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href="#Archaeological_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Archaeological history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeological_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeological history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Black Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Northern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literary history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indirect_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Indirect evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Direct evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theophilus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theophilus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Theophilus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theophilus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lost-wax casting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%83_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="سبك بالشمع الضائع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبك بالشمع الضائع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera_perduda" title="Cera perduda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cera perduda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoda_ztracen%C3%A9ho_vosku" title="Metoda ztraceného vosku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metoda ztraceného vosku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formst%C3%B8bning" title="Formstøbning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Formstøbning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wachsausschmelzverfahren" title="Wachsausschmelzverfahren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wachsausschmelzverfahren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduva_vaha_meetod" title="Kaduva vaha meetod – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaduva vaha meetod" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Τεχνική του χαμένου κεριού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τεχνική του χαμένου κεριού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldeo_a_la_cera_perdida" title="Moldeo a la cera perdida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moldeo a la cera perdida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaksoperda_gisado" title="Vaksoperda gisado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vaksoperda gisado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argizari_galduzko_galdaketa" title="Argizari galduzko galdaketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Argizari galduzko galdaketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ریخته‌گری لاست واکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریخته‌گری لاست واکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cire_perdue" title="Cire perdue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cire perdue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilgean_na_c%C3%A9arach_caillte" title="Teilgean na céarach caillte – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilgean na céarach caillte" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera_perdida" title="Cera perdida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cera perdida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postupak_izgubljenog_voska" title="Postupak izgubljenog voska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Postupak izgubljenog voska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cire_perdue" title="Cire perdue – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cire perdue" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera_persa" title="Cera persa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cera persa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="שיטת השעווה האבודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיטת השעווה האבודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaszveszejt%C3%A9ses_%C3%B6nt%C3%A9s" title="Viaszveszejtéses öntés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Viaszveszejtéses öntés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlorenwasmethode" title="Verlorenwasmethode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verlorenwasmethode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ロストワックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロストワックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formst%C3%B8ping" title="Formstøping – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Formstøping" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formst%C3%B8yping" title="Formstøyping – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Formstøyping" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera_perduda" title="Cera perduda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cera perduda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoda_wosku_traconego" title="Metoda wosku traconego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metoda wosku traconego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cera_perdida" title="Cera perdida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cera perdida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%91_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Литьё по выплавляемым моделям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литьё по выплавляемым моделям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C3%B3da_straten%C3%A9ho_vosku" title="Metóda strateného vosku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metóda strateného vosku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precizijsko_litje" title="Precizijsko litje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Precizijsko litje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izgubljeni_vosak" title="Izgubljeni vosak – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Izgubljeni vosak" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izgubljeni_vosak" title="Izgubljeni vosak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izgubljeni vosak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process by which a duplicate metal sculpture is cast from an original sculpture</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_casting_by_the_Lost_Wax_Method.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bronze_casting_by_the_Lost_Wax_Method.png/250px-Bronze_casting_by_the_Lost_Wax_Method.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bronze_casting_by_the_Lost_Wax_Method.png/375px-Bronze_casting_by_the_Lost_Wax_Method.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Bronze_casting_by_the_Lost_Wax_Method.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of stepwise bronze casting by the lost-wax method</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lost-wax casting</b> – also called <b><a href="/wiki/Investment_casting" title="Investment casting">investment casting</a></b>, <b>precision casting</b>, or <i><b>cire perdue</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[siʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>pɛʁdy]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowed</a> from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – is the process by which a duplicate <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> (often a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">cast</a> from an original sculpture. Intricate works can be achieved by this method. </p><p>The oldest known examples of this technique are approximately 6,500 years old (4550–4450 BC) and attributed to gold artefacts found at Bulgaria's <a href="/wiki/Varna_Necropolis" title="Varna Necropolis">Varna Necropolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A copper amulet from <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>, in Pakistan, is dated to circa 4,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoury_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoury-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cast copper objects, found in the <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Mishmar_hoard" title="Nahal Mishmar hoard">Nahal Mishmar hoard</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, which belong to the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period (4500–3500 BC), are estimated, from <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-14 dating">carbon-14 dating</a>, to date to circa 3500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Moorey_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moorey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muhly_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhly-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples from somewhat later periods are from Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lost-wax casting was widespread in Europe until the 18th century, when a <a href="/wiki/Piece-moulding" class="mw-redirect" title="Piece-moulding">piece-moulding</a> process came to predominate. </p><p>The steps used in casting small bronze sculptures are fairly standardized, though the process today varies from <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundry</a> to foundry (in modern industrial use, the process is called investment casting). Variations of the process include: "lost <a href="/wiki/Mold_(manufacturing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (manufacturing)">mould</a>", which recognizes that materials other than <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> can be used (such as <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "waste wax process" (or "waste mould casting"), because the mould is destroyed to remove the cast item.<sup id="cite_ref-McCreight_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCreight-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maryon_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maryon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Ascalon_-_Cast_Bronze_Sculpture_Holocaust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/David_Ascalon_-_Cast_Bronze_Sculpture_Holocaust.jpg/250px-David_Ascalon_-_Cast_Bronze_Sculpture_Holocaust.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/David_Ascalon_-_Cast_Bronze_Sculpture_Holocaust.jpg/375px-David_Ascalon_-_Cast_Bronze_Sculpture_Holocaust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/David_Ascalon_-_Cast_Bronze_Sculpture_Holocaust.jpg/500px-David_Ascalon_-_Cast_Bronze_Sculpture_Holocaust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>On the left is an example of a rubber mould, often used in the lost-wax process, and on the right is the finished bronze sculpture.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm/220px--The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="756" data-mwtitle="The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm/The_Process_of_Sculpture-_From_Clay_to_Bronze.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A video illustrating the process used by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> to create bronze sculptures at the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gaudens_National_Historical_Park" title="Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park">Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Casts can be made of the wax model itself, the direct method, or of a wax copy of a model that need not be of wax, the indirect method. These are the steps for the indirect process (the direct method starts at step 7): </p> <ol><li><b>Model-making.