DIn%2Bhis%2Bconversation%2Bwith%2Bus%2Bhe%2Bexpressed%2Bkeen%2Binterest%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bdevelopment%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bwar%2Bagainst%2BJapan%2Band%2Bhigh%2Badmiration%2Bof%2Band%2Bunwavering%2Bloyalty%2Bto%2BGeneralissimo%2BChiang%2BKai-shek.%2BHe%2Bseemed%2Bpunctilious%2Bin%2Bhis%2Breligious%2Bobservances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiawei_Wang,_Nimajianzan1997" class="citation book cs1">Jiawei Wang, Nimajianzan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak3SQTVS7acC&q=ma+bufang+liu+wenhui&pg=PA150">The historical status of China's Tibet</a>. 五洲传播出版社. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80113-304-8" title="Special:BookSources/7-80113-304-8"><bdi>7-80113-304-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719010314/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak3SQTVS7acC&q=ma+bufang+liu+wenhui&pg=PA150#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20liu%20wenhui&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historical+status+of+China%27s+Tibet&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=7-80113-304-8&rft.au=Jiawei+Wang%2C+Nimajianzan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak3SQTVS7acC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bliu%2Bwenhui%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanzhang_YaYa_Hanzhang1991" class="citation book cs1">Hanzhang Ya; Ya Hanzhang (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bsKAAAAYAAJ&q=ma+bufang">The biographies of the Dalai Lamas</a>. Foreign Languages Press. pp. 352, 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8351-2266-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8351-2266-2"><bdi>0-8351-2266-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719010323/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bsKAAAAYAAJ&q=ma+bufang">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+biographies+of+the+Dalai+Lamas&rft.pages=352%2C+355&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8351-2266-2&rft.au=Hanzhang+Ya&rft.au=Ya+Hanzhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bsKAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._R._Deepak2005" class="citation book cs1">B. R. Deepak (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh1uAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang">India & China, 1904-2004: a century of peace and conflict</a>. Manak Publications. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7827-112-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7827-112-5"><bdi>81-7827-112-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719010313/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh1uAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+%26+China%2C+1904-2004%3A+a+century+of+peace+and+conflict&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Manak+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-7827-112-5&rft.au=B.+R.+Deepak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRh1uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Association_for_Tibetan_Studies._Seminar,_Lawrence_Epstein2002" class="citation book cs1">International Association for Tibetan Studies. Seminar, Lawrence Epstein (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ-dCe_MppgC&q=ma+bufang+liu+wenhui&pg=PA66">Khams pa histories: visions of people, place and authority: PIATS 2000, Tibetan studies, proceedings of the 9th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000</a>. BRILL. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12423-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12423-3"><bdi>90-04-12423-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719010314/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ-dCe_MppgC&q=ma+bufang+liu+wenhui&pg=PA66#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20liu%20wenhui&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khams+pa+histories%3A+visions+of+people%2C+place+and+authority%3A+PIATS+2000%2C+Tibetan+studies%2C+proceedings+of+the+9th+Seminar+of+the+International+Association+for+Tibetan+Studies%2C+Leiden+2000&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-12423-3&rft.au=International+Association+for+Tibetan+Studies.+Seminar%2C+Lawrence+Epstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJ-dCe_MppgC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bliu%2Bwenhui%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray_Tuttle2005" class="citation book cs1">Gray Tuttle (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRRynCRRCkwC&q=ma+bufang+liu+wenhui&pg=PA172">Tibetan Buddhists in the making of modern China</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-13446-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-13446-0"><bdi>0-231-13446-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719010325/https://books.google.com/books?id=GRRynCRRCkwC&q=ma+bufang+liu+wenhui&pg=PA172">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Buddhists+in+the+making+of+modern+China&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-231-13446-0&rft.au=Gray+Tuttle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGRRynCRRCkwC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bliu%2Bwenhui%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaoyuan_Liu2004" class="citation book cs1">Xiaoyuan Liu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mpqApZWrJyIC&q=ma+bufang+liu+wenhui&pg=PA89">Frontier passages: ethnopolitics and the rise of Chinese communism, 1921-1945</a>. Stanford University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4960-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4960-4"><bdi>0-8047-4960-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719010829/https://books.google.com/books?id=mpqApZWrJyIC&q=ma+bufang+liu+wenhui&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+passages%3A+ethnopolitics+and+the+rise+of+Chinese+communism%2C+1921-1945&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8047-4960-4&rft.au=Xiaoyuan+Liu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmpqApZWrJyIC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bliu%2Bwenhui%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOriental_Society_of_Australia2000" class="citation book cs1">Oriental Society of Australia (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YD0sAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+bufang">The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia, Volumes 31-34</a>. Oriental Society of Australia. pp. 35, 37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719010831/https://books.google.com/books?id=YD0sAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+bufang">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+the+Oriental+Society+of+Australia%2C+Volumes+31-34&rft.pages=35%2C+37&rft.pub=Oriental+Society+of+Australia&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Oriental+Society+of+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYD0sAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerversSchlepp1998" class="citation book cs1">Gervers, Michael; Schlepp, Wayne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3tpAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang+tibetans">Historical themes and current change in Central and Inner Asia: papers presented at the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, April 25–26, 1997, Volume 1997</a>. Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies. pp. 73, 74, 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-895296-34-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-895296-34-X"><bdi>1-895296-34-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719002404/https://books.google.com/books?id=P3tpAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang+tibetans">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+themes+and+current+change+in+Central+and+Inner+Asia%3A+papers+presented+at+the+Central+and+Inner+Asian+Seminar%2C+University+of+Toronto%2C+April+25%E2%80%9326%2C+1997%2C+Volume+1997&rft.pages=73%2C+74%2C+76&rft.pub=Joint+Centre+for+Asia+Pacific+Studies&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-895296-34-X&rft.aulast=Gervers&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Schlepp%2C+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP3tpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Btibetans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Haas, William Brent (2016-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt1qf0664z/qt1qf0664z.pdf">Qinghai Across Frontiers: State- and Nation-Building under the Ma Family, 1911-1949</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO. p. 91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315000054/https://escholarship.org/content/qt1qf0664z/qt1qf0664z.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2018-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Qinghai+Across+Frontiers%3A+State-+and+Nation-Building+under+the+Ma+Family%2C+1911-1949&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=UNIVERSITY+OF+CALIFORNIA%2C+SAN+DIEGO&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=William+Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt1qf0664z%2Fqt1qf0664z.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Haas, William Brent (2016-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt1qf0664z/qt1qf0664z.pdf">Qinghai Across Frontiers: State- and Nation-Building under the Ma Family, 1911-1949</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO. p. 92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315000054/https://escholarship.org/content/qt1qf0664z/qt1qf0664z.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2018-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Qinghai+Across+Frontiers%3A+State-+and+Nation-Building+under+the+Ma+Family%2C+1911-1949&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=UNIVERSITY+OF+CALIFORNIA%2C+SAN+DIEGO&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=William+Brent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt1qf0664z%2Fqt1qf0664z.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uradyn_Erden_Bulag_2002_54-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uradyn_Erden_Bulag_2002_54_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uradyn_Erden_Bulag_2002_54_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUradyn_Erden_Bulag2002" class="citation book cs1">Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=genocidal">Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8"><bdi>0-7425-1144-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240714233439/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=genocidal#v=snippet&q=genocidal&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+The+Mongols+at+China%27s+edge%3A+history+and+the+politics+of+national+unity&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7425-1144-8&rft.au=Uradyn+Erden+Bulag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3C2B9oXVbQC%26q%3Dgenocidal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung-kuo_fu_li_huiZhongguo_fu_li_hui1961" class="citation book cs1">Chung-kuo fu li hui; Zhongguo fu li hui (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RhxXAAAAMAAJ&q=the+warlord+Ma+Pu-fang+had+come+for+the+seventh+time+to+massacre+the+people,+life+became+almost+impossible+for+us">China reconstructs, Volume 10</a>. China Welfare Institute. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240714233440/https://books.google.com/books?id=RhxXAAAAMAAJ&q=the+warlord+Ma+Pu-fang+had+come+for+the+seventh+time+to+massacre+the+people,+life+became+almost+impossible+for+us">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+reconstructs%2C+Volume+10&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=China+Welfare+Institute&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Chung-kuo+fu+li+hui&rft.au=Zhongguo+fu+li+hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRhxXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bwarlord%2BMa%2BPu-fang%2Bhad%2Bcome%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bseventh%2Btime%2Bto%2Bmassacre%2Bthe%2Bpeople%2C%2Blife%2Bbecame%2Balmost%2Bimpossible%2Bfor%2Bus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_S._G._Goodman2004" class="citation book cs1">David S. G. Goodman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbkfQATHikQC&q=ma+bufang+ethnic+cleansing+tibetans&pg=PA72">China's campaign to "Open up the West": national, provincial, and local perspectives</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-61349-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-61349-3"><bdi>0-521-61349-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240615013436/https://books.google.com/books?id=DbkfQATHikQC&q=ma+bufang+ethnic+cleansing+tibetans&pg=PA72#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20ethnic%20cleansing%20tibetans&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-15. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+campaign+to+%22Open+up+the+West%22%3A+national%2C+provincial%2C+and+local+perspectives&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-61349-3&rft.au=David+S.+G.+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbkfQATHikQC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bethnic%2Bcleansing%2Btibetans%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShail_Mayaram2009" class="citation book cs1">Shail Mayaram (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVSVux0wIW0C&q=hui+traders+tibetans&pg=PA75">The other global city</a>. Taylor & Francis US. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99194-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99194-0"><bdi>978-0-415-99194-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240615013306/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVSVux0wIW0C&q=hui+traders+tibetans&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-15. Retrieved 2010-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+global+city&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+US&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-99194-0&rft.au=Shail+Mayaram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVSVux0wIW0C%26q%3Dhui%2Btraders%2Btibetans%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShail_Mayaram2009" class="citation book cs1">Shail Mayaram (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVSVux0wIW0C&q=hui+traders+tibetans&pg=PA75">The other global city</a>. Taylor & Francis US. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99194-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99194-0"><bdi>978-0-415-99194-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240615013306/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVSVux0wIW0C&q=hui+traders+tibetans&pg=PA75">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-15. Retrieved 2010-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+global+city&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+US&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-99194-0&rft.au=Shail+Mayaram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVSVux0wIW0C%26q%3Dhui%2Btraders%2Btibetans%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauran_R._HartleyPatricia_Schiaffini-Vedani2008" class="citation book cs1">Lauran R. Hartley; Patricia Schiaffini-Vedani (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xTtVgvlV49MC&q=ma+bufang+tibet&pg=PA36">Modern Tibetan literature and social change</a>. Duke University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4277-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-4277-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719002405/https://books.google.com/books?id=xTtVgvlV49MC&q=ma+bufang+tibet&pg=PA36#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20tibet&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Tibetan+literature+and+social+change&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4277-9&rft.au=Lauran+R.+Hartley&rft.au=Patricia+Schiaffini-Vedani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxTtVgvlV49MC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Btibet%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToni_Huber2002" class="citation book cs1">Toni Huber (2002). Toni Huber (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLcWyecDpIcC&q=ma+bufang+paintings&pg=PA200">Amdo Tibetans in transition: society and culture in the post-Mao era: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000</a>. BRILL. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12596-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12596-5"><bdi>90-04-12596-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719002405/https://books.google.com/books?id=bLcWyecDpIcC&q=ma+bufang+paintings&pg=PA200#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20paintings&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amdo+Tibetans+in+transition%3A+society+and+culture+in+the+post-Mao+era%3A+PIATS+2000%3A+Tibetan+studies%3A+proceedings+of+the+Ninth+Seminar+of+the+International+Association+for+Tibetan+Studies%2C+Leiden+2000&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-12596-5&rft.au=Toni+Huber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLcWyecDpIcC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bpaintings%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Gruschke2001" class="citation book cs1">Andreas Gruschke (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GuKfAAAAMAAJ&q=ransacked+exiled+muslim+warlord+army+ma+bufang+1941">The Cultural Monuments of Tibet's Outer Provinces: The Qinghai part of Amdo</a>. White Lotus Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-7534-59-2" title="Special:BookSources/974-7534-59-2"><bdi>974-7534-59-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719002455/https://books.google.com/books?id=GuKfAAAAMAAJ&q=ransacked+exiled+muslim+warlord+army+ma+bufang+1941">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Monuments+of+Tibet%27s+Outer+Provinces%3A+The+Qinghai+part+of+Amdo&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=White+Lotus+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=974-7534-59-2&rft.au=Andreas+Gruschke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGuKfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dransacked%2Bexiled%2Bmuslim%2Bwarlord%2Barmy%2Bma%2Bbufang%2B1941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lin2011-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Lin2011_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsaio-ting_Lin2011" class="citation book cs1">Hsaio-ting Lin (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osn1WrRCelcC&pg=PA113">Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928-49</a>. UBC Press. pp. 113ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5988-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5988-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-5988-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+and+Nationalist+China%27s+Frontier%3A+Intrigues+and+Ethnopolitics%2C+1928-49&rft.pages=113ff&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-5988-2&rft.au=Hsaio-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dosn1WrRCelcC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRab-brtan-rdo-rje_(Ñag-roṅ-pa.)_(translated_by_Jamyang_Norbu)1979" class="citation book cs1">Rab-brtan-rdo-rje (Ñag-roṅ-pa.) (translated by Jamyang Norbu) (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JhAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+soldiers+were+the+fierce+Hui+Hui,+or+Chinese+Muslim+horsemen+(formerly+soldiers+of+the+warlord,+Ma+Pu+Fang),+and+were+mounted+on+the+sleek,+powerful+horses+from+the+grasslands+of+Sining.+I+lay+there+in+the+gully+drowsing+fitfully">Horseman in the snow: the story of Aten, an old Khampa warrior</a>. Information Office, Central Tibetan Secretariat. p. 134. Retrieved 2011-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horseman+in+the+snow%3A+the+story+of+Aten%2C+an+old+Khampa+warrior&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Information+Office%2C+Central+Tibetan+Secretariat&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Rab-brtan-rdo-rje+%28%C3%91ag-ro%E1%B9%85-pa.%29+%28translated+by+Jamyang+Norbu%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJhAeAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bsoldiers%2Bwere%2Bthe%2Bfierce%2BHui%2BHui%2C%2Bor%2BChinese%2BMuslim%2Bhorsemen%2B%28formerly%2Bsoldiers%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bwarlord%2C%2BMa%2BPu%2BFang%29%2C%2Band%2Bwere%2Bmounted%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bsleek%2C%2Bpowerful%2Bhorses%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bgrasslands%2Bof%2BSining.%2BI%2Blay%2Bthere%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bgully%2Bdrowsing%2Bfitfully&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamyang_Norbu1986" class="citation book cs1">Jamyang Norbu (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorsoftibets00jamy">Warriors of Tibet: the story of Aten, and the Khampas' fight for the freedom of their country</a>. Wisdom Publications. p. gbooks says 46, (the actual paper says 146). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-050-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-050-9"><bdi>0-86171-050-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2011-06-01. <q>The soldiers were the fierce Hui Hui, or Chinese Muslim horsemen (formerly soldiers of the warlord, Ma Pu Fang), and were mounted on the sleek, powerful horses from the grasslands of Sining. I lay there in the gully drowsing fitfully.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Tibet%3A+the+story+of+Aten%2C+and+the+Khampas%27+fight+for+the+freedom+of+their+country&rft.pages=gbooks+says+46%2C+%28the+actual+paper+says+146%29&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86171-050-9&rft.au=Jamyang+Norbu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarriorsoftibets00jamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamyang_Norbu1986" class="citation book cs1">Jamyang Norbu (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorsoftibets00jamy">Warriors of Tibet: the story of Aten, and the Khampas' fight for the freedom of their country</a>. Wisdom Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorsoftibets00jamy/page/63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-050-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-050-9"><bdi>0-86171-050-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2011-06-01. <q>chinese muslim General Ma pu fang occupied tibetan province amdo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Tibet%3A+the+story+of+Aten%2C+and+the+Khampas%27+fight+for+the+freedom+of+their+country&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86171-050-9&rft.au=Jamyang+Norbu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarriorsoftibets00jamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IsTAAAAIAAJ&q=pai+chung">Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese Affairs</a>. Foreign affairs association of Japan. 1942. p. 1626.