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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Mani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hellenistic Mani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Mani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Mani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Mani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Roman Mani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Mani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Mani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Mani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Medieval Mani</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval_Mani-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medieval Mani subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Mani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_Theodosius_I_to_the_Avar_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Theodosius_I_to_the_Avar_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>From Theodosius I to the Avar invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Theodosius_I_to_the_Avar_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_Macedonian_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Macedonian_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>During the Macedonian dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Macedonian_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Principality_of_Achaea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Principality_of_Achaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Under the Principality of Achaea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Principality_of_Achaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Despotate_of_Morea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Despotate_of_Morea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Under the Despotate of Morea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Despotate_of_Morea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ottoman times</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ottoman_times-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ottoman times subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orlov_Revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orlov_Revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Orlov Revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orlov_Revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_invasion_of_Mani_(1770)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_invasion_of_Mani_(1770)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_invasion_of_Mani_(1770)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lambros_Katsonis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lambros_Katsonis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Lambros Katsonis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lambros_Katsonis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Mani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Mani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern Mani</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Mani-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Mani subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Mani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_19th_century_and_the_beginning_of_the_Greek_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_19th_century_and_the_beginning_of_the_Greek_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Early 19th century and the beginning of the Greek War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_19th_century_and_the_beginning_of_the_Greek_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Declaration_of_War"_and_Contributions_to_the_Greek_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Declaration_of_War"_and_Contributions_to_the_Greek_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>"Declaration of War" and Contributions to the Greek Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Declaration_of_War"_and_Contributions_to_the_Greek_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_and_Regency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_and_Regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Republic and Regency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_and_Regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Late 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maniot_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maniot_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Maniot dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maniot_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Dances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Piracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superstition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superstition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Superstition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superstition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vendettas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vendettas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Vendettas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vendettas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ethnology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Genetic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Maniots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Maniots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable Maniots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Maniots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Μανιάτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μανιάτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniotas" title="Maniotas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maniotas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Маниоти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маниоти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majnoci" title="Majnoci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Majnoci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Маниоты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маниоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Маниоти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маниоти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Monkbot" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Monkbot" data-mw-revid="1252791810"><bdi>Monkbot</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Monkbot" class="mw-redirect mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Monkbot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Monkbot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Monkbot">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots" title="Wikipedia:Bots">Bots</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>3,694,069</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><a href="/wiki/User:Monkbot/task_20" class="mw-redirect" title="User:Monkbot/task 20">Task 20</a>: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_September_27#Replace_and_delete_lang-??_templates" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 September 27">‹See Tfd›</a> (Replaced 1);</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-AWB"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser" title="Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser">AWB</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(3 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Greeks}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Greeks}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The '''Maniots''' or '''Maniates''' ({{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lang-</del>el|Μανιάτες}}) are an ethnic [[Greeks|Greek]] subgroup that traditionally inhabit the [[Mani Peninsula]]; located in western [[Laconia]] and eastern [[Messenia]], in the southern [[Peloponnese]], [[Greece]]. They were also formerly known as '''Mainotes''', and the peninsula as ''Maina''.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The '''Maniots''' or '''Maniates''' ({{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">langx|</ins>el|Μανιάτες}}) are an ethnic [[Greeks|Greek]] subgroup that traditionally inhabit the [[Mani Peninsula]]; located in western [[Laconia]] and eastern [[Messenia]], in the southern [[Peloponnese]], [[Greece]]. They were also formerly known as '''Mainotes''', and the peninsula as ''Maina''.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The Maniots claim to be the descendants of the ancient [[Sparta|Spartans]] and they have often been described as such.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISQ_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36|title=The Bureau: Or Repository of Literature, Politics, and Intelligence|date=1812|publisher=S.C. Carpenter.|pages=36|language=en|quote=In this work, the author, giving an account of the conquest made in Greece by the Russians, and of the gallant defence made by the Maniotes (the descendants of the ancient Spartans) against the Turks, describes their invincible spirit with the eloquence of a [[Demosthenes]] or a [[Edmund Burke|Burke]].}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Harris|first1=W. V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wutuv1ygCxsC&pg=PA282|title=Rethinking the Mediterranean|last2=Harris|first2=William Vernon|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-926545-9|pages=282|language=en|quote=Above all, the Maniots, who are said to be the true heirs of the Spartans and 'have always preserved their liberty' (Pococke, 1743, i. 178) serve as an illustration of this continuity. According to [[John Montagu, 5th Earl of Sandwich|Lord Sandwich]] (1799, 31), '[these] descendants of the ancient Lacedemonians...still preserve their love for liberty so great a degree, as never to have debased themselves under the yoke of the Turkish empire'.}}</ref> The terrain is mountainous and inaccessible (until recently{{when}} many Mani villages could be accessed only by sea), and the regional name "Mani" is thought to have meant originally "dry" or "barren". The name "Maniot" is a derivative meaning "of Mani". In the [[early modern period]], Maniots had a reputation as fierce and proudly independent [[warrior]]s, who practiced [[piracy]] and fierce [[Feud#Blood feuds/vendetta|blood feuds]]. For the most part, the Maniots lived in fortified villages (and "house-towers") where they defended their lands against the armies of [[William II Villehardouin]] and later against those of the [[Ottoman Empire]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The Maniots claim to be the descendants of the ancient [[Sparta|Spartans]] and they have often been described as such.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISQ_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36|title=The Bureau: Or Repository of Literature, Politics, and Intelligence|date=1812|publisher=S.C. Carpenter.|pages=36|language=en|quote=In this work, the author, giving an account of the conquest made in Greece by the Russians, and of the gallant defence made by the Maniotes (the descendants of the ancient Spartans) against the Turks, describes their invincible spirit with the eloquence of a [[Demosthenes]] or a [[Edmund Burke|Burke]].}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Harris|first1=W. V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wutuv1ygCxsC&pg=PA282|title=Rethinking the Mediterranean|last2=Harris|first2=William Vernon|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-926545-9|pages=282|language=en|quote=Above all, the Maniots, who are said to be the true heirs of the Spartans and 'have always preserved their liberty' (Pococke, 1743, i. 178) serve as an illustration of this continuity. According to [[John Montagu, 5th Earl of Sandwich|Lord Sandwich]] (1799, 31), '[these] descendants of the ancient Lacedemonians...still preserve their love for liberty so great a degree, as never to have debased themselves under the yoke of the Turkish empire'.}}</ref> The terrain is mountainous and inaccessible (until recently{{when<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|date=August 2024</ins>}} many Mani villages could be accessed only by sea), and the regional name "Mani" is thought to have meant originally "dry" or "barren". The name "Maniot" is a derivative meaning "of Mani". In the [[early modern period]], Maniots had a reputation as fierce and proudly independent [[warrior]]s, who practiced [[piracy]] and fierce [[Feud#Blood feuds/vendetta|blood feuds]]. For the most part, the Maniots lived in fortified villages (and "house-towers") where they defended their lands against the armies of [[William II Villehardouin]] and later against those of the [[Ottoman Empire]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Names==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Names==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 87:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 87:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===15th century===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===15th century===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>After the [[Ottoman Empire]] under [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmet</del> II|Sultan <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmet</del> II]] [[Fall of Constantinople|took Constantinople]] in May 1453, Mani remained under the control of the Despotate of Morea. In May 1460, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmet</del> occupied the Peloponnese. The Despotate of Morea had been ruled by the two brothers of [[Constantine XI]], who had died defending Constantinople. However, neither [[Demetrios Palaiologos]] nor [[Thomas Palaiologos]] chose to follow his example and defend the Peloponnese. Instead, Thomas fled to [[Italy]], while Demetrios sought refuge with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmet</del>. [[Helena Palaiologina (daughter of Demetrios Palaiologos)|Helena Palaiologina]], a daughter of Demetrios and his second wife Theodora Asanina, was given in marriage to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmet</del> II.<ref name="Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos24"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>After the [[Ottoman Empire]] under [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmed</ins> II|Sultan <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmed</ins> II]] [[Fall of Constantinople|took Constantinople]] in May 1453, Mani remained under the control of the Despotate of Morea. In May 1460, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmed</ins> occupied the Peloponnese. The Despotate of Morea had been ruled by the two brothers of [[Constantine XI]], who had died defending Constantinople. However, neither [[Demetrios Palaiologos]] nor [[Thomas Palaiologos]] chose to follow his example and defend the Peloponnese. Instead, Thomas fled to [[Italy]], while Demetrios sought refuge with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmed</ins>. [[Helena Palaiologina (daughter of Demetrios Palaiologos)|Helena Palaiologina]], a daughter of Demetrios and his second wife Theodora Asanina, was given in marriage to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmed</ins> II.<ref name="Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos24"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Ottoman.jpg|left|thumb|A map of the [[Ottoman Empire]].]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Ottoman.jpg|left|thumb|A map of the [[Ottoman Empire]].]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Krokodeilos Kladas]], a Greek from Laconia, was granted lordship by <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmet</del> over [[Elos]] and [[Sminos|Vardounia]] in 1461. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmet</del> hoped that Kladas would defend Laconia from the Maniots.<ref name="Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos24"/> During that time, Mani's population grew as a result of an influx of refugees who came from other areas of Greece.<ref name="Kassis38">{{harvnb|Kassis|1979|p=38}}.</ref>{{refn|group=Note|name=cnoteβ|In 1453, Mani's population grew drastically as a large number of refugees arrived from other parts of Greece, after the [[Fall of Constantinople]].<ref name="Kassis38"/> Around that time, towns like Skoutari were founded by people who had escaped from Constantinople.<ref name="Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos54">{{harvnb|Greenhalgh|Eliopoulos|1985|p=54}}.</ref> Kassis tells us that the population of Mani at that time was between 40,000 and 80,000.<ref name="Kassis38"/> Count Chateau-Reneau says that at the beginning of the 17th century, there were 700 cities and many villages in Mani which was thought to be an exaggerated number. In 1700, 14,773 people were recorded in the census despite the constant migrations in Mani. In 1805, [[William Martin Leake]] recorded that there were 30,000 people living in Mani. Twelve years later, K. Koumas writes in his geography that Mani had 100,000 inhabitants which was deemed a wildly exaggerated number. In 1820, Anagnostras composition for the [[Filiki Eteria]] says that Mani had 8,000 fighting men. Kassis comes to the conclusion that Mani had around 45,000 inhabitants in 1820.