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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Key terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characters_and_escaping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters_and_escaping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characters and escaping</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characters_and_escaping-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characters and escaping subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characters_and_escaping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Valid_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valid_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Valid characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valid_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encoding_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Encoding detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escaping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escaping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Escaping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escaping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Comments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>International use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntactical_correctness_and_error-handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntactical_correctness_and_error-handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Syntactical correctness and error-handling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntactical_correctness_and_error-handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schemas_and_validation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schemas_and_validation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Schemas and validation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schemas_and_validation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schemas and validation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schemas_and_validation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Document_type_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Document_type_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Document type definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Document_type_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Schema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RELAX_NG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RELAX_NG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>RELAX NG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RELAX_NG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schematron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schematron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Schematron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schematron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DSDL_and_other_schema_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DSDL_and_other_schema_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>DSDL and other schema languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DSDL_and_other_schema_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Related specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming_interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Programming interfaces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Programming_interfaces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Programming interfaces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Programming_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_API_for_XML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_API_for_XML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Simple API for XML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_API_for_XML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pull_parsing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pull_parsing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Pull parsing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pull_parsing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Document_Object_Model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Document_Object_Model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Document Object Model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Document_Object_Model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_binding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_binding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Data binding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_binding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XML_as_data_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XML_as_data_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>XML as data type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XML_as_data_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Versions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Versions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Versions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1.0_and_1.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1.0_and_1.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>1.0 and 1.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1.0_and_1.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>2.0</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MicroXML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MicroXML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>MicroXML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MicroXML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binary_XML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_XML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Binary XML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_XML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">XML</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="لغة التوصيف القابلة للتوسعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة التوصيف القابلة للتوسعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C" title="এক্সটেনসিভ মার্কআপ ল্যাংগুয়েজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এক্সটেনসিভ মার্কআপ ল্যাংগুয়েজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Markup Language – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Extensible Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Markup Language – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Extensible Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Markup Language – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Extensible Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Markup Language – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Extensible Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اکس‌ام‌ال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکس‌ام‌ال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Markup Language – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Extensible Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%B0" title="एक्स॰एम॰एल॰ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एक्स॰एम॰एल॰" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Markup Language – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Extensible Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_Panufu_ya_Matini_(XML)" title="Lugha Panufu ya Matini (XML) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha Panufu ya Matini (XML)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD." title="എക്സ്.എം.എൽ. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എക്സ്.എം.എൽ." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Markup Language – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Extensible Markup Language" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Markup Language – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Extensible Markup Language" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%85_%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%B5" title="ئێکس ئێم ئێڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێکس ئێم ئێڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="எக்ஸ்எம்எல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எக்ஸ்எம்எல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="เอกซ์เอ็มแอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอกซ์เอ็มแอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایکس ایم ایل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایکس ایم ایل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="XML" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2115#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/XML" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:XML" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/XML"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/XML" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/XML" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=XML&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:XML" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/XML_-_Managing_Data_Exchange" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2115" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/XML_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="XML (disambiguation)">XML (disambiguation)</a>.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Markup language by the W3C for encoding of data</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">XML (standard)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Extensible Markup Language</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Extensible_Markup_Language_(XML)_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Extensible_Markup_Language_%28XML%29_logo.svg/220px-Extensible_Markup_Language_%28XML%29_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Extensible_Markup_Language_%28XML%29_logo.svg/330px-Extensible_Markup_Language_%28XML%29_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Extensible_Markup_Language_%28XML%29_logo.svg/440px-Extensible_Markup_Language_%28XML%29_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="51" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">XML</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Published, <a href="/wiki/W3C_recommendation" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C recommendation">W3C recommendation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">1996<span class="noprint">; 29 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1996</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First published</th><td class="infobox-data">February 10, 1998<span class="noprint">; 27 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1998-02-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data">1.1 (2nd ed.)<br />September 29, 2006<span class="noprint">; 18 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2006-09-29</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Bray" title="Tim Bray">Tim Bray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paoli" title="Jean Paoli">Jean Paoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sperberg-McQueen" title="Michael Sperberg-McQueen">Michael Sperberg-McQueen</a>, Eve Maler, François Yergeau, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Cowan" title="John W. Cowan">John W. Cowan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Base standards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related standards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W3C_XML_Schema" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C XML Schema">W3C XML Schema</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domain</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">Serialization</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom: 0.15em;">XML (file format)</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> .xml</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><code>application/xml</code>, <code>text/xml</code><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">public.xml</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">UTI conformation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">public.text</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/File_format#Magic_number" title="File format">Magic number</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><code><?xml</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">Markup language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Extended from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="/wiki/SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Extended to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_markup_languages" title="List of XML markup languages">Numerous languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atom_(web_standard)" title="Atom (web standard)">Atom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KML" class="mw-redirect" title="KML">KML</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126/">1.0, 5th ed.</a> (November 26, 2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008-11-26</span>)</span>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/">1.1, 2nd ed.</a> (August 16, 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006-08-16</span>)</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_standard#Comparison_of_definitions" title="Open standard">Free format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Extensible Markup Language</b> (<b>XML</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> and <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a> for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing data.