</b> An artist or mould-maker creates an original model from wax, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, or another material. Wax and oil-based clay are often preferred because these materials retain their softness.</li> <li><b>Mouldmaking.</b> A <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">mould</a> is made of the original model or sculpture. The rigid outer moulds contain the softer inner mould, which is the exact negative of the original model. Inner moulds are usually made of <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane rubber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a>, which is supported by the outer mould. The outer mould can be made from <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, but can also be made of <a href="/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-reinforced plastic">fiberglass</a> or other materials. Most moulds are made of at least two pieces, and a <a href="/wiki/Shim_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shim (engineering)">shim</a> with keys is placed between the parts during construction so that the mould can be put back together accurately. If there are long, thin pieces extending out of the model, they are often cut off of the original and moulded separately. Sometimes many moulds are needed to recreate the original model, especially for large models.</li> <li><b>Wax.</b> Once the mould is finished, molten wax is poured into it and swished around until an even coating, usually about 3 mm (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch) thick, covers the inner surface of the mould. This is repeated until the desired thickness is reached. Another method is to fill the entire mould with molten wax and let it cool until a desired thickness has set on the surface of the mould. After this the rest of the wax is poured out again, the mould is turned upside down and the wax layer is left to cool and harden. With this method it is more difficult to control the overall thickness of the wax layer.</li> <li><b>Removal of wax</b>. This hollow wax copy of the original model is removed from the mould. The model-maker may reuse the mould to make multiple copies, limited only by the durability of the mould.</li> <li><b>Chasing</b>. Each hollow wax copy is then "chased": a heated metal tool is used to rub out the marks that show the <a href="/wiki/Parting_line" title="Parting line">parting line</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molding_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="Molding flash">flashing</a> where the pieces of the mould came together. The wax is dressed to hide any imperfections. The wax now looks like the finished piece. Wax pieces that were moulded separately can now be heated and attached; foundries often use registration marks to indicate exactly where they go.</li> <li><b>Spruing.</b> The wax copy is <a href="/wiki/Sprue_(molding)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprue (molding)">sprued</a> with a treelike structure of wax that will eventually provide paths for the molten casting material to flow and for air to escape. The carefully planned spruing usually begins at the top with a wax "cup," which is attached by wax cylinders to various points on the wax copy. The spruing does not have to be hollow, as it will be melted out later in the process.</li> <li><b>Slurry.</b> A sprued wax copy is dipped into a slurry of silica, then into a sand-like <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>, or dry crystalline silica of a controlled grain size. The slurry and grit combination is called ceramic shell mould material, although it is not literally made of <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a>. This shell is allowed to dry, and the process is repeated until at least a half-inch coating covers the entire piece. The bigger the piece, the thicker the shell needs to be. Only the inside of the cup is not coated, and the cup's flat top serves as the base upon which the piece stands during this process. The core is also filled with fire-proof material.</li> <li><b>Burnout.</b> The ceramic shell-coated piece is placed cup-down in a <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a>, whose heat hardens the silica coatings into a shell, and the wax melts and runs out. The melted wax can be recovered and reused, although it is often simply burned up. Now all that remains of the original artwork is the negative space formerly occupied by the wax, inside the hardened ceramic shell. The feeder, vent tubes and cup are also now hollow.</li> <li><b>Testing.</b> The ceramic shell is allowed to cool, then is tested to see if <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> will flow freely through the feeder and vent tubes. Cracks or leaks can be patched with thick refractory paste. To test the thickness, holes can be drilled into the shell, then patched.</li> <li><b>Pouring.</b> The shell is reheated in the kiln to harden the patches and remove all traces of moisture, then placed cup-upward into a tub filled with sand. Metal is melted in a <a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">crucible</a> in a furnace, then poured carefully into the shell. The shell has to be hot because otherwise the temperature difference would shatter it. The filled shells are then allowed to cool.</li> <li><b>Release.</b> The shell is hammered or sand-blasted away, releasing the rough casting. The sprues, which are also faithfully recreated in metal, are cut off, the material to be reused in another casting.</li> <li><b>Metal-chasing.</b> Just as the wax copies were chased, the casting is worked until the telltale signs of the casting process are removed, so that the casting now looks like the original model. Pits left by air bubbles in the casting and the stubs of the spruing are filed down and polished.</li></ol> <p>Prior to silica-based casting moulds, these moulds were made of a variety of other fire-proof materials, the most common being <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> based, with added grout, and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> based. Prior to rubber moulds gelatine was used. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 1: A model of an apple in wax"><img alt="Step 1: A model of an apple in wax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg/300px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg/450px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg/600px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_wax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 1: A model of an apple in wax</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 2: From the model a rubber mould is made. (The mould is shown here with a solid cast in plaster)"><img alt="Step 2: From the model a rubber mould is made. (The mould is shown here with a solid cast in plaster)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg/300px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg/450px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg/600px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_plaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="1516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 2: From the model a rubber mould is made. (The mould is shown here with a solid cast in plaster)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 3: From this rubber mould a hollow wax or paraffin cast is made"><img alt="Step 3: From this rubber mould a hollow wax or paraffin cast is made" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg/300px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg/450px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg/600px-Lost_Wax-Model_of_apple_in_paraffine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 3: From this rubber mould a hollow wax or paraffin cast is made</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 4: The hollow paraffin apple is covered with a final, fire-proof mould, in this case clay-based, an open view. The core is also filled with fire-proof material. Note the stainless steel core supports. In the next step (not shown), the mould is heated in an oven upside-down and the wax is "lost""><img alt="Step 4: The hollow paraffin apple is covered with a final, fire-proof mould, in this case clay-based, an open view. The core is also filled with fire-proof material. Note the stainless steel core supports. In the next step (not shown), the mould is heated in an oven upside-down and the wax is "lost"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg/300px-Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg/450px-Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg/600px-Lost_Wax-Moldmaking_of_an_apple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 4: The hollow paraffin apple is covered with a final, fire-proof mould, in this case clay-based, an open view. The core is also filled with fire-proof material. Note the stainless steel core supports. In the next step (not shown), the mould is heated in an oven upside-down and the wax is "lost"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 5: Liquid bronze at 1200°C is poured into the dried and empty casting mould"><img alt="Step 5: Liquid bronze at 1200°C is poured into the dried and empty casting mould" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg/300px-Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg/450px-Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg/600px-Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1194" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 5: Liquid bronze at 1200°C is poured into the dried and empty casting mould</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 6: the bronze cast, still with spruing attached. The sprue will be cut away and the final shape polished"><img alt="Step 6: the bronze cast, still with spruing attached. The sprue will be cut away and the final shape polished" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg/300px-Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg/450px-Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg/600px-Lost_Wax-Apple_in_bronze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1751" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 6: the bronze cast, still with spruing attached. The sprue will be cut away and the final shape polished</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewellery_and_small_parts">Jewellery and small parts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jewellery and small parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The methods used for small parts and <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> vary somewhat from those used for sculpture. A wax model is obtained either from injection into a rubber mould or by being custom-made by carving. The wax or waxes are sprued and fused onto a rubber base, called a "sprue base". Then a metal flask, which resembles a short length of steel pipe that ranges roughly from 3.5 to 15 centimeters tall and wide, is put over the sprue base and the waxes. Most sprue bases have a circular rim which grips the standard-sized flask, holding it in place. Investment (refractory plaster) is mixed and poured into the flask, filling it. It hardens, then is burned out as outlined above. Casting is usually done straight from the kiln either by <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(industrial)" title="Centrifugal casting (industrial)">centrifugal casting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)#Filling" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">vacuum