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Japan%3A+A+Review+of+Japanese+Affairs&rft.pages=1626&rft.pub=Foreign+affairs+association+of+Japan&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IsTAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpai%2Bchung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsaio-ting_Lin2011" class="citation book cs1">Hsaio-ting Lin (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osn1WrRCelcC&pg=PA111">Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–49</a>. UBC Press. pp. 111ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5988-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5988-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-5988-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+and+Nationalist+China%27s+Frontier%3A+Intrigues+and+Ethnopolitics%2C+1928%E2%80%9349&rft.pages=111ff&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-5988-2&rft.au=Hsaio-ting+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dosn1WrRCelcC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_Roelker_WulsinMary_Ellen_AlonsoJoseph_FletcherPeabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology1979" class="citation book cs1">Frederick Roelker Wulsin; Mary Ellen Alonso; Joseph Fletcher; Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology; National Geographic Society (U.S.); Peabody Museum of Salem; Pacific Asia Museum (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WltwAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang">China's inner Asian frontier: photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923: from the archives of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, and the National Geographic Society</a>. Peabody Museum and Harvard University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-11968-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-11968-1"><bdi>0-674-11968-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402121754/https://books.google.com/books?id=WltwAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-02. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+inner+Asian+frontier%3A+photographs+of+the+Wulsin+expedition+to+northwest+China+in+1923%3A+from+the+archives+of+the+Peabody+Museum%2C+Harvard+University%2C+and+the+National+Geographic+Society&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Peabody+Museum+and+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-674-11968-1&rft.au=Frederick+Roelker+Wulsin&rft.au=Mary+Ellen+Alonso&rft.au=Joseph+Fletcher&rft.au=Peabody+Museum+of+Archaeology+and+Ethnology&rft.au=National+Geographic+Society+%28U.S.%29&rft.au=Peabody+Museum+of+Salem&rft.au=Pacific+Asia+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWltwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Press1937" class="citation news cs1">Central Press (30 July 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RUosAAAAIBAJ&pg=3378,2521975&dq=ma+pu-fang&hl=en">"He Offers Aid to Fight Japan"</a>. Herald-Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923052248/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RUosAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yMoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3378,2521975&dq=ma+pu-fang&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald-Journal&rft.atitle=He+Offers+Aid+to+Fight+Japan&rft.date=1937-07-30&rft.au=Central+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DRUosAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3378%2C2521975%26dq%3Dma%2Bpu-fang%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalseyJohnston1989" class="citation book cs1">Halsey, Stéphane William Darrach; Johnston, Bernard (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6O67mW5ODV0C&q=lanzhou+resistance+never+captured+muslim+generals+ma+pu-fang+ma+hung-kwei">Collier's encyclopedia: with bibliography and index, Volume 14</a>. Macmillan Educational Co. p. 285. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719002506/https://books.google.com/books?id=6O67mW5ODV0C&q=lanzhou+resistance+never+captured+muslim+generals+ma+pu-fang+ma+hung-kwei">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+encyclopedia%3A+with+bibliography+and+index%2C+Volume+14&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Macmillan+Educational+Co.&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Halsey&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane+William+Darrach&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6O67mW5ODV0C%26q%3Dlanzhou%2Bresistance%2Bnever%2Bcaptured%2Bmuslim%2Bgenerals%2Bma%2Bpu-fang%2Bma%2Bhung-kwei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHisao_KimuraScott_Berry1990" class="citation book cs1">Hisao Kimura; Scott Berry (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wDqlbKQhFIQC&q=ma+pu-fang+opium&pg=PA56">Japanese agent in Tibet: my ten years of travel in disguise</a>. Serindia. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906026-24-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-906026-24-5"><bdi>0-906026-24-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719002909/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDqlbKQhFIQC&q=ma+pu-fang+opium&pg=PA56#v=snippet&q=ma%20pu-fang%20opium&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+agent+in+Tibet%3A+my+ten+years+of+travel+in+disguise&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Serindia&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-906026-24-5&rft.au=Hisao+Kimura&rft.au=Scott+Berry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwDqlbKQhFIQC%26q%3Dma%2Bpu-fang%2Bopium%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_Gruschke2004" class="citation book cs1">Andreas Gruschke (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqrpAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+lin+muslim">The Cultural Monuments of Tibet's Outer Provinces: The Qinghai part of Kham</a>. White Lotus Press. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-480-061-5" title="Special:BookSources/974-480-061-5"><bdi>974-480-061-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719002954/https://books.google.com/books?id=QqrpAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+lin+muslim">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Monuments+of+Tibet%27s+Outer+Provinces%3A+The+Qinghai+part+of+Kham&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=White+Lotus+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=974-480-061-5&rft.au=Andreas+Gruschke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqrpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Blin%2Bmuslim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSven_Anders_Hedin1938" class="citation book cs1">Sven Anders Hedin (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ytwAAAAMAAJ&q=He+was+the+adopted+son+of+the+well-+known+Ma+Fu-hsiang.+At+present+Ma+Pu-fang+is+governor+of+the+province+of+Ching-hai">The Silk Road</a>. E. P. Dutton & company, inc. p. 40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719002945/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ytwAAAAMAAJ&q=He+was+the+adopted+son+of+the+well-+known+Ma+Fu-hsiang.+At+present+Ma+Pu-fang+is+governor+of+the+province+of+Ching-hai">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton+%26+company%2C+inc.&rft.date=1938&rft.au=Sven+Anders+Hedin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ytwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DHe%2Bwas%2Bthe%2Badopted%2Bson%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bwell-%2Bknown%2BMa%2BFu-hsiang.%2BAt%2Bpresent%2BMa%2BPu-fang%2Bis%2Bgovernor%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bprovince%2Bof%2BChing-hai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lin-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Lin_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hsiao-ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Hsiao-ting">Lin, Hsiao-ting</a> (5 Jul 2006). "The China Quarterly War or Stratagem? Reassessing China's Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943". The China Quarterly. 186. Cambridge University Press: 446–462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741006000233">10.1017/S0305741006000233</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154376402">154376402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+China+Quarterly+War+or+Stratagem%3F+Reassessing+China%27s+Military+Advance+towards+Tibet%2C+1942%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=186&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E446-%3C%2Fspan%3E462&rft.date=2006-07-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741006000233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154376402%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-ting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_P._BarrettLawrence_N._Shyu2001" class="citation book cs1">David P. Barrett; Lawrence N. Shyu (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4_BxAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang+">China in the anti-Japanese War, 1937–1945: politics, culture and society</a>. Peter Lang. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-4556-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-4556-8"><bdi>0-8204-4556-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003002/https://books.google.com/books?id=4_BxAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang+">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. 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The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge. p. 204. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719002909/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1RuAAAAMAAJ&q=tsang+monastery+was+attacked+ma+bufang">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inner+Asia&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=The+White+Horse+Press+for+the+Mongolia+and+Inner+Asia+Studies+Unit+at+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2002&rft.au=University+of+Cambridge+Mongolia+%26+Inner+Asia+Studies+Unit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1RuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtsang%2Bmonastery%2Bwas%2Battacked%2Bma%2Bbufang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Kocot_Nietupski1999" class="citation book cs1">Paul Kocot Nietupski (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&q=ma+lin+muslim&pg=PA35">Labrang: a Tibetan Buddhist monastery at the crossroads of four civilizations</a>. Snow Lion Publications. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-090-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-090-5"><bdi>1-55939-090-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003006/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&q=ma+lin+muslim&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labrang%3A+a+Tibetan+Buddhist+monastery+at+the+crossroads+of+four+civilizations&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55939-090-5&rft.au=Paul+Kocot+Nietupski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGvECiS-uEgC%26q%3Dma%2Blin%2Bmuslim%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pettibone2013-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Pettibone2013_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_D._Pettibone2013" class="citation book cs1">Charles D. Pettibone (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud6fkR8lQnEC&pg=PA468">The Organization and Order of Battle of Militaries in World War II: Volume VIII ? China</a>. Trafford Publishing. pp. 468–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4669-9646-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4669-9646-5"><bdi>978-1-4669-9646-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organization+and+Order+of+Battle+of+Militaries+in+World+War+II%3A+Volume+VIII+%3F+China&rft.pages=468-&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2013-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4669-9646-5&rft.au=Charles+D.+Pettibone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUd6fkR8lQnEC%26pg%3DPA468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101014143914/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,773741,00.html">"CHINA: He Who Has Reason"</a>. TIME. Oct 5, 1942. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,773741,00.html">the original</a> on October 14, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=CHINA%3A+He+Who+Has+Reason&rft.date=1942-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C773741%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStéphane_A._DudoignonHisao_KomatsuYasushi_Kosugi2006" class="citation book cs1">Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&q=uxiang">Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36835-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36835-3"><bdi>978-0-415-36835-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402121800/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&q=uxiang">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-02. 