<ref name="Kassis38"/>}} In 1463, Kladas joined the Venetians in their [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)|ongoing war]] against the Ottomans. He led the Maniots against the Ottomans with Venetian aid until 1479, when the Venetians made peace with the Ottomans and gave the Ottomans the right to rule the ''Brazzo di Maina''. Kladas refused to accept the conditions, and so the Venetians put a price on his head.<ref name="Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos24"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Krokodeilos Kladas]], a Greek from Laconia, was granted lordship by <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmed</ins> over [[Elos]] and [[Sminos|Vardounia]] in 1461. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmed</ins> hoped that Kladas would defend Laconia from the Maniots.<ref name="Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos24"/> During that time, Mani's population grew as a result of an influx of refugees who came from other areas of Greece.<ref name="Kassis38">{{harvnb|Kassis|1979|p=38}}.</ref>{{refn|group=Note|name=cnoteβ|In 1453, Mani's population grew drastically as a large number of refugees arrived from other parts of Greece, after the [[Fall of Constantinople]].<ref name="Kassis38"/> Around that time, towns like Skoutari were founded by people who had escaped from Constantinople.<ref name="Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos54">{{harvnb|Greenhalgh|Eliopoulos|1985|p=54}}.</ref> Kassis tells us that the population of Mani at that time was between 40,000 and 80,000.<ref name="Kassis38"/> Count Chateau-Reneau says that at the beginning of the 17th century, there were 700 cities and many villages in Mani which was thought to be an exaggerated number. In 1700, 14,773 people were recorded in the census despite the constant migrations in Mani. In 1805, [[William Martin Leake]] recorded that there were 30,000 people living in Mani. Twelve years later, K. Koumas writes in his geography that Mani had 100,000 inhabitants which was deemed a wildly exaggerated number. In 1820, Anagnostras composition for the [[Filiki Eteria]] says that Mani had 8,000 fighting men. Kassis comes to the conclusion that Mani had around 45,000 inhabitants in 1820.<ref name="Kassis38"/>}} In 1463, Kladas joined the Venetians in their [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)|ongoing war]] against the Ottomans. He led the Maniots against the Ottomans with Venetian aid until 1479, when the Venetians made peace with the Ottomans and gave the Ottomans the right to rule the ''Brazzo di Maina''. Kladas refused to accept the conditions, and so the Venetians put a price on his head.<ref name="Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos24"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>After the end of the Turko-Venetian War, the Venetians left the Maniots to fend for themselves. Many of the Greeks who had revolted alongside the Venetians were massacred by the Ottomans, but many of them fled to find refuge in Mani. The Maniots continued to resist, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmet</del> dispatched an army of 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry under the command of Ale Boumico.<ref name="Kassis28">{{harvnb|Kassis|1979|p=28}}.</ref> The Venetians, trying to gain favor with the [[Sublime Porte|Porte]], handed over some Maniot rebels. The Ottomans reached Oitylo before Kladas, and the Maniots attacked and massacred them.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} Only a few escaped; amongst them was Ale Boumico. Kladas invaded the Laconian plain with 14,000 Maniots and killed the Turkish inhabitants.<ref name="Kassis29">{{harvnb|Kassis|1979|p=29}}.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>After the end of the Turko-Venetian War, the Venetians left the Maniots to fend for themselves. Many of the Greeks who had revolted alongside the Venetians were massacred by the Ottomans, but many of them fled to find refuge in Mani. The Maniots continued to resist, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mehmed</ins> dispatched an army of 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry under the command of Ale Boumico.<ref name="Kassis28">{{harvnb|Kassis|1979|p=28}}.</ref> The Venetians, trying to gain favor with the [[Sublime Porte|Porte]], handed over some Maniot rebels. The Ottomans reached Oitylo before Kladas, and the Maniots attacked and massacred them.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} Only a few escaped; amongst them was Ale Boumico. Kladas invaded the Laconian plain with 14,000 Maniots and killed the Turkish inhabitants.<ref name="Kassis29">{{harvnb|Kassis|1979|p=29}}.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>A month later, a larger force under the command of Ahmed Bey invaded Mani and drove Kladas to [[Porto Kagio]].<ref name="zorbas.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.zorbas.de/maniguide/turkok.html|title=Turkokratia: Kladas Revolt|access-date=2007-01-19|work=Mani: A Guide and a History|author=John Chapman|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015000124/http://www.zorbas.de/maniguide/turkok.html|archive-date=2006-10-15}}</ref> There, he was picked up by three galleys of King [[Ferdinand I of Naples]].<ref name="zorbas.de"/> To delay the Turks long enough for Kladas to escape, the Maniot rear guard attacked the Turkish army.<ref name="zorbas.de"/> Kladas reached the [[Kingdom of Naples]], whence he became a mercenary leader. He returned to Mani in 1490 and was killed in a battle at Monemvasia.<ref name="zorbas.de"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>A month later, a larger force under the command of Ahmed Bey invaded Mani and drove Kladas to [[Porto Kagio]].<ref name="zorbas.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.zorbas.de/maniguide/turkok.html|title=Turkokratia: Kladas Revolt|access-date=2007-01-19|work=Mani: A Guide and a History|author=John Chapman|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015000124/http://www.zorbas.de/maniguide/turkok.html|archive-date=2006-10-15}}</ref> There, he was picked up by three galleys of King [[Ferdinand I of Naples]].<ref name="zorbas.de"/> To delay the Turks long enough for Kladas to escape, the Maniot rear guard attacked the Turkish army.<ref name="zorbas.de"/> Kladas reached the [[Kingdom of Naples]], whence he became a mercenary leader. He returned to Mani in 1490 and was killed in a battle at Monemvasia.<ref name="zorbas.de"/></div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 23:39, 22 October 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic subgroup from southern Greece</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Maniots</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Μανιάτες</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyriakoulis_Mavromichalis_(military_commander).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kyriakoulis_Mavromichalis_%28military_commander%29.jpg/220px-Kyriakoulis_Mavromichalis_%28military_commander%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Kyriakoulis_Mavromichalis_%28military_commander%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="380" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Kyriakoulis_Mavromichalis_(military_commander)" title="Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis (military commander)">Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek revolutionary</a> of Maniot origin.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Modern_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Modern Greek">Standard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Maniot Greek</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10th century: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a>; from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10th century to present: <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Christianity">Greek Orthodox Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_people" title="Category:Greek people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_State_(Greece).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Seal of Greece"><img alt="Great Seal of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Great_Seal_of_the_State_%28Greece%29.svg/100px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_%28Greece%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Great_Seal_of_the_State_%28Greece%29.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_%28Greece%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Great_Seal_of_the_State_%28Greece%29.svg/200px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_%28Greece%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek names</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Native communities</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania" title="Greeks in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Italy" title="Greeks in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia_and_Ukraine" title="Greeks in Russia and Ukraine">Russia and Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_of_Melbourne" title="Greeks of Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadians" title="Greek Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_of_Toronto" title="Greeks of Toronto">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Germany" title="Greeks in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greeks in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Groups by region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Modern Greece</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(Greeks)" title="Macedonians (Greeks)">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarakatsani" title="Sarakatsani">Sarakatsani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maniots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsakonians">Tsakonians</a></li></ul> <p><b>Constantinople and Asia Minor</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greeks" title="Cappadocian Greeks">Cappadocians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey#Demographics_of_Greeks_in_Istanbul" title="Greeks in Turkey">Constantinopolitan Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariots" title="Phanariots">Phanariots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanlides" title="Karamanlides">Karamanlides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Greeks">Crimea</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/African_Greeks" title="African Greeks">Africa</a></b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Greeks" title="Egyptian Greeks">Egyptiots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Greeks" title="Ethiopian Greeks">Ethiopian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Greeks" title="Sudanese Greeks">Sudanese Greeks</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other regions</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Griko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other groups</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians#Greece" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavophones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotes" title="Souliotes">Souliotes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece_and_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in Greece and Cyprus">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Greece">Greek Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek Byzantine Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Evangelical_Church" title="Greek Evangelical Church">Greek Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Hellenism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Languages and dialects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Greek_Dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mani Greek Dialect">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other languages</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of Greece</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient</a> · <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greeks" title="Template:Greeks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greeks" title="Template talk:Greeks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greeks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greeks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Maniots</b> or <b>Maniates</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μανιάτες</span>) are an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> subgroup that traditionally inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani Peninsula</a>; located in western <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, in the southern <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. They were also formerly known as <b>Mainotes</b>, and the peninsula as <i>Maina</i>. </p><p>The Maniots claim to be the descendants of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a> and they have often been described as such.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terrain is mountainous and inaccessible (until recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> many Mani villages could be accessed only by sea), and the regional name "Mani" is thought to have meant originally "dry" or "barren". The name "Maniot" is a derivative meaning "of Mani". In the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, Maniots had a reputation as fierce and proudly independent <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warriors</a>, who practiced <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> and fierce <a href="/wiki/Feud#Blood_feuds/vendetta" title="Feud">blood feuds</a>. For the most part, the Maniots lived in fortified villages (and "house-towers") where they defended their lands against the armies of <a href="/wiki/William_II_Villehardouin" class="mw-redirect" title="William II Villehardouin">William II Villehardouin</a> and later against those of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The surnames of the Maniots uniformly end in "eas" in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenian</a> ("outer" or northwestern) part of Mani, "akis" or "-akos" in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconian</a> ("inner" or southwestern and eastern) part of Mani and the occasional "-oggonas".<sup id="cite_ref-Form_and_evolution_of_Maniot_surnames_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Form_and_evolution_of_Maniot_surnames-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Mani">Ancient Mani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Mani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mycenaean_Mani">Mycenaean Mani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mycenaean Mani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreeceMani.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/GreeceMani.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the location of <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani Peninsula</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Ships" title="Catalogue of Ships">Catalogue of Ships</a>" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> mentions the cities of Mani: Messi (Mezapos), Oetylus (Oitylo), Kardamili (or Skardamoula), Gerenia, Teuthrone (Kotronas), and Las (<a href="/wiki/Passavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Passavas">Passavas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Homer_2.581_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homer_2.581-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Mycenaeans, Mani flourished and a temple dedicated to the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> was built at Cape <a href="/wiki/Tenaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenaro">Tenaron</a>. The temple was of such importance that it rivaled <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> which was then a temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>. Eventually, the temple of Tenaron was dedicated to Poseidon and the temple at Delphi was dedicated to Apollo. According to other legends, there is a cave near <a href="/wiki/Tenaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenaro">Tenaro</a> that leads to <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>. Mani was also featured in other tales such as when <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen of Troy</a> (Queen of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> spent their first night together on the island of <a href="/wiki/Cranae" title="Cranae">Cranae</a>, off the coast of Gytheio.