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It defines a set of rules for encoding <a href="/wiki/Electronic_document" title="Electronic document">documents</a> in a format that is both <a href="/wiki/Human-readable" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-readable">human-readable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine-readable data">machine-readable</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>'s XML 1.0 Specification<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of 1998<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several other related specifications<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—all of them free <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standards</a>—define XML.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Extensible_Markup_Language_(XML)_1.0_(Fifth_Edition)-2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extensible_Markup_Language_(XML)_1.0_(Fifth_Edition)-2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a textual data format with strong support via <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> for different <a href="/wiki/Human_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Human languages">human languages</a>. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is widely used for the representation of arbitrary <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as those used in <a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">web services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WhatIs_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhatIs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/XML_schema" title="XML schema">schema systems</a> exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, while programmers have developed many <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> (APIs) to aid the processing of XML data.<sup id="cite_ref-www.britannica.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.britannica.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main purpose of XML is <a href="/wiki/Serialization" title="Serialization">serialization</a>, i.e. storing, transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data. For two disparate systems to exchange information, they need to agree upon a file format. XML standardizes this process. It is therefore analogous to a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for representing information.<sup id="cite_ref-Dykes-2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dykes-2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a>, XML labels, categorizes, and structurally organizes information.<sup id="cite_ref-Dykes-2005_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dykes-2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> XML tags represent the data structure and contain <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>. What is within the tags is data, encoded in the way the XML standard specifies.<sup id="cite_ref-Dykes-2005_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dykes-2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> An additional <a href="/wiki/XML_schema" title="XML schema">XML schema</a> (XSD) defines the necessary metadata for interpreting and validating XML. (This is also referred to as the canonical schema.)<sup id="cite_ref-Dykes-2005_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dykes-2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> An XML document that adheres to basic XML rules is "well-formed"; one that adheres to its schema is "valid".<sup id="cite_ref-Dykes-2005_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dykes-2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Media_types"></span><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet#Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="History of the Internet">IETF</a> <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7303" class="extiw" title="rfc:7303">RFC 7303</a> (which supersedes the older <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3023" class="extiw" title="rfc:3023">RFC 3023</a>), provides rules for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">media types</a> for use in XML message. It defines three media types: <code>application/xml</code> (<code>text/xml</code> is an alias), <code>application/xml-external-parsed-entity</code> (<code>text/xml-external-parsed-entity</code> is an alias) and <code>application/xml-dtd</code>. They are used for transmitting raw XML files without exposing their internal <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>. RFC 7303 further recommends that XML-based languages be given media types ending in <code>+xml</code>, for example, <code>image/svg+xml</code> for <a href="/wiki/SVG" title="SVG">SVG</a>. </p><p>Further guidelines for the use of XML in a networked context appear in <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3470" class="extiw" title="rfc:3470">RFC 3470</a>, also known as IETF BCP 70, a document covering many aspects of designing and deploying an XML-based language.<sup id="cite_ref-www.britannica.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.britannica.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WhatIs_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhatIs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XML has come into common use for the interchange of data over the Internet. Hundreds of document formats using XML syntax have been developed,<sup id="cite_ref-Xml.coverages.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xml.coverages.org-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atom_(web_standard)" title="Atom (web standard)">Atom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Office Open XML</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">OpenDocument</a>, <a href="/wiki/SVG" title="SVG">SVG</a>, <a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">COLLADA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>. XML also provides the base language for <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a> such as <a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a> and <a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a>. It is one of the message exchange formats used in the <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)</a> programming technique. </p><p>Many industry data standards, such as <a href="/wiki/Health_Level_7" title="Health Level 7">Health Level 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenTravel_Alliance" title="OpenTravel Alliance">OpenTravel Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/FpML" title="FpML">FpML</a>, <a href="/wiki/MISMO" title="MISMO">MISMO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Information_Exchange_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="National Information Exchange Model">National Information Exchange Model</a> are based on XML and the rich features of the XML schema specification. In publishing, <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Information_Typing_Architecture" title="Darwin Information Typing Architecture">Darwin Information Typing Architecture</a> is an XML industry data standard. XML is used extensively to underpin various publishing formats. </p><p>One of the applications of XML in science is the representation of operational meteorology information based on <a href="/wiki/IWXXM" title="IWXXM">IWXXM</a> standards.<sup id="cite_ref-WMO2023_manual_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO2023_manual-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_terminology">Key terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Key terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The material in this section is based on the XML <a href="/wiki/Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Specification">Specification</a>. This is not an exhaustive list of all the constructs that appear in XML; it provides an introduction to the key constructs most often encountered in day-to-day use. </p> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Character"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Character</span></span></dt> <dd>An XML document is a string of <i>characters</i>. <a href="/wiki/Valid_characters_in_XML#Characters_allowed_but_discouraged" title="Valid characters in XML">Every</a> legal <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character (except Null) may appear in an (1.1) XML document (while some are discouraged).</dd></dl> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Processor_and_application"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Processor and application</span></span></dt> <dd>The <i>processor</i> analyzes the markup and passes structured information to an <i>application</i>. The specification places requirements on what an XML processor must do and not do, but the application is outside its scope. The <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processor</a> (as the specification calls it) is often referred to colloquially as an <i>XML <a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parser</a></i>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Markup_and_content"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Markup and content</span></span></dt> <dd>The characters making up an XML document are divided into <i>markup</i> and <i>content</i>, which may be distinguished by the application of simple <a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_rules" title="Phrase structure rules">syntactic rules</a>. Generally, strings that constitute markup either begin with the character <code><</code> and end with a <code>></code>, or they begin with the character <code>&</code> and end with a <code>;</code>. Strings of characters that are not markup are content. However, in a <a href="/wiki/CDATA" title="CDATA">CDATA</a> section, the delimiters <code><![CDATA[</code> and <code>]]></code> are classified as markup, while the text between them is classified as content. In addition, whitespace before and after the outermost element is classified as markup.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Tag"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Tag</span></span></dt> <dd>A <i>tag</i> is a markup construct that begins with <code><</code> and ends with <code>></code>. There are three types of tag: <ul><li><i>start-tag</i>, such as <code><section></code>;</li> <li><i>end-tag</i>, such as <code></section></code>;</li> <li><i>empty-element tag</i>, such as <code><line-break /></code>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Element"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Element</span></span></dt> <dd>An <i>element</i> is a logical document component that either begins with a start-tag and ends with a matching end-tag or consists only of an empty-element tag. The characters between the start-tag and end-tag, if any, are the element's <i>content</i>, and may contain markup, including other elements, which are called <i>child elements</i>. An example is <code><greeting>Hello, world!</greeting></code>. Another is <code><line-break /></code>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Attribute"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Attribute</span></span></dt> <dd>An <i>attribute</i> is a markup construct consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Name%E2%80%93value_pair" title="Name–value pair">name–value pair</a> that exists within a start-tag or empty-element tag. An example is <code><img src="madonna.jpg" alt="Madonna" /></code>, where the names of the attributes are "src" and "alt", and their values are "madonna.jpg" and "Madonna" respectively. Another example is <code><step number="3">Connect A to B.</step></code>, where the name of the attribute is "number" and its value is "3". An XML attribute can only have a single value and each attribute can appear at most once on each element. In the common situation where a list of multiple values is desired, this must be done by encoding the list into a well-formed XML attribute<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some format beyond what XML defines itself. Usually this is either a comma or semi-colon delimited list or, if the individual values are known not to contain spaces,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a space-delimited list can be used. An example with space as a delimiter is <code><div class="inner greeting-box">Welcome!</div></code>, where the attribute "class" both has the value "inner greeting-box" and also indicates the two <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> class names "inner" and "greeting-box".</dd></dl> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="XML_declaration"></span><span class="vanchor-text">XML declaration</span></span></dt> <dd>XML documents may begin with an <i>XML declaration</i> that describes some information about themselves. An example is <code><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?