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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Silversmith</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%BA_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A9" title="صائغ فضة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صائغ فضة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8lvsmed" title="Sølvsmed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sølvsmed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silberschmied" title="Silberschmied – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Silberschmied" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platero" title="Platero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Platero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%9Dentarto" title="Arĝentarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arĝentarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نقره‌کار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقره‌کار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%80%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%A5" title="은공장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="은공장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrnar" title="Srebrnar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srebrnar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandai_perak" title="Pandai perak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pandai perak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silfursmi%C3%B0ur" title="Silfursmiður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Silfursmiður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ರಜತಕರ್ಮಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಜತಕರ್ಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%A1entier" title="Arġentier – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Arġentier" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%BA_%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%87" title="صايغ فضه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صايغ فضه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilversmid" title="Zilversmid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zilversmid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E7%B4%B0%E5%B7%A5%E8%81%B7%E4%BA%BA" title="銀細工職人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銀細工職人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8lvsmed" title="Sølvsmed – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sølvsmed" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8lvsmed" title="Sølvsmed – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sølvsmed" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argintar" title="Argintar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Argintar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Silversmith" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silversmed" title="Silversmed – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Silversmed" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%81%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%95%E1%8E%B3_%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%A2%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎤᏁᎦᎠᏕᎳ ᎪᏢᏗᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏁᎦᎠᏕᎳ ᎪᏢᏗᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E5%8C%A0" title="銀匠 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="銀匠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Craftsperson who makes objects from silver or gold</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Silversmith" title="Special:EditPage/Silversmith">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Silversmith%22">"Silversmith"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Silversmith%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Silversmith%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Silversmith%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Silversmith%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Silversmith%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg/220px-Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg/330px-Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg/440px-Rennen_Silver_sarcophagus_of_Saint_Stanislaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Embossed</a> silver sarcophagus of <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_of_Szczepan%C3%B3w" title="Stanislaus of Szczepanów">Saint Stanislaus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>, created in the main centers of 17th-century European silversmithery – <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a><sup id="cite_ref-artinpl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artinpl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>silversmith</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworker</a> who crafts objects from <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. The terms <i>silversmith</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmith</a></i> are not exact <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a>, as the techniques, training, history, and <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> are (or were, at least) largely the same but differed in that the end product may vary greatly (as may the scale of objects created). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silversmith&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Singleton_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_-_WGA5216.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/John_Singleton_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_-_WGA5216.jpg/220px-John_Singleton_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_-_WGA5216.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/John_Singleton_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_-_WGA5216.jpg/330px-John_Singleton_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_-_WGA5216.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/John_Singleton_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_-_WGA5216.jpg/440px-John_Singleton_Copley_-_Paul_Revere_-_WGA5216.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> with a silver teapot and some of his engraving tools</figcaption></figure> <p>In the ancient <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> (as holds true today), the value of silver was lower than the value of gold, allowing a silversmith to produce objects and store them as stock. Historian <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ogden_(jewellery_historian)" title="Jack Ogden (jewellery historian)">Jack Ogden</a> states that, according to an edict written by Diocletian in 301 A.D., a silversmith was able to charge 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 <i><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarii</a></i> per Roman pound for material produce. At that time, <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> of silversmiths formed to arbitrate disputes, protect its members' welfare, and educate the public of the trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogden_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogden-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silversmiths in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval England">England</a> formed guilds and transmitted their tools and techniques to new generations via the <a href="/wiki/Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">apprentice</a> tradition. Silverworking guilds often maintained consistency and upheld standards at the expense of innovation. Beginning in the 17th century, artisans emigrated to America and experienced fewer restrictions. As a result, silverworking was one of the trades that helped to inaugurate the technological and industrial history of the United States silverworking shift to industrialization. </p><p>Very exquisite and distinctly designed silverware, especially the artisanal craft that goes by the name of <a href="/wiki/Swami_silver" title="Swami silver">Swami silver</a>, emerged from the stable of watchmaker-turned-silversmith <a href="/wiki/P.Orr_%26_Sons" title="P.Orr & Sons">P.Orr and Sons</a> in the South Indian city of Madras (now Chennai) during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a> in 1875. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools,_materials_and_techniques"><span id="Tools.2C_materials_and_techniques"></span>Tools, materials and techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silversmith&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tools, materials and techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%26T_Hand-hammered_dish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/T%26T_Hand-hammered_dish.jpg/220px-T%26T_Hand-hammered_dish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/T%26T_Hand-hammered_dish.jpg/330px-T%26T_Hand-hammered_dish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/T%26T_Hand-hammered_dish.jpg/440px-T%26T_Hand-hammered_dish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption>Dish made by hand-hammering</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">saw</a> (jeweler's saw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snips" title="Snips">snips</a></li> <li>flat file</li> <li>jewelers' files</li> <li>planishing <a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">hammer</a></li> <li>raising hammer</li> <li>cross-pein hammer</li> <li>ball-pein hammer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">anvils</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stake" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:stake">stakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swage_block" title="Swage block">swage blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riveting" class="mw-redirect" title="Riveting">riveting</a></li> <li>silver hard-<a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">torch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blowpipe_(tool)" title="Blowpipe (tool)">blow-pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling_(metal)" title="Pickling (metal)">pickle</a> (dilute sulphuric acid or organic acids which are used to remove <a href="/wiki/Firescale" title="Firescale">firescale</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffing_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffing wheel">buffing wheels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing" title="Polishing">polishing</a> compounds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasing">chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Repoussé">repoussé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Silversmiths saw or cut specific shapes from sterling and fine silver sheet metal and bar stock; they then use hammers to form the metal over anvils and stakes. Silver is hammered cold (at room temperature). As the metal is hammered, bent, and worked, it 'work-hardens'. <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">Annealing</a> is the heat-treatment used to make the metal soft again. If metal is work-hardened, and not annealed occasionally, the metal will crack and weaken the work. </p><p>Silversmiths can use <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a> techniques to create knobs, handles and feet for the hollowware they are making. </p><p>After forming and casting, the various pieces may be assembled by <a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">soldering</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riveting.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riveting. (page does not exist)">riveting.</a> </p><p>During most of their history, silversmiths used <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> fired <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forges</a>, and lung-powered <a href="/wiki/Blowpipe_(tool)" title="Blowpipe (tool)">blow-pipes</a> for soldering and annealing. Modern silversmiths commonly use gas burning torches as heat sources. A newer method is <a href="/wiki/Laser_beam_welding" title="Laser beam welding">laser beam welding</a>. </p><p>Silversmiths may also work with <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, especially when making practice pieces, due to those materials having similar working properties and being more affordable than silver. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_band.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Silver_band.png/170px-Silver_band.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Silver_band.png/255px-Silver_band.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Silver_band.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Band made of silver</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_and_historical_silversmiths">Notable and historical silversmiths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silversmith&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable and historical silversmiths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Silversmiths" title="Category:Silversmiths">Category:Silversmiths</a></div> <dl><dt>Companies</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garrard_%26_Co" title="Garrard & Co">Garrard & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersey_%26_Son" title="Hersey & Son">Hersey & Son</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phipps_%26_Robinson" title="Phipps & Robinson">Phipps & Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_%26_Sons" title="Reid & Sons">Reid & Sons</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>People</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acragas_(silversmith)" title="Acragas (silversmith)">Acragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Aepli" title="Kurt Aepli">Kurt Aepli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Medrano" title="José Velázquez de Medrano">José Velázquez de Medrano</a>, the most significant silversmith of his time during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahroun_Amara" title="Zahroun Amara">Zahroun Amara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Niello" title="Niello">niello</a> silversmith. People that are known to have owned his silver nielloware include <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Maude" title="Stanley Maude">Stanley Maude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">Bahraini royal family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">Egyptian King Farouk</a>, the Iraqi royal family (including kings <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal I of Iraq and Syria">Faisal I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_of_Iraq" title="Ghazi of Iraq">Ghazi</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> who became <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hester_Bateman" title="Hester Bateman">Hester Bateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bentzon_(silversmith)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Bentzon (silversmith)">Peter Bentzon</a>, the only early American silversmith of African ancestry whose silver has been identified.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Burton" title="Jocelyn Burton">Jocelyn Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a></li> <li>Stephen Emery, early American silversmith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Germain" title="Thomas Germain">Thomas Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Thomas_Germain" title="François-Thomas Germain">François-Thomas Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gustav_Hansen" title="Karl Gustav Hansen">Karl Gustav Hansen</a>, Danish pioneer of Scandinavian silversmith design</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hull_(merchant)" title="John Hull (merchant)">John Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">Treasurer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hutton" title="Isaac Hutton">Isaac Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Jensen" title="Georg Jensen">Georg Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampson_Mordan" title="Sampson Mordan">Sampson Mordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Valentin_Morel" title="Jean-Valentin Morel">Jean-Valentin Morel</a>, French jeweler and craftsman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petzal" title="Henry Petzal">Henry Petzal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a>, American silversmith, manufacturer, and patriot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Richardson_Sr." title="Joseph Richardson Sr.">Joseph Richardson Sr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Richardson_Jr." title="Joseph Richardson Jr.">Joseph Richardson Jr.