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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hyperlink" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hyperlink" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hyperlink" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hyperlink" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inline_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inline_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Inline links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inline_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anchor_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anchor_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Anchor links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anchor_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fat_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fat_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Fat links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fat_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_in_various_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_in_various_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uses in various technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses_in_various_technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses in various technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses_in_various_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HTML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>HTML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XLink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XLink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>XLink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XLink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permalinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permalinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Permalinks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permalinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_hyperlinks_work_in_HTML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_hyperlinks_work_in_HTML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>How hyperlinks work in HTML</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-How_hyperlinks_work_in_HTML-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle How hyperlinks work in HTML subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-How_hyperlinks_work_in_HTML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Link_behavior_in_web_browsers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Link_behavior_in_web_browsers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Link behavior in web browsers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Link_behavior_in_web_browsers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legal issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyperlink</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skakel" title="Skakel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skakel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="رابط تشعبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رابط تشعبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link" title="Link – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Link" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="হাইপারলিংক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইপারলিংক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="हाइपरलिंक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हाइपरलिंक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хипервръзка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хипервръзка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link" title="Link – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Link" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link" title="Link – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Link" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourliamm" title="Gourliamm – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gourliamm" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlla%C3%A7_(inform%C3%A0tica)" title="Enllaç (informàtica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enllaç (informàtica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hyperlink" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hyperlink" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hyperlink" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCperlink" title="Hüperlink – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüperlink" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Υπερσύνδεσμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερσύνδεσμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperenlace" title="Hiperenlace – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hiperenlace" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperligilo" title="Hiperligilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hiperligilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteka" title="Esteka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esteka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ابرپیوند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابرپیوند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlien" title="Hyperlien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hyperlien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keppeling" title="Keppeling – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keppeling" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipearnasc" title="Hipearnasc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hipearnasc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperligaz%C3%B3n" title="Hiperligazón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hiperligazón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%ED%8D%BC%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC" title="하이퍼링크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하이퍼링크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հիպերհղում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիպերհղում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="हाइपरलिंक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइपरलिंक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poveznica" title="Poveznica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poveznica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranala" title="Pranala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pranala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhongco" title="Ukhongco – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukhongco" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegamento_ipertestuale" title="Collegamento ipertestuale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Collegamento ipertestuale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8" title="קישור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קישור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranala" title="Pranala – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pranala" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABnk" title="Lënk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lënk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Еренсілтеме – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еренсілтеме" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiungo_(tarakilishi)" title="Kiungo (tarakilishi) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiungo (tarakilishi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEperl%C3%AEnk" title="Hîperlînk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîperlînk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Гипершилтеме – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гипершилтеме" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus" title="Nexus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nexus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipersaite" title="Hipersaite – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hipersaite" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hyperlink" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperhivatkoz%C3%A1s" title="Hiperhivatkozás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hiperhivatkozás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хиперврска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хиперврска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹൈപ്പർലിങ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈപ്പർലിങ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="हायपरलिंक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हायपरलिंक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperpautan" title="Hiperpautan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hiperpautan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hyperlink" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetverwiezing" title="Internetverwiezing – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Internetverwiezing" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="ハイパーリンク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハイパーリンク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlenke" title="Hyperlenke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hyperlenke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkopling" title="Hyperkopling – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hyperkopling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iperligam" title="Iperligam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iperligam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Гиперушык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гиперушык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipermurojaat" title="Gipermurojaat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gipermurojaat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link" title="Link – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Link" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiper%C5%82%C4%85cze" title="Hiperłącze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hiperłącze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperliga%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Hiperligação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hiperligação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperlink" title="Hiperlink – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hiperlink" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanaq_t%27inki" title="Hanaq t'inki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hanaq t'inki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Гиперодказ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гиперодказ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гиперссылка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гиперссылка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lig%C3%B2ngiu_ipertestuale" title="Ligòngiu ipertestuale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ligòngiu ipertestuale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejlidhje" title="Tejlidhje – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tejlidhje" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipirculligamentu" title="Ipirculligamentu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ipirculligamentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Hyperlink" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link" title="Link – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Link" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hyperlink" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperpovezava" title="Hiperpovezava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hiperpovezava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9" title="ھایپەرلینک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھایپەرلینک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Хиперлинк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хиперлинк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperlink" title="Hiperlink – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hiperlink" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlinkki" title="Hyperlinkki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hyperlinkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperl%C3%A4nk" title="Hyperlänk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hyperlänk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மீயிணைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீயிணைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Гиперсылтама – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гиперсылтама" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="హైపర్ లింక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హైపర్ లింక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="ไฮเปอร์ลิงก์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮเปอร์ลิงก์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flant%C4%B1_(internet)" title="Bağlantı (internet) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bağlantı (internet)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Гіперпосилання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіперпосилання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9" title="ہائپرلنک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہائپرلنک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%AAu_li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt" title="Siêu liên kết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Siêu liên kết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5rd%C3%AAye_(Daegntoele)" title="Hårdêye (Daegntoele) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hårdêye (Daegntoele)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABkkalekaay" title="Lëkkalekaay – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Lëkkalekaay" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="超链接 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="超链接" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90" title="超連結 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="超連結" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90" title="超連結 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="超連結" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ngg%C3%A8tan_(intern%C3%A8t)" title="Sènggètan (internèt) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sènggètan (internèt)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q102014#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method of referencing visual computer data</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For help creating links on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Contents/Links" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Contents/Links">Help:Contents/Links</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyperlink_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hyperlink_example.svg/220px-Hyperlink_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hyperlink_example.svg/330px-Hyperlink_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hyperlink_example.svg/440px-Hyperlink_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="80" /></a><figcaption>An example of a hyperlink as commonly seen in a web browser, with a mouse pointer hovering above it</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sistema_hipertextual.