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<li id="toc-Kitchener_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitchener_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kitchener reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitchener_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Redesignating_the_regiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redesignating_the_regiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Redesignating the regiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redesignating_the_regiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interbellum_(1918–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interbellum_(1918–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Interbellum (1918–1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interbellum_(1918–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Post Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ranks_and_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks_and_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ranks and insignia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks_and_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">British Indian Army</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جيش الهند البريطاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيش الهند البريطاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcitu_del_Raj_brit%C3%A1nicu" title="Exércitu del Raj británicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Exércitu del Raj británicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="ব্রিটিশ ভারতীয় সেনাবাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রিটিশ ভারতীয় সেনাবাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_indi_brit%C3%A0nic" title="Exèrcit indi britànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exèrcit indi britànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%C3%A1_Indick%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Britská Indická armáda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Britská Indická armáda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisch-Indische_Armee" title="Britisch-Indische Armee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britisch-Indische Armee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_la_India_brit%C3%A1nica" title="Ejército de la India británica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército de la India británica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brithindia_Armeo" title="Brithindia Armeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brithindia Armeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britainiar_Rajeko_Armada" title="Britainiar Rajeko Armada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Britainiar Rajeko Armada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ارتش هند بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش هند بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_indienne_britannique" title="Armée indienne britannique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée indienne britannique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD%EB%A0%B9_%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%EC%9C%A1%EA%B5%B0" title="영국령 인도 육군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국령 인도 육군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्रिटिश भारतीय सेना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रिटिश भारतीय सेना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_India_Britania" title="Angkatan Darat India Britania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkatan Darat India Britania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breski_Indlandsherinn" title="Breski Indlandsherinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Breski Indlandsherinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="British Indian Army" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="צבא הודו הבריטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבא הודו הבריטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್‌‌‌ ಭಾರತೀಯ‌ ಸೇನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್‌‌‌ ಭಾರತೀಯ‌ ಸೇನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഇന്ത്യൻ ആർമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഇന്ത്യൻ ആർമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="ब्रिटिश भारतीय लष्कर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रिटिश भारतीय लष्कर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_India_British" title="Tentera India British – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera India British" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits-Indisch_leger" title="Brits-Indisch leger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brits-Indisch leger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%8D%B0%E8%BB%8D" title="英印軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="英印軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="British Indian Army" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_britisk-indiske_h%C3%A6ren" title="Den britisk-indiske hæren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den britisk-indiske hæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%9C" title="ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਫੌਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਫੌਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="برطانوی ہندی فوج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برطانوی ہندی فوج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="British Indian Army" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_da_%C3%8Dndia_Brit%C3%A2nica" title="Exército da Índia Britânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exército da Índia Britânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Британская индийская армия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская индийская армия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British Indian Army" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittisk-indiska_arm%C3%A9n" title="Brittisk-indiska armén – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brittisk-indiska armén" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanya_Hindistan%C4%B1_Ordusu" title="Britanya Hindistanı Ordusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Britanya Hindistanı Ordusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1895–1947 military force</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the army of the British Indian Empire (1895–1947). For the current army of the Republic of India, see <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>. For the current army of Pakistan, see <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/British_Indian_Army" title="Special:EditPage/British Indian Army">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22British+Indian+Army%22">"British Indian Army"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22British+Indian+Army%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22British+Indian+Army%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22British+Indian+Army%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22British+Indian+Army%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22British+Indian+Army%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Indian Army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a>, flown as the <a href="/wiki/Regulation_Colours" title="Regulation Colours">King's Colour</a> by Indian regiments. A central emblem denoted each unit<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1895–15 Aug 1947<sup id="cite_ref-IA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Indian Army during World War I">World War I</a>: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,500,000</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Indian Army during World War II">World War II</a>: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2,500,000</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Total serving during each conflict)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GHQ_India" title="GHQ India">GHQ India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">Lee–Enfield</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/First_Mohmand_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="First Mohmand Campaign">First Mohmand Campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier</a> (1858–1947)<br /><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a> (1946)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Birdwood,_1st_Baron_Birdwood" class="mw-redirect" title="William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood">Sir William Birdwood</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">Sir William Slim</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_Claude_Auchinleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Claude Auchinleck">Sir Claude Auchinleck</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Quinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Quinan">Sir Edward Quinan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Lockhart_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)">William Lockhart</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Indian Army</b> during <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British rule</a>, also referred to as the <b>British Indian Army,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the main military force of <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">India</a> until <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">national independence</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formed in 1895 by uniting the three <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">Presidency Armies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IA2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IA2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was responsible for the defence of both <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>, which could also have their own <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Service_Troops" title="Imperial Service Troops">armies</a>. As stated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Gazetteer of India">Imperial Gazetteer of India</a></i>, the "British Government has undertaken to protect the dominions of the Native princes from invasion and even from rebellion within: its army is organized for the defence not merely of British India, but of all possessions under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">King-Emperor</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan190885_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan190885-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Army was an important part of the forces of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, in India and abroad, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. </p><p>The term <i>Indian Army</i> appears to have been first used informally, as a collective description of the Presidency armies, which collectively comprised the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Army" title="Madras Army">Madras Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Army" title="Bombay Army">Bombay Army</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidencies of British India">Presidencies of British India</a>, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>. In 1879, the Presidency armies were integrated into a system of four Commands with a central Commander-in-Chief.<sup id="cite_ref-IA2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IA2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 April 1895, the Presidency armies were dissolved and unified into a single Indian Army, also divided into four Commands,<sup id="cite_ref-IA2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IA2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the term "Indian Army" was officially used by 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commands were later replaced by two "Armies" in 1908—the Northern and Southern Army—but the Command system was restored in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-IA2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IA2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 1.5 million Indian soldiers served during the First World War; the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Indian Army during World War I">Indian Expeditionary Forces</a> were deployed to <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">France</a>, Belgium, east Africa, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Iraq, Egypt</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli peninsula</a>, among other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eleven Indian soldiers <a href="/wiki/List_of_Victoria_Cross_recipients_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of Victoria Cross recipients of the Indian Army">won the Victoria Cross</a> in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Indian Army during World War II">some 2.5 million soldiers served</a>, and the Indian Army was recognized as the largest <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">volunteer army</a> in history to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India itself <a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">also served</a> as a major logistical base for Allied operations in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The force is also sometimes referred to as the <b>Army of the Indian Empire</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Imperial Indian Army</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Army should not be confused with the <i>Army of India</i>, which was the <i>Indian Army</i> plus the <i>British Army in India</i> (British units sent to India).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of India and Pakistan">partition of India and Pakistan</a> on 15 August 1947, the army was reconstituted and divided between the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">two new</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominions</a>, with the process overseen by Field Marshal Sir <a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Claude Auchinleck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reconstitution_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reconstitution-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent India would, however, retain "much of the organizing framework" of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madras_cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Madras_cavalry.jpg/220px-Madras_cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Madras_cavalry.jpg/330px-Madras_cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Madras_cavalry.jpg/440px-Madras_cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>A painting showing a <i><a href="/wiki/Sowar" title="Sowar">sowar</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/6th_Madras_Light_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Madras Light Cavalry">6th Madras Light Cavalry</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1845</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indian Army has its origins in the years after the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, often called the Indian Mutiny in British histories, when in 1858 <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> took over direct rule of British India from the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. Before 1858, the precursor units of the Indian Army were units controlled by the Company and were paid for by their profits. These operated alongside units of the British Army, funded by the British government in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh2004173–179_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh2004173–179-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three Presidency armies remained separate forces, each with its own <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a>. Overall operational control was exercised by the Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a>, who was formally the Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson200755_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson200755-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1861, most of the officer manpower was pooled in the three Presidential Staff Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1974136_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1974136-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Afghan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Afghan War">Second Afghan War</a> a <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Enquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Enquiry">Commission of Enquiry</a> recommended the abolition of the presidency armies. The <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Ordnance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_Transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply and Transport">Supply and Transport</a>, and Pay branches were by then unified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson19403_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson19403-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Punjab Frontier Force was under the direct control of the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Governor">Lieutenant-Governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a> during peacetime until 1886, when it came under the Commander-in-Chief, India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson19403_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson19403-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hyderabad Contingent and other local corps remained under direct governmental control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaylor19962_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaylor19962-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standing higher formations – <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a> – were abandoned in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197430_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197430-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No divisional staffs were maintained in peacetime, and troops were dispersed throughout the sub-continent, with internal security as their main function. In 1891 the three staff corps were merged into one <a href="/wiki/Indian_Staff_Corps" title="Indian Staff Corps">Indian Staff Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaylor19962_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaylor19962-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corps_of_Guides_(Infantry_%26_Cavalry)_-_Richard_Simkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Corps_of_Guides_%28Infantry_%26_Cavalry%29_-_Richard_Simkin.jpg/220px-Corps_of_Guides_%28Infantry_%26_Cavalry%29_-_Richard_Simkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Corps_of_Guides_%28Infantry_%26_Cavalry%29_-_Richard_Simkin.jpg/330px-Corps_of_Guides_%28Infantry_%26_Cavalry%29_-_Richard_Simkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Corps_of_Guides_%28Infantry_%26_Cavalry%29_-_Richard_Simkin.jpg/440px-Corps_of_Guides_%28Infantry_%26_Cavalry%29_-_Richard_Simkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps of Guides (British India)">Corps of Guides</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Simkin" title="Richard Simkin">Richard Simkin</a>, published 1891.