casting</a>. </p><p>The lost-wax process can be used with any material that can <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">burn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">melt</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporate</a> to leave a mould cavity. Some <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> manufacturers use a lost-foam technique to make <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder block">engine blocks</a>. The model is made of <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> foam, which is placed into a <a href="/wiki/Casting_flask" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting flask">casting flask</a>, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Cope_and_drag" title="Cope and drag">cope and drag</a>, which is then filled with <a href="/wiki/Molding_sand" title="Molding sand">casting sand</a>. The foam supports the sand, allowing shapes that would be impossible if the process had to rely on the sand alone. The metal is poured in, <a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">vaporizing</a> the foam with its heat. </p><p>In dentistry, gold crowns, inlays and onlays are made by the lost-wax technique. Application of Lost Wax technique for the fabrication of cast inlay was first reported by Taggart. A typical gold alloy is about 60% gold and 28% silver with copper and other metals making up the rest. Careful attention to tooth preparation, impression taking and laboratory technique are required to make this type of restoration a success. Dental laboratories make other items this way as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textiles">Textiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this process, the wax and the textile are both replaced by the metal during the casting process, whereby the fabric reinforcement allows for a thinner model, and thus reduces the amount of metal expended in the mould.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunker_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of this process is seen by the textile relief on the reverse side of objects and is sometimes referred to as "lost-wax, lost textile". This textile relief is visible on <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> ornaments from <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">burial mounds</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">ancient horse riding tribes</a>, such as the distinctive group of openwork gold <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">plaques</a> housed in the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunker_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique may have its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Far_east" class="mw-redirect" title="Far east">Far East</a>, as indicated by the few <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> examples, and the bronze buckle and gold plaques found at the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemetery</a> at Xigou.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a technique may also have been used to manufacture some <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Oval" title="Oval">oval</a> <a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">brooches</a>, indicated by numerous examples with fabric imprints such as those of <a href="/wiki/Castletown,_Caithness" class="mw-redirect" title="Castletown, Caithness">Castletown (Scotland)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glass_sculptures">Glass sculptures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Glass sculptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Reigns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Purple_Reigns.jpg/220px-Purple_Reigns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Purple_Reigns.jpg/330px-Purple_Reigns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Purple_Reigns.jpg/440px-Purple_Reigns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Lost-wax cast glass sculpture "Purple Reigns" by <a href="/wiki/Carol_Milne" title="Carol Milne">Carol Milne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The lost-wax casting process may also be used in the production of cast glass sculptures. The original sculpture is made from wax. The sculpture is then covered with mold material (e.g., plaster), except for the bottom of the mold which must remain open. When the mold has hardened, the encased sculpture is removed by applying heat to the bottom of the mold. This melts out the wax (the wax is 'lost') and destroys the original sculpture. The mold is then placed in a kiln upside down with a funnel-like cup on top that holds small chunks of glass. When the kiln is brought up to temperature (1450-1530 degrees Fahrenheit), the glass chunks melt and flow down into the mold. <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(glass)" title="Annealing (glass)">Annealing</a> time is usually 3–5 days, and total kiln time is 5 or more days. After the mold is removed from the kiln, the mold material is removed to reveal the sculpture inside. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_history">Archaeological history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Archaeological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Sea">Black Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Black Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_offerings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/220px-Grave_offerings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/330px-Grave_offerings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/440px-Grave_offerings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>Varna necropolis, grave offerings on exhibit at the Varna Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Cast gold knucklebones, beads, and bracelets, found in graves at Bulgaria's <a href="/wiki/Varna_Necropolis" title="Varna Necropolis">Varna Necropolis</a>, have been dated to approximately 6500 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. They are believed to be both some of the oldest known manufactured golden objects, and the oldest objects known to have been made using lost wax casting.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg/170px-Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg/255px-Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg/340px-Hecht_090710_Sceptre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption>Replica of a bronze sceptre from the <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Mishmar_hoard" title="Nahal Mishmar hoard">Nahal Mishmar hoard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the oldest known examples of the lost-wax technique are the objects discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Mishmar" title="Nahal Mishmar">Nahal Mishmar</a> hoard in southern <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, and which belong to the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period (4500–3500 BC). Conservative <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">Carbon-14</a> estimates date the items to around 3700 BC, making them more than 5700 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Moorey_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moorey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muhly_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhly-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_East">Near East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3500</span>–2750 BC, the lost-wax technique was used for small-scale, and then later large-scale copper and bronze statues.<sup id="cite_ref-Moorey_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moorey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest surviving lost-wax castings is a small lion <a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">pendant</a> from <a href="/wiki/Uruk_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruk IV">Uruk IV</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> metalworkers were practicing lost-wax casting from approximately <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3500</span>–3200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheel_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much later examples from northeastern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> include the Great Tumulus at <a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordion</a> (late 8th century BC), as well as other types of <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cauldron" title="Cauldron">cauldron</a> attachments.<sup id="cite_ref-Azarpay_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azarpay-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/170px-Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/255px-Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/340px-Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2257" data-file-height="3518" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(prehistoric_sculpture)" title="Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)">Dancing Girl</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>; 2300-1750 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest known example of applying the lost-wax technique to copper casting comes from a 6,000-year-old (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4000 BC</span>) copper, wheel-shaped <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulet</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a>, Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoury_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoury-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metal casting, by the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>, produced some of the earliest known examples of lost-wax casting applied to the casting of copper alloys, a bronze figurine, found at <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, and named the "<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(prehistoric_sculpture)" title="Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)">dancing girl</a>", is dated to 2300-1750 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BCE</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuppuram_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppuram-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include the buffalo, bull and dog found at Mohenjodaro and <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kenoyer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenoyer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> figures found at the Harappan site <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> in the district of Ahmedabad of Gujarat,<sup id="cite_ref-Kuppuram_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppuram-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and likely a covered cart with wheels missing and a complete cart with a driver found at <a href="/wiki/Chanhudaro" title="Chanhudaro">Chanhudaro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kenoyer_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenoyer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the post-Harappan period, hoards of copper and bronze implements made by the lost-wax process are known from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuppuram_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppuram-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold and copper ornaments, apparently <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> in style, made by <i>cire perdue</i> were found at the ruins at <a href="/wiki/Sirkap" title="Sirkap">Sirkap</a>. One example of this Indo-Greek art dates to the <span class="nowrap">1st century <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BCE</span></span>,</span> the juvenile figure of <a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a> excavated at <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuppuram_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppuram-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronze <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> were produced during the 3rd and 4th centuries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> image at <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_village,_Guntur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi village, Guntur district">Amaravati</a>, and the images of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur</a> district of Andhra Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuppuram_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppuram-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further two bronze images of <a href="/wiki/Parsva" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsva">Parsvanatha</a> and a small hollow-cast bull came from Sahribahlol, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, and a standing <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> (<span class="nowrap">2nd~3rd century <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CE</span></span> </span>) from Chausa in Bihar should be mentioned here as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuppuram_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppuram-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable bronze figures and images have been found in <a href="/wiki/Rupar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupar">Rupar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a> (in Uttar Pradesh) and <a href="/wiki/Brahmapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmapura">Brahmapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuppuram_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppuram-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AT_WORKSHOP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AT_WORKSHOP.jpg/220px-AT_WORKSHOP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AT_WORKSHOP.jpg/330px-AT_WORKSHOP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AT_WORKSHOP.jpg/440px-AT_WORKSHOP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Making sculpture using a lost wax process at <a href="/wiki/Bastar_district" title="Bastar district">Bastar district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gupta and post-Gupta period bronze figures have been recovered from the following sites: <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Saranath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirpur-Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirpur-Khas">Mirpur-Khas</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sirpur_Group_of_Monuments" title="Sirpur Group of Monuments">Sirpur</a> (District of Raipur), Balaighat (near <a href="/wiki/Mahasthangarh" title="Mahasthangarh">Mahasthan</a> now in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>), <a href="/wiki/Akota" title="Akota">Akota</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>, Gujarat), Vasantagadh, <a href="/wiki/Chhatari" title="Chhatari">Chhatarhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barmer,_Rajasthan" title="Barmer, Rajasthan">Barmer</a> and Chambi (in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajesthan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kuppuram_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppuram-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bronze casting technique and making of bronze images of traditional icons reached a high stage of development in South India during the medieval period. Although bronze images were modelled and cast during the Pallava Period in the eighth and ninth centuries, some of the most beautiful and exquisite statues were produced during the <a href="/wiki/Chola_art_and_architecture" title="Chola art and architecture">Chola</a> Period in Tamil Nadu from the tenth to the twelfth century. The technique and art of fashioning bronze images is still skillfully practised in South India, particularly in Kumbakonam. The distinguished patron during the tenth century was the widowed Chola queen, Sembiyan Maha Devi. Chola bronzes are the most soughtafter collectors’ items by art lovers all over the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/kefa107.pdf">world</a>. The technique was used throughout India, as well as in the neighbouring countries <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg/220px-Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg/330px-Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg/440px-Wax_forms_for_casting_bronze_statues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Wax forms for casting bronze statues for a Tibetan monastery near <a href="/wiki/Kullu_district" title="Kullu district">Kullu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>The inhabitants of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ban_Na_Di&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ban Na Di (page does not exist)">Ban Na Di</a> were casting bronze from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 BC</span> to 200 AD, using the lost-wax technique to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Bangle" title="Bangle">bangles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bangles made by the lost-wax process are characteristic of northeast <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-White_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the bangles from Ban Na Di revealed a dark grey substance between the central clay core and the metal, which on analysis was identified as an unrefined form of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> wax.<sup id="cite_ref-White_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higham_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that decorative items, like <a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">bracelets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">rings</a>, were made by <i>cire perdue</i> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non_Nok_Tha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non Nok Tha (page does not exist)">Non Nok Tha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chiang" title="Ban Chiang">Ban Chiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are technological and material parallels between northeast Thailand and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> concerning the lost-wax technique.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sites exhibiting artifacts made by the lost-mould process in Vietnam, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Son drums">Dong Son drums</a>, come from the <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phung_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Phung Nguyen">Phung Nguyen</a> cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as one <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickle</a> and the figure of a seated individual from Go Mun (near Phung Nguyen, the <a href="/wiki/Bac_Bo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bac Bo">Bac Bo</a> Region), dating to the Go Mun phase (end of the General B period, up until the 7th century BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Higham_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_ornamental_staff_head,_9th_century,_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG/170px-Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG/255px-Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG/340px-Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Detailed 9th century bronze of a coiled snake, cast by the lost wax method. <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Igbo-Ukwu" title="Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a>, Nigeria</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_yoruba,_nigeria,_testa_da_ife,_12-15mo_secolo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arte_yoruba%2C_nigeria%2C_testa_da_ife%2C_12-15mo_secolo.JPG/170px-Arte_yoruba%2C_nigeria%2C_testa_da_ife%2C_12-15mo_secolo.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arte_yoruba%2C_nigeria%2C_testa_da_ife%2C_12-15mo_secolo.JPG/255px-Arte_yoruba%2C_nigeria%2C_testa_da_ife%2C_12-15mo_secolo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Arte_yoruba%2C_nigeria%2C_testa_da_ife%2C_12-15mo_secolo.JPG/340px-Arte_yoruba%2C_nigeria%2C_testa_da_ife%2C_12-15mo_secolo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="2364" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture from the <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a> state using a lost-wax casting technique, Nigeria, late 11th-14th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cast bronzes are known to have been produced in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> by the 9th century AD in <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Igbo-Ukwu" title="Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, the 12th century AD in <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a>) and the 15th century AD in the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">kingdom of Benin</a>. Some portrait heads remain.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin</a> mastered bronze during the 16th century, produced portraiture and reliefs in the metal using the lost wax process.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Egypt#Prehistory_and_Ancient_Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptians</a> were practicing <i>cire perdue</i> from the mid 3rd millennium BC, shown by <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt">Early Dynastic</a> bracelets and gold jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogden1982_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogden1982-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darling_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darling-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inserted spouts for <a href="/wiki/Ewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewer">ewers</a> (copper water vessels) from the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty (Old Kingdom)</a> were made by the lost-wax method.<sup id="cite_ref-Darling_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darling-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ogden_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogden-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollow castings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> statuette from the <a href="/wiki/Fayum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayum">Fayum</a> find appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a>, followed by solid cast statuettes (like the squatting, <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">nursing</a> <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>) of the Second Intermediate/Early <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogden_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogden-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hollow casting of statues is represented in the New Kingdom by the <a href="/wiki/Kneeling" title="Kneeling">kneeling</a> statue of <a href="/wiki/Tuthmosis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuthmosis IV">Tuthmosis IV</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>) and the head fragment of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge).<sup id="cite_ref-Aldred_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldred-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hollow castings become more detailed and continue into the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a>, shown by the black bronze kneeling figure of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">Museum of the University of Pennsylvania</a>). <i>Cire Perdue</i> is used in <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-production</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Graeco</a>-<a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roman Egypt">Roman</a> times when figures of <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> were cast for personal <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">devotion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive temple offerings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheel_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">Nude</a> <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">female-shaped</a> handles on bronze <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a> were cast by the lost-wax process.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheel_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lost-wax technique came to be known in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LoSchiavo_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoSchiavo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a major metalworking technique utilized in the ancient Mediterranean world, notably during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical period (Greece)">Classical period</a> of Greece for large-scale <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze statuary</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">the Roman world</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656sq.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656sq.JPG/200px-TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656sq.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656sq.JPG/300px-TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656sq.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656sq.JPG/400px-TheraLateCyccladicIbex06656sq.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>Gold <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a> figurine from the <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Late Cycladic</a> period (17th century BC). About 10cm long with lost-wax cast feet and head and repoussé body, from an excavation on <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Direct imitations and local derivations of <a href="/wiki/Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental">Oriental</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syro</a>-<a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">Palestinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cypriot</a> <a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">figurines</a> are found in Late Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, with a local production of figurines from the 11th to 10th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-LoSchiavo_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoSchiavo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> <a href="/wiki/Grave_(burial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave (burial)">graves</a> (mainly 8th-7th centuries BC, but continuing until the beginning of the 4th century) from the <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paularo" title="Paularo">Paularo</a> (Italian Oriental Alps) contained <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibulae</a>, pendants and other copper-based objects that were made by the lost-wax process.<sup id="cite_ref-Giumlia_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giumlia-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> examples, such as the bronze <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> handle from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Bocchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Bocchi (page does not exist)">Bocchi</a> collection (National Archaeological Museum of <a href="/wiki/Adria" title="Adria">Adria</a>), dating back to the 6th to 5th centuries BC, were made by <i>cire perdue</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonomi_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonomi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the handles in the Bocchi collection, as well as some bronze vessels found in Adria (<a href="/wiki/Rovigo" title="Rovigo">Rovigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>) were made using the lost-wax technique.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonomi_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonomi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The better known lost-wax produced items from the classical world include the "Praying Boy" <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> (in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_and_galleries_in_Berlin" title="List of museums and galleries in Berlin">Berlin Museum</a>), the statue of <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> from <a href="/wiki/Volci" class="mw-redirect" title="Volci">Vulci</a> (Etruria), which, like most statues, was cast in several parts which were then joined.<sup id="cite_ref-Neuburger_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuburger-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geometric bronzes such as the four copper horses of San Marco (Venice, probably 2nd century) are other prime examples of statues cast in many parts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg/220px-Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg/330px-Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg/440px-Bronze_Zeus_or_Poseidon_NAMA_X_15161_Athens_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Artemision_Bronze" title="Artemision Bronze">Artemision Bronze</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th century BC</span>). Lost-wax cast Bronze sculpture. Height 209 cm. Depicts either <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>. Found near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Artemision" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Artemision">Cape Artemision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Examples of works made using the lost-wax casting process in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> largely are unavailable due to the common practice in later periods of melting down pieces to reuse their materials.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the evidence for these products come from <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">shipwrecks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">underwater archaeology</a> became feasible, artifacts lost to the sea became more accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statues like the <a href="/wiki/Artemision_Bronze" title="Artemision Bronze">Artemision Bronze</a> Zeus or Poseidon (found near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Artemision" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Artemision">Cape Artemision</a>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Victorious_Youth" title="Victorious Youth">Victorious Youth</a> (found near <a href="/wiki/Fano" title="Fano">Fano</a>), are two such examples of Greek lost-wax bronze statuary that were discovered underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Late Bronze Age sites in Cyprus have produced cast bronze figures of humans and animals. One example is the male figure found at <a href="/wiki/Enkomi_(archaeological_site)" title="Enkomi (archaeological site)">Enkomi</a>. Three objects from Cyprus (held in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>) were cast by the lost-wax technique from the 13th and 12th centuries BC, namely, the <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a> rim, the rod <a href="/wiki/Tripod" title="Tripod">tripod</a>, and the cast tripod.<sup id="cite_ref-Schorsch_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schorsch-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other, earlier examples that show this assembly of lost-wax cast pieces include the bronze head of the <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_Head" title="Chatsworth Head">Chatsworth Apollo</a> and the bronze head of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> from <a href="/wiki/Satala" title="Satala">Satala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) from the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Maryon1956_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maryon1956-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg/220px-Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg/330px-Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg/440px-Bronze_jin_from_Henan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Bronze ritual altar with extensive patterns. From the <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">State of Chu</a> in central China, before 552 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>There is great variability in the use of the lost-wax method in East Asia. The casting method to make bronzes till the early phase of Eastern Zhou (770-256 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BCE</span></span>) was almost invariably section-mold process.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting from around 600 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BCE</span></span>, there was an unmistakable rise of lost-wax casting in the central plains of China, first witnessed in the Chu cultural sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further investigations have revealed this not to be the case as it is clear that the piece-mould casting method was the principal technique used to manufacture bronze vessels in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lost-wax technique did not appear in northern China until the 6th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-White_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lost-wax casting is known as <i>rōgata</i> in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, and dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous piece made by <i>cire perdue</i> is the bronze image of Buddha in the temple of the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Todaiji</a> monastery at <a href="/wiki/Historic_Monuments_of_Ancient_Nara" title="Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara">Nara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made in sections between 743 and 749, allegedly using seven tons of wax.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Europe">Northern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Northern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloucester_candlestick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gloucester_candlestick.jpg/170px-Gloucester_candlestick.