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 12th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorian_Invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorian Invasion">invaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>. The Dorians settled originally at <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, but they soon started to expand their territory and by around 800 BC they had occupied Mani and the rest of Laconia. Mani was given the social caste of <a href="/wiki/Perioeci" title="Perioeci">Perioeci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saitas13_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saitas13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that time, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> came to Mani and were thought to have established a colony at <a href="/wiki/Gythium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gythium">Gythion</a> (Roman name: Gythium). This colony collected <a href="/wiki/Murex" title="Murex">murex</a>, a sea shell that was used to make purple dye and was plentiful in the <a href="/wiki/Laconian_Gulf" title="Laconian Gulf">Laconian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fermor_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fermor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Mani">Classical Mani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classical Mani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_2000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mani_2000.png/220px-Mani_2000.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mani_2000.png/330px-Mani_2000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Mani_2000.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Map of Modern Mani, also showing Laconia</figcaption></figure> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a> ruled Mani, Tenaron became an important gathering place for mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gythium became a major port under the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a> as it was only 27 km (17 mi) away from <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. In 455 BC, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Peloponnesian_War" title="First Peloponnesian War">First Peloponnesian War</a>, it was besieged and captured by the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Tolmides" title="Tolmides">Tolmides</a> along with 50 triremes and 4,000 hoplites.<sup id="cite_ref-Fermor_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fermor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city and the dockyards were rebuilt and by the late <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>, Gythium was the main building place for the new <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spartan leadership of the Peloponnese lasted until 371 BC, when the <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebans</a> under <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a> defeated them at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Leuctra</a>. The Thebans began a campaign against Laconia and captured Gythium after a three-day siege. The Thebans only briefly managed to hold Gythium, which was captured by 100 elite warriors posing as athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_Mani">Hellenistic Mani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Mani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_theatre_of_gythio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ancient_theatre_of_gythio.jpg/220px-Ancient_theatre_of_gythio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ancient_theatre_of_gythio.jpg/330px-Ancient_theatre_of_gythio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Ancient_theatre_of_gythio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Ancient theatre near <a href="/wiki/Gytheio" title="Gytheio">Gytheio</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, Mani remained controlled by the Spartans. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V of Macedon</a> tried to invade Mani and the rest of Laconia (219–218 BC) and unsuccessfully besieged the cities of Gythium, <a href="/wiki/Passavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Passavas">Las</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skoutari_(Laconia),_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Skoutari (Laconia), Greece">Asine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Nabis_of_Sparta" title="Nabis of Sparta">Nabis</a> took over the Spartan throne in 207 BC, he implemented some democratic reforms. One of these reforms entailed making Gythium into a major port and naval arsenal.<sup id="cite_ref-Green302_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green302-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 195 BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Spartan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Spartan War">Roman–Spartan War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> with assistance from a combined Pergamene and Rhodian force captured Gythium after a lengthy siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy_34.29_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy_34.29-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The allies went on to besiege Sparta and tried to force Nabis to surrender. As part of the terms of the peace treaty, the coastal cities of Mani were forced to become autonomous. The cities formed the <a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Free_Laconians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Free Laconians">Koinon of Free Laconians</a> with Gythium as the capital under the Achaean League's protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nabis, not content with losing his land in Mani, built a fleet and strengthened his army and advanced upon Gythium in 192 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perseus.tufts.edu-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Achaean League's army and navy under <a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a>, tried to relieve the city but the Achaean navy was defeated off Gythium and the army was forced to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Tegea" title="Tegea">Tegea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perseus.tufts.edu-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Roman fleet under Atilius managed to re-capture Gythium later that year. Nabis was murdered later that year and Sparta was made part of the Achaean League.<sup id="cite_ref-Livy35.35_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livy35.35-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Spartans, while searching for a port captured Las. The Achaeans responded by seizing Sparta and unsuccessfully forcing their laws on it.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartledge_and_Spawforth_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartledge_and_Spawforth-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_Mani">Roman Mani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman Mani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Maniots lived in peace until 146 BC when the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> rebelled against Roman dominance, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corinth_(146_BC)" title="Battle of Corinth (146 BC)">Battle of Corinth</a>. The conflict resulted in the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mummius_Achaicus" title="Lucius Mummius Achaicus">Lucius Mummius Achaicus</a> and the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. Even though the Romans conquered the Peloponnese, the Koinon was allowed to retain its independence. The Maniots suffered from pirate raids by Cretans and <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicians</a> who plundered Mani and pillaged the temple of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>. The Maniots were delivered from the pirates when <a href="/wiki/Pompey_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey the Great">Pompey the Great</a> defeated them. Most probably in gratitude, the Maniots supplied Pompey with archers in his battles against <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> during <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a> (49–45 BC) and were defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis16_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_between_Antony_and_Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war between Antony and Octavian">Civil war between Antony and Octavian</a> (32–30 BC), the Maniots and the rest of the Laconians supplied <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> with troops for his confrontation with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII of Egypt">Cleopatra VII of Egypt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> (September 2, 31 BC) and in gratitude they officially recognized Augustus as Emperor and invited him at <a href="/wiki/Psamathous" class="mw-redirect" title="Psamathous">Psamathous</a> (near modern <a href="/wiki/Porto_Kagio" title="Porto Kagio">Porto Kagio</a>), and their Koinon stayed an independent state. This signified the beginning of the "Golden Age" of the Koinon.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis16_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mani flourished under the Romans, because of its respectful obedience to Rome. The Koinon consisted of 24 cities (later 18), of which Gythium remained the most prominent. However, many parts of Mani remained under the also semi-independent (autonomous under Roman sovereignty) Sparta, the most notable being Asine and Kardamyli.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis16_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mani became a center for purple dye, which was popular in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, as well as being well known for its rose antique marble and <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fermor_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fermor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Las is recorded to have been a comfortable city with Roman baths and a gymnasium.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos49_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos49-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> has left us a description of Gythium as it existed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (reigned 161–180). The agora, the Acropolis, the island of Cranae (Marathonisi) where Paris on his way to Troy celebrated his nuptials with Beautiful Helen after taking her from Sparta, the Migonium or precinct of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> Migonitis (occupied by the modern town), and the hill Larysium (Koumaro) rising above it. Nowadays, the most noteworthy remains of the theatre and the buildings partially submerged by the sea all belong to the Roman period.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Koinon remained semi-independent (autonomous under Roman sovereignty) until the provincial reforms of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> in 297. With the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">barbarian invasion</a> affecting the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Mani became a haven for refugees. In 375, a massive earthquake in the area took its toll on Gythium, which was severely devastated.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos49_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos49-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the ruins of ancient Gythium are now submerged in the Laconian Gulf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_Mani">Medieval Mani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medieval Mani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Theodosius_I_to_the_Avar_invasion">From Theodosius I to the Avar invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: From Theodosius I to the Avar invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ByzantineEmpire717AD2lightpurple.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ByzantineEmpire717AD2lightpurple.PNG/220px-ByzantineEmpire717AD2lightpurple.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ByzantineEmpire717AD2lightpurple.PNG/330px-ByzantineEmpire717AD2lightpurple.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ByzantineEmpire717AD2lightpurple.PNG/440px-ByzantineEmpire717AD2lightpurple.PNG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> showing Mani and the eastern Peloponnese as part of the Empire (the rest of the Peloponnese was occupied temporarily by Slavic tribes), c. 717</figcaption></figure> <p>On January 17, 395, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, who had managed to unite the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> under his control, died. His eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a>, succeeded him in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, while his younger son, <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a>, received the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. The Roman Empire had divided for the last time, and Mani became part of the Eastern or <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Between 395 and 397, <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> plundered the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> and destroyed what was left of Gythium. Alaric captured the most famous cities, <a href="/wiki/Corinth,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinth, Greece">Corinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. He was at last defeated by <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a> and then crossed the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a> towards the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 468, <a href="/wiki/Gaiseric" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> attempted to conquer Mani with the purpose of using it as a base to raid and then conquer the Peloponnese. Gaiseric tried to land his fleet at Kenipolis (near modern village of Kyparissos in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Matapan" title="Cape Matapan">Cape Tenaron</a>), but as his army disembarked, the inhabitants of the town attacked the Vandals and made them retreat after heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Fermor120_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fermor120-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decades later, the famed Byzantine general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, on the way to his victorious campaign against the Vandals, stopped at Kenipolis to get supplies, honor the Kenipolitans for their victory, and recruit some soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis19_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis19-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos, the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Eurasian Avars</a> (along with the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>) attacked and occupied most of the western Peloponnese in 590.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no archaeological evidence for a Slavic (or Avar) penetration of imperial Byzantine territory before the end of the 6th century. Overall, traces of Slavic culture in Greece are very rare.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Macedonian_dynasty">During the Macedonian dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: During the Macedonian dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gythios_09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gythios_09.JPG/220px-Gythios_09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gythios_09.JPG/330px-Gythios_09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gythios_09.JPG/440px-Gythios_09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A characteristic door with the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">double-headed eagle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gytheio" title="Gytheio">Gytheio</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a description of Mani and its inhabitants in <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Be it known that the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Megali_Maini" class="mw-redirect" title="Megali Maini">Castle Maina</a> are not from the race of aforesaid <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melingoi" title="Melingoi">Melingoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezeritai" title="Ezeritai">Ezeritai</a> dwelling on the <a href="/wiki/Taygetus" title="Taygetus">Taygetus</a>) but from the older <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Romaioi</a>, who up to the present time are termed Hellenes by the local inhabitants on account of their being in olden times idolatres and worshippers of idols like the ancient Greeks, and who were baptized and became Christians in the reign of the glorious <a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil</a>. The place in which they live is waterless and inaccessible, but has olives from which they gain some consolation.