></code>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters_and_escaping">Characters and escaping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characters and escaping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XML documents consist entirely of characters from the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> repertoire. Except for a small number of specifically excluded <a href="/wiki/Control_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Control characters">control characters</a>, any character defined by Unicode may appear within the content of an XML document. </p><p>XML includes facilities for identifying the <i>encoding</i> of the Unicode characters that make up the document, and for expressing characters that, for one reason or another, cannot be used directly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valid_characters">Valid characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Valid characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valid_characters_in_XML" title="Valid characters in XML">Valid characters in XML</a></div> <p>Unicode code points in the following ranges are valid in XML 1.0 documents:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>U+0009 (Horizontal Tab), U+000A (Line Feed), U+000D (Carriage Return): these are the only <a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes" title="C0 and C1 control codes">C0</a> controls accepted in XML 1.0;</li> <li>U+0020–U+D7FF, U+E000–U+FFFD: this excludes some noncharacters in the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Multilingual Plane">BMP</a> (all surrogates, U+FFFE and U+FFFF are forbidden);</li> <li>U+10000–U+10FFFF: this includes all code points in supplementary planes, including noncharacters.</li></ul> <p>XML 1.1 extends the set of allowed characters to include all the above, plus the remaining characters in the range U+0001–U+001F.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, however, it restricts the use of C0 and <a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes" title="C0 and C1 control codes">C1</a> control characters other than U+0009 (Horizontal Tab), U+000A (Line Feed), U+000D (Carriage Return), and U+0085 (Next Line) by requiring them to be written in escaped form (for example U+0001 must be written as <code>&#x01;</code> or its equivalent). In the case of C1 characters, this restriction is a backwards incompatibility; it was introduced to allow common encoding errors to be detected. </p><p>The code point <a href="/wiki/U%2B0000" class="mw-redirect" title="U+0000">U+0000</a> (Null) is the only character that is not permitted in any XML 1.1 document. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encoding_detection">Encoding detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Encoding detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Unicode character set can be encoded into <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> for storage or transmission in a variety of different ways, called "encodings". Unicode itself defines encodings that cover the entire repertoire; well-known ones include <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> (which the XML standard recommends using, without a <a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">BOM</a>) and <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many other text encodings that predate Unicode, such as <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> and various <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a>; their character repertoires are in every case subsets of the Unicode character set. </p><p>XML allows the use of any of the Unicode-defined encodings and any other encodings whose characters also appear in Unicode. XML also provides a mechanism whereby an XML processor can reliably, without any prior knowledge, determine which encoding is being used.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encodings other than UTF-8 and UTF-16 are not necessarily recognized by every XML parser (and in some cases not even UTF-16, even though the standard mandates it to also be recognized). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escaping">Escaping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Escaping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XML provides <i><a href="/wiki/Escape_sequence" title="Escape sequence">escape</a></i> facilities for including characters that are problematic to include directly. For example: </p> <ul><li>The characters "<" and "&" are key syntax markers and may never appear in content outside a <a href="/wiki/CDATA" title="CDATA">CDATA</a> section. It is allowed, but not recommended, to use "<" in XML entity values.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some character encodings support only a subset of Unicode. For example, it is legal to encode an XML document in ASCII, but ASCII lacks code points for Unicode characters such as "é".</li> <li>It might not be possible to type the character on the author's machine.</li> <li>Some characters have <a href="/wiki/Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">glyphs</a> that cannot be visually distinguished from other characters, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nonbreaking_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonbreaking space">nonbreaking space</a> (<code>&#xa0;</code>) " " and the <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a> (<code>&#x20;</code>) " ", and the <a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">Cyrillic capital letter A</a> (<code>&#x410;</code>) "А" and the <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Latin capital letter A</a> (<code>&#x41;</code>) "A".</li></ul> <p>There are five <a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references#Predefined_entities_in_XML" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">predefined entities</a>: </p> <ul><li><code>&lt;</code> represents "<";</li> <li><code>&gt;</code> represents ">";</li> <li><code>&amp;</code> represents "&";</li> <li><code>&apos;</code> represents "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">'</span>";</li> <li><code>&quot;</code> represents '<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">"</span>'.</li></ul> <p>All permitted Unicode characters may be represented with a <i><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric character reference</a></i>. Consider the Chinese character "中", whose numeric code in Unicode is hexadecimal 4E2D, or decimal 20,013. A user whose keyboard offers no method for entering this character could still insert it in an XML document encoded either as <code>&#20013;</code> or <code>&#x4e2d;</code>. Similarly, the string "I <3 Jörg" could be encoded for inclusion in an XML document as <code>I &lt;3 J&#xF6;rg</code>. </p><p><code>&#0;</code> is not permitted because the <a href="/wiki/Null_character" title="Null character">null character</a> is one of the control characters excluded from XML, even when using a numeric character reference.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative encoding mechanism such as <a href="/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">Base64</a> is needed to represent such characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comments">Comments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Comments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comments may appear anywhere in a document outside other markup. Comments cannot appear before the XML declaration. Comments begin with <code></code>. For compatibility with <a href="/wiki/SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a>, the string "--" (double-hyphen) is not allowed inside comments;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this means comments cannot be nested. The ampersand has no special significance within comments, so entity and character references are not recognized as such, and there is no way to represent characters outside the character set of the document encoding. </p><p>An example of a valid comment: <code></code> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_use">International use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg/40px-Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg/60px-Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg/80px-Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="42" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This example contains <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Armenian" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Armenian letters.</div></div> </div> <p>XML 1.0 (Fifth Edition) and XML 1.1 support the direct use of almost any <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character in element names, attributes, comments, character data, and processing instructions (other than the ones that have special symbolic meaning in XML itself, such as the less-than sign, "<"). The following is a well-formed XML document including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> characters: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?></span> <span class="nt"><俄语</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">լեզու=</span><span class="s">"ռուսերեն"</span><span class="nt">></span>данные<span class="nt"></俄语></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntactical_correctness_and_error-handling">Syntactical correctness and error-handling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syntactical correctness and error-handling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Well-formed_document" title="Well-formed document">Well-formed document</a></div> <p>The XML specification defines an XML document as a <a href="/wiki/Well-formed_element" title="Well-formed element">well-formed</a> text, meaning that it satisfies a list of syntax rules provided in the specification. Some key points include: </p> <ul><li>The document contains only properly encoded legal Unicode characters.</li> <li>None of the special syntax characters such as <code><</code> and <code>&</code> appear except when performing their markup-delineation roles.</li> <li>The start-tag, end-tag, and empty-element tag that delimit elements are correctly nested, with <a href="/wiki/Tag_omission" title="Tag omission">none missing</a> and none overlapping.</li> <li>Tag names are case-sensitive; the start-tag and end-tag must match exactly.</li> <li>Tag names cannot contain any of the characters <code>!"#$%&'()*+,/;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~</code>, nor a space character, and cannot begin with "-", ".", or a numeric digit.</li> <li>A single root element contains all the other elements.</li></ul> <p>The definition of an XML document excludes texts that contain violations of well-formedness rules; they are simply not XML. An XML processor that encounters such a violation is required to report such errors and to cease normal processing. This policy, occasionally referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Draco_(lawgiver)" title="Draco (lawgiver)">draconian</a> error handling", stands in notable contrast to the behavior of programs that process <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, which are designed to produce a reasonable result even in the presence of severe markup errors.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XML's policy in this area has been criticized as a violation of <a href="/wiki/Postel%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Postel's law">Postel's law</a> ("Be conservative in what you send; be liberal in what you accept").<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The XML specification defines a <a href="/wiki/XML_validation" title="XML validation">valid XML document</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Well-formed_XML_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Well-formed XML document">well-formed XML document</a> which also conforms to the rules of a <a href="/wiki/Document_Type_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Document Type Definition">Document Type Definition</a> (DTD).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schemas_and_validation">Schemas and validation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Schemas and validation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to being well formed, an XML document may be <i>valid</i>. This means that it contains a reference to a <a href="/wiki/Document_Type_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Document Type Definition">Document Type Definition</a> (DTD), and that its elements and attributes are declared in that DTD and follow the grammatical rules for them that the DTD specifies. </p><p>XML processors are classified as <i>validating</i> or <i>non-validating</i> depending on whether or not they check XML documents for validity. A processor that discovers a validity error must be able to report it, but may continue normal processing. </p><p>A DTD is an example of a <i><a href="/wiki/XML_schema" title="XML schema">schema</a></i> or <i>grammar</i>. Since the initial publication of XML 1.0, there has been substantial work in the area of schema languages for XML. Such schema languages typically constrain the set of elements that may be used in a document, which attributes may be applied to them, the order in which they may appear, and the allowable parent/child relationships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Document_type_definition">Document type definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Document type definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Document_type_definition" title="Document type definition">Document type definition</a></div> <p>The oldest schema language for XML is the <a href="/wiki/Document_type_definition" title="Document type definition">document type definition</a> (DTD), inherited from SGML. </p><p>DTDs have the following benefits: </p> <ul><li>DTD support is ubiquitous due to its inclusion in the XML 1.0 standard.