</figcaption></figure><p>Two years later the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Army" title="Madras Army">Madras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Army" title="Bombay Army">Bombay</a> armies lost their posts of Commander-in-Chief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaylor19962_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaylor19962-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895, the Presidency Armies were abolished and the Indian Army created thereby was grouped into four <a href="/wiki/Command_(military_formation)" title="Command (military formation)">commands</a>: Bengal, Madras (including <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>), Bombay (including <a href="/wiki/Sind_Division" title="Sind Division">Sind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aden_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden Settlement">Aden</a>), and the Punjab (including the North-West Frontier and the Punjab Frontier Force). Each was under the command of a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">lieutenant general</a>, who answered directly to the C-in-C, India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaylor19965_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaylor19965-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Presidency armies were abolished with effect from 1 April 1895 by a notification of the Government of India through Army Department Order Number 981 dated 26 October 1894, unifying the three Presidency armies into a single Indian Army.<sup id="cite_ref-IA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The armies were amalgamated into four commands, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(India)" title="Northern Command (India)">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(India)" title="Southern Command (India)">Southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western</a>. The Indian Army, like the Presidency armies, continued to provide armed support to the civil authorities, both in combating banditry and in case of riots and rebellion. One of the first external operations the new unified army faced was the 1899 to 1901 <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1st_Sikh_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Sikh Infantry">1st</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Sikh_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Sikh Infantry">4th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/14th_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Sikhs">14th Sikhs</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/3rd_Madras_Native_Infantry_(Palamcottah_Light_Infantry)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Madras Native Infantry (Palamcottah Light Infantry)">3rd Madras Native Infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Gorkha_Rifles" title="4th Gorkha Rifles">4th Goorkas</a>, <a href="/wiki/22nd_Bombay_Native_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Bombay Native Infantry">22nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/30th_Bombay_Native_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="30th Bombay Native Infantry">30th Bombay Native Infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/24th_Punjab_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="24th Punjab Infantry">24th Punjab Infantry</a>, <a href="/wiki/61st_Pioneers" title="61st Pioneers">1st Madras Pioneers</a>, No. 2 Company <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Sappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Sappers">Bombay Sappers</a>, No. 3 Company <a href="/wiki/Madras_Sappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Sappers">Madras Sappers</a>, No. 4 Company <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Sappers">Bengal Sappers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1st_Bengal_Lancers" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Bengal Lancers">1st Bengal Lancers</a>, among other Indian units, all served during the Rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous Indian soldiers earned the <a href="/wiki/China_War_Medal_(1900)" title="China War Medal (1900)">China War Medal 1900</a> with the "Relief of Pekin" clasp<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peking_(1900)" title="Battle of Peking (1900)">relief of Peking</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peking_Legation_Quarter" title="Peking Legation Quarter">International Legations</a> from 10 June to 14 August 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitchener_reforms">Kitchener reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kitchener reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No.2_Company,_Bombay_Sappers_and_Miners,_China_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/No.2_Company%2C_Bombay_Sappers_and_Miners%2C_China_1900.jpg/220px-No.2_Company%2C_Bombay_Sappers_and_Miners%2C_China_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/No.2_Company%2C_Bombay_Sappers_and_Miners%2C_China_1900.jpg/330px-No.2_Company%2C_Bombay_Sappers_and_Miners%2C_China_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/No.2_Company%2C_Bombay_Sappers_and_Miners%2C_China_1900.jpg/440px-No.2_Company%2C_Bombay_Sappers_and_Miners%2C_China_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>No. 2 Company of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Sappers_and_Miners" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Sappers and Miners">Bombay Sappers and Miners</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, China, 1900.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kitchener reforms began in 1903 when <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a>, India, completed the unification of the three former Presidency <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">armies</a>, and also the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Frontier_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab Frontier Force">Punjab Frontier Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regiments_of_the_Indian_Army_(1903)#Former_Hyderabad_Regiments" title="List of regiments of the Indian Army (1903)">Hyderabad Contingent</a> and other local forces, into one Indian Army. </p><p>The principles underlying the reforms were that the defence of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier (military history)">North-West Frontier</a> against foreign aggression was the army's primary role and that all units were to have training and experience in that role on that frontier. Furthermore, the army's organisation should be the same in peace as in war, and maintaining <a href="/wiki/Internal_security" title="Internal security">internal security</a> was for the army a secondary role, in support of the <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarthorp2002142–143_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthorp2002142–143-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_and_Muslim_soldiers_with_medals,_Indian_Army,_Beijing,_ca.1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sikh_and_Muslim_soldiers_with_medals%2C_Indian_Army%2C_Beijing%2C_ca.1900.jpg/220px-Sikh_and_Muslim_soldiers_with_medals%2C_Indian_Army%2C_Beijing%2C_ca.1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sikh_and_Muslim_soldiers_with_medals%2C_Indian_Army%2C_Beijing%2C_ca.1900.jpg/330px-Sikh_and_Muslim_soldiers_with_medals%2C_Indian_Army%2C_Beijing%2C_ca.1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Sikh_and_Muslim_soldiers_with_medals%2C_Indian_Army%2C_Beijing%2C_ca.1900.jpg/440px-Sikh_and_Muslim_soldiers_with_medals%2C_Indian_Army%2C_Beijing%2C_ca.1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Indian Army soldiers, including men from the 3rd Sikh regiment and <a href="/wiki/1st_Sikh_Infantry,_Punjab_Frontier_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Sikh Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force">1st Sikh Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force</a>, in Beijing, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lord Kitchener found the army scattered across the country in <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">stations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> or <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regimental</a> strength, and in effect, providing <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrisons</a> for most of the major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197430_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197430-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reformed Indian Army was to be stationed in operational <a href="/wiki/Formation_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (military)">formations</a> and concentrated in the north of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">subcontinent</a>. The Commander-in-Chief's plan called for nine fighting <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> grouped in two <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a> commands on the main axes through the North-West Frontier. Five divisions were to be grouped on the <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>–<a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber</a> axis, and four divisions on the <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mhow" title="Mhow">Mhow</a>–<a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a> axis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarthorp2002143_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthorp2002143-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the cost of abandoning some thirty-four stations and building new ones in the proposed corps areas was considered prohibitive, and that aspect of the plan had to be modified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197431_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197431-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the compromise adopted in 1905, the four existing commands were reduced to three, and together with Army <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Headquarters (military)">Headquarters</a>, arranged in ten standing divisions and four independent brigades. The commands comprised: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(India)" title="Northern Command (India)">Northern Command</a>, which consisted of the <a href="/wiki/1st_(Peshawar)_Division" title="1st (Peshawar) Division">1st (Peshawar) Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_(Rawalpindi)_Division" title="2nd (Rawalpindi) Division">2nd (Rawalpindi) Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/3rd_(Lahore)_Division" title="3rd (Lahore) Division">3rd (Lahore) Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kohat_Brigade" title="Kohat Brigade">Kohat Brigade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bannu_Brigade" title="Bannu Brigade">Bannu Brigade</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Derajat_Brigade" title="Derajat Brigade">Derajat Brigade</a>; <a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Command</a>, which consisted of the <a href="/wiki/4th_(Quetta)_Division" title="4th (Quetta) Division">4th (Quetta) Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/5th_(Mhow)_Division" title="5th (Mhow) Division">5th (Mhow) Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/6th_(Poona)_Division" title="6th (Poona) Division">6th (Poona) Division</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Brigade" title="Aden Brigade">Aden Brigade</a>, located in Aden in the Arabian Peninsula; and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a>, which consisted of the <a href="/wiki/7th_(Meerut)_Division" title="7th (Meerut) Division">7th (Meerut) Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/8th_(Lucknow)_Division" title="8th (Lucknow) Division">8th (Lucknow) Division</a>. </p><p>Army Headquarters retained the <a href="/wiki/9th_(Secunderabad)_Division" title="9th (Secunderabad) Division">9th (Secunderabad) Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Division" title="Burma Division">Burma Division</a> under its direct control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197431_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197431-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner20019_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner20019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numbered divisions were organised so that on mobilisation they could deploy a complete <a href="/wiki/Infantry_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantry division">infantry division</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> brigade, and a number of troops for internal security or local frontier defence. Permanent divisional commands were formed with an establishment of staff officers under a <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197431_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197431-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:117th_Mahrattas_at_a_fort,_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/117th_Mahrattas_at_a_fort%2C_1909.jpg/220px-117th_Mahrattas_at_a_fort%2C_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/117th_Mahrattas_at_a_fort%2C_1909.jpg/330px-117th_Mahrattas_at_a_fort%2C_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/117th_Mahrattas_at_a_fort%2C_1909.jpg/440px-117th_Mahrattas_at_a_fort%2C_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Light_Infantry" title="Maratha Light Infantry">117th Mahrattas</a> at a fort in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North West Frontier</a>, India, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>After the reforms ended in 1909, the Indian Army was organised along British lines, although it was always behind in terms of equipment. An Indian Army division consisted of three brigades each of four battalions. Three of these battalions were of the Indian Army, and one British. The Indian battalions were often segregated, with companies of different tribes, castes or religions. One and a half million volunteers came forward from the estimated population of 315 million in the Indian subcontinent. </p><p>Regimental battalions were not permanently allocated to particular divisions or brigades, but instead spent some years in one formation, and were then posted to another elsewhere. This rotating arrangement was intended both to provide all units with experience of <a href="/wiki/Active_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Active service">active service</a> on the Frontier, and to prevent them becoming 'localised' in static regimental stations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197431_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197431-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the divisional locations remained constant. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:52nd_Sikh-Regiment_soldiers_with_Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/52nd_Sikh-Regiment_soldiers_with_Flag.jpg/220px-52nd_Sikh-Regiment_soldiers_with_Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/52nd_Sikh-Regiment_soldiers_with_Flag.jpg/330px-52nd_Sikh-Regiment_soldiers_with_Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/52nd_Sikh-Regiment_soldiers_with_Flag.jpg/440px-52nd_Sikh-Regiment_soldiers_with_Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Flag party of the <a href="/wiki/52nd_Sikhs_(Frontier_Force)" title="52nd Sikhs (Frontier Force)">52nd Sikhs (Frontier Force)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kohat" title="Kohat">Kohat</a>, with their <a href="/wiki/Regimental_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Regimental colours">regimental colours</a> in 1905</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Redesignating_the_regiments">Redesignating the regiments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Redesignating the regiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_regiments_of_the_Indian_Army_(1903)" title="List of regiments of the Indian Army (1903)">List of regiments of the Indian Army (1903)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurkha_Rifles_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gurkha Rifles (disambiguation)">Gurkha Rifles (disambiguation)</a></div> <p>To emphasise that there was now only one Indian Army, and that all units were to be trained and deployed without regard for their regional origins, the regiments were renumbered into single sequences of cavalry, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infantry_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantry of the line">infantry of the line</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha Rifles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197431_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197431-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regimental designations were altered to remove all references to the former Presidential Armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaylor19965_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaylor19965-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where appropriate subsidiary titles recalling other identifying details were adopted. Thus the 2nd Bengal Lancers became the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Lancers_(Gardner%27s_Horse)" title="2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)">2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)</a>. </p><p>The new order began with the Bengal regiments, followed by the Punjab Frontier Force, then the regiments of Madras, the Hyderabad Contingent, and Bombay. Wherever possible a significant digit was retained in the new number.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaylor19965_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaylor19965-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the 1st Sikh Infantry became the <a href="/wiki/51st_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="51st Sikhs">51st Sikhs</a>, the 1st Madras Pioneers became the <a href="/wiki/61st_Pioneers" title="61st Pioneers">61st Pioneers</a>, and the 1st Bombay Grenadiers became the <a href="/wiki/101st_Grenadiers" title="101st Grenadiers">101st Grenadiers</a>. </p><p>The Gurkha Regiments had developed into their own Line of <a href="/wiki/Rifle_regiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle regiments">rifle regiments</a> since 1861. They were five of these until they were joined by the former 42nd, 43rd, & 44th Gurkha Regiments of the Bengal Army, who became the 6th, 7th, & 8th Gurkha Rifles. The numbers 42, 43, & 44 were allocated respectively to the <a href="/wiki/42nd_Deoli_Regiment" title="42nd Deoli Regiment">Deoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/43rd_Erinpura_Regiment" title="43rd Erinpura Regiment">Erinpura</a> Irregular Forces and the <a href="/wiki/44th_Merwara_Infantry" title="44th Merwara Infantry">Mhairwara</a> Battalion from <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaylor199610_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaylor199610-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3RD_SAPPERS_AND_MINERS_(Bombay)_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/3RD_SAPPERS_AND_MINERS_%28Bombay%29_1910.jpg/220px-3RD_SAPPERS_AND_MINERS_%28Bombay%29_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/3RD_SAPPERS_AND_MINERS_%28Bombay%29_1910.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Engineer_Group" title="Bombay Engineer Group">3rd Sappers and Miners</a>. Illustration by Maj. A. C. Lovett, published 1911.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15_Lancers_(Cureton%27s_Multanis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/15_Lancers_%28Cureton%27s_Multanis%29.jpg/220px-15_Lancers_%28Cureton%27s_Multanis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/15_Lancers_%28Cureton%27s_Multanis%29.jpg/330px-15_Lancers_%28Cureton%27s_Multanis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/15_Lancers_%28Cureton%27s_Multanis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Officer of the <a href="/wiki/15th_Lancers_(Cureton%27s_Multanis)" title="15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis)">15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis)</a>, painted by Maj. A. C. Lovett. The regiment served in France during the First World War, including the <a href="/wiki/Winter_operations_1914%E2%80%931915" title="Winter operations 1914–1915">1914 Winter Operations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gun" title="Mountain gun">mountain</a> <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">batteries</a> had already lost their numbers two years earlier. Under the 1903 reforms they were renumbered with twenty added to their original numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaylor1996107_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaylor1996107-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army had very little artillery (only 12 batteries of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain artillery">mountain artillery</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Artillery" title="Royal Indian Artillery">Royal Indian Artillery</a> batteries were attached to the divisions. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Indian Army Corps of Engineers">Indian Army Corps of Engineers</a> was formed by the Group of <a href="/wiki/Madras_Engineer_Group" title="Madras Engineer Group">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Engineer_Group" title="Bengal Engineer Group">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Engineer_Group" title="Bombay Engineer Group">Bombay Sappers</a> in their respective presidencies. </p><p>The Queen's Own Corps of Guides, Punjab Frontier Force, composed of cavalry <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(army)" title="Squadron (army)">squadrons</a> and infantry <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a>, was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Corps_of_Guides_(Lumsden%27s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Own Corps of Guides (Lumsden's)">Queen's Own Corps of Guides (Lumsden's)</a> but stayed numberless. The new regimental numbering and namings were notified in <i>India Army Order 181</i>, dated 2 October 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoger200320_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoger200320-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903 the title of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Staff_Corps" title="Indian Staff Corps">Indian Staff Corps</a> was abolished, and thereafter officers were simply appointed to 'the Indian Army.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson200757_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson200757-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff">General Staff</a> was then created to deal with overall military policy, supervision of training in peacetime, conduct of <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">operations</a> in war, distribution of forces for internal security or external <a href="/wiki/Military_deployment" title="Military deployment">deployment</a>, plans for future operations and collecting <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_(information_gathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence (information gathering)">intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197426_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197426-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Functions were divided along British lines into two branches; the <a href="/wiki/Adjutant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant-General">Adjutant-General</a>, dealing with training, discipline, and personnel, and the <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartermaster-General">Quartermaster-General</a>, dealing with supplies, accommodation, and communications. In 1906 a General Branch was established to deal with military policy, organisation and deployment, <a href="/wiki/Mobilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobilisation">mobilisation</a> and war plans, and intelligence and the conduct of operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1974139_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1974139-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chiefs of the staff branches answered to the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the General Staff (India)">Chief of the General Staff</a>, whose post was held by a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197426_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197426-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To provide training for <a href="/wiki/Staff_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff officers">staff officers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Staff College">Indian Staff College</a> was established in 1905, and permanently based at <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a> from 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1974139_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote1974139-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With no intermediate <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">chain of command</a>, army headquarters was weighed down with minor administrative details. Divisional commanders were responsible not only for their active formations, but also for internal security and <a href="/wiki/List_of_regiments_of_the_Indian_Army_(1903)#Volunteer_Corps" title="List of regiments of the Indian Army (1903)">volunteer troops</a> within their respective areas. On mobilisation, divisional staffs took the field, leaving no-one to maintain the local administration. <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Supporting services</a> were insufficient, and many troops intended for the field force were not moved from their old stations into the areas of their new divisional command. These defects became clear during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, and lead to further reorganisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197432_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote197432-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indian Army Act 1911 legislated the replacement of the Indian Articles of War 1869. It was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of India">Governor General</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIlbert1913327–333_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIlbert1913327–333-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was under aspects of this law that the Army charged defendants during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Army Trials">Indian National Army Trials</a> in 1945. It was replaced by the <i>"Indian Army Act, 1950"</i> after partition and independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Indian Army during World War I">Indian Army during World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_Muslim_soldiers,_WW1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Punjabi_Muslim_soldiers%2C_WW1.jpg/220px-Punjabi_Muslim_soldiers%2C_WW1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Punjabi_Muslim_soldiers%2C_WW1.jpg/330px-Punjabi_Muslim_soldiers%2C_WW1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Punjabi_Muslim_soldiers%2C_WW1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Punjabi Muslim soldiers, France, World War I</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_on_the_Western_Front,_1914-1918_Q9757.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_British_Army_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q9757.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q9757.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_British_Army_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q9757.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q9757.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_British_Army_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q9757.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q9757.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> inspecting Indian troops attached to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Garrison_Artillery" title="Royal Garrison Artillery">Royal Garrison Artillery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Le_Cateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Cateau">Le Cateau</a>, 2 December 1918</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg/220px-SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg/330px-SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg/440px-SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>The 15th Sikh Regiment arrive in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France, on their way to fight the Germans during the First World War. The post card reads, "Gentlemen of India marching to chasten German hooligans"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg/220px-IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg/330px-IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg/440px-IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1909_Ben%C3%A9t%E2%80%93Merci%C3%A9_machine_gun" title="Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun">Benét–Mercié</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> section of <a href="/wiki/2nd_Queen_Victoria%27s_Own_Rajput_Light_Infantry" title="2nd Queen Victoria's Own Rajput Light Infantry">2nd Rajput Light Infantry</a> in action in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, during the winter of 1914–15</figcaption></figure><p>Prior to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the strength of the British Indian Army was 215,000. Either in 1914 or before, a ninth division had been formed, the <a href="/wiki/9th_(Secunderabad)_Division" title="9th (Secunderabad) Division">9th (Secunderabad) Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 1918, the Indian Army rose in size to 573,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the war, the Indian government had decided that India could afford to provide two infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade in the event of a European war. Some 140,000 soldiers saw active service on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> – 90,000 in the front-line Indian Corps, and some 50,000 in auxiliary battalions. They felt that any more would jeopardise national security. More than four divisions were eventually sent as <a href="/wiki/Indian_Expeditionary_Force_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Expeditionary Force A">Indian Expeditionary Force A</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarua2003_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarua2003-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Corps">Indian Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Cavalry_Corps" title="Indian Cavalry Corps">Indian Cavalry Corps</a> that arrived on the Western Front in 1914. The high number of officer casualties the corps suffered early on had an effect on its later performance. British officers that understood the language, customs, and psychology of their men could not be quickly replaced, and the alien environment of the Western Front had some effect on the soldiers. However, the feared unrest in India never happened, and while the Indian Corps was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> in 1915 India provided many more divisions for active service during the course of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1992_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite1992-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indians' first engagement was on the Western Front within a month of the start of the war, at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a>. In October/November 1914, the Baluchis of the <a href="/wiki/129th_Duke_of_Connaught%27s_Own_Baluchis" title="129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis">129th Duke of Connaught's Own</a>, the first Indian contingent to be in contact with Germans at Hollebeke (and the only to inscribe 'Ypres 1914'), the sepoy <a href="/wiki/Khudadad_Khan" title="Khudadad Khan">Khudadad Khan</a> maintaining the position until gravely wounded became the first Indian to win a Victoria Cross (Indians were eligible from 1911). In November, after a retreat, a scout section of the 1st Battalion <a href="/wiki/39th_Garhwal_Rifles" title="39th Garhwal Rifles">39th Garhwal Rifles</a> under the leadership of Naik <a href="/wiki/Darwan_Singh_Negi" title="Darwan Singh Negi">Darwan Singh Negi</a>, then badly injured, reinvested lost trenches. For his gallantry he received the second VC.