</i></p></blockquote> <p>The area inhabited by the Maniates (or Maniots) was first called by the name 'Maina' and was associated probably with the castle of <a href="/wiki/Tigani" title="Tigani">Tigani</a> (situated in the small peninsula of Tigani in Mezapos bay in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani Peninsula</a>). The Maniots at that time were called 'Hellenes'—that is, <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Names of the Greeks</a>)—and were only <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianized</a> fully in the 9th century AD, though some church ruins from the 4th century AD indicate that <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was practiced by some Maniots in the region at an earlier time. The Maniots were the last inhabitants of Greece to openly follow the pagan <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Hellenic religion</a>. This can be explained by the mountainous nature of Mani's terrain, which enabled them to escape the attempts of the Eastern Roman Empire to Christianize Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Principality_of_Achaea">Under the Principality of Achaea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Under the Principality of Achaea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Acha%C3%AFe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Armoiries_Acha%C3%AFe.svg/100px-Armoiries_Acha%C3%AFe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Armoiries_Acha%C3%AFe.svg/150px-Armoiries_Acha%C3%AFe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Armoiries_Acha%C3%AFe.svg/200px-Armoiries_Acha%C3%AFe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Principality of Achaea</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> (1201–1204), the Crusaders captured <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. The Eastern Roman Empire was partitioned between several Greek and Latin successor states, notably including (from west to east) the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a>. These four empires produced rival emperors, struggling for control over each other and the rest of the semi-independent states emerging in the area. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Champlitte" title="William of Champlitte">William of Champlitte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_I_Villehardouin" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey I Villehardouin">Geoffrey I Villehardouin</a> defeated the Peloponnesian Greeks at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Olive_Grove_of_Koundouros" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Olive Grove of Koundouros">Battle of the Olive Grove of Koundouros</a> (1205), and the Peloponnese became the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Principality of Achaea</a>. In 1210, Mani was given to Baron Jean de Neuilly as Hereditary Marshal, and he built the castle of <a href="/wiki/Passavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Passavas">Passavas</a> on the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Las_(Greece)" title="Las (Greece)">Las</a>. The castle occupied a significant position, as it controlled an important pass from Gythium to <a href="/wiki/Oitylo" title="Oitylo">Oitylo</a> and contained the Maniots.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos23_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kassis23_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis23-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maniots, however, were not easily contained, and they were not the only threat to the Frankish occupation of the Peloponnese. The <a href="/wiki/Melingoi" title="Melingoi">Melengi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> tribe in the <a href="/wiki/Taygetus" title="Taygetus">Taygetus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a>, raided Laconia from the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Tsakonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsakonians">Tsakonians</a> also resisted the Franks. In 1249, the new prince, <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Villehardouin" class="mw-redirect" title="William II of Villehardouin">William II of Villehardouin</a>, acted against the raiders. He used the newly captured fortress of <a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a> to keep the Tsakonians at bay, and he built the castle at <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a> in the Taygetus mountains overlooking Sparta in order to contain the Melengi. To stop the Maniot raids, he built the castle of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Magne" title="Grand Magne">Megali Maina</a>, which is most probably <a href="/wiki/Tigani" title="Tigani">Tigani</a>. It is described as <i>at a fearful cliff with a headland above</i>. A Latin bishop was appointed for Mani during the 1250s. In 1259, the bishop was captured during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pelagonia" title="Battle of Pelagonia">Battle of Pelagonia</a> by the renewed Byzantine Empire under the leadership of Nicaea.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Despotate_of_Morea">Under the Despotate of Morea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Under the Despotate of Morea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Despotate_of_Morea_1450.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Despotate_of_Morea_1450.svg/220px-Despotate_of_Morea_1450.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Despotate_of_Morea_1450.svg/330px-Despotate_of_Morea_1450.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Despotate_of_Morea_1450.svg/440px-Despotate_of_Morea_1450.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Morea" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotate of Morea">Despotate of Morea</a>, c. 1450.</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 25, 1261, the Byzantines under <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> recaptured Constantinople. Prince William was set free, on the condition that he had to surrender the fortresses of Megali Maina, Mystras, <a href="/wiki/Geronthrae" title="Geronthrae">Geronthrae</a> and Monemvasia, as well as surrender hostages including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lady_Margaret,_Baroness_of_Passavas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lady Margaret, Baroness of Passavas (page does not exist)">Lady Margaret, Baroness of Passavas</a>. With the Franks gone from Laconia, the Maniots lived in peace under the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Morea" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotate of Morea">Despotate of Morea</a>, whose successive <a href="/wiki/Despotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotes">Despotes</a> governed the province. Mani seems to have been dominated by the Nikliani family, who were refugees. However, the peace was terminated when the Ottoman Turks started their attacks on the Peloponnese.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnoteα_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnoteα-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_times">Ottoman times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ottoman times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_century">15th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Sultan Mehmed II</a> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">took Constantinople</a> in May 1453, Mani remained under the control of the Despotate of Morea. In May 1460, Mehmed occupied the Peloponnese. The Despotate of Morea had been ruled by the two brothers of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine XI">Constantine XI</a>, who had died defending Constantinople. However, neither <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos" title="Demetrios Palaiologos">Demetrios Palaiologos</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos" title="Thomas Palaiologos">Thomas Palaiologos</a> chose to follow his example and defend the Peloponnese. Instead, Thomas fled to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, while Demetrios sought refuge with Mehmed. <a href="/wiki/Helena_Palaiologina_(daughter_of_Demetrios_Palaiologos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena Palaiologina (daughter of Demetrios Palaiologos)">Helena Palaiologina</a>, a daughter of Demetrios and his second wife Theodora Asanina, was given in marriage to Mehmed II.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ottoman.jpg/220px-Ottoman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ottoman.jpg/330px-Ottoman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ottoman.jpg/440px-Ottoman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Krokodeilos_Kladas" title="Krokodeilos Kladas">Krokodeilos Kladas</a>, a Greek from Laconia, was granted lordship by Mehmed over <a href="/wiki/Elos" title="Elos">Elos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sminos" title="Sminos">Vardounia</a> in 1461. Mehmed hoped that Kladas would defend Laconia from the Maniots.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that time, Mani's population grew as a result of an influx of refugees who came from other areas of Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis38_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis38-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnoteβ_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnoteβ-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1463, Kladas joined the Venetians in their <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1463%E2%80%931479)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)">ongoing war</a> against the Ottomans. He led the Maniots against the Ottomans with Venetian aid until 1479, when the Venetians made peace with the Ottomans and gave the Ottomans the right to rule the <i>Brazzo di Maina</i>. Kladas refused to accept the conditions, and so the Venetians put a price on his head.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of the Turko-Venetian War, the Venetians left the Maniots to fend for themselves. Many of the Greeks who had revolted alongside the Venetians were massacred by the Ottomans, but many of them fled to find refuge in Mani. The Maniots continued to resist, and Mehmed dispatched an army of 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry under the command of Ale Boumico.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis28_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis28-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venetians, trying to gain favor with the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>, handed over some Maniot rebels. The Ottomans reached Oitylo before Kladas, and the Maniots attacked and massacred them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Only a few escaped; amongst them was Ale Boumico. Kladas invaded the Laconian plain with 14,000 Maniots and killed the Turkish inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis29_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis29-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A month later, a larger force under the command of Ahmed Bey invaded Mani and drove Kladas to <a href="/wiki/Porto_Kagio" title="Porto Kagio">Porto Kagio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zorbas.de_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zorbas.de-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he was picked up by three galleys of King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferdinand I of Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zorbas.de_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zorbas.de-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To delay the Turks long enough for Kladas to escape, the Maniot rear guard attacked the Turkish army.<sup id="cite_ref-zorbas.de_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zorbas.de-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kladas reached the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, whence he became a mercenary leader. He returned to Mani in 1490 and was killed in a battle at Monemvasia.<sup id="cite_ref-zorbas.de_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zorbas.de-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1500 to 1570, Mani kept its autonomy without any invasion from the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis29_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis29-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans were busy driving the Venetians out of the Peloponnese and succeeded in 1540, when they <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)">conquered</a> Monemvasia and <a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a>. The Ottomans under <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a>, preparing to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">invade</a> the Venetian island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, built a fortress in Mani, at Porto Kagio, and they also garrisoned Passavas. The aim of this was to disrupt the Venetians' communication lines and to keep the Maniots at bay. Alarmed, the Maniots called upon Venetian assistance, and the Venetian navy in combination with the Maniot army captured the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos25_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos25-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyprus fell later that year, but the fleet of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(Mediterranean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy League (Mediterranean)">Holy League</a> defeated the Ottoman fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto (1571)</a>. The Greeks assumed that <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a> would champion their revolt under the command of the bishop of Monemvasia.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos25_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos25-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The promised army never arrived, and by 1572 the bishop was forced to retreat to Mani. The Maniots did not succeed when they appealed to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Pope Gregory VIII</a> to convince <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> to provide military support.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos26_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos26-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vathia_Mani_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Vathia_Mani_Greece.jpg/220px-Vathia_Mani_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Vathia_Mani_Greece.jpg/330px-Vathia_Mani_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Vathia_Mani_Greece.jpg/440px-Vathia_Mani_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vatheia" title="Vatheia">Vatheia</a>, a typical Maniot village famous for its towers.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1603, the Maniots approached <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Pope Clement VIII</a>, who had recently taken up the <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">cross</a>. Clement died two years later, and the Maniots began to seek a new champion, centering their attention on the King of Spain, <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos26_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos26-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They urged him to land his army at Porto Kagio and promised to join him with 15,000 armed men as well as 80,000 other Peloponnesians.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis29_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis29-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maniots also sent envoys to some major powers of the Mediterranean, as for example the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime in France">Kingdom of France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, and once again <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. These states were interested and sent several expeditionary forces to Mani, but with the exception of a Spanish expedition that sacked Passavas, they all failed to achieve anything.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos26_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos26-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maniots found a champion in 1612, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_I_Gonzaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo I Gonzaga">Charles Gonzaga</a>, Duke of Mantua and Nevers. Charles was a descendant of the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> through his grandmother, who was of the line of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore I of Montferrat">Theodore I of Montferrat</a>, Andronikos' son.