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sistema_hipertextual.jpg/220px-Sistema_hipertextual.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sistema_hipertextual.jpg/330px-Sistema_hipertextual.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sistema_hipertextual.jpg/440px-Sistema_hipertextual.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Visual abstraction of several documents being connected by hyperlinks</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, a <b>hyperlink</b>, or simply a <b>link</b>, is a digital reference to <a href="/wiki/Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">data</a> that the <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">user</a> can follow or be guided to by <a href="/wiki/Point_and_click" title="Point and click">clicking</a> or <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">tapping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document. <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a> is text with hyperlinks. The text that is linked from is known as <a href="/wiki/Anchor_text" title="Anchor text">anchor text</a>. A software system that is used for viewing and creating hypertext is a <i>hypertext system</i>, and to create a hyperlink is <i>to hyperlink</i> (or simply <i>to link</i>). A user following hyperlinks is said to <i>navigate</i> or <i>browse</i> the hypertext. </p><p>The document containing a hyperlink is known as its source document. For example, in content from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a>, many words and terms in the text are hyperlinked to definitions of those terms. Hyperlinks are often used to implement reference <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanisms</a> such as tables of contents, <a href="/wiki/Footnotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Footnotes">footnotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliographies">bibliographies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">indexes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glossaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossaries">glossaries</a>. </p><p>In some hypertext, hyperlinks can be bidirectional: they can be followed in two directions, so both ends act as <a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Anchor" title="HTML element">anchors</a> and as targets. More complex arrangements exist, such as many-to-many links. </p><p>The effect of following a hyperlink may vary with the hypertext system and may sometimes depend on the link itself; for instance, on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> most hyperlinks cause the target document to replace the document being displayed, but some are marked to cause the target document to open in a new window (or, perhaps, in a new <a href="/wiki/Tab_(interface)" title="Tab (interface)">tab</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possibility is <a href="/wiki/Transclusion" title="Transclusion">transclusion</a>, for which the link target is a <a href="/wiki/URI_fragment" title="URI fragment">document fragment</a> that replaces the link anchor within the source document. Not only persons browsing the document may follow hyperlinks. These hyperlinks may also be followed automatically by programs. A program that traverses the hypertext, following each hyperlink and gathering all the retrieved documents is known as a Web <i>spider</i> or <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">crawler</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Links">Links</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_links">Inline links</h3></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Inline_linking" title="Inline linking">inline link</a> displays remote content without the need for embedding the content. The remote content may be accessed with or without the user following the link. </p><p>An inline link may display a modified version of the content; for instance, instead of an image, a <a href="/wiki/Thumbnail" title="Thumbnail">thumbnail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">low resolution</a> <a href="/wiki/Preview_(computing)" title="Preview (computing)">preview</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cropping_(image)" title="Cropping (image)">cropped</a> section, or <a href="/wiki/Magnification" title="Magnification">magnified</a> section may be shown. The full content is then usually available on demand, as is the case with <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">print publishing</a> software –  e.g., with an <a href="/wiki/External_link" class="mw-redirect" title="External link">external link</a>. This allows for smaller file sizes and quicker response to changes when the full linked content is not needed, as is the case when rearranging a <a href="/wiki/Page_layout" title="Page layout">page layout</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anchor_links"><span class="anchor" id="Anchor"></span>Anchor links</h3></div> <p>An anchor hyperlink (anchor link) is a link bound to a portion of a document,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is often called a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fragment#English:_internet" class="extiw" title="wikt:fragment">fragment</a>. The fragment is generally a portion of text or a heading, though not necessarily. For instance, it may also be a <a href="/wiki/Screen_hotspot" title="Screen hotspot"><i>hot area</i></a> in an image (<a href="/wiki/Image_map" title="Image map">image map</a> in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>), a designated, often irregular part of an image. </p><p>Fragments are marked with <i>anchors</i> (in any of various ways), which is why a link to a fragment is called an anchor link (that is, a link to an anchor). For example, in <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, the element <code><anchor id="name" />"</code> provides anchoring capability (as long as the <a href="/wiki/Document_type_definition" title="Document type definition">DTD</a> or schema defines it), and in <a href="/wiki/Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki markup">wiki markup</a>, <code>{{anchor|name}}</code> is a typical example of implementing it. In <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a> apps, anchors can be inserted where desired and may be called <i>bookmarks</i>. In <a href="/wiki/URLs" class="mw-redirect" title="URLs">URLs</a>, the hash character (#) precedes the name of the anchor for the fragment. </p><p>One way to define a hot area in an image is by a list of coordinates that indicate its boundaries. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Africa">political map of Africa</a> may have each country hyperlinked to further information about that country. A separate invisible hot area interface allows for swapping <a href="/wiki/Skin_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin (computing)">skins</a> or labels within the linked hot areas without repetitive embedding of links in the various skin elements. </p><p><b>Text hyperlink.</b> Hyperlink is embedded into a word or a phrase and makes this text clickable. </p><p><b>Image hyperlink.</b> Hyperlink is embedded into an image and makes this image clickable. </p><p><b>Bookmark hyperlink.</b> Hyperlink is embedded into a text or an image and takes visitors to another part of a web page. </p><p><b>E-mail hyperlink.</b> Hyperlink is embedded into e-mail address and allows visitors to send an e-mail message to this e-mail address.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fat_links">Fat links</h3></div> <p>A <b>fat link</b> (also known as a "one-to-many" link, an "extended link"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a "multi-tailed link")<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a hyperlink which leads to multiple endpoints; the link is a <a href="/wiki/Set-valued_function" title="Set-valued function">set-valued function</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_in_various_technologies">Uses in various technologies</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML">HTML</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HTML_element#Anchor" title="HTML element">HTML element § Anchor</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> saw the possibility of using hyperlinks to link any information to any other information over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Hyperlinks were therefore integral to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. Web pages are written in the hypertext mark-up language <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>. </p><p>This is what a hyperlink to the home page of the <a href="/wiki/W3C_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C organization">W3C organization</a> could look like in HTML code: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://www.w3.org/"</span><span class="p">></span>W3C organization website<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p>This HTML code consists of several <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">tags</a>: </p> <ul><li>The hyperlink starts with an anchor opening tag <b><a</b>, and includes a hyperlink reference <b>href="https://www.w3.org/"</b> to the <b><a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a></b> for the page. (The URL is enclosed in quotes.)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a> is followed by <b>></b>, marking the end of the anchor opening tag.</li> <li>The words that follow identify what is being linked; this is the only part of the code that is ordinarily visible on the screen when the page is rendered, but when the cursor hovers over the link, many browsers display the target URL somewhere on the screen, such as in the lower left-hand corner.</li> <li>Typically these words are underlined and colored (for example, blue for a link that has not yet been visited and purple for a link already visited).</li> <li>The anchor closing tag (<b></a></b>) terminates the hyperlink code.</li> <li>The <b><a></b> tag can also consist of various <a href="/wiki/HTML_attribute" title="HTML attribute">attributes</a> such as the "rel" attribute which specifies the relationship between the current document and linked document.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Webgraph" title="Webgraph">Webgraph</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">graph</a>, formed from <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> as vertices and hyperlinks, as directed edges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XLink">XLink</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> recommendation called <a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a> describes hyperlinks that offer a far greater degree of functionality than those offered in HTML. These <b>extended links</b> can be <i>multidirectional</i>, remove linking from, within, and between XML documents. It can also describe <i>simple links</i>, which are unidirectional and therefore offer no more functionality than hyperlinks in HTML.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permalinks">Permalinks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Permalink" title="Permalink">Permalinks</a> are URLs that are intended to remain unchanged for many years into the future, yielding hyperlinks that are less susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">link rot</a>. Permalinks are often rendered simply, that is, as friendly URLs, so as to be easy for people to type and remember. Permalinks are used in order to <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)#Typed_pointers_and_casting" title="Pointer (computer programming)">point</a> and <a href="/wiki/URL_redirection#Meaningful,_persistent_aliases_for_long_or_changing_URLs" title="URL redirection">redirect</a> readers to the same <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">Web page</a>, blog post or any online digital media.<sup id="cite_ref-techopedia.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techopedia.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scientific literature is a place where link persistence is crucial to the public knowledge. A 2013 study in <a href="/wiki/BMC_Bioinformatics" title="BMC Bioinformatics">BMC Bioinformatics</a> analyzed 15,000 links in abstracts from Thomson Reuters' <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> citation index, founding that the median lifespan of Web pages was 9.3 years, and just 62% were archived.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The median lifespan of a Web page constitutes high-degree variable, but its <a href="/wiki/Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">order of magnitude</a> usually is of some months.