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Printed by the Human Relations Area Files. p. 74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719002910/https://books.google.com/books?id=JvPUAAAAMAAJ&q=kazakhs+ma+pu-fang">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+regional+handbook+on+Northwest+China%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Printed+by+the+Human+Relations+Area+Files&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Human+Relations+Area+Files%2C+inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJvPUAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkazakhs%2Bma%2Bpu-fang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Safran1998" class="citation book cs1">William Safran (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MT0VFdKklYoC&q=Ma+Bufang+Chinggis+Khan%27s+shrine">Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China</a>. Routledge. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4921-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4921-X"><bdi>0-7146-4921-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003423/https://books.google.com/books?id=MT0VFdKklYoC&q=Ma+Bufang+Chinggis+Khan%27s+shrine">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. 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Seminar, Uradyn Erden Bulag (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7nWJKLr-8wC&q=ma+pu-fang+japanese&pg=PA209">The Mongolia-Tibet interface: opening new research terrains in Inner Asia: PIATS 2003: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford, 2003, Volume 2003</a>. BRILL. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15521-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15521-3"><bdi>978-90-04-15521-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003511/https://books.google.com/books?id=I7nWJKLr-8wC&q=ma+pu-fang+japanese&pg=PA209#v=snippet&q=ma%20pu-fang%20japanese&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongolia-Tibet+interface%3A+opening+new+research+terrains+in+Inner+Asia%3A+PIATS+2003%3A+Tibetan+studies%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Tenth+Seminar+of+the+International+Association+for+Tibetan+Studies%2C+Oxford%2C+2003%2C+Volume+2003&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15521-3&rft.au=International+Association+for+Tibetan+Studies.+Seminar%2C+Uradyn+Erden+Bulag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7nWJKLr-8wC%26q%3Dma%2Bpu-fang%2Bjapanese%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1949/04/08/archives/moslem-generals-to-fight-on.html">"Moslem Generals to Fight On"</a>. THE NEW YORK TIMES. 8 April 1949. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719011446/https://www.nytimes.com/1949/04/08/archives/moslem-generals-to-fight-on.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=THE+NEW+YORK+TIMES&rft.atitle=Moslem+Generals+to+Fight+On&rft.date=1949-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1949%2F04%2F08%2Farchives%2Fmoslem-generals-to-fight-on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104060137/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1679703482.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+18,+1949&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=MOSLEMS+JOIN+IN+CHINA+WAR&pqatl=google">"MOSLEMS JOIN IN CHINA WAR"</a>. The Sun. 18 Jun 1949. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1679703482.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+18%2C+1949&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=MOSLEMS+JOIN+IN+CHINA+WAR&pqatl=google">the original</a> on 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun&rft.atitle=MOSLEMS+JOIN+IN+CHINA+WAR&rft.date=1949-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fbaltsun%2Faccess%2F1679703482.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI%26type%3Dhistoric%26date%3DJun%2B18%252C%2B1949%26author%3D%26pub%3DThe%2BSun%2B%281837-1985%29%26desc%3DMOSLEMS%2BJOIN%2BIN%2BCHINA%2BWAR%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104060355/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1781450332.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+28,+1949&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=CHINA+ADMITS&pqatl=google">"CHINA ADMITS Anti-Red Moslem Warlord Given Control Of Northwest"</a>. The Sun. 28 Jul 1949. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1781450332.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+28%2C+1949&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=CHINA+ADMITS&pqatl=google">the original</a> on 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun&rft.atitle=CHINA+ADMITS+Anti-Red+Moslem+Warlord+Given+Control+Of+Northwest&rft.date=1949-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fbaltsun%2Faccess%2F1781450332.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI%26type%3Dhistoric%26date%3DJul%2B28%252C%2B1949%26author%3D%26pub%3DThe%2BSun%2B%281837-1985%29%26desc%3DCHINA%2BADMITS%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104060443/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/420455881.html?dids=420455881:420455881&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+06,+1949&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=EXILED+LAMA,+12,+WANTS+TO+LEAD+ARMY+ON+TIBET&pqatl=google">"EXILED LAMA, 12, WANTS TO LEAD ARMY ON TIBET"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 6 Sep 1949. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/420455881.html?dids=420455881:420455881&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+06%2C+1949&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=EXILED+LAMA%2C+12%2C+WANTS+TO+LEAD+ARMY+ON+TIBET&pqatl=google">the original</a> on 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=EXILED+LAMA%2C+12%2C+WANTS+TO+LEAD+ARMY+ON+TIBET&rft.date=1949-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F420455881.html%3Fdids%3D420455881%3A420455881%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI%26type%3Dhistoric%26date%3DSep%2B06%252C%2B1949%26author%3D%26pub%3DLos%2BAngeles%2BTimes%26desc%3DEXILED%2BLAMA%252C%2B12%252C%2BWANTS%2BTO%2BLEAD%2BARMY%2BON%2BTIBET%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantha_Rama_Rau1950" class="citation book cs1">Santha Rama Rau (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNccAAAAMAAJ&q=To+him,+and+to+his+following+of+Tibetan+lamas+loyal+to+the+Red+Sect+of+Lamaism,+Ma+Bu-fang+had+given+sanctuary+in+Chinghai,+and+had+allowed+the+Panchan+Lama+to+build+up+his+own+fantastic+Vatican+in+Kumbum,+and+to+rule+it+as+he+saw+fit">East of home</a>. Harper. p. 122. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003507/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNccAAAAMAAJ&q=To+him,+and+to+his+following+of+Tibetan+lamas+loyal+to+the+Red+Sect+of+Lamaism,+Ma+Bu-fang+had+given+sanctuary+in+Chinghai,+and+had+allowed+the+Panchan+Lama+to+build+up+his+own+fantastic+Vatican+in+Kumbum,+and+to+rule+it+as+he+saw+fit">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+of+home&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Santha+Rama+Rau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNccAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DTo%2Bhim%2C%2Band%2Bto%2Bhis%2Bfollowing%2Bof%2BTibetan%2Blamas%2Bloyal%2Bto%2Bthe%2BRed%2BSect%2Bof%2BLamaism%2C%2BMa%2BBu-fang%2Bhad%2Bgiven%2Bsanctuary%2Bin%2BChinghai%2C%2Band%2Bhad%2Ballowed%2Bthe%2BPanchan%2BLama%2Bto%2Bbuild%2Bup%2Bhis%2Bown%2Bfantastic%2BVatican%2Bin%2BKumbum%2C%2Band%2Bto%2Brule%2Bit%2Bas%2Bhe%2Bsaw%2Bfit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foreign_News:_Ma_v._Marx-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foreign_News:_Ma_v._Marx_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foreign_News:_Ma_v._Marx_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131040954/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800450,00.html">"Foreign News: Ma v. Marx"</a>. TIME. June 27, 1949. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800450,00.html">the original</a> on January 31, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Foreign+News%3A+Ma+v.+Marx&rft.date=1949-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C800450%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieter_Heinzig2004" class="citation book cs1">Dieter Heinzig (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCDv67C2BzkC&q=mao+how+can+i+fight+now+ma+bu-fang+communists&pg=PA208">The Soviet Union and communist China, 1945-1950: the arduous road to the alliance</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0785-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0785-9"><bdi>0-7656-0785-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003520/https://books.google.com/books?id=yCDv67C2BzkC&q=mao+how+can+i+fight+now+ma+bu-fang+communists&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q=mao%20how%20can%20i%20fight%20now%20ma%20bu-fang%20communists&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+communist+China%2C+1945-1950%3A+the+arduous+road+to+the+alliance&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7656-0785-9&rft.au=Dieter+Heinzig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCDv67C2BzkC%26q%3Dmao%2Bhow%2Bcan%2Bi%2Bfight%2Bnow%2Bma%2Bbu-fang%2Bcommunists%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdd_Arne_Westad2003" class="citation book cs1">Odd Arne Westad (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisiveencounte00west">Decisive encounters: the Chinese Civil War, 1946-1950</a> (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisiveencounte00west/page/254">254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4484-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4484-X"><bdi>0-8047-4484-X</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2010-11-28. <q>bufang ma peng hu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisive+encounters%3A+the+Chinese+Civil+War%2C+1946-1950&rft.pages=254&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8047-4484-X&rft.au=Odd+Arne+Westad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecisiveencounte00west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131022257/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,854966,00.html">"CHINA: The Open Door"</a>. TIME. Aug 29, 1949. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,854966,00.html">the original</a> on January 31, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=CHINA%3A+The+Open+Door&rft.date=1949-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C854966%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrownPickowicz2007-69"><a href="#cite_ref-BrownPickowicz2007_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_BrownPaul_Pickowicz2007" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Brown; Paul Pickowicz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&q=ma+chengxiang&pg=PA192">Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 192–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02616-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02616-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02616-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003522/https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&q=ma+chengxiang&pg=PA192#v=snippet&q=ma%20chengxiang&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2020-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+of+Victory%3A+The+Early+Years+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=192-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02616-2&rft.au=Jeremy+Brown&rft.au=Paul+Pickowicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSK7Jdfnf9RIC%26q%3Dma%2Bchengxiang%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131035945/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800835,00.html">"Foreign News: The Northwest Falls"</a>. TIME. Oct 3, 1949. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800835,00.html">the original</a> on January 31, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Foreign+News%3A+The+Northwest+Falls&rft.date=1949-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C800835%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Hugh_De_Courcy,_Imperial_Policy_Group_(Great_Britain)1948" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Hugh De Courcy, Imperial Policy Group (Great Britain) (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvhXAAAAIAAJ&q=Ma-Hung-kwei">Intelligence digest, Volumes 11-12</a>. Intelligence International Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003423/https://books.google.com/books?id=EvhXAAAAIAAJ&q=Ma-Hung-kwei">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+digest%2C+Volumes+11-12&rft.pub=Intelligence+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1948&rft.au=Kenneth+Hugh+De+Courcy%2C+Imperial+Policy+Group+%28Great+Britain%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEvhXAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMa-Hung-kwei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillian_Craig_Harris1993" class="citation book cs1">Lillian Craig Harris (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fmptAAAAMAAJ&q=After+a+year+in+Saudi+Arabia%2C+the+younger+Chinese+persuaded+Ma+Bu-fang+and+Ma+Bu-kang+to+move+to+Cairo.+At+the+same+time+Ma+Bu-fang%27s+son+and+the+ten+generals+departed+for+Taiwan.22+Ma+Bu-fang+lived+in+Cairo+until+1956+when+Egypt+...">China considers the Middle East</a>. Tauris. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-598-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-598-7"><bdi>1-85043-598-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003417/https://books.google.com/books?id=fmptAAAAMAAJ&q=After+a+year+in+Saudi+Arabia%2C+the+younger+Chinese+persuaded+Ma+Bu-fang+and+Ma+Bu-kang+to+move+to+Cairo.+At+the+same+time+Ma+Bu-fang%27s+son+and+the+ten+generals+departed+for+Taiwan.22+Ma+Bu-fang+lived+in+Cairo+until+1956+when+Egypt+...">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+considers+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85043-598-7&rft.au=Lillian+Craig+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfmptAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAfter%2Ba%2Byear%2Bin%2BSaudi%2BArabia%252C%2Bthe%2Byounger%2BChinese%2Bpersuaded%2BMa%2BBu-fang%2Band%2BMa%2BBu-kang%2Bto%2Bmove%2Bto%2BCairo.%2BAt%2Bthe%2Bsame%2Btime%2BMa%2BBu-fang%2527s%2Bson%2Band%2Bthe%2Bten%2Bgenerals%2Bdeparted%2Bfor%2BTaiwan.22%2BMa%2BBu-fang%2Blived%2Bin%2BCairo%2Buntil%2B1956%2Bwhen%2BEgypt%2B...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorea_(South)._國防部._軍事編纂硏究所1999" class="citation book cs1">Korea (South). 國防部. 軍事編纂硏究所 (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgFYAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+pu-fang+egypt">Mi Kungmubu Han'guk kungnae sanghwang kwallyŏn munsŏ Volumes 39-67 of 韓國戰爭資料叢書 Volume 51 of 美國務部韓國國內狀況關聯文書, Korea (South). 國防部. 軍事編纂硏究所</a>. 國防部軍事編纂硏究所. p. 168. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003946/https://books.google.com/books?id=mgFYAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+pu-fang+egypt">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mi+Kungmubu+Han%27guk+kungnae+sanghwang+kwally%C5%8Fn+muns%C5%8F+Volumes+39-67+of+%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B+%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD+%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99+%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8+Volume+51+of+%E7%BE%8E+%E5%9C%8B%E5%8B%99%E9%83%A8+%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B+%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7+%E7%8B%80%E6%B3%81+%E9%97%9C%E8%81%AF+%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8%2C+Korea+%28South%29.+%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8.+%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B+%E7%B7%A8%E7%BA%82+%E7%A1%8F%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%B7%A8%E7%BA%82%E7%A1%8F%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Korea+%28South%29.+%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8.+%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%B7%A8%E7%BA%82%E7%A1%8F%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgFYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bpu-fang%2Begypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAP1950" class="citation news cs1">AP (10 Jan 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bDIrAAAAIBAJ&pg=4393,1365448&dq=ma+pu-fang&hl=en">"Chinese Moslem Head Says War Will Go On"</a>. The Montreal Gazette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929033538/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bDIrAAAAIBAJ&pg=4393,1365448&dq=ma+pu-fang&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-29. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Chinese+Moslem+Head+Says+War+Will+Go+On&rft.date=1950-01-10&rft.au=AP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DbDIrAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4393%2C1365448%26dq%3Dma%2Bpu-fang%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=19EtAAAAIBAJ&pg=4698,351529&dq=ma+pu-fang&hl=en">"Western Face Lost In Asia"</a>. The Manitoba Ensign. 21 Jan 1950. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929033537/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=19EtAAAAIBAJ&pg=4698,351529&dq=ma+pu-fang&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-29. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manitoba+Ensign&rft.atitle=Western+Face+Lost+In+Asia&rft.date=1950-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D19EtAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4698%2C351529%26dq%3Dma%2Bpu-fang%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDREW_PEARSON1950" class="citation news cs1">DREW PEARSON (28 Dec 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9uEuAAAAIBAJ&pg=5741,5088001&dq=ma+pu-fang&hl=en">"Gen. Chennault Fights Communism"</a>. St. Petersburg Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220430125059/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9uEuAAAAIBAJ&pg=5741%2C5088001&dq=ma+pu-fang&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-30. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=Gen.+Chennault+Fights+Communism&rft.date=1950-12-28&rft.au=DREW+PEARSON&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D9uEuAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5741%2C5088001%26dq%3Dma%2Bpu-fang%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDREW_PEARSON1950" class="citation news cs1">DREW PEARSON (28 Dec 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KWEoAAAAIBAJ&pg=5008,5041751&dq=ma+hung-kwei+san&hl=en">"Washington Merry-Go-Round"</a>. The Southeast Missourian. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Southeast+Missourian&rft.atitle=Washington+Merry-Go-Round&rft.date=1950-12-28&rft.au=DREW+PEARSON&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DKWEoAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5008%2C5041751%26dq%3Dma%2Bhung-kwei%2Bsan%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlastair_Lamb1989" class="citation book cs1">Alastair Lamb (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm5wAAAAMAAJ&q=In+the+end+Ma+Pu-fang+remained+loyal+to+the+Kuomintang%3B+and+after+their+retreat+to+Taiwan+he+represented+the+Chinese+Nationalists+in+Egypt+where+he+subsequently+retired+in+a+congenial+Moslem+environment.">Tibet, China & India, 1914–1950: A History of Imperial Diplomacy</a>. Roxford Books. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907129035" title="Special:BookSources/9780907129035"><bdi>9780907129035</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003942/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm5wAAAAMAAJ&q=In+the+end+Ma+Pu-fang+remained+loyal+to+the+Kuomintang%3B+and+after+their+retreat+to+Taiwan+he+represented+the+Chinese+Nationalists+in+Egypt+where+he+subsequently+retired+in+a+congenial+Moslem+environment.">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet%2C+China+%26+India%2C+1914%E2%80%931950%3A+A+History+of+Imperial+Diplomacy&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Roxford+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780907129035&rft.au=Alastair+Lamb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNm5wAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DIn%2Bthe%2Bend%2BMa%2BPu-fang%2Bremained%2Bloyal%2Bto%2Bthe%2BKuomintang%253B%2Band%2Bafter%2Btheir%2Bretreat%2Bto%2BTaiwan%2Bhe%2Brepresented%2Bthe%2BChinese%2BNationalists%2Bin%2BEgypt%2Bwhere%2Bhe%2Bsubsequently%2Bretired%2Bin%2Ba%2Bcongenial%2BMoslem%2Benvironment.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Hutchings2001" class="citation book cs1">Graham Hutchings (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7OSvQ4VoYbQC&q=ma+bufang+taiwan">Modern China: a guide to a century of change</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00658-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00658-5"><bdi>0-674-00658-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003930/https://books.google.com/books?id=7OSvQ4VoYbQC&q=ma+bufang+taiwan">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%3A+a+guide+to+a+century+of+change&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-674-00658-5&rft.au=Graham+Hutchings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7OSvQ4VoYbQC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Btaiwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Chen, John (2018). Islamic Modernism in China: Chinese Muslim Elites, Guomindang Nation-Building, and the Limits of the Global Umma, 1900-1960, Page 380 (Thesis). Columbia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Islamic+Modernism+in+China%3A+Chinese+Muslim+Elites%2C+Guomindang+Nation-Building%2C+and+the+Limits+of+the+Global+Umma%2C+1900-1960%2C+Page+380&rft.inst=Columbia+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Sudairi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Sudairi, Mohammed (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kfcris.com/en/view/post/178">"The Communist Party of China's United Front Work in the Gulf: The "Ethnic Minority Overseas Chinese" of Saudi Arabia as a Case Study"</a>. Diarasat: 19–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diarasat&rft.atitle=The+Communist+Party+of+China%27s+United+Front+Work+in+the+Gulf%3A+The+%22Ethnic+Minority+Overseas+Chinese%22+of+Saudi+Arabia+as+a+Case+Study&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Al-Sudairi&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkfcris.com%2Fen%2Fview%2Fpost%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Page 52, Ismail, Mohammed Sa'id, and Mohammed Aziz Ismail. Moslems in the Soviet Union and China. Translated by U.S. Government, Joint Publications Service. Tehran, Iran: Privately printed pamphlet, published as vol. 1, 1960 (Hejira 1380); translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, September 19, 1960. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Page 53, Ismail, Mohammed Sa'id, and Mohammed Aziz Ismail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330061609/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA365044">Moslems in the Soviet Union and China</a>. Translated by U.S. Government, Joint Publications Service. Tehran, Iran: Privately printed pamphlet, published as vol. 1, 1960 (Hejira 1380); translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, September 19, 1960. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9N0MAQAAMAAJ&q=East+Mansion+was+built+by+the+KMT+warlord+Ma+Bufang+in+1938+for+the+sake+of+his+concubine.">China & world cultural exchange</a>. Cultural Exchange. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719003953/https://books.google.com/books?id=9N0MAQAAMAAJ&q=East+Mansion+was+built+by+the+KMT+warlord+Ma+Bufang+in+1938+for+the+sake+of+his+concubine.">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+%26+world+cultural+exchange&rft.pub=Cultural+Exchange&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9N0MAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DEast%2BMansion%2Bwas%2Bbuilt%2Bby%2Bthe%2BKMT%2Bwarlord%2BMa%2BBufang%2Bin%2B1938%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bsake%2Bof%2Bhis%2Bconcubine.