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly 700,000 troops then served in the Middle East, fighting against the Turks in the Mesopotamian campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_Gates_Trust_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial_Gates_Trust-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There they were short of transportation for resupply and operated in extremely hot and dusty conditions. Led by Major General Sir Charles Townshend, they pushed on to capture Baghdad but they were repulsed by Ottoman forces. </p><p>In the First World War the Indian Army saw extensive active service, including on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(WWI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Front (WWI)">Western Front</a>, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle" title="Battle of Neuve Chapelle">Battle of Neuve Chapelle</a>, participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Battle of Gallipoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a>. Furthermore, it fought in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian Campaign">Mesopotamian Campaign</a>, and campaigned in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanga" title="Battle of Tanga">Battle of Tanga</a>. </p><p>Participants from the Indian subcontinent won 13,000 medals, including 12 Victoria Crosses. By the end of the war a total of 47,746 Indians had been reported dead or missing; 65,126 were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorial_Gates_Trust_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorial_Gates_Trust-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also serving in the First World War were so-called "<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Service_Troops" title="Imperial Service Troops">Imperial Service Troops</a>", provided by the semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Princely_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely States">Princely States</a>. About 21,000 were raised in the First World War, mainly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Bikaner_Camel_Corps" title="Bikaner Camel Corps">Bikaner Camel Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a> Lancers of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Service_Cavalry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade">Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade</a>). These forces played a prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interbellum_(1918–1939)"><span id="Interbellum_.281918.E2.80.931939.29"></span>Interbellum (1918–1939)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interbellum (1918–1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elements of the Army operated around <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary, Turkmenistan</a> in 1918–19. See <a href="/wiki/Malleson_mission" title="Malleson mission">Malleson mission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entente_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente intervention in the Russian Civil War">Entente intervention in the Russian Civil War</a>. The army then took part in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> of 1919. In the aftermath of the First World War, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territorial_Force" title="Indian Territorial Force">Indian Territorial Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Force_(India)" title="Auxiliary Force (India)">Auxiliary Force (India)</a> were created in the 1920s. The Indian Territorial Force was a part-time, paid, all-volunteer organisation within the army. Its units were primarily made up of European officers and Indian <a href="/wiki/Other_ranks_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Other ranks (UK)">other ranks</a>. The ITF was created by the Indian Territorial Force Act 1920 to replace the Indian section of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Defence_Force" title="Indian Defence Force">Indian Defence Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an all-volunteer force modelled after the British <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Army (United Kingdom)">Territorial Army</a>. The European parallel to the ITF was the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Force_(India)" title="Auxiliary Force (India)">Auxiliary Force (India)</a>. </p><p>After the First World War the British started the process of <a href="/wiki/Indianisation_(British_India)" title="Indianisation (British India)">Indianisation</a>, by which Indians were promoted into higher officer ranks. In a 1923 census, the British Indian Army consisted of 64,669 British-born soldiers and officers, with 187,432 Indian-born soldiers in comparison. Indian cadets were sent to study in Great Britain at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a>, and were given full commissions as <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Commissioned_Indian_Officer" title="King's Commissioned Indian Officer">King's Commissioned Indian Officers</a>. The KCIOs were equivalent in every way to British commissioned officers and had full authority over British troops (unlike VCOs). Some KCIOs were attached to British Army units for a part of their careers. </p><p>In 1922, after wartime experience had shown that the maintenance of 130 separate single-battalion infantry regiments was unwieldy, a number of large (four to five battalion) regiments were created,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and numerous cavalry regiments amalgamated. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_regiments_of_the_Indian_Army_(1922)" title="List of regiments of the Indian Army (1922)">List of regiments of the Indian Army (1922)</a> shows the reduced number of larger regiments. Until 1932 most Indian Army officers, both British and Indian, were trained at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, after that date the Indian officers increasingly received their training at the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> which was established that year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Indian Army during World War II">Indian Army during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India in World War II</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Crusader.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Operation_Crusader.jpg/200px-Operation_Crusader.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Operation_Crusader.jpg/300px-Operation_Crusader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Operation_Crusader.jpg/400px-Operation_Crusader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Indian Army Sikh personnel in action during the successful <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a> in December 1941</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_commander_and_Indian_crew_encounter_elephant_near_Meiktila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_commander_and_Indian_crew_encounter_elephant_near_Meiktila.jpg/220px-British_commander_and_Indian_crew_encounter_elephant_near_Meiktila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_commander_and_Indian_crew_encounter_elephant_near_Meiktila.jpg/330px-British_commander_and_Indian_crew_encounter_elephant_near_Meiktila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/British_commander_and_Indian_crew_encounter_elephant_near_Meiktila.jpg/440px-British_commander_and_Indian_crew_encounter_elephant_near_Meiktila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sherman_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman tank">Sherman tank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Royal_Deccan_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Royal Deccan Horse">9th Royal Deccan Horse</a>, on the road to <a href="/wiki/Meiktila" title="Meiktila">Meiktila</a>, Burma, 29 March 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the Indian Army numbered 205,000 men and, as the war continued, this would rise to 2.5 million men to become the largest all–volunteer force in history. During this process, six corps would be raised; which consisted of the <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(India)" title="III Corps (India)">Indian III Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="IV Corps (United Kingdom)">Indian IV Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(British_India)" title="XV Corps (British India)">Indian XV Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_XXI_Corps" title="Indian XXI Corps">Indian XXI Corps</a> (served with <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Tenth Army (United Kingdom)">Tenth Army</a> in the Middle East in 1942), <a href="/wiki/XXXIII_Corps_(British_India)" title="XXXIII Corps (British India)">Indian XXXIII Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/XXXIV_Corps_(British_India)" title="XXXIV Corps (British India)">Indian XXXIV Corps</a>. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="2nd Infantry Division (India)">2nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="4th Infantry Division (India)">4th</a>, <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="5th Infantry Division (India)">5th</a>, <a href="/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="6th Infantry Division (India)">6th</a>, <a href="/wiki/7th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="7th Indian Infantry Division">7th</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="8th Infantry Division (India)">8th</a>, <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="9th Infantry Division (India)">9th</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="10th Indian Infantry Division">10th</a>, <a href="/wiki/11th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="11th Indian Infantry Division">11th</a>, <a href="/wiki/12th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="12th Infantry Division (India)">12th</a>, <a href="/wiki/14th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="14th Indian Infantry Division">14th</a>, <a href="/wiki/17th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="17th Infantry Division (India)">17th</a>, <a href="/wiki/19th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="19th Indian Infantry Division">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/20th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="20th Indian Infantry Division">20th</a>, <a href="/wiki/21st_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="21st Infantry Division (India)">21st</a>, <a href="/wiki/23rd_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="23rd Indian Infantry Division">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/25th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="25th Indian Infantry Division">25th</a>, <a href="/wiki/26th_Indian_Infantry_Division" title="26th Indian Infantry Division">26th</a>, <a href="/wiki/34th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="34th Infantry Division (India)">34th</a>, <a href="/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">36th</a> (later converted to an all-British formation), and <a href="/wiki/39th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="39th Infantry Division (India)">39th</a> Indian Divisions were formed, as well as other forces. Additionally there were at one time or another four armoured divisions formed (the <a href="/wiki/31st_Indian_Armoured_Division" title="31st Indian Armoured Division">31st</a>, <a href="/wiki/32nd_Indian_Armoured_Division" title="32nd Indian Armoured Division">32nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/43rd_Armoured_Division_(India)" title="43rd Armoured Division (India)">43rd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/44th_Armoured_Division_(India)" title="44th Armoured Division (India)">44th</a>), and one airborne division, also designated the <a href="/wiki/44th_Airborne_Division_(India)" title="44th Airborne Division (India)">44th</a>. In matters of administration, weapons, training, and equipment, the Indian Army had considerable independence; for example, prior to the war the Indian Army adopted the <a href="/wiki/Vickers%E2%80%93Berthier" title="Vickers–Berthier">Vickers–Berthier</a> (VB) light machine gun instead of the <a href="/wiki/Bren_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Bren gun">Bren gun</a> of the British Army, while continuing to manufacture and issue the older <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">SMLE No. 1 Mk III</a> rifle during the Second World War, instead of the Lee–Enfield No.4 Mk I issued to the British Army from the middle of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks197989_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks197989-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particularly notable contributions of the Indian Army during that conflict were the: </p> <ul><li><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_VI_is_driven_past_cheering_Indian_troops_on_his_way_to_a_ceremony_to_invest_Sepoy_Kamal_Ram_with_the_Victoria_Cross,_Italy,_26_July_1944._NA17265.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_George_VI_is_driven_past_cheering_Indian_troops_on_his_way_to_a_ceremony_to_invest_Sepoy_Kamal_Ram_with_the_Victoria_Cross%2C_Italy%2C_26_July_1944._NA17265.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_George_VI_is_driven_past_cheering_Indian_troops_on_his_way_to_a_ceremony_to_invest_Sepoy_Kamal_Ram_with_the_Victoria_Cross%2C_Italy%2C_26_July_1944._NA17265.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_George_VI_is_driven_past_cheering_Indian_troops_on_his_way_to_a_ceremony_to_invest_Sepoy_Kamal_Ram_with_the_Victoria_Cross%2C_Italy%2C_26_July_1944._NA17265.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a> being driven past cheering Indian troops on his way to a ceremony to invest Sepoy <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ram" title="Kamal Ram">Kamal Ram</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>, Italy, 26 July 1944</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean,_Middle_East_and_African_theatres_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II">Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Battleaxe" title="Operation Battleaxe">Operation Battleaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria-Lebanon campaign">Syria-Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malaya">Battle of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg/220px-Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg/330px-Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg/440px-Sikh_soldier_with_captured_Swastika_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Sikh soldier with captured Nazi Swastika flag</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the course of the Second World War, about 87,000 Indian soldiers were killed. In this period, 31 Indians were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> (See: Indians in '<a href="/wiki/List_of_Victoria_Cross_recipients_by_nationality" title="List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality">List of Victoria Cross Recipients by Nationality'</a>). Out of the 252 <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Orders</a> awarded to the British Indian Army, at least 13 were awarded to native officers (See: <a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_Companions_of_the_Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Category:South Asian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order">South Asian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Germans and Japanese were relatively successful in recruiting combat forces from Indian <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>. These forces were known as the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger Legion">Tiger Legion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA). Indian nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> led the 40,000-strong INA. From a total of about 55,000 Indians taken prisoner in Malaya and Singapore in February 1942, about 30,000 joined the INA,<sup id="cite_ref-Greatinadversity_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greatinadversity-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which fought Allied forces in the Burma Campaign. Others became guards at Japanese POW camps. The recruitment was the brainchild of Major <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_Iwaichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujiwara Iwaichi">Fujiwara Iwaichi</a> who mentions in his memoirs that Captain <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Singh_Deb" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohan Singh Deb">Mohan Singh Deb</a>, who surrendered after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Battle of Jitra</a> became the founder of the INA.