</li> <li>DTDs are terse compared to element-based schema languages and consequently present more information in a single screen.</li> <li>DTDs allow the declaration of <a href="/wiki/SGML_entity" title="SGML entity">standard public entity sets</a> for publishing characters.</li> <li>DTDs define a <i>document type</i> rather than the types used by a namespace, thus grouping all constraints for a document in a single collection.</li></ul> <p>DTDs have the following limitations: </p> <ul><li>They have no explicit support for newer <a href="/wiki/Feature_(software_design)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature (software design)">features</a> of XML, most importantly <a href="/wiki/XML_Namespace" class="mw-redirect" title="XML Namespace">namespaces</a>.</li> <li>They lack expressiveness. XML DTDs are simpler than SGML DTDs and there are certain structures that cannot be expressed with regular grammars. DTDs only support rudimentary datatypes.</li> <li>They lack readability. DTD designers typically make heavy use of parameter entities (which behave essentially as textual <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a>), which make it easier to define complex grammars, but at the expense of clarity.</li> <li>They use a syntax based on <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expression</a> syntax, inherited from SGML, to describe the schema. Typical XML APIs such as <a href="/wiki/Simple_API_for_XML" title="Simple API for XML">SAX</a> do not attempt to offer applications a structured representation of the syntax, so it is less accessible to programmers than an element-based syntax may be.</li></ul> <p>Two peculiar features that distinguish DTDs from other schema types are the syntactic support for embedding a DTD within XML documents and for defining <i>entities</i>, which are arbitrary fragments of text or markup that the XML processor inserts in the DTD itself and in the XML document wherever they are referenced, like character escapes. </p><p>DTD technology is still used in many applications because of its ubiquity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schema">Schema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Schema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">XML Schema (W3C)</a></div> <p>A newer schema language, described by the W3C as the successor of DTDs, is <a href="/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">XML Schema</a>, often referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialism</a> for XML Schema instances, XSD (XML Schema Definition). XSDs are far more powerful than DTDs in describing XML languages. They use a rich <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">datatyping</a> system and allow for more detailed constraints on an XML document's logical structure. XSDs also use an XML-based format, which makes it possible to use ordinary XML tools to help process them. </p><p>xs:schema element that defines a schema: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?></span> <span class="nt"><xs:schema</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:xs=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"</span><span class="nt">></xs:schema></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RELAX_NG">RELAX NG</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: RELAX NG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">RELAX NG</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">RELAX NG</a> (Regular Language for XML Next Generation) was initially specified by <a href="/wiki/OASIS_(organization)" title="OASIS (organization)">OASIS</a> and is now a standard (Part 2: <i>Regular-grammar-based validation</i> of <a href="/wiki/DSDL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSDL">ISO/IEC 19757 – DSDL</a>). RELAX NG schemas may be written in either an XML based syntax or a more compact non-XML syntax; the two syntaxes are <a href="/wiki/Isomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomorphic">isomorphic</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(programmer)" title="James Clark (programmer)">James Clark</a>'s conversion tool—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaiopensource.com/relaxng/trang.html">Trang</a>—can convert between them without loss of information. RELAX NG has a simpler definition and validation framework than XML Schema, making it easier to use and implement. It also has the ability to use <a href="/wiki/Datatype" class="mw-redirect" title="Datatype">datatype</a> framework <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-ins</a>; a RELAX NG schema author, for example, can require values in an XML document to conform to definitions in XML Schema Datatypes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schematron">Schematron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Schematron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Schematron" title="Schematron">Schematron</a> is a language for making <a href="/wiki/Assertion_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assertion (computing)">assertions</a> about the presence or absence of patterns in an XML document. It typically uses <a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> expressions. Schematron is now a standard (Part 3: <i>Rule-based validation</i> of <a href="/wiki/DSDL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSDL">ISO/IEC 19757 – DSDL</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DSDL_and_other_schema_languages">DSDL and other schema languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: DSDL and other schema languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DSDL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSDL">DSDL</a> (Document Schema Definition Languages) is a multi-part ISO/IEC standard (ISO/IEC 19757) that brings together a comprehensive set of small schema languages, each targeted at specific problems. DSDL includes <a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">RELAX NG</a> full and compact syntax, <a href="/wiki/Schematron" title="Schematron">Schematron</a> assertion language, and languages for defining datatypes, character repertoire constraints, renaming and entity expansion, and namespace-based <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing</a> of document fragments to different validators. DSDL schema languages do not have the vendor support of XML Schemas yet, and are to some extent a grassroots reaction of industrial publishers to the lack of utility of XML Schemas for <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a>. </p><p>Some schema languages not only describe the structure of a particular XML format but also offer limited facilities to influence processing of individual XML files that conform to this format. DTDs and XSDs both have this ability; they can for instance provide the <a href="/wiki/Infoset" class="mw-redirect" title="Infoset">infoset</a> augmentation facility and attribute defaults. RELAX NG and Schematron intentionally do not provide these. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_specifications">Related specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Related specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cluster of specifications closely related to XML have been developed, starting soon after the initial publication of XML 1.0. It is frequently the case that the term "XML" is used to refer to XML together with one or more of these other technologies that have come to be seen as part of the XML core. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">XML namespaces</a> enable the same document to contain XML elements and attributes taken from different vocabularies, without any <a href="/wiki/Naming_collision" title="Naming collision">naming collisions</a> occurring. Although XML Namespaces are not part of the XML specification itself, virtually all XML software also supports XML Namespaces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Base" title="XML Base">XML Base</a> defines the <code>xml:base</code> attribute, which may be used to set the base for resolution of relative URI references within the scope of a single XML element.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">XML Information Set</a> or XML Infoset is an abstract data model for XML documents in terms of <i>information items</i>. The infoset is commonly used in the specifications of XML languages, for convenience in describing constraints on the XML constructs those languages allow.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL" title="XSL">XSL</a> (Extensible Stylesheet Language) is a family of languages used to transform and render XML documents, split into three parts: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> (XSL Transformations), an XML language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents or other formats such as HTML, plain text, or XSL-FO. XSLT is very tightly coupled with XPath, which it uses to address components of the input XML document, mainly elements and attributes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="XSL-FO">XSL-FO</a> (XSL Formatting Objects), an XML language for rendering XML documents, often used to generate PDFs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> (XML Path Language), a non-XML language for addressing the components (elements, attributes, and so on) of an XML document. XPath is widely used in other core-XML specifications and in programming libraries for accessing XML-encoded data.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a> (XML Query) is an XML query language strongly rooted in XPath and XML Schema. It provides methods to access, manipulate and return XML, and is mainly conceived as a query language for <a href="/wiki/XML_database" title="XML database">XML databases</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">XML Signature</a> defines syntax and processing rules for creating <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signatures</a> on XML content.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">XML Encryption</a> defines syntax and processing rules for <a href="/wiki/Encrypting" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypting">encrypting</a> XML content.</li> <li>XML model (Part 11: <i>Schema Association</i> of <a href="/wiki/DSDL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSDL">ISO/IEC 19757 – DSDL</a>) defines a means of associating any xml document with any of the schema types mentioned <a href="#Schemas_and_validation">above</a>.</li></ul> <p>Some other specifications conceived as part of the "XML Core" have failed to find wide adoption, including <a href="/wiki/XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a>, <a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a>, and <a href="/wiki/XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_interfaces">Programming interfaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Programming interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The design goals of XML include, "It shall be easy to write programs which process XML documents."<sup id="cite_ref-Extensible_Markup_Language_(XML)_1.0_(Fifth_Edition)-2008_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extensible_Markup_Language_(XML)_1.0_(Fifth_Edition)-2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the XML specification contains almost no information about how programmers might go about doing such processing. The <a href="/wiki/XML_Infoset" class="mw-redirect" title="XML Infoset">XML Infoset</a> specification provides a vocabulary to refer to the constructs within an XML document, but does not provide any guidance on how to access this information. A variety of <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> for accessing XML have been developed and used, and some have been standardized. </p><p>Existing APIs for XML processing tend to fall into these categories: </p> <ul><li>Stream-oriented APIs accessible from a programming language, for example <a href="/wiki/Simple_API_for_XML" title="Simple API for XML">SAX</a> and <a href="/wiki/StAX" title="StAX">StAX</a>.</li> <li>Tree-traversal APIs accessible from a programming language, for example <a href="/wiki/DOM_(XML_API)" class="mw-redirect" title="DOM (XML API)">DOM</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_data_binding" title="XML data binding">XML data binding</a>, which provides an automated translation between an XML document and programming-language objects.</li> <li>Declarative transformation languages such as <a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> and <a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a>.</li> <li>Syntax extensions to general-purpose programming languages, for example <a href="/wiki/LINQ" class="mw-redirect" title="LINQ">LINQ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>.