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDrrAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang">China archaeology and art digest, Volume 4, Issues 2-3</a>. Art Text (HK) Ltd. 2001. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004003/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDrrAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+archaeology+and+art+digest%2C+Volume+4%2C+Issues+2-3&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Art+Text+%28HK%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDrrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Foreign_Broadcast_Information_Service1988" class="citation book cs1">United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6ssAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang">Daily report: People's Republic of China, Issues 105-115</a>. Distributed by National Technical Information Service. p. 57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004004/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6ssAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+report%3A+People%27s+Republic+of+China%2C+Issues+105-115&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Distributed+by+National+Technical+Information+Service&rft.date=1988&rft.au=United+States.+Foreign+Broadcast+Information+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6ssAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonia_Finnane2008" class="citation book cs1">Antonia Finnane (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju3N4VeiQ28C&q=ma+bu-fang+the+governor+has+not+seen&pg=PA114">Changing clothes in China: fashion, history, nation</a> (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14350-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14350-9"><bdi>978-0-231-14350-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju3N4VeiQ28C&q=ma+bu-fang+the+governor+has+not+seen&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q=ma%20bu-fang%20the%20governor%20has%20not%20seen&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+clothes+in+China%3A+fashion%2C+history%2C+nation&rft.pages=114&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14350-9&rft.au=Antonia+Finnane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJu3N4VeiQ28C%26q%3Dma%2Bbu-fang%2Bthe%2Bgovernor%2Bhas%2Bnot%2Bseen%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantha_Rama_Rau1950" class="citation book cs1">Santha Rama Rau (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNccAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bu-fang+fanatically+disciplined+obedient+chinese+moslems+command+son+civil">East of home</a>. Harper. p. 118. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004451/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNccAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bu-fang+fanatically+disciplined+obedient+chinese+moslems+command+son+civil">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+of+home&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Santha+Rama+Rau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNccAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bbu-fang%2Bfanatically%2Bdisciplined%2Bobedient%2Bchinese%2Bmoslems%2Bcommand%2Bson%2Bcivil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUradyn_Erden_Bulag2002" class="citation book cs1">Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=patriotism">Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8"><bdi>0-7425-1144-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004445/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=patriotism#v=snippet&q=patriotism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+The+Mongols+at+China%27s+edge%3A+history+and+the+politics+of+national+unity&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7425-1144-8&rft.au=Uradyn+Erden+Bulag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3C2B9oXVbQC%26q%3Dpatriotism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUradyn_Erden_Bulag2002" class="citation book cs1">Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=patriotism">Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8"><bdi>0-7425-1144-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004445/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=patriotism#v=snippet&q=patriotism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+The+Mongols+at+China%27s+edge%3A+history+and+the+politics+of+national+unity&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7425-1144-8&rft.au=Uradyn+Erden+Bulag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3C2B9oXVbQC%26q%3Dpatriotism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKai_Shew_Chiang_Kai_Shew2007" class="citation book cs1">Kai Shew Chiang Kai Shew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAjnuU3z-sC&q=e+those+disguised+warlords+and+new+feudalists+beneficial+or+harmful+to+the+nation+and+to+the+Revolution%3F+Everyone+severely+condemned+those+that+formerly+controlled+armies+and+the+territory-grabbing+warlords+as+counter-revolutionary.&pg=PA225">China's Destiny and Chinese Economic Theory</a>. READ BOOKS. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-5838-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-5838-2"><bdi>978-1-4067-5838-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004449/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCAjnuU3z-sC&q=e+those+disguised+warlords+and+new+feudalists+beneficial+or+harmful+to+the+nation+and+to+the+Revolution%3F+Everyone+severely+condemned+those+that+formerly+controlled+armies+and+the+territory-grabbing+warlords+as+counter-revolutionary.&pg=PA225">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Destiny+and+Chinese+Economic+Theory&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=READ+BOOKS&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-5838-2&rft.au=Kai+Shew+Chiang+Kai+Shew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCAjnuU3z-sC%26q%3De%2Bthose%2Bdisguised%2Bwarlords%2Band%2Bnew%2Bfeudalists%2Bbeneficial%2Bor%2Bharmful%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bnation%2Band%2Bto%2Bthe%2BRevolution%253F%2BEveryone%2Bseverely%2Bcondemned%2Bthose%2Bthat%2Bformerly%2Bcontrolled%2Barmies%2Band%2Bthe%2Bterritory-grabbing%2Bwarlords%2Bas%2Bcounter-revolutionary.%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUradyn_Erden_Bulag2002" class="citation book cs1">Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=ma+bufang+chinese+nationalism&pg=PA47">Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8"><bdi>0-7425-1144-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004450/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=ma+bufang+chinese+nationalism&pg=PA47#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20chinese%20nationalism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+The+Mongols+at+China%27s+edge%3A+history+and+the+politics+of+national+unity&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7425-1144-8&rft.au=Uradyn+Erden+Bulag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3C2B9oXVbQC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bchinese%2Bnationalism%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Roderick1993" class="citation book cs1">John Roderick (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nDgbAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+bufang+taiwan">Covering China: the story of an American reporter from revolutionary days to the Deng era</a>. Imprint Publications. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-879176-17-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-879176-17-3"><bdi>1-879176-17-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004455/https://books.google.com/books?id=nDgbAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+bufang+taiwan">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covering+China%3A+the+story+of+an+American+reporter+from+revolutionary+days+to+the+Deng+era&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Imprint+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-879176-17-3&rft.au=John+Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnDgbAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Btaiwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelix_Smith1995" class="citation book cs1">Felix Smith (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PRbvAAAAMAAJ&q=Ma-Hung-kwei">China pilot: flying for Chiang and Chennault</a>. Brassey's. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-051-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-051-9"><bdi>1-57488-051-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004952/https://books.google.com/books?id=PRbvAAAAMAAJ&q=Ma-Hung-kwei">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+pilot%3A+flying+for+Chiang+and+Chennault&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-57488-051-9&rft.au=Felix+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPRbvAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DMa-Hung-kwei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_DraguhnDavid_S.G._Goodman2012" class="citation book cs1">Werner Draguhn; David S.G. Goodman (12 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-M4ro3L2ZTIC&pg=PA37">China's Communist Revolutions: Fifty Years of The People's Republic of China</a>. Routledge. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-13090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-13090-8"><bdi>978-1-136-13090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Communist+Revolutions%3A+Fifty+Years+of+The+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-13090-8&rft.au=Werner+Draguhn&rft.au=David+S.G.+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-M4ro3L2ZTIC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner_Draguhn,_David_S._G._Goodman_2002_38-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Draguhn,_David_S._G._Goodman_2002_38_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_DraguhnDavid_S._G._Goodman2002" class="citation book cs1">Werner Draguhn; David S. G. Goodman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Caknr1VAqMC&q=ma+bufang+communist+saw&pg=PA38">China's communist revolutions: fifty years of the People's Republic of China</a>. Psychology Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1630-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1630-0"><bdi>0-7007-1630-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004953/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Caknr1VAqMC&q=ma+bufang+communist+saw&pg=PA38">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+communist+revolutions%3A+fifty+years+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7007-1630-0&rft.au=Werner+Draguhn&rft.au=David+S.+G.+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Caknr1VAqMC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bcommunist%2Bsaw%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1947/02/03/archives/city-in-west-china-to-get-piped-water-american-sells-warlord-at.html">"CITY IN WEST CHINA TO GET PIPED WATER; American 'Sells' Warlord at Sining on System to Aid Health --People Suspect Clear Fluid"</a>. THE NEW YORK TIMES. 3 February 1947. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723064914/https://www.nytimes.com/1947/02/03/archives/city-in-west-china-to-get-piped-water-american-sells-warlord-at.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=THE+NEW+YORK+TIMES&rft.atitle=CITY+IN+WEST+CHINA+TO+GET+PIPED+WATER%3B+American+%27Sells%27+Warlord+at+Sining+on+System+to+Aid+Health+--People+Suspect+Clear+Fluid&rft.date=1947-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1947%2F02%2F03%2Farchives%2Fcity-in-west-china-to-get-piped-water-american-sells-warlord-at.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Hutchings2003" class="citation book cs1">Graham Hutchings (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhe6vP66jN0C&q=They+did+not,+however,+control+political+life+in+the+province.