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Indian_infantry_section_of_the_2nd_Battalion,_7th_Rajput_Regiment_about_to_go_on_patrol_on_the_Arakan_front_in_Burma,_1944._IND2917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/An_Indian_infantry_section_of_the_2nd_Battalion%2C_7th_Rajput_Regiment_about_to_go_on_patrol_on_the_Arakan_front_in_Burma%2C_1944._IND2917.jpg/220px-An_Indian_infantry_section_of_the_2nd_Battalion%2C_7th_Rajput_Regiment_about_to_go_on_patrol_on_the_Arakan_front_in_Burma%2C_1944._IND2917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/An_Indian_infantry_section_of_the_2nd_Battalion%2C_7th_Rajput_Regiment_about_to_go_on_patrol_on_the_Arakan_front_in_Burma%2C_1944._IND2917.jpg/330px-An_Indian_infantry_section_of_the_2nd_Battalion%2C_7th_Rajput_Regiment_about_to_go_on_patrol_on_the_Arakan_front_in_Burma%2C_1944._IND2917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/An_Indian_infantry_section_of_the_2nd_Battalion%2C_7th_Rajput_Regiment_about_to_go_on_patrol_on_the_Arakan_front_in_Burma%2C_1944._IND2917.jpg/440px-An_Indian_infantry_section_of_the_2nd_Battalion%2C_7th_Rajput_Regiment_about_to_go_on_patrol_on_the_Arakan_front_in_Burma%2C_1944._IND2917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/7th_Rajput_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Rajput Regiment">7th Rajput Regiment</a> about to go on patrol in <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a>, 1944.</figcaption></figure><p>Some Indian Army personnel resisted recruitment and remained POWs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkawi2006341_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkawi2006341-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unknown number captured in Malaya and Singapore were taken to Japanese-occupied areas of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> as forced labour. Many of these men suffered severe hardships and brutality, similar to that experienced by other prisoners of Japan during the Second World War. About 6,000 of them survived until they were liberated by Australian or US forces, in 1943–45.<sup id="cite_ref-Greatinadversity_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greatinadversity-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the later stages of the Second World War, from the fall of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and the ending of <a href="/wiki/ABDACOM" class="mw-redirect" title="ABDACOM">ABDACOM</a> in early 1942 until the formation of the <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a> (SEAC) in August 1943, some American and Chinese units were placed under British military command. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Second_World_War">Post Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountbatten_inspects_Indian_troops_at_Singapore_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mountbatten_inspects_Indian_troops_at_Singapore_1945.jpg/220px-Mountbatten_inspects_Indian_troops_at_Singapore_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mountbatten_inspects_Indian_troops_at_Singapore_1945.jpg/330px-Mountbatten_inspects_Indian_troops_at_Singapore_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mountbatten_inspects_Indian_troops_at_Singapore_1945.jpg/440px-Mountbatten_inspects_Indian_troops_at_Singapore_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a> inspecting the <a href="/wiki/17th_Dogra_Regiment" title="17th Dogra Regiment">17th Dogra Regiment</a> at Singapore, 1945.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg/220px-Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg/330px-Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg/440px-Delhi_Victory_Week_Parade_IND5040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Indian Army soldiers pass the saluting base in the Delhi Victory Week Parade, 7 March 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>12 September 1946 the minister for external affairs in India, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> demanded in a letter to the Commander in Chief and Defence Secretary, that a large-scale reform should be implemented to improve the Indian Army. <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> had been ravaged by large communal riots, but the British Indian Army was able to restore order. Nehru demanded with urgency, that the Indian Army should safeguard <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">India's new democracy</a>. Nehru was a nationalist and opposed India's "divide and rule" policy.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London,_1946_H42786.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London%2C_1946_H42786.jpg/220px-Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London%2C_1946_H42786.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London%2C_1946_H42786.jpg/330px-Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London%2C_1946_H42786.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London%2C_1946_H42786.jpg/440px-Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London%2C_1946_H42786.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Contingent of infantry from the Indian Army at the <a href="/wiki/London_Victory_Celebrations_of_1946" title="London Victory Celebrations of 1946">Victory Parade in London</a>, 8 June 1946.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947, the formations, units, assets, and indigenous personnel of the Indian Army were divided between the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapping198575–76_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapping198575–76-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lapping" title="Brian Lapping">Brian Lapping</a> wrote, "By comparison with the two great provinces [Bengal & Punjab], partition of the army and the civil service was easy, though by any other standard, it was difficult, wasteful, and destructive. ... The men were transferred in their units. Regiments of Sikh and Hindu soldiers from the north-west frontier had to make their way through Muslim territory to get out of what was to be Pakistan."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapping198579,_82_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapping198579,_82-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1947 a final agreement was signed regarding the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> regiments in the British Indian Army. Four Gurkha regiments, recruited from both eastern and western <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, would join the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. The remaining six Gurkha regiments of the British Indian Army joined the Dominion of India. During the transition period after partition, those Gurkha regiments that were in Pakistan, did their service, but were eventually moved back to India.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The partition reduced the ethnic imbalance of the British Indian Army, which became the present-day <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>. But, the partition resulted in more ethnic imbalance in the Pakistani military, mainly because the new nation state of Pakistan was formed by joining West Punjab, NWFP, East Bengal, Baluchistan, and Sind. The new <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> was mainly made up of soldiers from two of these provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Bangladesh Army</a>, which was created from the Pakistan Army on the independence of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, retain many British Indian Army traditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No._1_Kohat_Mountain_Battery_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/No._1_Kohat_Mountain_Battery_1896.jpg/220px-No._1_Kohat_Mountain_Battery_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/No._1_Kohat_Mountain_Battery_1896.jpg/330px-No._1_Kohat_Mountain_Battery_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/No._1_Kohat_Mountain_Battery_1896.jpg/440px-No._1_Kohat_Mountain_Battery_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/21st_Kohat_Mountain_Battery_(Frontier_Force)" title="21st Kohat Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)">No. 1 Kohat Mountain Battery</a> of the Punjab Frontier Force, illustration by Richard Simkin, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1896.</figcaption></figure> <p>The armies of the East India Company were recruited primarily from <a href="/wiki/Forward_caste" title="Forward caste">forward caste</a> Hindus and Muslims in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a>. This later expanded into the armies of the three <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">Presidencies and provinces of British India</a>. </p><p>Writing in <i>The Indian Army</i> (1834), <a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm" title="John Malcolm">Sir John Malcolm</a>, who had a lifetime's experience of Indian soldiering, wrote about the Bengal Presidency: "They consist largely of Rajpoots (<a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>), who are a distinguished race among the Khiteree (<a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>), or Brhamins (<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>) We may judge of the size of these men when we are told that the height below which no recruit is taken is five feet six inches. The great proportion of the Grenadiers are six feet and upwards."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpilsbury20079_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpilsbury20079-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meaning of the term Indian Army changed over time, initially as an informal collective term for the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">armies of the three presidencies</a>–the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Army" title="Madras Army">Madras Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Army" title="Bombay Army">Bombay Army</a>–between 1858 and 1894. In 1895, the Indian Army began its formal existence and was the "army of the government of India", including British and Indian (<a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoy</a>) units; this arrangement lasted until 1902. </p><p>Many of these troops took part in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Mutiny">Indian Mutiny</a>, with the aim of reinstating the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah II">Bahadur Shah II</a> at Delhi, partly as a result of insensitive treatment by their British officers. During this period, the Company Raj relied heavily upon the armies of <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</a> to quell the rebellion. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RML7pounderMountanGunHazaraBattery1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/RML7pounderMountanGunHazaraBattery1895.jpg/200px-RML7pounderMountanGunHazaraBattery1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/RML7pounderMountanGunHazaraBattery1895.jpg/300px-RML7pounderMountanGunHazaraBattery1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/RML7pounderMountanGunHazaraBattery1895.jpg/400px-RML7pounderMountanGunHazaraBattery1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>No. 4 (<a href="/wiki/Hazara_District" title="Hazara District">Hazara</a>) Mountain Battery with <a href="/wiki/RML_7-pounder_mountain_gun" title="RML 7-pounder mountain gun">RML 7-pounder mountain gun</a>. Left to right Subadars (Sikhs) and Gunners (Punjabi Musalman) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1895.</figcaption></figure> <p>The officer commanding the Army of India was the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a>, India who reported to the civilian <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>. The title was used before the creation of a unified British Indian Army; the first reported holder was then-Major <a href="/wiki/Stringer_Lawrence" title="Stringer Lawrence">Stringer Lawrence</a> in 1748. Lawrence went to India with no larger command than a "small undisciplined garrison of two or three hundred men" facing a significant French presence.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1903, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum">Lord Kitchener</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army</a>. He instituted large-scale reforms, the greatest of which was the merger of the three armies of the Presidencies into a unified force. He formed higher level formations, eight army divisions, and brigaded Indian and British units. He left his command in 1909. Following Kitchener's reforms, the terminology used for the forces in India was altered. The <i>Indian Army</i> referred from that time to "the force recruited locally and permanently based in India, together with its expatriate British officers;"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler2002_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2002-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>British Army in India</i> referred to the British Army units posted to India for a tour of duty, and which would then be posted to other parts of the Empire or back to the UK. The <i>Army of India</i> was used to describe the combined forces of both the Indian Army and the British Army in India. </p><p>By the early 1900s the three previous separate army staffs had been amalgamated into Headquarters, India (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/1906_Birthday_Honours" title="1906 Birthday Honours">1906 Birthday Honours</a>) which by 1922 had become <a href="/wiki/GHQ_India" title="GHQ India">GHQ India</a> (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/1922_New_Year_Honours" title="1922 New Year Honours">1922 New Year Honours</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranks_and_insignia">Ranks and insignia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ranks and insignia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <caption><b>British Indian Army king's/queen's commissioned officer (KCO/QCO) rank insignia</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="4">General officers </th> <th colspan="4">Field officers </th> <th colspan="3">Junior officers </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Indian Army</a> <i>epaulette rank insignia</i> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-10.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Field Marshal"><img alt="Field Marshal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-10.svg/49px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-10.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-10.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-9.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="General"><img alt="General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-9.svg/49px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-9.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-9.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant-General"><img alt="Lieutenant-General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-8.svg/49px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-8.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-8.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-7.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Major-General"><img alt="Major-General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-7.svg/49px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-7.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-7.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1928-1953)_OF-6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brigadier"><img alt="Brigadier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British_Army_%281928-1953%29_OF-6.svg/49px-British_Army_%281928-1953%29_OF-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British_Army_%281928-1953%29_OF-6.svg/75px-British_Army_%281928-1953%29_OF-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British_Army_%281928-1953%29_OF-6.svg/99px-British_Army_%281928-1953%29_OF-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-5.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonel"><img alt="Colonel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-5.svg/49px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-5.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-5.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant-Colonel"><img alt="Lieutenant-Colonel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-4.svg/49px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-4.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-4.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Major"><img alt="Major" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-3.svg/49px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-3.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-3.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Captain"><img alt="Captain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-2.svg/50px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-2.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-2.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant"><img alt="Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-1b.svg/50px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-1b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-1b.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-1b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-1b.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-1b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1a.