</li></ul> <p>Stream-oriented facilities require less memory and, for certain tasks based on a linear traversal of an XML document, are faster and simpler than other alternatives. Tree-traversal and data-binding APIs typically require the use of much more memory, but are often found more convenient for use by programmers; some include declarative retrieval of document components via the use of XPath expressions. </p><p>XSLT is designed for declarative description of XML document transformations, and has been widely implemented both in server-side packages and Web browsers. XQuery overlaps XSLT in its functionality, but is designed more for searching of large <a href="/wiki/XML_database" title="XML database">XML databases</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_API_for_XML">Simple API for XML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Simple API for XML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Simple_API_for_XML" title="Simple API for XML">Simple API for XML</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Simple_API_for_XML" title="Simple API for XML">Simple API for XML</a> (SAX) is a <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">lexical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">event-driven</a> API in which a document is read serially and its contents are reported as <a href="/wiki/Callbacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Callbacks">callbacks</a> to various <a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computer science)">methods</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Event_handler" class="mw-redirect" title="Event handler">handler object</a> of the user's design. SAX is fast and efficient to implement, but difficult to use for extracting information at random from the XML, since it tends to burden the application author with keeping track of what part of the document is being processed. It is better suited to situations in which certain types of information are always handled the same way, no matter where they occur in the document. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pull_parsing">Pull parsing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pull parsing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pull parsing treats the document as a series of items read in sequence using the <a href="/wiki/Iterator_pattern" title="Iterator pattern">iterator design pattern</a>. This allows for writing of <a href="/wiki/Recursive_descent_parser" title="Recursive descent parser">recursive descent parsers</a> in which the structure of the code performing the parsing mirrors the structure of the XML being parsed, and intermediate parsed results can be used and accessed as local variables within the functions performing the parsing, or passed down (as function parameters) into lower-level functions, or returned (as function return values) to higher-level functions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of pull parsers include Data::Edit::Xml in <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/StAX" title="StAX">StAX</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language, XMLPullParser in <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, XMLReader in <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, ElementTree.iterparse in <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, SmartXML in <a href="/wiki/Red_(programming_language)" title="Red (programming language)">Red</a>, System.Xml.XmlReader in the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>, and the DOM traversal API (NodeIterator and TreeWalker). </p><p>A pull parser creates an iterator that sequentially visits the various elements, attributes, and data in an XML document. Code that uses this iterator can test the current item (to tell, for example, whether it is a start-tag or end-tag, or text), and inspect its attributes (local name, <a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">namespace</a>, values of XML attributes, value of text, etc.), and can also move the iterator to the next item. The code can thus extract information from the document as it traverses it. The recursive-descent approach tends to lend itself to keeping data as typed local variables in the code doing the parsing, while SAX, for instance, typically requires a parser to manually maintain intermediate data within a stack of elements that are parent elements of the element being parsed. Pull-parsing code can be more straightforward to understand and maintain than SAX parsing code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Document_Object_Model">Document Object Model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Document Object Model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a> (DOM) is an interface that allows for navigation of the entire document as if it were a tree of <a href="/wiki/Node_(computer_science)" title="Node (computer science)">node</a> <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a> representing the document's contents. A DOM document can be created by a parser, or can be generated manually by users (with limitations). Data types in DOM nodes are abstract; implementations provide their own programming language-specific <a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">bindings</a>. DOM implementations tend to be <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> intensive, as they generally require the entire document to be loaded into memory and constructed as a tree of objects before access is allowed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_binding">Data binding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Data binding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/XML_data_binding" title="XML data binding">XML data binding</a> is a technique for simplifying development of applications that need to work with XML documents. It involves mapping the XML document to a hierarchy of strongly typed objects, rather than using the generic objects created by a DOM parser. The resulting code is often easier to read and maintain, and it can help to identify problems at compile time rather than run-time. XML data binding is particularly well-suited for applications where the document structure is known and fixed at the time the application is written. By creating a strongly typed representation of the XML data, developers can take advantage of modern integrated development environments (IDEs) that provide features like auto-complete, code refactoring, and code highlighting. This can make it easier to write correct and efficient code, and reduce the risk of errors and bugs. Example data-binding systems include the <a href="/wiki/Java_Architecture_for_XML_Binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Architecture for XML Binding">Java Architecture for XML Binding</a> (JAXB), XML Serialization in <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and XML serialization in <a href="/wiki/GSOAP" title="GSOAP">gSOAP</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XML_as_data_type">XML as data type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: XML as data type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XML has appeared as a <a href="/wiki/First-class_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class data type">first-class data type</a> in other languages. The <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">ECMAScript for XML</a> (E4X) extension to the <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>/JavaScript language explicitly defines two specific objects (XML and XMLList) for JavaScript, which support XML document nodes and XML node lists as distinct objects and use a dot-notation specifying parent-child relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E4X is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> 2.5+ browsers (though now deprecated) and Adobe <a href="/wiki/Actionscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Actionscript">Actionscript</a> but has not been widely adopted. Similar notations are used in Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/LINQ" class="mw-redirect" title="LINQ">LINQ</a> implementation for Microsoft .NET 3.5 and above, and in <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a> (which uses the Java VM). The open-source xmlsh application, which provides a Linux-like shell with special features for XML manipulation, similarly treats XML as a data type, using the <[ ]> notation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> defines a data type <code>rdf:XMLLiteral</code> to hold wrapped, <a href="/wiki/Canonical_XML" title="Canonical XML">canonical XML</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facebook has produced extensions to the <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> languages that add XML to the core syntax in a similar fashion to E4X, namely <a href="/wiki/XHP" title="XHP">XHP</a> and <a href="/wiki/React_(JavaScript_library)#JSX" class="mw-redirect" title="React (JavaScript library)">JSX</a> respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XML is an application <a href="/wiki/Profile_(engineering)" title="Profile (engineering)">profile</a> of <a href="/wiki/SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a> (ISO 8879).<sup id="cite_ref-ISO-2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The versatility of SGML for dynamic information display was understood by early digital media publishers in the late 1980s prior to the rise of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-Bray-2005_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bray-2005-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cobb_Group-1988_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobb_Group-1988-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1990s some practitioners of SGML had gained experience with the then-new <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, and believed that SGML offered solutions to some of the problems the Web was likely to face as it grew. <a href="/wiki/Dan_Connolly_(computer_scientist)" title="Dan Connolly (computer scientist)">Dan Connolly</a> added SGML to the list of W3C's activities when he joined the staff in 1995; work began in mid-1996 when <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Jon_Bosak" title="Jon Bosak">Jon Bosak</a> developed a charter and recruited collaborators. Bosak was well-connected in the small community of people who had experience both in SGML and the Web.<sup id="cite_ref-Eliot_Kimber-2006_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eliot_Kimber-2006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>XML was compiled by a <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working group</a> of eleven members,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported by a (roughly) 150-member Interest Group. Technical debate took place on the Interest Group mailing list and issues were resolved by consensus or, when that failed, majority vote of the Working Group. A record of design decisions and their rationales was compiled by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sperberg-McQueen" title="Michael Sperberg-McQueen">Michael Sperberg-McQueen</a> on December 4, 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(XML_expert)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Clark (XML expert)">James Clark</a> served as Technical Lead of the Working Group, notably contributing the empty-element <code><empty /></code> syntax and the name "XML". Other names that had been put forward for consideration included "MAGMA" (Minimal Architecture for Generalized Markup Applications), "SLIM" (Structured Language for Internet Markup) and "MGML" (Minimal Generalized Markup Language). The co-editors of the specification were originally <a href="/wiki/Tim_Bray" title="Tim Bray">Tim Bray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sperberg-McQueen" title="Michael Sperberg-McQueen">Michael Sperberg-McQueen</a>. Halfway through the project, Bray accepted a consulting engagement with <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a>, provoking vociferous protests from Microsoft. Bray was temporarily asked to resign the editorship. This led to intense dispute in the Working Group, eventually solved by the appointment of Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paoli" title="Jean Paoli">Jean Paoli</a> as a third co-editor. </p><p>The XML Working Group communicated primarily through email and weekly teleconferences. The major design decisions were reached in a short burst of intense work between August and November 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the first Working Draft of an XML specification was published.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further design work continued through 1997, and XML 1.0 became a <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> Recommendation on February 10, 1998. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XML is a profile of an ISO standard, SGML, and most of XML comes from SGML unchanged. From SGML comes the separation of logical and physical structures (elements and entities), the availability of grammar-based validation (DTDs), the separation of data and metadata (elements and attributes), mixed content, the separation of processing from representation (<a href="/wiki/Processing_instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Processing instruction">processing instructions</a>), and the default angle-bracket syntax. The SGML declaration was removed; thus, XML has a fixed delimiter set and adopts <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> as the document <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character set</a>. </p><p>Other sources of technology for XML were the <a href="/wiki/Text_Encoding_Initiative" title="Text Encoding Initiative">TEI</a> (Text Encoding Initiative), which defined a profile of SGML for use as a "transfer syntax" and <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>. The ERCS (Extended Reference Concrete Syntax) project of the SPREAD (Standardization Project Regarding East Asian Documents) project of the ISO-related China/Japan/Korea Document Processing expert group was the basis of XML 1.0's naming rules; SPREAD also introduced hexadecimal numeric character references and the concept of references to make available all Unicode characters. To support ERCS, XML and HTML better, the SGML standard IS 8879 was revised in 1996 and 1998 with WebSGML Adaptations. </p><p>Ideas that developed during discussion that are novel in XML included the algorithm for encoding detection and the encoding header, the processing instruction target, the xml:space attribute, and the new close delimiter for empty-element tags. The notion of well-formedness as opposed to validity (which enables parsing without a schema) was first formalized in XML, although it had been implemented successfully in the Electronic Book Technology "Dynatext" software;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the software from the University of Waterloo New Oxford English Dictionary Project; the RISP LISP SGML text processor at Uniscope, Tokyo; the US Army Missile Command IADS hypertext system; Mentor Graphics Context; Interleaf and Xerox Publishing System. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1.0_and_1.1">1.0 and 1.1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1.0 and 1.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first (XML 1.0) was initially defined in 1998. It has undergone minor revisions since then, without being given a new version number, and is currently in its fifth edition, as published on November 26, 2008. It is widely implemented and still recommended for general use. </p><p>The second (XML 1.1) was initially published on February 4, 2004, the same day as XML 1.0 Third Edition,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is currently in its second edition, as published on August 16, 2006. It contains features (some contentious) that are intended to make XML easier to use in certain cases.<sup id="cite_ref-W3C_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W3C-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main changes are to enable the use of line-ending characters used on <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> platforms, and the use of scripts and characters absent from Unicode 3.2. XML 1.1 is not very widely implemented and is recommended for use only by those who need its particular features.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to its fifth edition release, XML 1.0 differed from XML 1.1 in having stricter requirements for characters available for use in element and attribute names and unique identifiers: in the first four editions of XML 1.0 the characters were exclusively enumerated using a specific version of the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> standard (Unicode 2.0 to Unicode 3.2.) The fifth edition substitutes the mechanism of XML 1.1, which is more future-proof but reduces <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">redundancy</a>. The approach taken in the fifth edition of XML 1.0 and in all editions of XML 1.1 is that only certain characters are forbidden in names, and everything else is allowed to accommodate suitable name characters in future Unicode versions. In the fifth edition, XML names may contain characters in the <a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> scripts among many others added to Unicode since Unicode 3.2.<sup id="cite_ref-W3C_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W3C-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost any Unicode code point can be used in the character data and attribute values of an XML 1.0/1.1 document, even if the character corresponding to the code point is not defined in the current version of Unicode. In character data and attribute values, XML 1.1 allows the use of more <a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">control characters</a> than XML 1.0, but, for "robustness", most of the control characters introduced in XML 1.1 must be expressed as numeric character references (and #x7F through #x9F, which had been allowed in XML 1.0, are in XML 1.1 even required to be expressed as numeric character references<sup id="cite_ref-W3C_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W3C-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Among the supported control characters in XML 1.1 are two line break codes that must be treated as whitespace characters, which are the only control codes that can be written directly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2.0">2.0</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2.0"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been discussion of an XML 2.0, although no organization has announced plans for work on such a project. XML-SW (SW for <a href="/wiki/Skunkworks_project" title="Skunkworks project">skunkworks</a>), which one of the original developers of XML has written,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains some proposals for what an XML 2.0 might look like, including elimination of DTDs from syntax, as well as integration of <a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">XML namespaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/XML_Base" title="XML Base">XML Base</a> and <a href="/wiki/XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">XML Information Set</a> into the base standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MicroXML">MicroXML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: MicroXML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(programmer)" title="James Clark (programmer)">James Clark</a> (technical lead of the XML Working Group) and <a href="/wiki/John_W._Cowan" title="John W. Cowan">John Cowan</a> (editor of the XML 1.1 specification) formed the MicroXML Community Group within the W3C and published a specification for a significantly reduced subset of XML.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_XML">Binary XML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Binary XML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The World Wide Web Consortium also has an XML Binary Characterization Working Group doing preliminary research into use cases and properties for a binary encoding of XML Information Set. The working group is not chartered to produce any official standards. Since XML is by definition text-based, ITU-T and ISO are using the name <a href="/wiki/Fast_Infoset" title="Fast Infoset">Fast Infoset</a> for their own binary format (ITU-T Rec. X.891 and ISO/IEC 24824-1) to avoid confusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>XML and its extensions have regularly been criticized for verbosity, complexity and redundancy.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mapping the basic tree model of XML to <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type systems</a> of programming languages or databases can be difficult, especially when XML is used for exchanging highly structured data between applications, which was not its primary design goal. However, <a href="/wiki/XML_data_binding" title="XML data binding">XML data binding</a> systems allow applications to access XML data directly from objects representing a <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structure</a> of the data in the programming language used, which ensures <a href="/wiki/Type_safety" title="Type safety">type safety</a>, rather than using the <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a> or <a href="/wiki/Simple_API_for_XML" title="Simple API for XML">SAX</a> to retrieve data from a direct representation of the XML itself. This is accomplished by automatically creating a mapping between elements of the XML schema <a href="/wiki/XSD" class="mw-redirect" title="XSD">XSD</a> of the document and members of a class to be represented in memory. </p><p>Other criticisms attempt to refute the claim that XML is a <a href="/wiki/Self-describing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-describing">self-describing</a> language<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (though the XML specification itself makes no such claim). </p><p><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>, <a href="/wiki/YAML" title="YAML">YAML</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S-expression" title="S-expression">S-Expressions</a> are frequently proposed as simpler alternatives (see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_data-serialization_formats" title="Comparison of data-serialization formats">Comparison of data-serialization formats</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that focus on representing highly structured data rather than documents, which may contain both highly structured and relatively unstructured content. However, W3C-standardized XML schema specifications offer a broader range of structured <a href="/wiki/XSD" class="mw-redirect" title="XSD">XSD</a> data types compared to simpler serialization formats and offer modularity and reuse through <a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">XML namespaces</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDX" title="AIDX">AIDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_markup_languages" title="List of XML markup languages">List of XML markup languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_XML_schemas" title="List of types of XML schemas">List of types of XML schemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_programming" title="Extensible programming">Extensible programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_data-serialization_formats" title="Comparison of data-serialization formats">Comparison of data-serialization formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_XML" title="Binary XML">Binary XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBML" class="mw-redirect" title="EBML">EBML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBXML" title="WBXML">WBXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Protocol" title="XML Protocol">XML Protocol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">i.e., embedded quote characters would be a problem</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A common example of this is <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> class or identifier names.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7303"><i>XML Media Types</i></a>. 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Addison-Wesley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/effectivexml50sp00haro/page/10">10–19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-15040-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-15040-6"><bdi>0-321-15040-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effective+XML&rft.pages=10-19&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-321-15040-6&rft.aulast=Harold&rft.aufirst=Elliotte+Rusty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feffectivexml50sp00haro%2Fpage%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2002" class="citation web cs1">Bray, Tim (10 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textuality.com/xml/xmlSW.html">"Extensible Markup Language, SW (XML-SW)"</a>. <i>Textuality</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Textuality&rft.atitle=Extensible+Markup+Language%2C+SW+%28XML-SW%29&rft.date=2002-02-10&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.textuality.com%2Fxml%2FxmlSW.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/community/microxml/">"MicroXML Community Group"</a>. <i>W3C</i>. 2012-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StackOverflow.com&rft.atitle=What+usable+alternatives+to+XML+syntax+do+you+know%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstackoverflow.com%2Fquestions%2F51492%2Fwhat-usable-alternatives-to-xml-syntax-do-you-know&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXML" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Annex A of ISO 8879:1986 (SGML)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_A._Cunningham2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence A. Cunningham (2005). "Language, Deals and Standards: The Future of XML Contracts". <i>Washington University Law Review</i>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=900616">900616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Language%2C+Deals+and+Standards%3A+The+Future+of+XML+Contracts&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D900616%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Lawrence+A.+Cunningham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXML" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosakBray1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bosak, Jon; Bray, Tim (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001200447/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=xml-and-the-second-genera">"XML and the Second-Generation Web"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>280</b> (5): 89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SciAm.280e..89B">1999SciAm.280e..89B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0599-89">10.1038/scientificamerican0599-89</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=xml-and-the-second-genera">the original</a> on 1 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=XML+and+the+Second-Generation+Web&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=89&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0599-89&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999SciAm.280e..89B&rft.aulast=Bosak&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Bray%2C+Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dxml-and-the-second-genera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXML" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2006" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Sean (February 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.developer.com/languages/xml/making-mistakes-with-xml/">"Making Mistakes with XML"</a>. <i>Developer.