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gloucester_candlestick.jpg/255px-Gloucester_candlestick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gloucester_candlestick.jpg/340px-Gloucester_candlestick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Candlestick" title="Gloucester Candlestick">Gloucester Candlestick</a>, England, early 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A Museum</a> no. 7649-1861</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dunaverney_flesh-hook" title="Dunaverney flesh-hook">Dunaverney</a> (1050–910 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Little_Thetford_flesh-hook" title="Little Thetford flesh-hook">Little Thetford</a> (1000–701 BC) flesh-hooks have been shown to be made using a lost-wax process. The Little Thetford flesh-hook, in particular, employed distinctly inventive construction methods.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intricate <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Candlestick" title="Gloucester Candlestick">Gloucester Candlestick</a> (1104–1113 AD) was made as a single-piece wax model, then given a complex system of gates and vents before being invested in a mould.<sup id="cite_ref-Maryon_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maryon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lost-wax casting tradition was developed by the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, northwest <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, Andean America, and the western portion of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lechtman_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lechtman-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lost-wax casting produced some of the region's typical gold <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> and delicate wire ornament, such as fine ear ornaments. The process was employed in <a href="/wiki/Prehispanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehispanic">prehispanic</a> times in Colombia's <a href="/wiki/Muisca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muisca people">Muisca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Sinú</a> cultural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two lost-wax moulds, one complete and one partially broken, were found in a <a href="/wiki/Shaft_and_chamber_tomb" title="Shaft and chamber tomb">shaft and chamber tomb</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vereda" title="Vereda">vereda</a> of Pueblo Tapado in the <a href="/wiki/Municipio" title="Municipio">municipio</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montenegro,_Quind%C3%ADo" title="Montenegro, Quindío">Montenegro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo_Department" title="Quindío Department">Department of Quindío</a>), dated roughly to the pre-Columbian period.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruhns_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruhns-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lost-wax method did not appear in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> until the 10th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was thereafter used in western Mexico to make a wide range of bell forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Hosler_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hosler-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_history">Literary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Literary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_evidence">Indirect evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indirect evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg/220px-Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg/330px-Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg/440px-Name_Kylix_by_the_Foundry_Painter_Antikensammlung_Berlin_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="1742" /></a><figcaption>The Berlin Foundry Cup, early 5th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Some early <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literary works</a> allude to lost-wax casting. <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> writer of the 1st century AD, mentions the processing of wax from <a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">beehives</a> in <i>De Re Rustica</i>, perhaps for casting, as does <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pliny_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pliny-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who details a sophisticated procedure for making <a href="/wiki/Punic" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic">Punic</a> wax.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphrey_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphrey-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscription</a> refers to the payment of craftsmen for their work on the <a href="/wiki/Erechtheum" class="mw-redirect" title="Erechtheum">Erechtheum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> (408/7–407/6 BC). Clay-modellers may use clay moulds to make <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> negatives for casting or to produce wax positives.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphrey_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphrey-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny portrays<sup id="cite_ref-pliny_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pliny-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zenodorus_(sculptor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zenodorus (sculptor) (page does not exist)">Zenodorus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9nodore_(sculpteur)" class="extiw" title="fr:Zénodore (sculpteur)">fr</a>]</span> as a well-reputed ancient artist producing bronze statues,<sup id="cite_ref-Jex_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jex-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and describes<sup id="cite_ref-pliny_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pliny-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lysistratos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lysistratos (page does not exist)">Lysistratos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sikyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikyon">Sikyon</a>, who takes plaster casts from living <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">faces</a> to create wax casts using the indirect process.<sup id="cite_ref-Jex_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jex-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many bronze statues or parts of statues in antiquity were cast using the lost wax process. <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Samos" title="Theodorus of Samos">Theodorus of Samos</a> is commonly associated with bronze casting.<sup id="cite_ref-pliny_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pliny-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny also mentions the use of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, which is known to help molten bronze flow into all areas and parts of complex moulds.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurcombe_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurcombe-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> documents the casting of statues in parts, whose moulds may have been produced by the lost wax process. Scenes on the early-5th century BC <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Foundry_Cup" title="Berlin Foundry Cup">Berlin Foundry Cup</a> depict the creation of bronze statuary working, probably by the indirect method of lost-wax casting.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattusch_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattusch-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_evidence">Direct evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Direct evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lost-wax method is well documented in ancient Indian literary sources. The <i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i>, a text from the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 320</span>–550 AD), contains detailed information about casting images in metal. The 5th-century AD <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnusamhita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishnusamhita (page does not exist)">Vishnusamhita</a></i>, an appendix to the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i>, refers directly to the modeling of wax for making metal objects in chapter XIV: "if an image is to be made of metal, it must first be made of wax."<sup id="cite_ref-Kuppuram_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppuram-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 68 of the ancient Sanskrit text <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81nas%C4%81ra_Silpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mānasāra Silpa (page does not exist)">Mānasāra Silpa</a></i> details casting <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">idols</a> in wax and is entitled <i>Maduchchhista Vidhānam</i>, or the "lost wax method".<sup id="cite_ref-Kuppuram_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppuram-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 12th century text <i><a href="/wiki/Someshvara_III#The_Manasollasa" title="Someshvara III">Mānasollāsa</a></i>, allegedly written by King <a href="/wiki/Someshvara_III" title="Someshvara III">Someshvara III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a>, also provides detail about lost-wax and other casting processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuppuram_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppuram-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 16th-century treatise, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uttarabhaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uttarabhaga (page does not exist)">Uttarabhaga</a></i> of the Śilparatna written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sr%C3%AFkum%C4%81ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srïkumāra (page does not exist)">Srïkumāra</a>, verses 32 to 52 of Chapter 2 ("<i>Linga Lakshanam</i>"), give detailed instructions on making a hollow casting.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuppuram_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppuram-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theophilus">Theophilus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Theophilus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early medieval writer <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Presbyter" title="Theophilus Presbyter">Theophilus Presbyter</a>, believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monk and metalworker <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Helmarshausen" title="Roger of Helmarshausen">Roger of Helmarshausen</a>, wrote a treatise in the early-to-mid-12th century<sup id="cite_ref-Hawthorne_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawthorne-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that includes original work and copied information from other sources, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mappae_clavicula" title="Mappae clavicula">Mappae clavicula</a></i> and Eraclius, <i>De dolorous et artibus Romanorum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawthorne_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawthorne-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides step-by-step procedures for making various articles, some by lost-wax casting: "The Copper Wind Chest and Its Conductor" (Chapter 84); "Tin Cruets" (Chapter 88), and "Casting Bells" (Chapter 85), which call for using "tallow" instead of wax; and "The Cast Censer". In Chapters 86 and 87 Theophilus details how to divide the wax into differing <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratios</a> before moulding and casting to achieve accurately tuned small musical <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bells</a>. The 16th-century Florentine sculptor <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a> may have used Theophilus' writings when he cast his bronze <i><a href="/wiki/Perseus_with_the_Head_of_Medusa" title="Perseus with the Head of Medusa">Perseus with the Head of Medusa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="America">America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish writer Releigh (1596) in brief account refers to <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> casting.