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Lieutenant"><img alt="Second Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-1a.svg/50px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-1a.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-1a.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF-1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF_(D).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Officer Cadet"><img alt="Officer Cadet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF_%28D%29.svg/50px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF_%28D%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF_%28D%29.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF_%28D%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF_%28D%29.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OF_%28D%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><b>Rank</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field marshal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-general</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">Major-general</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brigadier</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-colonel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">Major</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">Captain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant#United_Kingdom_and_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">Second lieutenant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Officer_Cadet#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer Cadet">Officer cadet</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Abbreviation </th> <td>FM </td> <td>Gen </td> <td>LtGen </td> <td>MajGen </td> <td>Brig </td> <td>Col </td> <td>LtCol </td> <td>Maj </td> <td>Capt </td> <td>Lt </td> <td>2Lt </td> <td>OCdt </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <caption><b>British Indian Army viceroy's commissioned officer (VCO) rank insignia</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="3">Native officers </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Indian Army</a> <i>epaulette rank insignia</i> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Army_(1920-1950)_Subedar_Major_%26_Risaldar_Major.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Field Marshal"><img alt="Field Marshal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Subedar_Major_%26_Risaldar_Major.svg/49px-Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Subedar_Major_%26_Risaldar_Major.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Subedar_Major_%26_Risaldar_Major.svg/75px-Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Subedar_Major_%26_Risaldar_Major.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Subedar_Major_%26_Risaldar_Major.svg/99px-Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Subedar_Major_%26_Risaldar_Major.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Army_(1920-1950)_Subedar_%26_Risaldar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="General"><img alt="General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Subedar_%26_Risaldar.svg/49px-Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Subedar_%26_Risaldar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Subedar_%26_Risaldar.svg/75px-Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Subedar_%26_Risaldar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Subedar_%26_Risaldar.svg/99px-Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Subedar_%26_Risaldar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Army_(1920-1950)_Naib_Subedar_%26_Naib_Risaldar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant-General"><img alt="Lieutenant-General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Naib_Subedar_%26_Naib_Risaldar.svg/49px-Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Naib_Subedar_%26_Naib_Risaldar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Naib_Subedar_%26_Naib_Risaldar.svg/75px-Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Naib_Subedar_%26_Naib_Risaldar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Naib_Subedar_%26_Naib_Risaldar.svg/99px-Indian_Army_%281920-1950%29_Naib_Subedar_%26_Naib_Risaldar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><b>Rank</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subedar-major" title="Subedar-major">Subedar major</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subedar" title="Subedar">Subedar</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jemadar" title="Jemadar">Jemadar</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Abbreviation </th> <td>SubMaj </td> <td>Sub </td> <td>Jem </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <caption><b>British Indian Army other ranks (OR) rank insignia</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center;"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="5">Senior NCOs </th> <th colspan="2">Junior NCOs </th> <th>Enlisted </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Indian Army</a> <i>epaulette rank insignia</i> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OR-9a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-9a.svg/55px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-9a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-9a.svg/82px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-9a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-9a.svg/109px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-9a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OR-8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-8.svg/49px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-8.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-8.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OR-7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-7.svg/51px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-7.svg/77px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-7.svg/103px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OR-6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-6.svg/49px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-6.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-6.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OR-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-4.svg/50px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-4.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-4.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span><hr /> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OR-3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-3.svg/50px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-3.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-3.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OR-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-2.svg/50px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-2.svg/75px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-2.svg/99px-British_Army_%281920-1953%29_OR-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="191" /></a></span> </td> <td><b>No insignia</b><hr /> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Rank </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Regimental_sergeant_major" title="Regimental sergeant major">Regimental havildar major</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Regimental_quartermaster_sergeant" title="Regimental quartermaster sergeant">Regimental quartermaster havildar</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Company_sergeant_major" title="Company sergeant major">Company havildar major</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Company_quartermaster_sergeant" title="Company quartermaster sergeant">Company quartermaster havildar</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Havildar" title="Havildar">Havildar</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naik_(military_rank)" title="Naik (military rank)">Naik</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lance_naik" title="Lance naik">Lance naik</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sepoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>(or equivalent) </p> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Abbreviation </th> <td>RHM </td> <td>RQMH </td> <td>CHM </td> <td>CQMH </td> <td>Hav </td> <td>Nk </td> <td>LNk </td> <td>Sep </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command">Command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indian Army postings were less prestigious than British Army positions, but the pay was significantly greater so that officers could live on their salaries instead of having to have a private income. Accordingly, vacancies in the Indian Army were much sought after and generally reserved for the higher placed officer-cadets graduating from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Royal Military College, Sandhurst</a>. British officers in the Indian Army were expected to learn to speak the Indian languages of their men, who tended to be recruited from primarily <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> speaking areas. Prominent British Indian Army officers included <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Birdwood,_1st_Baron_Birdwood" class="mw-redirect" title="William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood">Lord Birdwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Claude_Auchinleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Claude Auchinleck">Sir Claude Auchinleck</a> ("The Auk") and <a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">Lord Slim</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personnel">Personnel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen%27s_Own_Madras_Sappers_and_Miners,_Review_Order.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_Queen%27s_Own_Madras_Sappers_and_Miners%2C_Review_Order.jpg/220px-The_Queen%27s_Own_Madras_Sappers_and_Miners%2C_Review_Order.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/The_Queen%27s_Own_Madras_Sappers_and_Miners%2C_Review_Order.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Madras_Sappers_and_Miners" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Own Madras Sappers and Miners">Queen's Own Madras Sappers and Miners</a>, illustration <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1896.</figcaption></figure> <p>Commissioned officers, British and Indian, held identical ranks to commissioned officers of the British Army. <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Commissioned_Indian_Officer" title="King's Commissioned Indian Officer">King's Commissioned Indian Officers</a> (KCIOs), created from the 1920s, held equal powers to British officers. <a href="/wiki/Viceroy%27s_Commissioned_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy's Commissioned Officer">Viceroy's Commissioned Officers</a> were Indians holding officer ranks. They were treated in almost all respects as commissioned officers, but had authority over Indian troops only, and were subordinate to all British King's (and Queen's) Commissioned Officers and KCIOs. They included <a href="/wiki/Subedar_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Subedar Major">Subedar Major</a> or <a href="/wiki/Risaldar-Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Risaldar-Major">Risaldar-Major</a> (Cavalry), equivalents to a British <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a>; <a href="/wiki/Subedar" title="Subedar">Subedar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Risaldar" title="Risaldar">Risaldar</a> (Cavalry) equivalents to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land_and_air)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land and air)">Captain</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Jemadar" title="Jemadar">Jemadars</a> equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Colour_Party_of_a_Sikh_Regiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Colour_Party_of_a_Sikh_Regiment.jpg/200px-The_Colour_Party_of_a_Sikh_Regiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Colour_Party_of_a_Sikh_Regiment.jpg/300px-The_Colour_Party_of_a_Sikh_Regiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/The_Colour_Party_of_a_Sikh_Regiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colour_guard" title="Colour guard">Colour party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/15th_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Sikhs">15th Sikhs</a>, published 1918.</figcaption></figure> <p>Recruitment was entirely voluntary; about 1.75 million men served in the First World War, many on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> and 2.5 million in the Second. Non-Commissioned Officers included <a href="/wiki/Company_Havildar_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Company Havildar Major">Company Havildar Majors</a> equivalents to a <a href="/wiki/Company_Sergeant_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Company Sergeant Major">Company Sergeant Major</a>; <a href="/wiki/Company_Quartermaster_Havildar" class="mw-redirect" title="Company Quartermaster Havildar">Company Quartermaster Havildars</a>, equivalents to a <a href="/wiki/Company_Quartermaster_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="Company Quartermaster Sergeant">Company Quartermaster Sergeant</a>; <a href="/wiki/Havildar" title="Havildar">Havildars</a> or <a href="/wiki/Daffadar" title="Daffadar">Daffadars</a> (Cavalry) equivalents to a <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a>; <a href="/wiki/Naik_(military_rank)" title="Naik (military rank)">Naik</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lance-Daffadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lance-Daffadar">Lance-Daffadar</a> (Cavalry) equivalents to a British <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">Corporal</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Lance-Naik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lance-Naik">Lance-Naik</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acting_Lance-Daffadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Acting Lance-Daffadar">Acting Lance-Daffadar</a> (Cavalry) equivalents to a <a href="/wiki/Lance-Corporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lance-Corporal">Lance-Corporal</a>. </p><p>Soldier ranks included <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sepoys</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sowar" title="Sowar">Sowars</a> (Cavalry), equivalent to a British <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">private</a>. British Army ranks such as <a href="/wiki/Gunner_(rank)" title="Gunner (rank)">gunner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sapper</a> were used by other <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a>. </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Mutiny</a> of 1857, also called the Sepoy Mutiny by the British, the three armies of the former Presidencies of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> passed to the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaylor19962_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaylor19962-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Mutiny, recruitment switched to what the British called the "<a href="/wiki/Martial_race" title="Martial race">martial races</a>", particularly <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Awan (Pakistan)">Awans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gakhars" title="Gakhars">Gakhars</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi</a> <i>Musulmans</i>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathas">Marathas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumauni_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumauni people">Kumaonis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurkhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkhas">Gurkhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garhwali_people" title="Garhwali people">Garhwalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janjua" title="Janjua">Janjuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maravars" class="mw-redirect" title="Maravars">Maravars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kallars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kallars">Kallars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vellalar" title="Vellalar">Vellalar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogras" title="Dogras">Dogras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahars">Mahars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saini" title="Saini">Sainis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazumder2003105_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazumder2003105-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas</a> had gone into the British army and were known to have rarely rebelled. The <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh Wars</a>, treated the British Army as a replacement for the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a>, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the General Staff (India)">Chief of the General Staff (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regiments_of_the_Indian_Army_(1903)" title="List of regiments of the Indian Army (1903)">List of regiments of the