</a>, American silversmiths based in Philadelphia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsidi_Sani" title="Atsidi Sani">Atsidi Sani</a> (Old Smith in English), the first known Navajo silversmith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Sciarrotta" title="Alfredo Sciarrotta">Alfredo Sciarrotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a>, Cherokee silversmith, inventor of the Cherokee syllabary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Sheene" title="Alice Sheene">Alice Sheene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_and_Boyd" title="Shepherd and Boyd">Robert Shepherd and William Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Welch_(designer)" title="Robert Welch (designer)">Robert Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winslow_(silversmith)" title="Edward Winslow (silversmith)">Edward Winlsow</a>, early American silversmith</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silversmith&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_silversmithing" title="Yemenite silversmithing">Yemenite silversmithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouza_Sulaiman_Mohamed_Al-Wardi" title="Mouza Sulaiman Mohamed Al-Wardi">Mouza Sulaiman Mohamed Al-Wardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silversmith&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrad & Co. was founded by George Wickes in London in 1722 and is still operating.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid & Sons was founded in 1788 in Newcastle and is still operating.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silversmith&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-artinpl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-artinpl_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarcin_Latka" class="citation web cs1">Marcin Latka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/418905202840563452/">"Silver sarcophagus of Saint Stanislaus"</a>. <i>artinpl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artinpl&rft.atitle=Silver+sarcophagus+of+Saint+Stanislaus&rft.au=Marcin+Latka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.co.uk%2Fpin%2F418905202840563452%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilversmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogden-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ogden_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgden1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ogden_(jewellery_historian)" title="Jack Ogden (jewellery historian)">Ogden, Jack</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oCBt7B7nt5QC&pg=PA58"><i>Ancient Jewellery</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08030-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08030-0"><bdi>978-0-520-08030-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2023</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Jewellery&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08030-0&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoCBt7B7nt5QC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilversmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrain" class="citation web cs1">Brain, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/pickling-notes.htm">"Pickling Notes"</a>. The Ganoksin Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pickling+Notes&rft.pub=The+Ganoksin+Project&rft.aulast=Brain&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ganoksin.com%2Fborisat%2Fnenam%2Fpickling-notes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilversmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1931" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, Major H. Sandford (17 October 1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/16808461">"Secrets in Silver – An Ancient Handicraft"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Secrets+in+Silver+%E2%80%93+An+Ancient+Handicraft&rft.date=1931-10-17&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Major+H.+Sandford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F16808461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilversmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C2458">"Portrait of the Amara Silversmith's leader, Zahrun"</a>. <i>Australian War Memorial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+the+Amara+Silversmith%27s+leader%2C+Zahrun.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FC2458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilversmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060022615">"Advance of the Crusaders into Mesopotamia | Note: name misspelled as 'Zahroam of Amara'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Imperial War Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+War+Museum&rft.atitle=Advance+of+the+Crusaders+into+Mesopotamia+%7C+Note%3A+name+misspelled+as+%27Zahroam+of+Amara%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fitem%2Fobject%2F1060022615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilversmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFهيام_الخياط2016" class="citation web cs1">هيام الخياط (19 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mandaeanunion.org/ar/mandaean-society/mandaean-figures/item/1761-%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%BA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B7-mandaean">"زهرون عمارة صائغ الملوك السلاطين"</a>. <i>Mandaean Associations Union</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandaean+Associations+Union&rft.atitle=%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%BA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft.au=%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandaeanunion.org%2Far%2Fmandaean-society%2Fmandaean-figures%2Fitem%2F1761-%25D8%25B2%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D8%25BA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2583-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D9%2587%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AE%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7-mandaean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilversmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algardenia.com/qosesmenaldakera/34239-2018-02-20-11-39-58.html">"زهرون عمارة .. عمل "ارگيلة " من الفضة للسلطان عبدالحميد"</a>. <i>algardenia.com</i>. 20 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=algardenia.com&rft.atitle=%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+..+%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84+%22%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9+%22+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A9+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.algardenia.com%2Fqosesmenaldakera%2F34239-2018-02-20-11-39-58.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilversmith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silversmith&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Silversmiths" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Silversmiths">Silversmiths</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silversmithing.com/">Society of American Silversmiths</a></li> <li>Historical works <ul><li>George E. Gee, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silversmithshand00geeg">The Silversmith's Handbook</a></i> (1921)</li> <li>Wilson, H., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silverworkjewelr00wils">Silverwork and Jewelry: a text-book for students and workers in metal</a></i> (1912)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Gunsmith">Gunsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locksmithing" title="Locksmithing">Locksmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewtersmith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinker" title="Tinker">Tinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinsmith" title="Tinsmith">Tinsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesmith" title="Whitesmith">Whitesmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">Forging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_welding" title="Pattern welding">Pattern welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planishing" title="Planishing">Planishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_(metalworking)" title="Raising (metalworking)">Raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_(metalworking)" title="Sinking (metalworking)">Sinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">Anvil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_(metalworking)" title="Fuller (metalworking)">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_tool" title="Hardy tool">Hardy tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritchel" title="Pritchel">Pritchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_hammer" title="Steam hammer">Steam hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swage_block" title="Swage block">Swage block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">Trip hammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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