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis30_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis30-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this connection he claimed the throne of Constantinople. He began plotting with the Maniots, who addressed him as "King Constantine Palaiologos". When the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a> heard about this, they sent Arslan in command of an army of 20,000 men and 70 ships to invade Mani. He succeeded in ravaging Mani and imposing taxes on the Maniots (which they did not pay). This caused Nevers to move more actively for his crusade. Nevers sent envoys to the courts of Europe looking for support. In 1619, he recruited six ships and a number of men, but he was forced to abort the mission because of the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos26_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos26-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kassis30_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis30-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of the crusade faded and Nevers died in 1637.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis30_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis30-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1645, a new Turkish-Venetian War, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War</a>" began, during which the Republic of Venice was attempting to defend <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, one of their provinces since 1204, from the Ottoman Empire, initially under <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim I</a>. The Maniots supported the Venetians by offering them ships. In 1659, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Morosini" title="Francesco Morosini">Francesco Morosini</a>, with 13,000 Maniots as his allies, occupied <a href="/wiki/Kalamata" title="Kalamata">Kalamata</a>, a large city near Mani. In 1667, during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Siege of Candia</a>, some Maniot pirate ships sneaked into the Ottoman fleet and managed to loot and burn some ships. However, Candia fell in 1669, and Crete became part of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos26_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos26-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kassis30_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis30-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnoteγ_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnoteγ-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piracy of Maniots was also observed by <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>, who visited Mani with the Ottoman expedition and recorded numerous villages, castles and churches; he described the Maniots with the following words: "They capture the Frank and sell him to us, they capture us and sell us to the Franks."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Crete captured, the Ottomans turned their attention to Mani. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Faz%C4%B1l_Ahmet_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Köprülü Fazıl Ahmet Pasha">Köprülü Fazıl Ahmet Pasha</a>, sent the pirate Hasan Baba to subdue Mani. Baba arrived in Mani demanding that the Maniots surrender hostages, but instead he was answered with bullets. During the night, ten Maniots went and cut the <a href="/wiki/Hawser" title="Hawser">hawsers</a> of Hasan's ships. This caused some of Baba's ships to founder on some rocks, and the Maniots, taking advantage of the situation, attacked and killed the Turks and seized the ships. Baba managed to escape with only one ship.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis30-1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis30-1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carse-Carg%C3%A8se-Vue_des_deux_%C3%A9glises.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Carse-Carg%C3%A8se-Vue_des_deux_%C3%A9glises.jpg/220px-Carse-Carg%C3%A8se-Vue_des_deux_%C3%A9glises.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Carse-Carg%C3%A8se-Vue_des_deux_%C3%A9glises.jpg/330px-Carse-Carg%C3%A8se-Vue_des_deux_%C3%A9glises.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Carse-Carg%C3%A8se-Vue_des_deux_%C3%A9glises.jpg/440px-Carse-Carg%C3%A8se-Vue_des_deux_%C3%A9glises.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A street of <a href="/wiki/Carg%C3%A8se" title="Cargèse">Cargèse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, which was founded by Maniot <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholic</a> church in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">Bagnio</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, there was a notorious twenty-five-year-old Maniot pirate named <a href="/wiki/Limberakis_Gerakaris" title="Limberakis Gerakaris">Limberakis Gerakaris</a>. At the age of fifteen, he was in the Venetian galleys as a rower. After being released by the Venetians, he continued piracy and was captured by the Turks in 1667. The Grand Vizier decided to give him amnesty if he cooperated with the Turks and helped them conquer Mani. Gerakaris agreed and in 1670 became the bey of Mani. One of Gerakis' first acts was to exile his clan's enemies, the Iatriani family and the Stephanopoulos family from Oitylo. The Iatriani fled in 1670 and settled in <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>. The Stephanopoulos clan was forced to leave Oitylo in 1676, and after having gained permission from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, went to <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. The Stephanopoulos family first lived in the town of Paomia before moving to <a href="/wiki/Carg%C3%A8se" title="Cargèse">Cargèse</a>, and to this day consider themselves Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis31_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis31-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-cnoteδ_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnoteδ-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Limberakis soon fell out of favor with the Turks since he joined his fellow Maniots in piracy and was captured in 1682.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos27_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos27-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Ottoman forces preoccupied with the Austrians, the Venetians under Morosini saw their opportunity to take over Turkish-held territories in the Peloponnese, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a>. The Turkish general in the Peloponnese, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ismael_(Turkish_general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismael (Turkish general) (page does not exist)">Ismael</a>, discovered this plan and attacked Mani with 10,000 men. The Turks ravaged the plains, but during the night the Maniots attacked and killed 1,800 Turks. The other Turks retreated to the castles of Kelefa and Zarnatas, where they were besieged by the Maniots. After brief sieges, the Maniots managed to capture both <a href="/wiki/Koroni" title="Koroni">Koroni</a> and Kelefa. However, Ismael returned with 10,000 infantry and 2,500 artillery and started besieging the Maniots at Kelefa. The Turks nearly succeeded in breaching the walls before 4,500 Venetians under the command of Morosini arrived and forced the Turks to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Kastania,_Laconia" title="Kastania, Laconia">Kastania</a> with the Maniots in pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis32_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis32-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos28_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos28-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Venetians, with assistance of the Greeks, conquered the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> and then besieged <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. During the siege of Athens, the Ottomans used the Parthenon as an ammunition depot. When artillery fire from the Venetians struck the depot, the resulting explosion damaged large portions of the Parthenon.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis32_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis32-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desperate Ottomans freed Limberakis and gave him the title "His Highness, the Ruler of Mani". Limberakis immediately launched several raids into Venetian-held territories of the Peloponnese. However, when the Ottomans attempted to poison Limberakis, he defected to the Venetian side.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos29_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kassis33_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis33-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venetians made Limberakis a Knight of St. Mark and recognized him as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Roumeli</a>. Limberakis first attacked the city of <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a>, when the Ottomans destroyed his estates at <a href="/wiki/Karpenisi" title="Karpenisi">Karpenisi</a>. He captured and plundered the city before going back to Mani. The Arteans sent a committee to Venice and reported everything to the <a href="/wiki/Doge_(title)" title="Doge (title)">Doge</a>. Ultimately, Limberakis moved to Italy where he died fourteen years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis33_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis33-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1715, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish–Venetian War (1714–1718)">Ottomans attacked the Peloponnese</a> and managed to drive out the Venetians within seventy days. The Venetians won some minor naval battles off Mani but abandoned the Peloponnese in 1715. The next year, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz" title="Treaty of Passarowitz">Treaty of Passarowitz</a> was signed, and the Venetians abandoned their claim to the Peloponnese.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis34_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis34-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orlov_Revolt">Orlov Revolt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Orlov Revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orlov_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlov Revolt">Orlov Revolt</a></div> <p>Georgios Papazolis, a Greek officer of the Russian army, was a friend of the <a href="/wiki/Orlov_(family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlov (family)">Orlovs</a> and had them convince <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> to send an army to Mani and liberate Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis34_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis34-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Russian fleet of five ships and 500 soldiers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Grigoryevich_Orlov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksey Grigoryevich Orlov">Aleksey Grigoryevich Orlov</a> sailed from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in 1769 and reached Mani in 1770.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos29_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleet landed at Oitylo, where it was met by the Maniots. It was decided to divide the army into two groups, the <i>Western Legion</i> and the <i>Eastern Legion</i>. The Eastern Legion, under the command of Barkof, Grigorakis, and Psaros, consisted of 500 Maniots and 6 Russians. The Western Legion, under the command of John Mavromichalis (nicknamed <i>The Dog</i>), Piotr Dolgorukov, and Panagiotis Koumoundouros, consisted of 200 Maniots and 12 Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis34_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis34-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the Russian fleet was besieging <a href="/wiki/Koroni" title="Koroni">Koroni</a> with assistance from the Western Legion. The siege proved to be difficult, and soon Orlov got into a dispute with John the Dog. Mavromichalis stated to Orlov that if they wanted to start a real war, they had to occupy Koroni, and that if they did not, they should not excite the Greeks in vain. Orlov replied by calling the Maniots "ragged" and "rude booty men".<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis34_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis34-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this, Mavromichalis replied, "The last of these ragged booty men keeps his freedom with his own sword and deserves more than you, slave of a whore!"<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis35_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis35-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians left and conducted their own operations until the end of the year, when they ultimately sailed back to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos29_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eastern Legion met with success when it defeated an army of 3,500 Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis34_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis34-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans responded to this by sending an army of 8,000 to invade the Peloponnese. The Ottoman army first plundered <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> before entering the Peloponnese. At Rizomylos in Messenia, they were blocked by John Mavromichalis and 400 of his followers. The Maniots held them off for a while, but the Ottoman forces eventually did not lose due to their superior numbers. They captured John Mavromichalis, who was not only seriously wounded but also the last survivor of the battle. He was ultimately tortured to death. They then invaded Mani and began ravaging the land near Almiros (near the modern village of Kyparissos). During the night, an army of 5,000 Maniot men and women attacked the enemy camp. The Ottoman forces lost 1,700, while the Maniots only suffered thirty-nine casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis35_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis35-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_invasion_of_Mani_(1770)"><span id="Ottoman_invasion_of_Mani_.281770.29"></span>Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_Mani_(1770)" title="Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770)">Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770)</a></div> <p>Around 1770, the Ottoman commander Hasan Ghazi with 16,000 men besieged the two fighting towers (pyrgoi) of Venetsanakis clan in <a href="/wiki/Kastania,_Laconia" title="Kastania, Laconia">Kastania</a>. The defenders were Constantine Kolokotronis and Panagiotis Venetsanakis with 150 men and women. The fight lasted for twelve days: most of the defenders were killed, and all prisoners of war were tortured and dismembered. The wife of Constantine Kolokotronis was dressed like a warrior and fought her way out carrying her baby, <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis" title="Theodoros Kolokotronis">Theodoros Kolokotronis</a>, the future commander of the Greek War of Independence.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_1_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mani_1_small.jpg/220px-Mani_1_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mani_1_small.jpg/330px-Mani_1_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mani_1_small.jpg/440px-Mani_1_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Maniot towers like the one that held off the Ottomans at <a href="/wiki/Skoutari,_Laconia" title="Skoutari, Laconia">Skoutari</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From Kastania, Hasan Ghazi advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Skoutari,_Laconia" title="Skoutari, Laconia">Skoutari</a> and laid siege to the tower of the powerful Grigorakis clan. The tower contained fifteen men, who held out for three days until the Turks undermined the tower, placed gunpowder, and blew up the entire garrison. By this time, the main Maniot army of 5,000 men and 2,000 women had established a defensive position which was on mountainous terrain above the town of <a href="/wiki/Parasyros" title="Parasyros">Parasyros</a>. The entire army was under the command of Exarchos Grigorakis and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Zanetos_Grigorakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanetos Grigorakis">Zanetos Grigorakis</a>. The Ottoman army advanced to the plain of Agio Pigada (meaning "Holy Well"). They sent envoys to the Maniots telling them that Hasan wanted to negotiate. The Maniots knew that if they sent envoys to the Turks, they would be executed by Hasan if the negotiations failed. However, the Maniots sent six men to discuss the terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis35_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis35-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six Maniot envoys were sent to Hasan and, without bowing, asked him what he wanted. Hasan's demands entailed the children of ten captains as hostages, all Maniot-held arms, and an annual head-tax to be paid as punishment for supporting the Russians. The Maniots answered Hasan's demands saying, "We prefer to die rather than give to you our guns and children. We don't pay taxes, because our land is poor." Hasan became furious and had the six men decapitated and impaled on stakes so that the Maniots could see them.