Indian Army (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Victoria_Cross_recipients" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian Victoria Cross recipients">List of Indian Victoria Cross recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Order_of_Merit" title="Indian Order of Merit">Indian Order of Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Indian Distinguished Service Medal">Indian Distinguished Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_British_India" title="Order of British India">Order of British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatory_Ridge,_Johannesburg" title="Observatory Ridge, Johannesburg">Observatory Ridge, Johannesburg</a>, site of a monument commemorating the British Indian Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy" title="Royal Indian Navy">Royal Indian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Air_Force" title="Royal Indian Air Force">Royal Indian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Historical_Society" title="Indian Military Historical Society">Indian Military Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army</a> – having a similar function in the Netherlands East Indies</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prior to this, the force was known as the "Army of the Government of India"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The commands were: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(India)" title="Northern Command (India)">Northern Command</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Command</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(India)" title="Southern Command (India)">Southern Command</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known as Risaldar Major in <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry regiments</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known as Risaldar in <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry regiments</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known as Regimental Daffadar Major (RDM) in <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry regiments</a> and Battalion Havildar Major (BHM) when holder is in charge of a supervisory position within a battalion</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known as Regimental Quartermaster Daffadar (RQMD) in <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry regiments</a> and Battalion Quartermaster Havildar (BQMH) when holder is in charge of a supervisory position within a battalion</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known as Squadron Daffadar Major (SDM) in <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry regiments</a> and Battery Havildar Major (BHM) in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Artillery" title="Royal Indian Artillery">Royal Indian Artillery</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known as Squadron Quartermaster Daffadar (SQMD) in <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry regiments</a> and Battery Quartermaster Havildar (BQMH) in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Artillery" title="Royal Indian Artillery">Royal Indian Artillery</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known as Daffadar in <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry regiments</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known as Lance Daffadar in <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry regiments</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known as Acting Lance Daffadar in <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry regiments</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known as Gunner in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Artillery" title="Royal Indian Artillery">Royal Indian Artillery</a>, Rifleman in <a href="/wiki/Rifle_regiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle regiments">rifle regiments</a>, Paratrooper in the <a href="/wiki/Parachute_Regiment_(India)" title="Parachute Regiment (India)">Parachute Regiment</a>, Grenadier in <a href="/wiki/The_Grenadiers" title="The Grenadiers">The Grenadiers</a>, Sapper in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Indian Army Corps of Engineers">Corps of Engineers</a>, Craftsman in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_Corps_of_EME" title="Indian Army Corps of EME">Electrical and Mechanical Engineers</a>, and Signalman in the <a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Corps of Signals</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1918" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Stanley C. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56830/56830-h/56830-h.htm#Page_115"><i>The Flags of our Fighting Army</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a>. pp. 115–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0265482194" title="Special:BookSources/0265482194"><bdi>0265482194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flags+of+our+Fighting+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115-118&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=1918&rft.isbn=0265482194&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Stanley+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F56830%2F56830-h%2F56830-h.htm%23Page_115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916041011/https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1959-08-118-1">"King's Colour, 2nd Battalion, 17th Dogra Regiment, 1926-1947 (c)"</a>. <i>collection.nam.ac.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collection.nam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=King%27s+Colour%2C+2nd+Battalion%2C+17th+Dogra+Regiment%2C+1926-1947+%28c%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.nam.ac.uk%2Fdetail.php%3Facc%3D1959-08-118-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216071540/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimpleWithEightPara.aspx?MnId=Sg+FqEGS1Bo=&ParentID=Y11bXvHH2Ok=&flag=p">"History of South Command"</a>. <i>indianarmy.nic.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimpleWithEightPara.aspx?MnId=Sg+FqEGS1Bo=&ParentID=Y11bXvHH2Ok=&flag=p">the original</a> on 16 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indianarmy.nic.in&rft.atitle=History+of+South+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianarmy.nic.in%2FSite%2FFormTemplete%2FfrmTempSimpleWithEightPara.aspx%3FMnId%3DSg%2BFqEGS1Bo%3D%26ParentID%3DY11bXvHH2Ok%3D%26flag%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907084647/https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/independence-and-partition-1947">"Independence and Partition, 1947"</a>. <i>www.nam.ac.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Army_Museum" title="National Army Museum">National Army Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/independence-and-partition-1947">the original</a> on 7 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2024</span>. <q>The end of British rule in India...spelled the end of the existing Indian Army and its administration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Independence+and+Partition%2C+1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nam.ac.uk%2Fexplore%2Findependence-and-partition-1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton-Jack2018" class="citation book cs1">Morton-Jack, George (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAtUDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Up+to+1918%2C+a+total+of+1.5+million+Indian+recruits+would+serve+in+the+Indian+Army%22"><i>Army of Empire: The Untold Story of the Indian Army in World War I</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09407-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09407-3"><bdi>978-0-465-09407-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+of+Empire%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Indian+Army+in+World+War+I&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09407-3&rft.aulast=Morton-Jack&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAtUDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Up%2Bto%2B1918%252C%2Ba%2Btotal%2Bof%2B1.5%2Bmillion%2BIndian%2Brecruits%2Bwould%2Bserve%2Bin%2Bthe%2BIndian%2BArmy%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton-Jack" class="citation web cs1">Morton-Jack, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240829215642/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare-1914-1918-india/">"Warfare 1914-1918 (India)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net">1914–1918 Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1914%E2%80%931918+Online%3A+International+Encyclopedia+of+the+First+World+War&rft.atitle=Warfare+1914-1918+%28India%29&rft.aulast=Morton-Jack&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Fwarfare-1914-1918-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2016" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, Srinath (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JiPTDQAAQBAJ"><i>India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03022-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03022-4"><bdi>978-0-465-03022-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/921864220">921864220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+War%3A+World+War+II+and+the+Making+of+Modern+South+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F921864220&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03022-4&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJiPTDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton-Jack2015" class="citation book cs1">Morton-Jack, George (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cczSCQAAQBAJ&q=%22Lee-Enfield%22&pg=PA335"><i>The Indian Army on the Western Front</i></a>. 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London: Spink. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907605-25-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907605-25-6"><bdi>978-0-907605-25-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battles+%26+Medals&rft.place=London&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Spink&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-907605-25-6&rft.aulast=Joslin&rft.aufirst=E.C.&rft.au=Litherland%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Simpkin%2C+B.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishbattlesme0000josl%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D%2522China%2BWar%2BMedal%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Augustus_Steward1915" class="citation book cs1">William Augustus Steward (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49986/49986-h/49986-h.htm#Page_248"><i>War Medals and Their History</i></a>. 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Legends Museum. 20 May 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legends.com.tw/2024/05/20/eight-nation-alliance-bronze-china-war-medal-full-size-with-relief-of-pekin-clasp-%E5%85%AB%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D-%E9%8A%85%E8%B3%AA%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0/">the original</a> on 18 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Devon, UK: Token Publishing Limited. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908828-10-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908828-10-1"><bdi>978-1-908828-10-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medal+Yearbook+2014&rft.place=Devon%2C+UK&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Token+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.isbn=978-1-908828-10-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedalyearbook0000john%2Fpage%2F166%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D%2522China%2BWar%2BMedal%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922230420/http://www.onlinemedals.co.uk/medal-encyclopaedia/pre-ww1-medals/china-war-medal-1900">"China War Medal 1900"</a>. <i>www.onlinemedals.co.uk</i>. 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Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Post%3A+Indian+War+Memorials+Around+the+World&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Centre+for+Armed+Forces+Historical+Research%2C+United+Service+Institution+of+India&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=China&rft.aufirst=Rana+T.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mea.gov.in%2FUploads%2FPublicationDocs%2F23460_IWM_Book__11-06-2014_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greatinadversity-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greatinadversity_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greatinadversity_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley" class="citation web cs1">Stanley, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080114200200/http://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j37/indians.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Great in adversity': Indian prisoners of war in New Guinea"</a>. <i>Australian War Memorial</i>. 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Vol. XI. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio (AIR)</a>. 22 February 1946. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Listener&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=All+India+Radio+%28AIR%29&rft.date=1946-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbfkDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Delhi%2BVictory%2BWeek%2522%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Wilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Steven Wilkinson (2015). <i>Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521899758" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521899758"><bdi>978-0521899758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army+and+the+End+of+the+Raj&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0521899758&rft.au=Daniel+Marston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Wilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Steven Wilkinson (2015). <i>Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674728806" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674728806"><bdi>978-0674728806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+and+Nation%3A+The+Military+and+Indian+Democracy+Since+Independence&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0674728806&rft.au=Steven+Wilkinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpilsbury20079-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpilsbury20079_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpilsbury2007">Spilsbury 2007</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Biddulph, <i>Stringer Lawrence, the Father of the Indian Army,</i> J. Murray, 1901, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler2002-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler2002_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler2002">Chandler 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazumder2003105-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazumder2003105_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazumder2003">Mazumder 2003</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkawi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Barkawi, Tarak (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/TarakBarkawi/Papers/267472/Culture_and_Combat_In_the_Colonies_The_Indian_Army_In_the_Second_World_War">"Culture and Combat in the Colonies: The Indian Army In the Second World War"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>41</b> (2). Sage: 325–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009406062071">10.1177/0022009406062071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145364543">145364543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Culture+and+Combat+in+the+Colonies%3A+The+Indian+Army+In+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=325-355&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009406062071&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145364543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barkawi&rft.aufirst=Tarak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcambridge.academia.edu%2FTarakBarkawi%2FPapers%2F267472%2FCulture_and_Combat_In_the_Colonies_The_Indian_Army_In_the_Second_World_War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthorp2002" class="citation book cs1">Barthorp, Michael (2002). <i>Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947</i>. London: Cassel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36294-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36294-8"><bdi>0-304-36294-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+Wars+and+the+North-West+Frontier+1839%E2%80%931947&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassel&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-304-36294-8&rft.aulast=Barthorp&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua2003" class="citation book cs1">Barua, Pradeep (2003). <i>Gentlemen of the Raj: The Indian Army Officer Corps, 1817–1949</i>. Westport, CT: Praegar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275979997" title="Special:BookSources/0275979997"><bdi>0275979997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentlemen+of+the+Raj%3A+The+Indian+Army+Officer+Corps%2C+1817%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praegar&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0275979997&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2002" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David (2002). <i>Oxford History of the British Army</i> (2nd ed.). USA: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192803115" title="Special:BookSources/0192803115"><bdi>0192803115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+British+Army&rft.place=USA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0192803115&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaylor1996" class="citation book cs1">Gaylor, John (1996). <i>Sons of John Company – The Indian & Pakistan Armies 1903–1991</i>. Tunbridge Wells, Kent: Parapress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898594-41-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-898594-41-4"><bdi>1-898594-41-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sons+of+John+Company+%E2%80%93+The+Indian+%26+Pakistan+Armies+1903%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Tunbridge+Wells%2C+Kent&rft.pub=Parapress&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-898594-41-4&rft.aulast=Gaylor&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaythornthwaite1992" class="citation book cs1">Haythornthwaite, P.J. (1992). <i>The World War One Sourcebook</i>. Arms and Armour Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+War+One+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Haythornthwaite&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathcote1974" class="citation book cs1">Heathcote, T. A. (1974). <i>The Indian Army – The Garrison of British Imperial India, 1822–1922</i>. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army+%E2%80%93+The+Garrison+of+British+Imperial+India%2C+1822%E2%80%931922&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%2C+Devon&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Heathcote&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlbert1913" class="citation journal cs1">Ilbert, Courtenay (1 January 1913). "British India". <i>Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 327–333. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/752287">752287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Comparative+Legislation&rft.atitle=British+India&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=327-333&rft.date=1913-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F752287%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ilbert&rft.aufirst=Courtenay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperial_Gazetteer_of_India,_Volume_IV1908" class="citation book cs1">Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume IV (1908). <i>Indian Empire: Administrative</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 552.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Empire%3A+Administrative&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=552&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India%2C+Volume+IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1940" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Donovan (1940). <i>India's Army</i>. London: Sampson Low.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sampson+Low&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Donovan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapping1985" class="citation book cs1">Lapping, Brian (1985). <i>End of Empire</i>. London: Guild Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=End+of+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Guild+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Lapping&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazumder2003" class="citation book cs1">Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003). <i>The Indian army and the making of Punjab</i>. Delhi, India: <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Black" title="Permanent Black">Permanent Black</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8178240599" title="Special:BookSources/8178240599"><bdi>8178240599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+army+and+the+making+of+Punjab&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Permanent+Black&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=8178240599&rft.aulast=Mazumder&rft.aufirst=Rajit+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan1908" class="citation book cs1">Nathan, R.; Lee-Warner, William; Carnduff, H. W. C.; Maclagan, E. D.; Walker, G. H. D.; Collen, Edwin; Nathan; Bythel, W. J.; Hemming, T. H. (1908). <i>The Imperial Gazetteer of India</i>. Assistance by A. W. Alcock. Oxford: The Claredon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=The+Claredon+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Lee-Warner%2C+William&rft.au=Carnduff%2C+H.+W.+C.&rft.au=Maclagan%2C+E.+D.&rft.au=Walker%2C+G.+H.+D.&rft.au=Collen%2C+Edwin&rft.au=Nathan&rft.au=Bythel%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Hemming%2C+T.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaugh2004" class="citation book cs1">Raugh, Harold E. (2004). <i>The Victorians at war, 1815–1914: an encyclopaedia of British military history</i>. s.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorians+at+war%2C+1815%E2%80%931914%3A+an+encyclopaedia+of+British+military+history&rft.pub=s&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Raugh&rft.aufirst=Harold+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robson, Brian (2007). <i>The Road to Kabul</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-416-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-416-7"><bdi>978-1-86227-416-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Kabul&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-416-7&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger2003" class="citation book cs1">Roger, Alexander (2003). <i>Battle Honours of the British Empire and Commonwealth Land Forces 1662–1991</i>. Marlborough: Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-637-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-637-5"><bdi>1-86126-637-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Honours+of+the+British+Empire+and+Commonwealth+Land+Forces+1662%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Marlborough&rft.pub=Crowood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86126-637-5&rft.aulast=Roger&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Smyth,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Smyth, 1st Baronet">Smyth, John</a> (1967). <i>Bolo Whistler: the life of General Sir Lashmer Whistler: a study in leadership</i>. London: Muller. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59031387">59031387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolo+Whistler%3A+the+life+of+General+Sir+Lashmer+Whistler%3A+a+study+in+leadership&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Muller&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59031387&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpilsbury2007" class="citation book cs1">Spilsbury, Julian (2007). <i>The Indian Mutiny</i>. Jouve, France: Orion Publishing Group. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297856306" title="Special:BookSources/9780297856306"><bdi>9780297856306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Mutiny&rft.place=Jouve%2C+France&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Orion+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780297856306&rft.aulast=Spilsbury&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2001" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Ian (2001). <i>The Indian Army 1914-1947</i>. Illustrated by Mike Chappell. UK: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-196-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-196-6"><bdi>1-84176-196-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army+1914-1947&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84176-196-6&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1979" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, John (1979). <i>World War II Small Arms</i>. New York: Galahad Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88365-403-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88365-403-2"><bdi>0-88365-403-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Small+Arms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Galahad+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-88365-403-2&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua1997" class="citation journal cs1">Barua, Pradeep (1997). "Strategies and Doctrines of Imperial Defence: Britain and India, 1919–45". <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 240–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086539708583000">10.1080/03086539708583000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Strategies+and+Doctrines+of+Imperial+Defence%3A+Britain+and+India%2C+1919%E2%80%9345&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=240-266&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086539708583000&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1969" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Stephen P. (May 1969). "The Untouchable Soldier: Caste, Politics, and the Indian Army". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 453–468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2943173">10.2307/2943173</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2943173">2943173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Untouchable+Soldier%3A+Caste%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Indian+Army&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=453-468&rft.date=1969-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2943173&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2943173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollen1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Henry_Hayter_Collen" title="Edwin Henry Hayter Collen">Collen, Edwin H. H.</a> (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Empire and the century/The Indian Army"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/The_Indian_Army">"The Indian Army" </a></span>. <i>The Empire and the century</i>. London: John Murray. pp. 663–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Army&rft.btitle=The+Empire+and+the+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=663-81&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Collen&rft.aufirst=Edwin+H.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuckers2003" class="citation book cs1">Duckers, Peter (2003). <i>The British Indian Army 1860–1914</i>. Shire Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0550-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0550-2"><bdi>978-0-7478-0550-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Indian+Army+1860%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Shire+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-0550-2&rft.aulast=Duckers&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrington1982" class="citation book cs1">Farrington, Anthony (1982). <i>Guide to the records of the India Office Military Department, India Office Library and Records</i>. India Office Library and Records. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903359-30-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903359-30-6"><bdi>978-0-903359-30-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+records+of+the+India+Office+Military+Department%2C+India+Office+Library+and+Records&rft.pub=India+Office+Library+and+Records&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-903359-30-6&rft.aulast=Farrington&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaDeshpandaYongSundaram2002" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Partha Sarathi; Deshpanda, Anirudh; Yong, Tan Tai; Sundaram, Chander S.; Roy, Kaushik; Kaul, Vivien Ashima (2002). <i>The British Raj and its Indian Armed Forces, 1857–1939</i>. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 98–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195658051" title="Special:BookSources/0195658051"><bdi>0195658051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Raj+and+its+Indian+Armed+Forces%2C+1857%E2%80%931939&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=98-124&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0195658051&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Partha+Sarathi&rft.au=Deshpanda%2C+Anirudh&rft.au=Yong%2C+Tan+Tai&rft.au=Sundaram%2C+Chander+S.&rft.au=Roy%2C+Kaushik&rft.au=Kaul%2C+Vivien+Ashima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyBoyden1997" class="citation book cs1">Guy, Alan J.; Boyden, Peter B. (1997). <i>Soldiers of the Raj, The Indian Army 1600–1947</i>. National Army Museum Chelsea.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+the+Raj%2C+The+Indian+Army+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=National+Army+Museum+Chelsea&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rft.au=Boyden%2C+Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathcote1995" class="citation book cs1">Heathcote, T. A. (1995). <i>The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600–1947</i>. Manchester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+in+British+India%3A+The+Development+of+British+Land+Forces+in+South+Asia%2C+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Heathcote&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Richard. <i>Sahib the British Soldier in India, 1750–1914</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sahib+the+British+Soldier+in+India%2C+1750%E2%80%931914&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2017" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Patrick (2017). Jeffreys, Alan (ed.). <i>The Indian Army 1939–47: Experience and Development</i> (1st ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138110069" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138110069"><bdi>978-1138110069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army+1939%E2%80%9347%3A+Experience+and+Development&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1138110069&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1974" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Philip (1974). <i>A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Matter+of+Honour%3A+An+Account+of+the+Indian+Army%2C+its+Officers+and+Men&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCosh1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McCosh" title="John McCosh">McCosh, John</a> (1856). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Advice to Officers in India"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Advice_to_Officers_in_India"><i>Advice to Officers in India</i> </a></span> (revised ed.). London: Wm. H. Allen & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advice+to+Officers+in+India&rft.place=London&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Wm.+H.+Allen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=McCosh&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmissi1994" class="citation book cs1">Omissi, David (1994). <i>The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860–1940</i>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sepoy+and+the+Raj%3A+The+Indian+Army%2C+1860%E2%80%931940&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Omissi&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Indian+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Roy, Pinaki. “<i>Black Peepers who charged</i>: Remembering the British-Indian Military Personnel of the Two World Wars”. <i>Modernity of India: Ambiguities and Deformities</i>. Eds. Sarkar, A.K., K. Chakraborty, and M. Dutta. <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>: Setu Prakashani, 2014 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80677-68-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80677-68-2">978-93-80677-68-2</a>). pp. 181–96.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cross, J. P., and Buddhiman Gurung, eds. <i>Gurkhas at War in Their Own Words: The Gurkha Experience 1939 to the Present</i> (London: Greenhill, 2002),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Masters" title="John Masters">Masters, John</a> (1956). <i>Bugles and a Tiger</i>: Viking. (autobiographical account of his service as a junior British officer in a Gurkha regiment in the years leading up to World War II)</li> <li>Omissi, David E. ed. <i>Indian Voices of the Great War: Soldiers' Letters, 1914–18</i> (1999)</li> <li>Francis J Short. Stories from the British Indian Army (2015)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Army&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk">British Military History – Including British Indian Army during WW2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.king-emperor.com">The Indian Army 1900–1939</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705054201/http://king-emperor.com/">Archived</a> 5 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.acast.com/s/wehaveways/the-indian-army">The Indian Army</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324052935/https://play.acast.com/s/wehaveways/the-indian-army">Archived</a> 24 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – talk by Rob Lyman on WWII Indian Army at We Have Ways Festival</li></ul> <div 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subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in 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