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_hyperlinks_work_in_HTML">How hyperlinks work in HTML</h2></div> <p>A link from one domain to another is said to be <i>outbound</i> from its source anchor and <a href="/wiki/Inbound_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Inbound link"><i>inbound</i></a> to its target. </p><p>The most common destination anchor is a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. This can refer to a document, e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Webpage" class="mw-redirect" title="Webpage">webpage</a>, or other resource, or to a position in a webpage. The latter is achieved by means of an <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a> with a "name" or "id" attribute at that position of the HTML document. The URL of the position is the URL of the webpage with a <a href="/wiki/Fragment_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragment identifier">fragment identifier</a> –  "#<i>id attribute</i>" –  appended. </p><p>When linking to PDF documents from an HTML page the "<i>id attribute</i>" can be replaced with syntax that references a page number or another element of the PDF, for example, "#<i>page=386</i>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Link_behavior_in_web_browsers">Link behavior in web browsers</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Link_decoration"></span>A <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> usually displays a hyperlink in some distinguishing way, e.g. in a different <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>, <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> or <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">style</a>, or with certain symbols following to visualize link target or document types. This is also called <i>link decoration</i>. The behavior and style of links can be specified using the <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> (CSS) language. </p><p>In a graphical user interface, the appearance of a mouse <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(user_interface)" title="Cursor (user interface)">cursor</a> may change into a <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a> motif to indicate a link. In most graphical web browsers, links are displayed in underlined blue text when they have not been visited, but underlined purple text when they have. When the <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">user</a> activates the link (e.g., by clicking on it with the <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a>) the browser displays the link's target. If the target is not an HTML file, depending on the <a href="/wiki/File_type" class="mw-redirect" title="File type">file type</a> and on the browser and its <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugins</a>, another program may be activated to open the file. </p><p>The HTML code contains some or all of the five main characteristics of a link: </p> <ul><li><b>link destination</b> ("href" pointing to a URL)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anchor_text" title="Anchor text">link label</a></b></li> <li><b>link title</b></li> <li><b>link target</b></li> <li><b>link class</b> or <b>link id</b></li></ul> <p>It uses the <a href="/wiki/HTML_anchor" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML anchor">HTML element "a"</a> with the attribute "href" (HREF is an abbreviation for "Hypertext REFerence"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and optionally also the attributes "title", "target", and "<a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">class</a>" or "id": </p> <dl><dd><samp><a href="<i>URL</i>" title="<i>link title</i>" target="<i>link target</i>" class="<i>link class</i>"><i>link label</i></a></samp></dd></dl> <p>To embed a link into a web page, blogpost, or comment, it may take this form: </p> <dl><dd><code><a href="https://example.com/">Example</a></code></dd></dl> <p>In a typical web browser, this would display as the underlined word "Example" in blue, which when clicked would take the user to the example.com website. This contributes to a clean, easy to read text or document. </p><p>By default, browsers will usually display hyperlinks as such: </p> <ul><li>An unvisited link is usually blue and underlined</li> <li>A visited link is usually purple and underlined</li> <li>An active link is usually red and underlined</li></ul> <p>When the cursor hovers over a link, depending on the browser and graphical user interface, some informative text about the link can be shown, popping up, not in a regular <a href="/wiki/Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">window</a>, but in a special <a href="/wiki/Mouse_hover" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse hover">hover box</a>, which disappears when the cursor is moved away (sometimes it disappears anyway after a few seconds, and reappears when the cursor is moved away and back). <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">IE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>, and many other web browsers all show the URL. In addition, the URL is commonly shown in the <a href="/wiki/Status_bar" title="Status bar">status bar</a>. </p><p>Normally, a link opens in the current <a href="/wiki/Framing_(World_Wide_Web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framing (World Wide Web)">frame</a> or window, but sites that use frames and multiple windows for navigation can add a special "target" attribute to specify where the link loads. If no window exists with that name, a new window is created with the ID, which can be used to refer to the window later in the browsing session. </p><p>Creation of new windows is probably the most common use of the "target" attribute. To prevent accidental reuse of a window, the special window names "_blank" and "_new" are usually available, and always cause a new window to be created. It is especially common to see this type of link when one large website links to an external page. The intention in that case is to ensure that the person browsing is aware that there is no endorsement of the site being linked to by the site that was linked from. However, the attribute is sometimes overused and can sometimes cause many windows to be created even while browsing a single site. </p><p>Another special page name is "_top", which causes any frames in the current window to be cleared away so that browsing can continue in the full window. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SRI_ARC_Engelbart_Nov_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/SRI_ARC_Engelbart_Nov_1969.jpg/220px-SRI_ARC_Engelbart_Nov_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/SRI_ARC_Engelbart_Nov_1969.jpg/330px-SRI_ARC_Engelbart_Nov_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/SRI_ARC_Engelbart_Nov_1969.jpg/440px-SRI_ARC_Engelbart_Nov_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Douglas Engelbart and his team at <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI</a>, 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "link" was coined in 1965 (or possibly 1964) by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nelson" title="Ted Nelson">Ted Nelson</a> at the start of <a href="/wiki/Project_Xanadu" title="Project Xanadu">Project Xanadu</a>. Nelson had been inspired by "<a href="/wiki/As_We_May_Think" title="As We May Think">As We May Think</a>", a popular 1945 essay by <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>. In the essay, Bush described a microfilm-based machine (the <a href="/wiki/Memex" title="Memex">Memex</a>) in which one could link any two pages of information into a "trail" of related information, and then scroll back and forth among pages in a trail as if they were on a single microfilm reel. </p><p>In a series of books and articles published from 1964 through 1980, Nelson transposed Bush's concept of automated cross-referencing into the computer context, made