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishnan_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnan-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa,_fase_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A wax model is sprued with vents for casting metal and for the release of air, and covered in heat-resistant material."><img alt="A wax model is sprued with vents for casting metal and for the release of air, and covered in heat-resistant material." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_3.JPG/119px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="119" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_3.JPG/178px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_3.JPG/238px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wax model is sprued with vents for casting metal and for the release of air, and covered in heat-resistant material.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa,_fase_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A cast in bronze, still with spruing"><img alt="A cast in bronze, still with spruing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_4.JPG/122px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="122" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_4.JPG/183px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_4.JPG/244px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="2208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A cast in bronze, still with spruing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa,_fase_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A bronze cast, with part of the spruing cut away"><img alt="A bronze cast, with part of the spruing cut away" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_5.JPG/128px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_5.JPG/192px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_5.JPG/257px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bronze cast, with part of the spruing cut away</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa,_fase_6.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A nearly finished bronze casting. Only the core supports have yet to be removed and closed"><img alt="A nearly finished bronze casting. Only the core supports have yet to be removed and closed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_6.JPG/150px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_6.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_6.JPG/225px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_6.JPG/300px-Fusione_di_un_bronzo_a_cera_persa%2C_fase_6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A nearly finished bronze casting. Only the core supports have yet to be removed and closed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hugo Rheinhold's Affe mit Schädel is cast out of bronze using the lost-wax process."><img alt="Hugo Rheinhold's Affe mit Schädel is cast out of bronze using the lost-wax process." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.1.jpg/147px-HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.1.jpg/221px-HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.1.jpg/294px-HugoRheinholdApeWithSkull.DarwinMonkey.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Rheinhold" title="Hugo Rheinhold">Hugo Rheinhold</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Affe_mit_Sch%C3%A4del" title="Affe mit Schädel">Affe mit Schädel</a></i> is cast out of bronze using the lost-wax process.</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazy_Lady,_Rowan_Gillespie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This bronze piece entitled Lazy Lady, by the sculptor Rowan Gillespie was cast using the lost-wax process."><img alt="This bronze piece entitled Lazy Lady, by the sculptor Rowan Gillespie was cast using the lost-wax process." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lazy_Lady%2C_Rowan_Gillespie.jpg/220px-Lazy_Lady%2C_Rowan_Gillespie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lazy_Lady%2C_Rowan_Gillespie.jpg/330px-Lazy_Lady%2C_Rowan_Gillespie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lazy_Lady%2C_Rowan_Gillespie.jpg/440px-Lazy_Lady%2C_Rowan_Gillespie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> This bronze piece entitled <i>Lazy Lady</i>, by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Gillespie" title="Rowan Gillespie">Rowan Gillespie</a> was cast using the lost-wax process.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_Staendehausbrunnen_Emil_Cimiotti_Karmarschstrasse_Hanover_Germany_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Blätterbrunnen of 1976 by Emil Cimiotti, as seen 2014 in the city center of Hanover, Germany. A lost-wax method was used for the bronze leaves."><img alt="The Blätterbrunnen of 1976 by Emil Cimiotti, as seen 2014 in the city center of Hanover, Germany. A lost-wax method was used for the bronze leaves." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sculpture_Staendehausbrunnen_Emil_Cimiotti_Karmarschstrasse_Hanover_Germany_01.jpg/220px-Sculpture_Staendehausbrunnen_Emil_Cimiotti_Karmarschstrasse_Hanover_Germany_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sculpture_Staendehausbrunnen_Emil_Cimiotti_Karmarschstrasse_Hanover_Germany_01.jpg/330px-Sculpture_Staendehausbrunnen_Emil_Cimiotti_Karmarschstrasse_Hanover_Germany_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sculpture_Staendehausbrunnen_Emil_Cimiotti_Karmarschstrasse_Hanover_Germany_01.jpg/440px-Sculpture_Staendehausbrunnen_Emil_Cimiotti_Karmarschstrasse_Hanover_Germany_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5323" data-file-height="3549" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The <i>Blätterbrunnen</i> of 1976 by Emil Cimiotti, as seen 2014 in the city center of <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hanover, Germany</a>. A lost-wax method was used for the bronze leaves.</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusible_core_injection_molding" title="Fusible core injection molding">Fusible core injection molding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Bognor Regis: New Horizon. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86116-688-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86116-688-6"><bdi>978-0-86116-688-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spread+of+ancient+civilisations&rft.place=Bognor+Regis&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=New+Horizon&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-86116-688-6&rft.aulast=Jairazbhoy&rft.aufirst=Rafique+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agrawal-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal2000" class="citation book cs1">Agrawal, D. 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(1987). 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Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-858106-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-858106-2"><bdi>978-0-19-858106-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/491563676">491563676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fine+Metal-Work&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+Civilizations+and+The+Middle+Ages+c.+700+BC.+to+c.+AD.+1500&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=A+History+of+Technology&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F491563676&rft.isbn=978-0-19-858106-2&rft.aulast=Maryon&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span>; See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDafas2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dafas, K. 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Cambria Press. pp. 19–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metalworking+in+Bronze+Age+China%3A+The+lost-wax+process+by+Peng+Peng&rft.pages=19-22&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Peng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambriapress.com%2Fpub.cfm%3Fbid%3D741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeng2020" class="citation book cs1">Peng, Peng (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=741"><i>Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process By Peng Peng</i></a>. 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Sellers, 1967. <i>The Elder Pliny's Chapters on The History of Art</i>., Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausania, Description of Greece 8.14.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurcombe-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hurcombe_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurcombe2014" class="citation book cs1">Hurcombe, L.M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16KOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207"><i>Archaeological Artefacts as Material Culture</i></a>. 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"The Berlin Foundry Cup: The Casting of Greek Bronze Statuary in the Early Fifth Century B.C.". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>84</b> (4): 435–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F504071">10.2307/504071</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/504071">504071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191571821">191571821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Berlin+Foundry+Cup%3A+The+Casting+of+Greek+Bronze+Statuary+in+the+Early+Fifth+Century+B.C.&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-444&rft.date=1980-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191571821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F504071%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F504071&rft.aulast=Mattusch&rft.aufirst=C.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawthorne-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawthorne_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawthorne_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheophilus_(Presbyter.)1963" class="citation book cs1">Theophilus (Presbyter.) (1963). <a href="/wiki/John_G._Hawthorne" title="John G. Hawthorne">Hawthorne, John G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Stanley_Smith" title="Cyril Stanley Smith">Smith, Cyril Stanley</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MMiLTJqvYnYC"><i>On Divers Arts: The Foremost Medieval Treatise on Painting, Glassmaking, and Metalwork</i></a>. Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23784-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-23784-8"><bdi>978-0-486-23784-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Divers+Arts%3A+The+Foremost+Medieval+Treatise+on+Painting%2C+Glassmaking%2C+and+Metalwork&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-486-23784-8&rft.au=Theophilus+%28Presbyter.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMMiLTJqvYnYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._D.1944" class="citation journal cs1">M. D. (February 1944). 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(1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTLzBF6VxoIC"><i>Metallurgy in Antiquity, Part 1: Early metallurgy, the smith and his tools, gold, silver, and lead, zinc, and bronze</i></a>. Studies in Ancient Technology. Vol. 8. 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Zhengzhou, China: MIT Press (published 1988). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13232-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13232-9"><bdi>978-0-262-13232-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644557973">644557973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+beginning+of+the+Use+of+Metals+and+Alloys&rft.place=Zhengzhou%2C+China&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1986-10-21%2F1986-10-26&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644557973&rft.isbn=978-0-262-13232-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9pBTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddin1988" class="citation book cs1">Maddin, Robert (1988). <i>The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys</i>. The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262132329" title="Special:BookSources/9780262132329"><bdi>9780262132329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginning+of+the+Use+of+Metals+and+Alloys&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780262132329&rft.aulast=Maddin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble1975" class="citation journal cs1">Noble, J.V. (October 1975). "The wax of the lost wax process". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>79</b> (4): 368–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F503070">10.2307/503070</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/503070">503070</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193070936">193070936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+wax+of+the+lost+wax+process&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=368-9&rft.date=1975-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193070936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F503070%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F503070&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=J.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeng2020" class="citation book cs1">Peng, Peng (2020). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=741"><i>Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process</i></a></span>. Cambria Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604979626" title="Special:BookSources/9781604979626"><bdi>9781604979626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metalworking+in+Bronze+Age+China%3A+The+Lost-Wax+Process&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781604979626&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Peng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambriapress.com%2Fpub.cfm%3Fbid%3D741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1978" class="citation report cs1">Taylor, S.E. (1978). Dark-Age metal casting: An experimental investigation into the possibility of using wax models for the formation of clay-piece moulds, with special reference to the manufacture of pairs of cast objects (Report). The Department of Archaeology Cardiff. Vol. 97. University of Cardiff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Dark-Age+metal+casting%3A+An+experimental+investigation+into+the+possibility+of+using+wax+models+for+the+formation+of+clay-piece+moulds%2C+with+special+reference+to+the+manufacture+of+pairs+of+cast+objects&rft.series=The+Department+of+Archaeology+Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Cardiff&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=S.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrench2000" class="citation book cs1">Trench, Lucy (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialstechniq00lucy"><i>Materials & Techniques in the Decorative Arts: An illustrated dictionary</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-81200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-81200-7"><bdi>978-0-226-81200-7</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+%26+Techniques+in+the+Decorative+Arts%3A+An+illustrated+dictionary&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-226-81200-7&rft.aulast=Trench&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaterialstechniq00lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchaeometallurgy_in_Europe2003" class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXgYAAAACAAJ"><i>Proceedings</i></a>. Archaeometallurgy in Europe: International Conference. Milan, IT: Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia. 24–26 September 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-85298-50-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-85298-50-7"><bdi>978-88-85298-50-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Proceedings&rft.place=Milan%2C+IT&rft.pub=Associazione+Italiana+di+Metallurgia&rft.date=2003-09-24%2F2003-09-26&rft.isbn=978-88-85298-50-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXgYAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/bronze-casting.html"><i>Bronze casting (direct method)</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></i> (video). <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bronze+casting+%28direct+method%29&rft.series=Smarthistory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmarthistory.khanacademy.org%2Fbronze-casting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/videoDetails?segid=437"><i>Adriaen de Vries's bronze casting techniques</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a></i> (video)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adriaen+de+Vries%27s+bronze+casting+techniques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fart%2Fgettyguide%2FvideoDetails%3Fsegid%3D437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161106060722/http://www.andresteadsculpture.com/pages.php?page_id=5">"The bronze casting process"</a>. <i>Andre Stead Sculpture</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andresteadsculpture.com/pages.php?page_id=5">the original</a> on 6 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andre+Stead+Sculpture&rft.atitle=The+bronze+casting+process&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andresteadsculpture.com%2Fpages.php%3Fpage_id%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explore-chhattisgarh.blogspot.com/2011/02/metal-art-in-bastar.html">"Metal Art of Bastar Photos"</a>. <i>chhattisgarh.blogspot.com</i> (blog). February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chhattisgarh.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Metal+Art+of+Bastar+Photos&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplore-chhattisgarh.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F02%2Fmetal-art-in-bastar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jepsculpture.com/bronze.shtml">"Flash animation of lost-wax casting process"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/James_Peniston" title="James Peniston">James Peniston Sculpture</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Peniston+Sculpture&rft.atitle=Flash+animation+of+lost-wax+casting+process&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jepsculpture.com%2Fbronze.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516063913/http://wildlifeart.org/Foundry/">"Virtual foundry"</a>. National Museum of Wildlife Art. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wildlifeart.org/Foundry/">the original</a> on 16 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+foundry&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Wildlife+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwildlifeart.org%2FFoundry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129170734/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/sculpture/sculpture_features/bayes/modelling/medal/index.html">"Casting a Medal"</a>. Sculpture. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/sculpture/sculpture_features/bayes/modelling/medal/index.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casting+a+Medal&rft.series=Sculpture&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fsculpture%2Fsculpture_features%2Fbayes%2Fmodelling%2Fmedal%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011194141/http://web.comhem.se/vikingbronze/sunchariot.htm">"Reconstructing the Bronze Age Trundholm Sun Chariot"</a>. <i>comhem.se</i>. Viking bronze. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.comhem.se/vikingbronze/sunchariot.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comhem.se&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Bronze+Age+Trundholm+Sun+Chariot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.comhem.se%2Fvikingbronze%2Fsunchariot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005091752/http://www.scientificamericanpast.com/Scientific%20American%201900%20to%201909/4/lg/sci10151904.htm">"The "cire-perdue" process of bronze casting"</a>. <i>Scientific American past</i>. 15 October 1904. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamericanpast.com/Scientific%20American%201900%20to%201909/4/lg/sci10151904.htm">the original</a> on 5 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American+past&rft.atitle=The+%22cire-perdue%22+process+of+bronze+casting&rft.date=1904-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamericanpast.com%2FScientific%2520American%25201900%2520to%25201909%2F4%2Flg%2Fsci10151904.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Harvey_(sculptor)" title="André Harvey (sculptor)">Harvey, A.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140528050206/http://www.andreharvey.com/lost-wax-process.html">"André Harvey lost wax process (<i>cire perdue</i>)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andreharvey.com/lost-wax-process.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andr%C3%A9+Harvey+lost+wax+process+%28cire+perdue%29&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andreharvey.com%2Flost-wax-process.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALost-wax+casting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765814#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765814#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765814#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4188794-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85106232">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12471439z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12471439z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533806405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033904545">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&oldid=1257608585">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost-wax_casting&oldid=1257608585</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Casting_(manufacturing)" title="Category:Casting (manufacturing)">Casting (manufacturing)</a></li><li><a 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