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis36_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis36-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the envoys were killed, the remaining Maniots attacked the Ottomans. The fighting was fierce, and only 6,000 Turks managed to reach <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a>. No one knew exactly how many casualties the Maniots suffered, but the Turks definitively lost 10,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis36_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis36-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1780, Hasan Ghazi, the Bey of the Peloponnese, tried to weaken the Grigorakis family by arranging the assassination of Exarchos Grigorakis. He invited him to <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Greece" title="Tripoli, Greece">Tripolitsa</a> and treated him as an honored guest but then had him hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos30_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos30-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Easter Sunday, Exarchos' mother incited the men of Skoutari to take revenge for the death of her son.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos51_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos51-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commanded by Zanetos Grigorakis, the men of Skoutari dressed as priests and were allowed into Passavas. Once inside, the Skoutariotes took out their concealed weapons and killed all the Turkish inhabitants of Passavas.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos52_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos52-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1782, the Ottomans lured Michalis Troupakis, <a href="/wiki/Bey_of_Mani" title="Bey of Mani">Bey of Mani</a>, onto a ship and sent him to <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, where he was executed for piracy. The <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a> tried to get Zanetos Grigorakis to replace him, but Zanetos refused until he was lured onto a ship and forced to become bey.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the Orlov Expedition, a number of Maniots entered Russian military service. Remnants of the two legions joined Russian sea forces as marines, participating in operations in the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean. Two leaders of these volunteers, Stephanos Mavromichalis and Dimitrios Grigorakis, were scions of the main Maniot clans, each rising to the rank of major. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lambros_Katsonis">Lambros Katsonis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lambros Katsonis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambros_Katsonis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lambros_Katsonis.JPG/220px-Lambros_Katsonis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Lambros_Katsonis.JPG/330px-Lambros_Katsonis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Lambros_Katsonis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lambros_Katsonis" title="Lambros Katsonis">Lambros Katsonis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During Zanetos' rule, Mani became a base for many <a href="/wiki/Klephts" class="mw-redirect" title="Klephts">klephts</a> and other Greek bandits. Among them was the famous Greek pirate and officer of the Russian army, <a href="/wiki/Lambros_Katsonis" title="Lambros Katsonis">Lambros Katsonis</a>, who helped the Russians with their wars against the Ottomans, Andreas Androutsos (father of <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Androutsos" title="Odysseas Androutsos">Odysseas</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Barbitsiotis" title="Zacharias Barbitsiotis">Zacharias Barbitsiotis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis37_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis37-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 9, 1792, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II of Russia</a> had her representative <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bezborodko" title="Alexander Bezborodko">Alexander Bezborodko</a> sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jassy" title="Treaty of Jassy">Treaty of Jassy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> Koca Yusuf Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty ended the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War</a>, recognized Russia's 1783 annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, and transferred <a href="/wiki/Yedisan" title="Yedisan">Yedisan</a> to Russia, making the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> the Russo-Turkish frontier in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> while leaving the <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asiatic</a> frontier (<a href="/wiki/Kuban_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban River">Kuban River</a>) unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos140_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos140-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lambros Katsonis said: "Aikaterini (Greek: Catherine) made her treaty, but Katsonis didn't make his treaty with the enemy."<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis37_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis37-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Katsonis, together with Androutsos and Barbitsiotis, built a gun battery at Porto Kagio. He gathered a small army and a navy of eleven ships and attacked Ottoman ships in the area. However, not being able to maintain his ships, he started attacking ships from other countries. Later that year, he sank two French ships, which was the beginning of the end for Katsonis. An Ottoman fleet of thirty ships and a French destroyer attacked Katsonis at Porto Kagio. Katsonis' men fled to land; Katsonis himself escaped to <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> on one of the ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos140_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos140-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Androutsos with 500 men tried to cross the Peloponnese and enter Roumelia. Barbitsiotis in a rear-guard action managed to help fight his way through the Peloponnese and into Roumelia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis37_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis37-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1798, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, at the time a general serving in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> under the orders of the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a>, sent two members of the Stephanopoulos family to Mani in order to convince the Maniots to attack the Ottomans from the Peloponnese while he attacked from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Zacharias Barbitsiotis and Zanetbey (Zanetos Grigorakis) accepted the offer, and Napoleon sent them weapons. When the Turks discovered this, they had<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (June 2014)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> Zanetos replaced as bey with Panagiotis Koumoundouros.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Mani">Modern Mani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern Mani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_19th_century_and_the_beginning_of_the_Greek_War_of_Independence">Early 19th century and the beginning of the Greek War of Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Early 19th century and the beginning of the Greek War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Invasion_of_Mani_(1803)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Invasion of Mani (1803)">1803</a>, the Ottomans deposed Panagiotis Koumoundouros, because he was not capable of subduing Zanetos Grigorakis, who was still receiving weapons from the French at his castle at <a href="/wiki/Cranae" title="Cranae">Cranae</a>. The Ottomans replaced him with Antony Grigorakis, cousin of Zanetos.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish fleet under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> Seremet,<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis37_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis37-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was unable to capture Cranae and was soon forced to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limeni_Mani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Limeni_Mani.jpg/220px-Limeni_Mani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Limeni_Mani.jpg/330px-Limeni_Mani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Limeni_Mani.jpg/440px-Limeni_Mani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Limeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Limeni">Limeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areopoli" title="Areopoli">Areopoli</a>, stronghold of Mavromichalis' clan</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1805, Seremet attacked Zacharias Barbitsiotis at his fortress in the <a href="/wiki/Taygetus" title="Taygetus">Taygetus</a> mountains and managed to kill him.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis37_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis37-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Invasion_of_Mani_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Invasion of Mani (1807)">1807</a>, the Ottomans attacked Antonbey at <a href="/wiki/Gytheio" title="Gytheio">Gytheio</a>, because he was unwilling to suppress his cousin, who was still attacking the Turks. The Turks were once again forced to retreat. Three years later, Grigorakis resigned in favor of his son-in-law, Konstantis Zervakos, who was favorable to the bey of the Peloponnese. However, the Maniots did not agree with the choice and deposed Zervakos.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos32_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos32-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that year, the Maniot leaders gathered at Gytheio and elected Theodoros Zanerakos or Theodorobey, nephew of Zanetos Grigorakis, as a leader of Mani. During <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Invasion_of_Mani_(1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Invasion of Mani (1815)">1815</a>, the Ottomans attacked Mani but were driven back.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis38_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis38-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodorobey was removed from power later that year and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Petros_Mavromichalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Petros Mavromichalis">Petros Mavromichalis</a> or Petrobey.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos32_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos32-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pierros Grigorakis, a son of Zanetos, entered Russian service on Zante and commanded a force of some 500 Maniots known as the Spartan Legion. This was part of the Legion of Light Riflemen, a force made up of mainland refugees that defended the Ionian Islands and participated in Russian operations in the Mediterranean in the years 1805–1807. Many veterans of this unit later joined the secret society <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> ("Friendly Company") and participated with the Greek Revolution, including Elias Chrisospathis, who initiated the Maniots into the secret society, as well as Pierros and his brothers Giorgos and Zanetakos. </p><p>Petros Mavromichalis was John the Dog's nephew. He was the first Maniot bey from Mesa Mani (Inner Mani).<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos32_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos32-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1798, he had also been approached by Napoleon to join the war on the Ottomans, but after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Egypt_(1798)" class="mw-redirect" title="French invasion of Egypt (1798)">French invasion of Egypt</a>, Petros joined the French army only for a while and fought in the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a>. It was rumored at the time that he was appointed bey only because his uncle was not killed, had converted to Islam, and had become an officer in the Ottoman army. In 1819, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a>, which by 1821 was prepared to revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos33_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos33-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Declaration_of_War"_and_Contributions_to_the_Greek_Revolution"><span id=".22Declaration_of_War.22_and_Contributions_to_the_Greek_Revolution"></span>"Declaration of War" and Contributions to the Greek Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: "Declaration of War" and Contributions to the Greek Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_Flag_(Greece).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mani_Flag_%28Greece%29.svg/220px-Mani_Flag_%28Greece%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mani_Flag_%28Greece%29.svg/330px-Mani_Flag_%28Greece%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mani_Flag_%28Greece%29.svg/440px-Mani_Flag_%28Greece%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Maniot flag with the motto "Victory or Death".</figcaption></figure> <p>Maniots, known for their martial traditions, were the very first to join the Greek liberation movement (a claim shared with many other Greek areas) and their contribution proved to be pivotal. The society called the <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> sent their representatives Perrevos and Chrisospathis to organize the Maniots.<sup id="cite_ref-Paroulakis40_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paroulakis40-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Possible_issues" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="The footnote link does not work, either because the citation is missing, or there an issue with the footnote template and/or association citation (February 2020)">broken footnote</span></a></i>]</sup> On March 17, 1821, 12,000 Maniots gathered in the church of the Taxiarchs (Archangels) of the town of <a href="/wiki/Areopoli" title="Areopoli">Areopoli</a> and declared war against the Ottoman Empire, preceding the rest of Greece by about a week.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos58_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos58-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their flag was white with a blue cross in the center. Atop the flag was the motto "<a href="/wiki/Victory_or_death" title="Victory or death">Victory or death</a>". The Maniots were responsible for writing "Victory" and not "Freedom" on their banner, since Mani was always free. At the bottom of the flag was an ancient Spartan inscription, "With the shield or on the shield."<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis39_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis39-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaos_Pierrakos_Mavromichalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nikolaos_Pierrakos_Mavromichalis.jpg/220px-Nikolaos_Pierrakos_Mavromichalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nikolaos_Pierrakos_Mavromichalis.jpg/330px-Nikolaos_Pierrakos_Mavromichalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nikolaos_Pierrakos_Mavromichalis.jpg/440px-Nikolaos_Pierrakos_Mavromichalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Pierrakos_Mavromichalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaos Pierrakos Mavromichalis (page does not exist)">Nikolaos Pierrakos Mavromichalis</a> (Greek: Νικόλαος Πιερράκος Μαυρομιχάλης), fighter during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On March 21, an army of 2,000 Maniots under the command of Petros Mavromichalis, <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis" title="Theodoros Kolokotronis">Theodoros Kolokotronis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Papaflessas" title="Papaflessas">Papaflessas</a> marched towards <a href="/wiki/Kalamata" title="Kalamata">Kalamata</a>. On March 23, they captured the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis39_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis39-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Kalamata, Mavromichalis wrote letters to the states of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, informing them of what the Greeks were doing and signing them as "Commander in Chief of the Spartan Forces". The Messenian Senate was also held in Kalamata. Kolokotronis wanted to attack <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Greece" title="Tripoli, Greece">Tripolitsa</a> and capture the main Turkish city in the Peloponnese. However, Mavromichalis wanted to capture the smaller towns first and then take <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Greece" title="Tripoli, Greece">Tripolitsa</a>. The Senate agreed with Mavromichalis, and the Maniots attacked the Turks of Messenia and Laconia.