+This+was+in+the+hands+of+the+Ma+clan+of+Hui+Muslims,+the+third+most+numerous+ethnic+group+after+the+Han+and+the+Tibetans.+Governor+Ma+Bufang+(19o2-75)+dominated+Qinghai&pg=PA351">Modern China: a guide to a century of change</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01240-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01240-2"><bdi>0-674-01240-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004953/https://books.google.com/books?id=qhe6vP66jN0C&q=They+did+not,+however,+control+political+life+in+the+province.+This+was+in+the+hands+of+the+Ma+clan+of+Hui+Muslims,+the+third+most+numerous+ethnic+group+after+the+Han+and+the+Tibetans.+Governor+Ma+Bufang+(19o2-75)+dominated+Qinghai&pg=PA351#v=onepage&q=They%20did%20not%2C%20however%2C%20control%20political%20life%20in%20the%20province.%20This%20was%20in%20the%20hands%20of%20the%20Ma%20clan%20of%20Hui%20Muslims%2C%20the%20third%20most%20numerous%20ethnic%20group%20after%20the%20Han%20and%20the%20Tibetans.%20Governor%20Ma%20Bufang%20(19o2-75)%20dominated%20Qinghai&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%3A+a+guide+to+a+century+of+change&rft.pages=351&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-674-01240-2&rft.au=Graham+Hutchings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqhe6vP66jN0C%26q%3DThey%2Bdid%2Bnot%2C%2Bhowever%2C%2Bcontrol%2Bpolitical%2Blife%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bprovince.%2BThis%2Bwas%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bhands%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMa%2Bclan%2Bof%2BHui%2BMuslims%2C%2Bthe%2Bthird%2Bmost%2Bnumerous%2Bethnic%2Bgroup%2Bafter%2Bthe%2BHan%2Band%2Bthe%2BTibetans.%2BGovernor%2BMa%2BBufang%2B%2819o2-75%29%2Bdominated%2BQinghai%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantha_Rama_Rau1950" class="citation book cs1">Santha Rama Rau (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNccAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bu-fang+salvation+of+our+desert+was+in+tree">East of home</a>. Harper. p. 119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004954/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNccAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bu-fang+salvation+of+our+desert+was+in+tree">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+of+home&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Santha+Rama+Rau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNccAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bbu-fang%2Bsalvation%2Bof%2Bour%2Bdesert%2Bwas%2Bin%2Btree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHENRY_R._LIEBERMAN1948" class="citation news cs1">HENRY R. LIEBERMAN (15 September 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1948/09/15/archives/enlightened-rule-bolsters-tsinghai-general-ma-war-lord-enjoys.html">"ENLIGHTENED RULE BOLSTERS TSINGHAI; General Ma, War Lord, Enjoys Passion for Education -- He Taxes as Need Arises"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065939/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/09/15/archives/enlightened-rule-bolsters-tsinghai-general-ma-war-lord-enjoys.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ENLIGHTENED+RULE+BOLSTERS+TSINGHAI%3B+General+Ma%2C+War+Lord%2C+Enjoys+Passion+for+Education+--+He+Taxes+as+Need+Arises&rft.date=1948-09-15&rft.au=HENRY+R.+LIEBERMAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1948%2F09%2F15%2Farchives%2Fenlightened-rule-bolsters-tsinghai-general-ma-war-lord-enjoys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToni_Huber2002" class="citation book cs1">Toni Huber (2002). Toni Huber (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLcWyecDpIcC&q=ma+bufang+buddhist+zhang&pg=PA205">Amdo Tibetans in transition: society and culture in the post-Mao era: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000</a>. BRILL. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12596-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12596-5"><bdi>90-04-12596-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004955/https://books.google.com/books?id=bLcWyecDpIcC&q=ma+bufang+buddhist+zhang&pg=PA205#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20buddhist%20zhang&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amdo+Tibetans+in+transition%3A+society+and+culture+in+the+post-Mao+era%3A+PIATS+2000%3A+Tibetan+studies%3A+proceedings+of+the+Ninth+Seminar+of+the+International+Association+for+Tibetan+Studies%2C+Leiden+2000&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-12596-5&rft.au=Toni+Huber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLcWyecDpIcC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bbuddhist%2Bzhang%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Stuart,_Limusishiden1994" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Stuart, Limusishiden (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CUFwAAAAMAAJ&q=the+KMT+controlled+China,+he+received+numerous+important+titles.+He+was+also+a+member+of+the+KMT+committee.+With+the+support+of+Ma+Bufang,+he+mercilessly+exploited+the+Monguor+people.+He+fled+to+Taiwan+shortly+before+Liberation.">China's Monguor minority: ethnography & folktales Issue 59 of Sino-Platonic papers</a>. University of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004957/https://books.google.com/books?id=CUFwAAAAMAAJ&q=the+KMT+controlled+China,+he+received+numerous+important+titles.+He+was+also+a+member+of+the+KMT+committee.+With+the+support+of+Ma+Bufang,+he+mercilessly+exploited+the+Monguor+people.+He+fled+to+Taiwan+shortly+before+Liberation.">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Monguor+minority%3A+ethnography+%26+folktales+Issue+59+of+Sino-Platonic+papers&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania%2C+Dept.+of+Asian+and+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Kevin+Stuart%2C+Limusishiden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCUFwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2BKMT%2Bcontrolled%2BChina%2C%2Bhe%2Breceived%2Bnumerous%2Bimportant%2Btitles.%2BHe%2Bwas%2Balso%2Ba%2Bmember%2Bof%2Bthe%2BKMT%2Bcommittee.%2BWith%2Bthe%2Bsupport%2Bof%2BMa%2BBufang%2C%2Bhe%2Bmercilessly%2Bexploited%2Bthe%2BMonguor%2Bpeople.%2BHe%2Bfled%2Bto%2BTaiwan%2Bshortly%2Bbefore%2BLiberation.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Stuart,_Limusishiden1994" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Stuart, Limusishiden (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=the+KMT+controlled+China%2C+he+received+numerous+important+titles.+He+was+also+a+member+of+the+KMT+committee.+With+the+support+of+Ma+Bufang%2C+he+mercilessly+exploited+the+Monguor+people.+He+fled+to+Taiwan+shortly+before+Liberation.&btnG=Search+Books">China's Monguor minority: ethnography & folktales Issue 59 of Sino-Platonic papers</a>. University of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719004957/https://www.google.com/search?q=the+KMT+controlled+China%2C+he+received+numerous+important+titles.+He+was+also+a+member+of+the+KMT+committee.+With+the+support+of+Ma+Bufang%2C+he+mercilessly+exploited+the+Monguor+people.+He+fled+to+Taiwan+shortly+before+Liberation.&btnG=Search+Books">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Monguor+minority%3A+ethnography+%26+folktales+Issue+59+of+Sino-Platonic+papers&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania%2C+Dept.+of+Asian+and+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Kevin+Stuart%2C+Limusishiden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dthe%2BKMT%2Bcontrolled%2BChina%252C%2Bhe%2Breceived%2Bnumerous%2Bimportant%2Btitles.%2BHe%2Bwas%2Balso%2Ba%2Bmember%2Bof%2Bthe%2BKMT%2Bcommittee.%2BWith%2Bthe%2Bsupport%2Bof%2BMa%2BBufang%252C%2Bhe%2Bmercilessly%2Bexploited%2Bthe%2BMonguor%2Bpeople.%2BHe%2Bfled%2Bto%2BTaiwan%2Bshortly%2Bbefore%2BLiberation.%26btnG%3DSearch%2BBooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvyn_C._Goldstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Melvyn C. Goldstein (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ep5l6JprtYcC&q=ma+bufang+taiwan&pg=PA272">A History of Modern Tibet: The Calm Before the Storm: 1951-1955, Volume 2</a>. University of California Press. pp. 272, 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25995-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25995-9"><bdi>978-0-520-25995-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005539/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ep5l6JprtYcC&q=ma+bufang+taiwan&pg=PA272#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20taiwan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Tibet%3A+The+Calm+Before+the+Storm%3A+1951-1955%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=272%2C+273&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25995-9&rft.au=Melvyn+C.+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEp5l6JprtYcC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Btaiwan%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Hilton2001" class="citation book cs1">Isabel Hilton (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIJFuD-cH_IC&q=ma+bufang+taiwan&pg=PA110">The Search for the Panchen Lama</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32167-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32167-3"><bdi>0-393-32167-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005601/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIJFuD-cH_IC&q=ma+bufang+taiwan&pg=PA110#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20taiwan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+the+Panchen+Lama&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-393-32167-3&rft.au=Isabel+Hilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIJFuD-cH_IC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Btaiwan%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Hilton2001" class="citation book cs1">Isabel Hilton (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIJFuD-cH_IC&q=dalai+lama+kuomintang+brief+civil+war">The Search for the Panchen Lama</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32167-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32167-3"><bdi>0-393-32167-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414142811/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIJFuD-cH_IC&q=dalai+lama+kuomintang+brief+civil+war">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-14. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+the+Panchen+Lama&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-393-32167-3&rft.au=Isabel+Hilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIJFuD-cH_IC%26q%3Ddalai%2Blama%2Bkuomintang%2Bbrief%2Bcivil%2Bwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUradyn_Erden_Bulag2002" class="citation book cs1">Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=genocidal">Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8"><bdi>0-7425-1144-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240714233439/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=genocidal#v=snippet&q=genocidal&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+The+Mongols+at+China%27s+edge%3A+history+and+the+politics+of+national+unity&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7425-1144-8&rft.au=Uradyn+Erden+Bulag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3C2B9oXVbQC%26q%3Dgenocidal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoser2011" class="citation news cs1">Woser (March 10, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004182553/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?article=%22Three+Provinces+of+the+Snowland,+Losar+Tashi+Delek!%22+:+By+Woser&id=29212&t=1&c=4">"Three Provinces of the Snowland, Losar Tashi Delek!"</a>. Phayul. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?article=%22Three+Provinces+of+the+Snowland%2C+Losar+Tashi+Delek!%22+%3A+By+Woser&id=29212&t=1&c=4">the original</a> on October 4, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phayul&rft.atitle=Three+Provinces+of+the+Snowland%2C+Losar+Tashi+Delek%21&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft.au=Woser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phayul.