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Developer.com&rft.atitle=Making+Mistakes+with+XML&rft.date=2006-02-06&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.developer.com%2Flanguages%2Fxml%2Fmaking-mistakes-with-xml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXML" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Laurent2003" class="citation web cs1">St. Laurent, Simon (February 12, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2003/02/five_years_later_xml.html">"Five Years Later, XML."</a> <i>O'Reilly XML Blog</i>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=O%27Reilly+XML+Blog&rft.atitle=Five+Years+Later%2C+XML..&rft.date=2003-02-12&rft.aulast=St.+Laurent&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreillynet.com%2Fxml%2Fblog%2F2003%2F02%2Ffive_years_later_xml.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXML" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2008/02/xml10-pressrelease">"W3C XML is Ten!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 12 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=W3C+XML+is+Ten%21&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2008%2F02%2Fxml10-pressrelease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXML" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wam.inrialpes.fr/courses/PG-MoSIG12/xml.pdf">"Introduction to XML"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Course Slides</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Geneves" title="Pierre Geneves">Pierre Geneves</a>. October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016053704/http://wam.inrialpes.fr/courses/PG-MoSIG12/xml.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Course+Slides&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+XML&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwam.inrialpes.fr%2Fcourses%2FPG-MoSIG12%2Fxml.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXML" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XML&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:XML" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Subject:XML">Subject:XML</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/XML/">Official website</a></span></span>, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/">XML 1.0 Specification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xml.ascc.net/en/utf-8/ercsretro.html">Retrospective on Extended Reference Concrete Syntax</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191118064318/http://xml.ascc.net/en/utf-8/ercsretro.html">Archived</a> 2019-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rick_Jelliffe" title="Rick Jelliffe">Rick Jelliffe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xml.com/pub/a/w3j/s3.bosak.html"><i>XML, Java and the Future of the Web</i></a> (1997) by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Bosak" title="Jon Bosak">Jon Bosak</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://validator.w3.org/">The Official (W3C) Markup Validation Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xml.silmaril.ie/">The 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<li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Flexible_Box_Layout" title="CSS Flexible Box Layout">Flexbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_grid_layout" title="CSS grid layout">Grid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_XML_Interchange" title="Efficient XML Interchange">EXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_Markup_Language" title="Emotion Markup Language">EmotionML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_Tag_Set" title="Internationalization Tag Set">ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_Data_Notifications" title="Linked Data Notifications">Linked Data Notifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_Lexicon_Specification" title="Pronunciation Lexicon Specification">PLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">Schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Interpretation_for_Speech_Recognition" title="Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition">SISR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAP" title="SOAP">SOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Recognition_Grammar_Specification" title="Speech Recognition Grammar Specification">SRGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subresource_Integrity" title="Subresource Integrity">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Synthesis_Markup_Language" title="Speech Synthesis Markup Language">SSML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SVG_filter_effects" title="SVG filter effects">Filter Effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCXML" title="SCXML">SCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timed_text" title="Timed text">Timed text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceXML" title="VoiceXML">VoiceXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">WoT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thing_Description" title="Thing Description">TD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language" title="Web Services Description Language">WSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webmention" title="Webmention">Webmention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSub" title="WebSub">WebSub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebVTT" title="WebVTT">WebVTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format" title="Web Open Font Format">WOFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BRDFa" title="XHTML+RDFa">+RDFa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">XML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XML_Base" title="XML Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Events" title="XML Events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">Information Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">Schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">Signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML-binary_Optimized_Packaging" title="XML-binary Optimized Packaging">XOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XPath_2.0" title="XPath 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath_3" title="XPath 3">3.x</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XProc" title="XProc">XProc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL" title="XSL">XSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects" title="XSL Formatting Objects">XSL-FO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XSLT_elements" title="XSLT elements">elements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IndieAuth" title="IndieAuth">IndieAuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAdES" title="XAdES">XAdES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBL" title="XBL">XBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BSMIL" title="XHTML+SMIL">XHTML+SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_User_Interface_Protocol" title="Extensible User Interface Protocol">XUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Working_draft_(WD)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working drafts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_Control_eXtensible_Markup_Language" title="Call Control eXtensible Markup Language">CCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">EME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InkML" title="InkML">InkML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">RIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SXBL" title="SXBL">sXBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Forms_Description_Language" title="Extensible Forms Description Language">XFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFrames" title="XFrames">XFrames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Markup Validation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Components" title="Web Components">Web Components</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="C-HTML">C-HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_Device_Markup_Language" title="Handheld Device Markup Language">HDML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language">PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language">VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPlatform.org" title="WebPlatform.org">WebPlatform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsoleted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P3P" title="P3P">P3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BMathML%2BSVG" title="XHTML+MathML+SVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li> <li>Defunct: <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Advisory_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Advisory Board (page does not exist)">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Board (page does not exist)">Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Architecture_Group" title="Technical Architecture Group">TAG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Working_Group" title="CSS Working Group">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_Working_Group" title="SVG Working Group">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Authentication_Working_Group" title="Web Authentication Working Group">WebAuthn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community & business groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improving_Web_Advertising_Business_Group" title="Improving Web Advertising Business Group">Web Advertising BG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> CG</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">Device Description</a> (DDWG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_Working_Group" title="HTML Working Group">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_MMI" title="W3C MMI">Multimodal Interaction Activity</a> (MMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libwww" title="Libwww">Libwww</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–98)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(web_browser)" title="Agora (web browser)">Agora</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(web_browser)" title="Argo (web browser)">Argo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(browser/editor, 1996–2012)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conference">International World Wide Web Conference</a> (IW3C) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conferences_Steering_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee">Steering Committee</a> (IW3C2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_International_Conference_on_the_World-Wide_Web" title="First International Conference on the World-Wide Web">First conference</a> ("WWW1", 1994)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_browsers182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_browsers" title="Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_browsers" title="Template talk:Web browsers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_browsers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_browsers182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Features_*_standards_*_protocols182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Features</li> <li>standards</li> <li>protocols</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark_(digital)" title="Bookmark (digital)">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">Privacy mode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">v5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">Cookies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_cookies" title="Third-party cookies">third-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol" title="Online Certificate Status Protocol">OCSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Active182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_(web_browser)" title="Arc (web browser)">Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avast_Secure_Browser" title="Avast Secure Browser">Avast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%91c_C%E1%BB%91c" title="Cốc Cốc">Coc Coc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Dragon" title="Comodo Dragon">Comodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_(web_browser)" title="Epic (web browser)">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mobile_Services" title="Huawei Mobile Services">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile" title="Opera Mobile">Mobile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Browser" title="Puffin Browser">Puffin </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QQ_Browser" title="QQ Browser">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Silk" title="Amazon Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir_(web_browser)" title="Sleipnir (web browser)">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRWare_Iron" title="SRWare Iron">SRWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Browser" title="UC