<sup id="cite_ref-Paroulakis58_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paroulakis58-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Possible_issues" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="The footnote link does not work, either because the citation is missing, or there an issue with the footnote template and/or association citation (February 2020)">broken footnote</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kolokotronis, convinced that he was correct, moved into <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadia</a> with 300 Maniots. When he entered Arcadia his band of 300 fought a Turkish force of 1,300 men and defeated them.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis39_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis39-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 28, a few thousand Maniot soldiers under the command of Petros Mavromichalis' sons joined Kolokotronis' camp outside Tripolitsa. On September 12, 1821, the Turkish capital in the Peloponnese fell. On July 4, 1822, <a href="/wiki/Kyriakoulis_Mavromichalis_(military_commander)" title="Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis (military commander)">Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis</a>, Petros Mavromichalis' younger brother, was killed in <a href="/wiki/Ammoudia,_Preveza" title="Ammoudia, Preveza">Splantza</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Souli" title="Souli">Souliote</a> fortress of Kiafa. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> became desperate and during 1824 called on his <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>, to aid him to attack Mani. Ali promised to aid him in return for the islands of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, as well as making his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a>, pasha of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>. Mahmud II accepted the offer and Ali sent his son in command of the expedition. Meanwhile, the Greeks were in disarray because of political rivalries, which caused a civil war. Kolokotronis was arrested, his son <a href="/wiki/Panos_Kolokotronis" title="Panos Kolokotronis">Panos</a> was killed, and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Nikitaras" title="Nikitaras">Nikitaras</a> fled.<sup id="cite_ref-Paroulakis113_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paroulakis113-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Possible_issues" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="The footnote link does not work, either because the citation is missing, or there an issue with the footnote template and/or association citation (February 2020)">broken footnote</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantinos_Mavromichalis_by_Eleni_Prosalenti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Konstantinos_Mavromichalis_by_Eleni_Prosalenti.jpg/220px-Konstantinos_Mavromichalis_by_Eleni_Prosalenti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Konstantinos_Mavromichalis_by_Eleni_Prosalenti.jpg/330px-Konstantinos_Mavromichalis_by_Eleni_Prosalenti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Konstantinos_Mavromichalis_by_Eleni_Prosalenti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Konstantinos Mavromichalis</figcaption></figure> <p>Ibrahim made good use of this turmoil and landed with his army (25-30,000 infantry, cavalry and artillery supported by the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet) at <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia" title="Methoni, Messenia">Methoni</a>. Ibrahim soon had recaptured the Peloponnese except for <a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a> and Mani. When he tried to capture Nafplio, he was repelled by <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ypsilantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitrios Ypsilantis">Dimitrios Ypsilantis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Mavromichalis" title="Konstantinos Mavromichalis">Konstantinos Mavromichalis</a>, Petros' brother.<sup id="cite_ref-Paroulakis125_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paroulakis125-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Possible_issues" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="The footnote link does not work, either because the citation is missing, or there an issue with the footnote template and/or association citation (February 2020)">broken footnote</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ibrahim then decided to head for Mani. He sent an envoy to the Maniots demanding that they surrender or else he would ravage their land. Instead of surrendering, the Maniots replied:<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis39_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis39-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>From the few Greeks of Mani and the rest of Greeks who live there to Ibrahim Pasha. We received your letter in which you try to frighten us saying that if we don't surrender, you'll kill the Maniots and plunder Mani. That's why we are waiting for you and your army. We, the inhabitants of Mani, sign and await you.</i> </p><p>Enraged by the Spartan reply, Ibrahim, commanding an army of 7,000 men, attacked Mani on June 21, 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis40_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis40-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was stopped at the walls of Almiros and Verga, which ran for around 500 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defending the walls were 2,000 Maniots under the command of Ilias Mavromichalis (Katsakos) and 500 Greek refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis40_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis40-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Ibrahim moved his infantry and cavalry against the Maniot position, he also ordered two of his ships, including the one he was on, to attack the Maniot fortifications from the sea with their artillery. The Egyptian army attacked the Maniot position eight times and was thrown back.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis40_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis40-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fighting continued for a few more days before the Egyptians retreated when rumors that Kolokotronis was approaching their rear with 2,000 men proved true.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow21_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow21-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maniots pursued the Egyptians all the way to Kalamata before returning to Verga. This battle not only was costly for Ibrahim, who suffered 2,500 casualties, but also ruined his plan to invade Mani from the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis39_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis39-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kassis40_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis40-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ilias_Mavromichalis_on_November_3,_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Portrait_of_Ilias_Mavromichalis_on_November_3%2C_2022.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Ilias_Mavromichalis_on_November_3%2C_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Portrait_of_Ilias_Mavromichalis_on_November_3%2C_2022.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Ilias_Mavromichalis_on_November_3%2C_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Portrait_of_Ilias_Mavromichalis_on_November_3%2C_2022.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Ilias_Mavromichalis_on_November_3%2C_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3357" data-file-height="4476" /></a><figcaption>Ilias Mavromichalis</figcaption></figure> <p>While Ibrahim was beginning his attack on the Maniot position at Verga, he decided to launch a small fleet and attack <a href="/wiki/Areopoli" title="Areopoli">Areopoli</a>. This plan was described by Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos as "excellent" because it would catch Areopoli by surprise since it was ill defended. By capturing Areopoli, Ibrahim could disrupt the Maniot communication lines and control the mountain passes that led to <a href="/wiki/Gytheio" title="Gytheio">Gytheio</a>. This would also allow the Egyptians to attack the Maniots at Verga from the rear.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 24, Ibrahim sent a small fleet carrying 1,500 troops to land at the Bay of Diros and capture Areopoli.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Egyptians landed on the beach, the alarm bells rang.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis40_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis40-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, 300 women and old men who had been harvesting the crops gathered and, armed only with their scythes and cudgels, charged at the Egyptians. The Egyptians, not expecting any resistance, were caught by surprise at this sudden attack and were forced to retreat to a fortified position on the beach where they could receive support from their ships. Eventually, 300 Maniots arrived from other towns, and the Egyptians were forced to either swim to their ships or be slain.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only was Ibrahim's defeat costly, as he lost 1,000 men, but his plan to invade and conquer Mani was utterly ruined. Later on, the women of Diros were dubbed the 'Amazons of Diros'.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos63_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos63-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibrahim, annoyed by his defeats at Verga and Diros, plundered the Peloponnese for a month before turning his attention back to Mani. He sent an army of 6,000 Arabs to advance to the Taygetus and capture Gytheio and Laconian Mani. In command of the army was a Greek traitor from the village of <a href="/wiki/Vordonia" title="Vordonia">Vordonia</a>, called Bosinas. As he advanced towards Polytsaravos (nowadays a deserted place in the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Taygetus" title="Taygetus">Taygetus</a>), he was stopped by Theodoros Stathakos, who together with his family of thirteen people was waiting in their tower. Bosinas tried to make Stathakos surrender, and when the latter feigned surrender, Bosinas came towards the tower. However, once Bosinas was within range, Stathakos and his small band killed him. In retaliation, Bosinas' army shot at the tower with their cannons and destroyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis41_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis41-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Egyptians then proceeded towards the town of Polytsaravos and reached it on August 28. The inhabitants of the town had sent the women and children to take refuge in the mountains before improving the fortifications they had there. The town militia was reinforced by other Maniots, and soon the defenders numbered 2,500 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis41_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis41-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptians had trouble advancing to Polytsaravos, because it was surrounded by rocks situated on high ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow102_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow102-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As soon as the Arabs arrived, the Maniots rallied around their fortifications and attacked the Arabs. The Arabs retreated from Polytsaravos after sustaining 400 casualties while the Maniots only suffered nine.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis41_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis41-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though this campaign is overshadowed by other battles of the revolution, it was one of the most important, according to Maniot regional historians. The Maniots stopped the Egyptians and Ibrahim Pasha who had not been defeated this decisively before. This was the last invasion of Mani by the Egyptians or the Ottomans, as the Peloponnese, central Greece, and some of the Aegean islands were liberated in 1828 after the naval forces of <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> France under <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny" title="Henri de Rigny">Henri de Rigny</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Codrington" title="Edward Codrington">Edward Codrington</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Login_Geiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Login Geiden">Login Geiden</a> defeated Ibrahim at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Navarino</a> in 1827. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_and_Regency">Republic and Regency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Republic and Regency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrobey_Mavromichalis1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Petrobey_Mavromichalis1.jpg/130px-Petrobey_Mavromichalis1.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Petrobey_Mavromichalis1.jpg/195px-Petrobey_Mavromichalis1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Petrobey_Mavromichalis1.jpg/260px-Petrobey_Mavromichalis1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapodistrias2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kapodistrias2.jpg/105px-Kapodistrias2.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kapodistrias2.jpg/158px-Kapodistrias2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kapodistrias2.jpg/210px-Kapodistrias2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="516" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The imprisonment of <a href="/wiki/Petros_Mavromichalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Petros Mavromichalis">Petros Mavromichalis</a> (left) by <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a> (right) led to the assassination of Kapodistrias.</div></div></div></div> <p>In 1831, <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a> became governor of Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis41_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis41-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kapodistrias quarreled with the Mavromichalis clan because the Maniots refused to pay taxes to the new government.<sup id="cite_ref-Paroulakis165_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paroulakis165-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Possible_issues" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="The footnote link does not work, either because the citation is missing, or there an issue with the footnote template and/or association citation (February 2020)">broken footnote</span></a></i>]</sup> Kapodistrias requested that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tzanis_Mavromichalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzanis Mavromichalis (page does not exist)">Tzanis</a>, Petros' brother, go to <a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a>, then capital of Greece, and negotiate. As soon as Tzanis arrived, he was arrested and imprisoned. Kapodistrias then sent soldiers to Mani and had Petros arrested, imprisoned, and charged with <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>. His brother Konstantinos, the defender of Nafplio, and Petros' son, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Mavromichalis" title="Georgios Mavromichalis">Georgios Mavromichalis</a>, were put under house arrest in the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Paroulakis168_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paroulakis168-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Possible_issues" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="The footnote link does not work, either because the citation is missing, or there an issue with the footnote template and/or association citation (February 2020)">broken footnote</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On September 27, 1831 (October 9 in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>), Kapodistrias went to attend a church service at the Church of Saint Spyridon. He noticed that Konstantinos and Georgios were waiting at the church doors. As he passed them, he briefly stopped before proceeding into the church. As he was about to step into the church, Konstantinos used his gun and the bullet hit Kapodistrias at the back of the head while at the same time Georgios stabbed him through the heart. Kapodistrias collapsed into the arms of his attendants. Kapodistrias' bodyguard shot Konstantinos as he was running, and Konstantinos was hit by several more bullets before he died. Kostantinos' body was then dragged by an angry mob, who threw it into the sea. Georgios was captured and executed on the island of Bourzi, off the coast of Nafplio, while his father watched.