it applicable to specific text strings rather than whole pages, generalized it from a local desk-sized machine to a theoretical proprietary worldwide computer network, and advocated the creation of such a network. Though Nelson's Xanadu Corporation was eventually funded by <a href="/wiki/Autodesk" title="Autodesk">Autodesk</a> in the 1980s, it never created this proprietary public-access network. Meanwhile, working independently, a team led by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Rulifson" title="Jeff Rulifson">Jeff Rulifson</a> as chief <a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">programmer</a>) was the first to implement the hyperlink concept for scrolling within a single document (1966), and soon after for connecting between paragraphs within separate documents (1968), with <a href="/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)" title="NLS (computer system)">NLS</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a> working with graduate student Dan Ostroff designed and implemented the highlighted link in the HyperTIES system in 1983. HyperTIES was used to produce the world's first electronic journal, the July 1988 <a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a>, which was cited as the source for the link concept in <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>'s Spring 1989 manifesto for the Web. In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a> and Greg Kearsley used HyperTIES to publish "Hypertext Hands-On!", the world's first electronic book.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="First electronic book is a bold claim. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Released in 1987 for the <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Apple Macintosh</a>, the database program <a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a> allowed for hyperlinking between various pages within a document, as well as to other documents and separate applications on the same computer.<sup id="cite_ref-"Search_paths"_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"Search_paths"-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Help" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Help">Windows Help</a>, which was introduced with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_3.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Windows 3.0">Microsoft Windows 3.0</a>, had widespread use of hyperlinks to link different pages in a single <a href="/wiki/Online_help" title="Online help">help file</a> together; in addition, it had a visually different kind of hyperlink that caused a popup help message to appear when clicked, usually to give definitions of terms introduced on the help page. The first widely used open protocol that included hyperlinks from any Internet site to any other Internet site was the <a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher protocol</a> from 1991. It was soon eclipsed by HTML after the 1993 release of the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic browser</a> (which could handle Gopher links as well as HTML links). HTML's advantage was the ability to mix graphics, text, and hyperlinks, unlike Gopher, which just had menu-structured text and hyperlinks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copyright_aspects_of_hyperlinking_and_framing" title="Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing">Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing</a></div> <p>While hyperlinking among webpages is an intrinsic feature of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a>, some websites object to being linked by other websites; some have claimed that linking to them is not allowed without permission. </p><p>Contentious in particular are <a href="/wiki/Deep_linking" title="Deep linking">deep links</a>, which do not point to a site's <a href="/wiki/Home_page" title="Home page">home page</a> or other entry point designated by the site owner, but to content elsewhere, allowing the user to bypass the site's own designated flow, and <i>inline links</i>, which incorporate the content in question into the pages of the linking site, making it seem part of the linking site's own content unless an explicit attribution is added.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In certain <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>, it is or has been held that hyperlinks are not merely <a href="/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">references</a> or <a href="/wiki/Citations" class="mw-redirect" title="Citations">citations</a>, but are devices for copying web pages. In the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Karin_Spaink" title="Karin Spaink">Karin Spaink</a> was initially convicted in this way of copyright infringement by linking, although this ruling was overturned in 2003. The courts that advocate this view see the mere <a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">publication</a> of a hyperlink that connects to illegal material to be an illegal act in itself, regardless of whether referencing illegal material is illegal. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Ho" title="Josephine Ho">Josephine Ho</a> was acquitted of 'hyperlinks that corrupt traditional values' in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, <a href="/wiki/British_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecom">British Telecom</a> sued <a href="/wiki/Prodigy_(ISP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodigy (ISP)">Prodigy</a>, claiming that Prodigy infringed its patent (<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4873662">U.S. patent 4,873,662</a></span>) on web hyperlinks. After <a href="/wiki/Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigation">litigation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> found for Prodigy, ruling that <a href="/wiki/British_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecom">British Telecom</a>'s patent did not cover web hyperlinks.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In United States <i><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></i>, there is a distinction between the mere act of linking to someone else's website, and linking to content that is illegal (e.g., gambling illegal in the US) or <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">infringing</a> (e.g., illegal MP3 copies).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several courts have found that merely linking to someone else's website, even if by bypassing commercial advertising, is not copyright or trademark infringement, regardless of how much someone else might object.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linking to illegal or infringing content can be sufficiently problematic to give rise to legal liability.