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticle%3D%2522Three%2BProvinces%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSnowland%252C%2BLosar%2BTashi%2BDelek%21%2522%2B%253A%2BBy%2BWoser%26id%3D29212%26t%3D1%26c%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ub8aAQAAMAAJ&q=amdo++historic+homeland%2C+was+under+the+control+of+a+Muslim+warlord%2C+Ma+Bufang.+The+Dalai+Lama+and+his+family+didn%27t+learn+Tibetan+until+they+moved+to+Lhasa+in+1939">The Economist</a>. Vol. 390. Economist Group. 2009. p. 144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005542/https://books.google.com/books?id=ub8aAQAAMAAJ&q=amdo++historic+homeland%2C+was+under+the+control+of+a+Muslim+warlord%2C+Ma+Bufang.+The+Dalai+Lama+and+his+family+didn%27t+learn+Tibetan+until+they+moved+to+Lhasa+in+1939">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economist&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Economist+Group&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dub8aAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Damdo%2B%2Bhistoric%2Bhomeland%252C%2Bwas%2Bunder%2Bthe%2Bcontrol%2Bof%2Ba%2BMuslim%2Bwarlord%252C%2BMa%2BBufang.%2BThe%2BDalai%2BLama%2Band%2Bhis%2Bfamily%2Bdidn%2527t%2Blearn%2BTibetan%2Buntil%2Bthey%2Bmoved%2Bto%2BLhasa%2Bin%2B1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlo_brtan_rdo_rjeStuart2008" class="citation book cs1">Blo brtan rdo rje; Stuart, Charles Kevin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IH_pG2yLssC&dq=tibetan+women+salar+marriage&pg=PA26">Life and Marriage in Skya Rgya, a Tibetan Village</a>. YBK Publishers, Inc. pp. 26, 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0980050844" title="Special:BookSources/978-0980050844"><bdi>978-0980050844</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005551/https://books.google.com/books?id=6IH_pG2yLssC&dq=tibetan+women+salar+marriage&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q=tibetan%20women%20salar%20marriage&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2021-12-12. <q>A conch is blown as the men20 recite Buddhist prayers. ... Afterwards, every member of the affected family may bathe, women may plait their hair, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Marriage+in+Skya+Rgya%2C+a+Tibetan+Village&rft.pages=26%2C+27&rft.pub=YBK+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0980050844&rft.au=Blo+brtan+rdo+rje&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Charles+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6IH_pG2yLssC%26dq%3Dtibetan%2Bwomen%2Bsalar%2Bmarriage%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangTamney2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Yang, Fenggang; Tamney, Joseph, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JbGaMUZ6j5IC&pg=PA223">Confucianism and Spiritual Traditions in Modern China and Beyond</a>. Vol. 3 of Religion in Chinese Societies (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004212398" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004212398"><bdi>978-9004212398</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucianism+and+Spiritual+Traditions+in+Modern+China+and+Beyond&rft.pages=223&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004212398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJbGaMUZ6j5IC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBARRY_RUBIN2000" class="citation book cs1">BARRY RUBIN (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&q=ma+bufang+secret+war&pg=PA79">Guide to Islamist Movements</a>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-1747-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-1747-1"><bdi>0-7656-1747-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005545/https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&q=ma+bufang+secret+war&pg=PA79#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20secret%20war&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Islamist+Movements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7656-1747-1&rft.au=BARRY+RUBIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwEih57-GWQQC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bsecret%2Bwar%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dillon1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dillon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&q=ma+bufang+communist+saw&pg=PA97">China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects</a>. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1026-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1026-4"><bdi>0-7007-1026-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005545/https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&q=ma+bufang+communist+saw&pg=PA97">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+community%3A+migration%2C+settlement+and+sects&rft.place=Richmond&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7007-1026-4&rft.au=Michael+Dillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUEswLE4SWUC%26q%3Dma%2Bbufang%2Bcommunist%2Bsaw%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUradyn_Erden_Bulag2002" class="citation book cs1">Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=genocidal">Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8"><bdi>0-7425-1144-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240714233439/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=genocidal#v=snippet&q=genocidal&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+The+Mongols+at+China%27s+edge%3A+history+and+the+politics+of+national+unity&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7425-1144-8&rft.au=Uradyn+Erden+Bulag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3C2B9oXVbQC%26q%3Dgenocidal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUradyn_Erden_Bulag2002" class="citation book cs1">Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=genocidal">Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1144-8"><bdi>0-7425-1144-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240714233439/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&q=genocidal#v=snippet&q=genocidal&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-14. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+The+Mongols+at+China%27s+edge%3A+history+and+the+politics+of+national+unity&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7425-1144-8&rft.au=Uradyn+Erden+Bulag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3C2B9oXVbQC%26q%3Dgenocidal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Water_Works_Association1947" class="citation book cs1">American Water Works Association (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrtBAAAAYAAJ&q=ma+pu-fang+gospel">Journal of the American Water Works Association, Volume 39, Part 1</a>. The Association. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005608/https://books.google.com/books?id=NrtBAAAAYAAJ&q=ma+pu-fang+gospel">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+American+Water+Works+Association%2C+Volume+39%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=The+Association&rft.date=1947&rft.au=American+Water+Works+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrtBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bpu-fang%2Bgospel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Water_Works_Association1947" class="citation book cs1">American Water Works Association (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUAhAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+pu-fang+gospel">Journal, Volume 39</a>. The Association. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005551/https://books.google.com/books?id=eUAhAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+pu-fang+gospel">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal%2C+Volume+39&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=The+Association&rft.date=1947&rft.au=American+Water+Works+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUAhAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dma%2Bpu-fang%2Bgospel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HORLEMANN-118"><a href="#cite_ref-HORLEMANN_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHORLEMANN2009" class="citation journal cs1">HORLEMANN, BIANCA (2009). "The Divine Word Missionaries in Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang, 1922–1953: A Bibliographic Note". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 19: 59–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS135618630800905X">10.1017/S135618630800905X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162397522">162397522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Divine+Word+Missionaries+in+Gansu%2C+Qinghai+and+Xinjiang%2C+1922%E2%80%931953%3A+A+Bibliographic+Note&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS135618630800905X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162397522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=HORLEMANN&rft.aufirst=BIANCA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChina._Hsing_chen_yüan._Hsin_wen_chü,_China._Xing_zheng_yuan._Xin_wen_ju1937" class="citation book cs1">China. Hsing chen yüan. Hsin wen chü, China. Xing zheng yuan. Xin wen ju (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQc_AQAAIAAJ&q=pu-fang">China handbook</a>. Macmillan. p. 680. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719005552/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQc_AQAAIAAJ&q=pu-fang">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+handbook&rft.pages=680&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1937&rft.au=China.+Hsing+chen+y%C3%BCan.+Hsin+wen+ch%C3%BC%2C+China.+Xing+zheng+yuan.+Xin+wen+ju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQc_AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpu-fang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BblAAAAMAAJ&q=MA+PU-FANG%2C+army+officer">Who's who in China (Biographies of Chinese)</a>. Vol. 4 of Who's who in China. 1973. p. 35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719012036/https://books.google.com/books?id=9BblAAAAMAAJ&q=MA+PU-FANG%2C+army+officer&+born+at+Linghsia%2C+Kansu%2C+1903+&+graduated+from+the+Officers%27+Training+Corps+of+Chinghai+&+served+successively+as+vice-commander+of+the+77th+Brigade+of+the+26th+Division+&+commander+of+the+77th+Independent">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+China+%28Biographies+of+Chinese%29&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BblAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DMA%2BPU-FANG%252C%2Barmy%2Bofficer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinese_Materials_Center1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Chinese Materials Center (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YFCAAAAYAAJ&q=Ma+Pu-Fang+GEN.+MA+PU-FANG%2C+army+officer">Who's who in China, 1918-1950: 1931-1950</a>. Vol. 3 of Who's who in China, 1918-1950: With an Index, Jerome Cavanaugh. Chinese Materials Center. p. 35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240719012037/https://books.google.com/books?id=8YFCAAAAYAAJ&q=Ma+Pu-Fang+GEN.+MA+PU-FANG%2C+army+officer&+born+at+Linghsia%2C+Kansu%2C+1903+&+graduated+from+the+Officers%27+Training+Corps+of+Chinghai+&+served+successively+as+vice-commander+of+the+77th+Brigade+of+the+26th+Division+&+commander+of+the+77th">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2011-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+China%2C+1918-1950%3A+1931-1950&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Chinese+Materials+Center&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Chinese+Materials+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YFCAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DMa%2BPu-Fang%2BGEN.%2BMA%2BPU-FANG%252C%2Barmy%2Bofficer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMa+Bufang" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Bufang&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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