Browser">UC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naver_Whale" title="Naver Whale">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Browser" title="Yandex Browser">Yandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and Open Source">FOSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooble" title="Dooble">Dooble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Browser" title="Otter Browser">Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermium" title="Supermium">Supermium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoogled-chromium" title="Ungoogled-chromium">ungoogled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorp" title="Floorp">Floorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">GNU IceCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlimBrowser" title="SlimBrowser">SlimBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Browser">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Browser" title="Zen Browser">Zen</a></li> <li>Gecko <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Meleon" title="K-Meleon">K-Meleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon" title="Pale Moon">Pale Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICab" title="ICab">iCab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagi_(search_engine)#Orion_Browser" title="Kagi (search engine)">Orion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-<a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360_Secure_Browser" title="360 Secure Browser">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo_Private_Browser" title="DuckDuckGo Private Browser">DuckDuckGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunascape" title="Lunascape">Lunascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetFront" title="NetFront">NetFront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutebrowser" title="Qutebrowser">qutebrowser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eww_(web_browser)" title="Eww (web browser)">eww</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(web_browser)" title="Flow (web browser)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladybird_(web_browser)" title="Ladybird (web browser)">Ladybird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)" title="Lynx (web browser)">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetSurf" title="NetSurf">NetSurf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mini" title="Opera Mini">Opera Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3m" title="W3m">w3m</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_(web_browser)" title="Beaker (web browser)">Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrio" title="Citrio">Citrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcore" title="Redcore">Redcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockmelt" title="Rockmelt">Rockmelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SalamWeb" title="SalamWeb">SalamWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(search_engine)#Browser" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_(web_browser)" title="Torch (web browser)">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Lite" title="Firefox Lite">Firefox Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeon" title="Galeon">Galeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostzilla" title="Ghostzilla">Ghostzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_IceDragon" title="Comodo IceDragon">IceDragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazehakase" title="Kazehakase">Kazehakase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylo_(web_browser)" title="Kylo (web browser)">Kylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroB" title="MicroB">MicroB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Pogo" title="AT&T Pogo">Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirix_Strata" title="Kirix Strata">Strata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TenFourFox" class="mw-redirect" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timberwolf_(web_browser)" title="Timberwolf (web browser)">Timberwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Explorer" title="AOL Explorer">AOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepnet_Explorer" title="Deepnet Explorer">Deepnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaBrowser" title="MediaBrowser">MediaBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeoPlanet" title="NeoPlanet">NeoPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetCaptor" title="NetCaptor">NetCaptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceTime_(software)#SpaceTime_Browser" title="SpaceTime (software)">SpaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAC_Browser" title="ZAC Browser">ZAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arora_(web_browser)" title="Arora (web browser)">Arora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(web_browser)" title="Bolt (web browser)">BOLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Browser" title="Dolphin Browser">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_(web_browser)" title="Fluid (web browser)">Fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Browser" title="Iris Browser">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Browser" title="Mercury Browser">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Browser_for_Symbian" title="Nokia Browser for Symbian">Nokia Symbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniWeb" title="OmniWeb">OmniWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Coast" title="Opera Coast">Opera Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origyn_Web_Browser" title="Origyn Web Browser">Origyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtWeb" title="QtWeb">QtWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiira" title="Shiira">Shiira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_(web_browser)" title="Steel (web browser)">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_(web_browser)" title="Surf (web browser)">surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbl" title="Uzbl">Uzbl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="WebPositive">WebPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xombrero" title="Xombrero">xombrero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaco_(web_browser)" title="Abaco (web browser)">abaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazer_(web_browser)" title="Blazer (web browser)">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_Browser" title="Cake Browser">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(web_browser)" title="Charon (web browser)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM_Browser" title="CM Browser">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs_Deepfish" title="Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish">Deepfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillo" title="Dillo">Dillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELinks" title="ELinks">ELinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazelle_(web_browser)" title="Gazelle (web browser)">Gazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HotJava" title="HotJava">HotJava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Home_Page_Reader" title="IBM Home Page Reader">IBM Home Page Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebExplorer" title="IBM WebExplorer">IBM WebExplorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBrowse" title="IBrowse">IBrowse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">Internet Explorer for Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KidZui" title="KidZui">KidZui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">MSN TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="NetPositive">NetPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_(web_browser)" title="Netscape (web browser)">Netscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skweezer" title="Skweezer">Skweezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyfire_(company)" title="Skyfire (company)">Skyfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThunderHawk" title="ThunderHawk">ThunderHawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Mobile_Browser" title="Vision Mobile Browser">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinWAP" title="WinWAP">WinWAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Web_browsers" title="Category:Web browsers">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers" title="Comparison of web browsers">Comparisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_web_browsers" title="List of web browsers">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data_exchange_formats140" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Data_exchange" title="Template:Data exchange"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Data_exchange" title="Template talk:Data exchange"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Data_exchange" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Data exchange"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data_exchange_formats140" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data_exchange" title="Data exchange">Data exchange</a> formats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human-readable_medium_and_data" title="Human-readable medium and data">Human readable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(web_standard)" title="Atom (web standard)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDIFACT" title="EDIFACT">EDIFACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JSON_Web_Encryption" title="JSON Web Encryption">Web Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON_Web_Token" title="JSON Web Token">Web Token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON_Web_Signature" title="JSON Web Signature">Web Signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_list" title="Property list">Property list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebol" title="Rebol">Rebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOML" title="TOML">TOML</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAML" title="YAML">YAML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binary_file" title="Binary file">Binary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Message_Format" title="Action Message Format">AMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascii85" title="Ascii85">Ascii85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASN.1" title="ASN.1">ASN.1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_Management_Information" title="Structure of Management Information">SMI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Avro" title="Apache Avro">Avro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base32" title="Base32">Base32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">Base64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bencode" title="Bencode">Bencode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSON" title="BSON">BSON</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UBJSON" title="UBJSON">UBJSON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap%27n_Proto" title="Cap'n Proto">Cap'n Proto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBOR" title="CBOR">CBOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlatBuffers" title="FlatBuffers">FlatBuffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MessagePack" title="MessagePack">MessagePack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_list" title="Property list">Property list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Buffers" title="Protocol Buffers">Protocol Buffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Thrift" title="Apache Thrift">Thrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyphal" title="Cyphal">Cyphal</a> DSDL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_Data_Representation" title="External Data Representation">XDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uuencoding" title="Uuencoding">uuencode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YEnc" title="YEnc">yEnc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_data-serialization_formats" title="Comparison of data-serialization formats">Comparison of data-serialization formats</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Semantic_Web71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semantic_Web" title="Template:Semantic Web"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semantic_Web" title="Template talk:Semantic Web"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semantic_Web" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semantic Web"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Semantic_Web71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">Ontologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analytics" title="Semantic analytics">Semantic analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_broker" title="Semantic broker">Semantic broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">Semantic reasoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_service-oriented_architecture" title="Semantic service-oriented architecture">Semantic service-oriented architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriG_(syntax)" title="TriG (syntax)">TriG</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></small></li> <li><small><a 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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