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compare<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a summary of the current status of US copyright law as to hyperlinking, see the discussion regarding <a href="/wiki/Copyright_aspects_of_hyperlinking_and_framing#State_of_US_law_after_Arriba_Soft_and_Perfect_10" title="Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing">the <i>Arriba Soft</i> and <i>Perfect 10</i> cases</a>. </p><p>Somewhat controversially, <a href="/wiki/Vuestar_Technologies" title="Vuestar Technologies">Vuestar Technologies</a> has tried to enforce <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> applied for by its owner, Ronald Neville Langford,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around the world relating to search techniques using hyperlinked images to other <a href="/wiki/Websites" class="mw-redirect" title="Websites">websites</a> or web pages.<sup id="cite_ref-inquirer_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inquirer-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backlink" title="Backlink">Backlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dereference_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Dereference operator">Dereference</a> (operator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal link">Internal link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_building" title="Link building">Link building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">Link rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_hyperlinking" title="Object hyperlinking">Object hyperlinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlinking" title="Overlinking">Overlinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URI_fragment" title="URI fragment">URI fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenu%27s_Link_Sleuth" title="Xenu's Link Sleuth">Xenu's Link Sleuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nofollow" title="Nofollow">Nofollow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_links.asp">"HTML Links"</a>. <i>W3Schools</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220908222558/https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_links.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3Schools&rft.atitle=HTML+Links&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3schools.com%2Fhtml%2Fhtml_links.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/t/tabbrows.htm">"Tabbed browsing"</a>. <i>Computer Hope</i>. Dec 31, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526055511/https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/t/tabbrows.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Hope&rft.atitle=Tabbed+browsing&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhope.com%2Fjargon%2Ft%2Ftabbrows.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrusilovskiKommersStreitz1996" class="citation book cs1">Brusilovski, Peter; Kommers, Piet; Streitz, Norbert (1996-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoiMpnq5bmUC&q=%C2%A0An+anchor+hyperlink+is+a+link+bound+to+a+portion+of+a+document&pg=PA28"><i>Multimedia, Hypermedia, and Virtual Reality: Models, Systems, and Application: First International Conference, MHVR'94, Moscow, Russia September (14–16), 1996. Selected Papers</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540612827" title="Special:BookSources/9783540612827"><bdi>9783540612827</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207163213/https://books.google.com/books?id=BoiMpnq5bmUC&pg=PA28&dq=%C2%A0An+anchor+hyperlink+is+a+link+bound+to+a+portion+of+a+document&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRm8id6u3UAhVLslQKHRj1BCMQ6AEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=%C2%A0An%20anchor%20hyperlink%20is%20a%20link%20bound%20to%20a%20portion%20of%20a%20document&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multimedia%2C+Hypermedia%2C+and+Virtual+Reality%3A+Models%2C+Systems%2C+and+Application%3A+First+International+Conference%2C+MHVR%2794%2C+Moscow%2C+Russia+September+%2814%E2%80%9316%29%2C+1996.+Selected+Papers&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1996-05-15&rft.isbn=9783540612827&rft.aulast=Brusilovski&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Kommers%2C+Piet&rft.au=Streitz%2C+Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBoiMpnq5bmUC%26q%3D%25C2%25A0An%2Banchor%2Bhyperlink%2Bis%2Ba%2Blink%2Bbound%2Bto%2Ba%2Bportion%2Bof%2Ba%2Bdocument%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/a">"The Anchor element – HTML: HyperText Markup Language"</a>. <i>Mozilla Developer Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830154353/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/A">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Developer+Network&rft.atitle=The+Anchor+element+%E2%80%93+HTML%3A+HyperText+Markup+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FHTML%2FElement%2Fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xlink/#extended-link">"XML Linking Language (XLink) Version 1.0"</a>. <i>W3C</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717122126/http://www.w3.org/TR/xlink/#extended-link">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=XML+Linking+Language+%28XLink%29+Version+1.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fxlink%2F%23extended-link&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130704143743/http://people.duke.edu/~mshumate/fiction/htt/tools.html#fatlink">"HTML, Web Browsers, and Other Paraphernalia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.duke.edu/~mshumate/fiction/htt/tools.html">the original</a> on July 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTML%2C+Web+Browsers%2C+and+Other+Paraphernalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.duke.edu%2F~mshumate%2Ffiction%2Fhtt%2Ftools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-techopedia.com-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-techopedia.com_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4900/permanent-link-permalink">"Definition of Permanent Link (Permalink)"</a>. <i>techopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015428/https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4900/permanent-link-permalink">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=techopedia.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Permanent+Link+%28Permalink%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techopedia.com%2Fdefinition%2F4900%2Fpermanent-link-permalink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Kille2015" class="citation web cs1">W. Kille, Leighton (2015-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/internet/website-linking-best-practices-media-online-publishers">"The growing problem of Internet 'link rot' and best practices for media and online publishers"</a>. <i>journalistsresource.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140919162322/https://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/internet/website-linking-best-practices-media-online-publishers">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=journalistsresource.org&rft.atitle=The+growing+problem+of+Internet+%27link+rot%27+and+best+practices+for+media+and+online+publishers&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft.aulast=W.+Kille&rft.aufirst=Leighton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalistsresource.org%2Fstudies%2Fsociety%2Finternet%2Fwebsite-linking-best-practices-media-online-publishers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/thesignal/2011/11/the-average-lifespan-of-a-webpage/">"The Average Lifespan of a Webpage"</a>. November 8, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160908223104/https://blogs.loc.gov/thesignal/2011/11/the-average-lifespan-of-a-webpage/">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Average+Lifespan+of+a+Webpage&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Fthesignal%2F2011%2F11%2Fthe-average-lifespan-of-a-webpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Berners-Lee" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/Provider/ServerWriter.html">"Making a Server ("HREF" is for "hypertext reference")"</a>. W3C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025220948/http://www.w3.org/Provider/ServerWriter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+a+Server+%28%22HREF%22+is+for+%22hypertext+reference%22%29&rft.pub=W3C&rft.au=Tim+Berners-Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FProvider%2FServerWriter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-"Search_paths"-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-"Search_paths"_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="p.49" class="citation book cs1">(Atkinson, Bill?) (1987). "3". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vintageapple.org/macprogramming/pdf/HyperCard_Users_Guide_1987.pdf#page=73"><i>Hypercard User's Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1 ed.). Apple Computer Inc. p. 49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123113437/http://vintageapple.org/macprogramming/pdf/HyperCard_Users_Guide_1987.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Hypercard+User%27s+Guide&rft.pages=49&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Apple+Computer+Inc&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=%28Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Bill%3F%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvintageapple.org%2Fmacprogramming%2Fpdf%2FHyperCard_Users_Guide_1987.pdf%23page%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Copyright_aspects_of_hyperlinking_and_framing#Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft" title="Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing"><i>Arriba Soft</i> case</a>. The Ninth Circuit decision in this case is the first important decision of a US court on linking. In it, the Ninth Circuit held the deep linking by Arriba Soft to images on Kelly's website to be legal under the fair use doctrine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208052339/http://sex.ncu.edu.tw/animal-love/news/2004Jan-Jun/Wang.pdf">"The prosecution of Taiwan sexuality researcher and activist Josephine Ho"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sex.ncu.edu.tw. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sex.ncu.edu.tw/animal-love/news/2004Jan-Jun/Wang.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+prosecution+of+Taiwan+sexuality+researcher+and+activist+Josephine+Ho&rft.pub=Sex.ncu.edu.tw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsex.ncu.edu.tw%2Fanimal-love%2Fnews%2F2004Jan-Jun%2FWang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a> News.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030207070416/http://news.com.com/2100-1033-955001.html">Hyperlink patent case fails to click</a>. August 23, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629041507/http://www.cybertelecom.org/ip/link.htm">Cybertelecom:: Legal to Link?</a>  The <i>Internet Archive</i>. Retrieved June 11, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford Motor Company v. 2600 Enterprises, 177 F.Supp.2d 661 (EDMi December 20, 2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Civil Liberties Union v. Miller, 977 F.Supp. 1228 (ND Ga. 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.Com, Inc., No. 99-07654 (CD Calif. March 27, 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.uh.edu/faculty/cjoyce/copyright/release10/IntRes.html">Intellectual Reserve v. Utah Lighthouse Ministry, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220211433/http://www.law.uh.edu/faculty/cjoyce/copyright/release10/IntRes.html">Archived</a> 2008-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 75 FSupp2d 1290 (D Utah 1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Universal City Studios Inc v Reimerdes, 111 FSupp2d 294 (DCNY 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linksandlaw.com/decision-161-comcast-illinoi-hightech-elec.pdf">Comcast of Illinois X LLC v. Hightech Elec. Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217124715/http://www.linksandlaw.com/decision-161-comcast-illinoi-hightech-elec.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Decision of July 28, 2004, 03 C 3231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linksandlaw.com/decision-163-perfect-10-pictures-google.pdf">Perfect 10 v. Google</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217124705/http://www.linksandlaw.com/decision-163-perfect-10-pictures-google.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Decision of February 21, 2006, Case No. CV 04-9484 AHM (CD Cal. 2/21/06), CRI 2006, 76–88 No liability for thumbnail links to infringing content</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web20.telecomtv.com/pages/?newsid=43241&id=e9381817-0593-417a-8639-c4c53e2a2a10&view=news">TelecomTV – TelecomTV One – News</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223012806/http://web20.telecomtv.com/pages/?newsid=43241&id=e9381817-0593-417a-8639-c4c53e2a2a10&view=news">Archived</a> 2008-12-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inquirer-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inquirer_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221083137/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/093/1029093/singapore-firm-owns-pictures">All your Interwibble is belong to us</a>, Silvie Barak, <a href="/wiki/The_Inquirer" title="The Inquirer">The Inquirer</a>, 21 February 2009</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinreichHartmut_ObendorfWinfried_Lamersdorf2001" class="citation book cs1">Weinreich, Harald; Hartmut Obendorf; Winfried Lamersdorf (2001). "The look of the link – concepts for the user interface of extended hyperlinks". <i>Proceedings of the 12th ACM conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia</i>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.17.4220">10.1.1.17.4220</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F504216.504225">10.1145/504216.504225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781581134209" title="Special:BookSources/9781581134209"><bdi>9781581134209</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14289046">14289046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+look+of+the+link+%E2%80%93+concepts+for+the+user+interface+of+extended+hyperlinks&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+12th+ACM+conference+on+Hypertext+and+Hypermedia&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.17.4220%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14289046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F504216.504225&rft.isbn=9781581134209&rft.aulast=Weinreich&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Hartmut+Obendorf&rft.au=Winfried+Lamersdorf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperlink" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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