<sup id="cite_ref-Paroulakis168_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paroulakis168-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1833, <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto von Wittelsbach</a>, a son of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I of Bavaria</a> and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, became <a href="/wiki/King_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Greece">King of Greece</a> after he was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a>. Since he was underage, he had a Council of Regency headed by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Ludwig_von_Armansperg" title="Josef Ludwig von Armansperg">Josef Ludwig von Armansperg</a> governing the country for him.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos58_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos58-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the Council's first acts was to try to subdue the unruly Maniots and pull down their towers; another was to free Petros and Tzanis from their prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos35_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos35-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council sent an army of <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a> in order to tame Mesa Mani.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis43_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis43-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They made it to <a href="/wiki/Areopoli" title="Areopoli">Areopoli</a>, but during the night the Maniots surrounded and captured them, forcing them to leave the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis44_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis44-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 14, 1834, four companies of Bavarian troops, assisted by four cannons, besieged the town of <a href="/wiki/Petrovouni,_Messenia" title="Petrovouni, Messenia">Petrovouni</a>. Ultimately, 800 Maniots from the surrounding towns attacked the Bavarians. The Bavarians were massacred as most of them were either slain by the Maniots or fell into a ravine near the town while escaping. Later that year, an army of 6,000 men with five cannons under the command of General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_von_Schmaltz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian von Schmaltz (page does not exist)">Christian von Schmaltz</a>, assisted by five squadrons of royalist Maniots, once again besieged Petrovouni. When news of an army of 1,000 Maniots was approaching, they retreated to Gytheio.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis44_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis44-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council decided that they could not subdue the Maniots by force, so they decided to send a diplomat, Max Feder, with the intention of subduing Mani by playing the love of money against the love of independence. He went to different Maniot families and offered them positions if they supported the king. Many of the Achamnomeri (see note α below) and some Megalogenites were convinced by his offers and submitted. However, several of the older families and the poorer Achamnomeri rejected the offer, because the former did not want to be dependent on a king and the latter did not want governors with superior rights. In <a href="/wiki/Koita" title="Koita">Koita</a>, this division caused bloodshed when the king's supporters started fighting the other Maniots under the command of Giorgaros Skylakakos.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis44_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis44-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feder soon arrived with his new allies and exploded Skylakakos and all his allies in his towers. Thus the Bavarians managed to annex the whole peninsula to the Greek kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis45_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis45-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th_century">Late 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Late 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al%C3%A8xandros_Koumoundo%C3%B9ros.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Al%C3%A8xandros_Koumoundo%C3%B9ros.JPG/220px-Al%C3%A8xandros_Koumoundo%C3%B9ros.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Al%C3%A8xandros_Koumoundo%C3%B9ros.JPG/330px-Al%C3%A8xandros_Koumoundo%C3%B9ros.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Al%C3%A8xandros_Koumoundo%C3%B9ros.JPG/440px-Al%C3%A8xandros_Koumoundo%C3%B9ros.JPG 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koumoundouros" title="Alexandros Koumoundouros">Alexandros Koumoundouros</a> (1817–1883), born in the Messenian side of Mani, was a political personality famous for his work towards national progress.</figcaption></figure> <p>During Otto's rule, blood was spilled in Mani because of the <a href="/wiki/Vendettas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendettas">vendettas</a>, which have plagued the area for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis45_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis45-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vendettas continued until 1870, when a Maniot vendetta was halted by the efforts of a regular army with artillery support.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos36_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos36-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1841, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> revolted against the Ottomans. The Maniots, described as <i>cousins</i> of the Cretans,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> rushed to Crete to support them. The Cretans, together with the Maniots, forced the Turks into a fortress, where they besieged them. A combined Ottoman-British fleet managed to subdue the Cretans, but the undefeated Maniots chose to go back to Mani. In 1866, a new revolution sparked in Crete, and 2,000 Maniots under the command of Petropoulakos went to assist their cousins. However, the Cretans were defeated, and the undefeated Maniots again returned to Mani.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis45_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis45-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gythio.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gythio.JPG/220px-Gythio.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gythio.JPG/330px-Gythio.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gythio.JPG/440px-Gythio.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>View of the promenade of <a href="/wiki/Gytheio" title="Gytheio">Gytheio</a>, largest town of Mani.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of the 20th century, Greece was involved with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Struggle_for_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Struggle for Macedonia">Macedonian Struggle</a>, military conflicts against the Bulgarian organization known as the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a>, and Turkish forces in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>-occupied <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>. Many volunteers from Mani took part in the war such as soldiers from the Dritsakos, Koutsonikolakos, Kosteas, Georgopapadakos, Iliopiereas, Loukakos, Kyriakoulakos, and Kalantzakos families. The Maniots also took part in the series of wars that followed including the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919-1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)</a>. The participation of troops from Mani in these wars under <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I of Greece</a>, created strong <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">royalist</a> feelings amongst Maniots. That is why most Maniots remained loyal to Constantine during the Greek <a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis46_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis46-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Maniot armed forces significantly helped the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a> to win the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Battle of Greece</a>. A Maniot named Colonel <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Davakis" title="Konstantinos Davakis">Konstantinos Davakis</a> was among the leaders of the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis46_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis46-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davakis, in command of the Pindus Detachment, defeated the elite Italian SOF brigade "Julia" at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pindus" title="Battle of Pindus">Battle of Pindus</a> (October 28-November 13, 1940), despite the Italians having more advanced weaponry. </p><p>Later, Maniots won another victory when the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a> of Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a> (March 27-March 29, 1941) on Cape <a href="/wiki/Tenaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenaro">Tenaro</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> attacked Greece in order to support the Italians. The Greeks were forced to retreat, and soon Mani revived its forgotten role as a center for refugees. During April 1941, the British started evacuating their troops from Porto Kagio. By the end of that month, Mani and the rest of Greece were under <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis occupation of Greece during World War II">Italian and German occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos141_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos141-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the occupation, Mani became a stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions</a>, because of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> sentiment of the Maniots. The Germans and Italians left Greece in 1944, but as soon as they left the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a> began. The armies of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellinikos_La%C3%AFkos_Apeleftherotikos_Stratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellinikos Laïkos Apeleftherotikos Stratos">ELAS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dimokratikos_Stratos_Elladas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimokratikos Stratos Elladas">DSE</a>, fought against the Hellenic Army and the royalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos38_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos38-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mani never recovered from both wars, and soon many of the young people of Mani left for <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos39_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos39-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowadays, Mani is divided between two regional units: <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>. Mani has around 18,000 inhabitants, with the most important and populous town being <a href="/wiki/Gytheio" title="Gytheio">Gytheio</a>. Mani's main source of income is tourism. The most famous of the tourist attractions are the <a href="/wiki/Pyrgos_Dirou" title="Pyrgos Dirou">Caves of Diros</a>, which are two caves that have underwater rivers flowing through them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maniot_dialect">Maniot dialect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Maniot dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/220px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/330px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg/440px-Modern_Greek_dialects_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the distribution of the Maniot dialect.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Maniot dialect of Modern Greek has several archaic properties that distinguishes it from most mainstream varieties. One of them, shared with the highly divergent <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a> as well as with the old dialects spoken around Athens until the 19th century, is the divergent treatment of historical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> (written <υ>). Although this sound merged to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> everywhere else, these dialects have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> instead (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈksulo]</span> versus standard <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈksilo]</span> 'wood').<sup id="cite_ref-Trudgill5_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudgill5-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These varieties are thought to be relic areas of a previously larger areal dialect group that used to share these features and was later divided by the penetration of <a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a> settlement in much of its area in the late Middle Ages. </p><p>Other features of the Maniot dialect include the palatalization of velar consonants, i.e. the realization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ,<span class="wrap"> </span>x,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ/</span> as (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>e,<span class="wrap"> </span>j/</span>. This feature is shared with many southern dialects of Greek, especially Cretan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is little information on the economy of Mani during the early stages of Ottoman dominance of Greece, and what is known of the economy in the 17th and 18th centuries is from foreign observers. In Exo Mani ('outer Mani'), <a href="/wiki/Olives" class="mw-redirect" title="Olives">olives</a> were grown in great numbers but it was not until the 18th century that olives were widely spread in Mesa Mani ('inner Mani'). Exports from Exo Mani also included <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> for masts as well <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a>, hides as well as a tanning agent and <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">prinokoki</i></span>, a crimson-colored dye. The north-west parts of Mesa Mani were rich in <a href="/wiki/Morus_(plant)" title="Morus (plant)">mulberries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>. Honey is also of superior quality. Another important part of the Maniot economy was piracy. Nowadays the main industries in Mani are <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maniatissa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e2/Maniatissa.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Woman from Mani.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dances">Dances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Dances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two dances come from Mani: <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Palio Maniatiko</i></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Παλιό Μανιάτικο</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Old Maniot</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and the Modern Maniatiko. The Palio Maniatiko is only found in Mani and is described as an ancient dance.<sup id="cite_ref-mani.org.au_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mani.org.au-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Modern Maniatiko is the modern version of the Palio Maniatiko dance and includes certain aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Kalamatiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalamatiano">Kalamatiano</a> dance in it. Like the Palio Maniatiko, it is only performed in Mani.<sup id="cite_ref-mani.org.au_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mani.org.au-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piracy">Piracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Piracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"If any ship come to anchor on their coast, many arm themselves and go to the place, over against where the ship doth ride; some of them will be in priests habits, walking by the sea side, with their wallets, in which they will have some wine and bread. Their companions lye hid behind the bushes at some convenient post. When any strangers come ashore, who do not understand their language, the feigned priests make signes to them, shewing them their bread and wine, which they offer to them for money, by which the strangers being enticed from the sea side (and it may be to sit down and taste their wine) the hidden Manjotts come and make their prey. The priests will seem to be sorry, and endeavor to make the strangers to believe they were altogether ignorant of any such design. So a white flagg is put out, and a treaty held with the ship for their ransome. The priests endeavor to moderate the price, shewing a great deal of respect to their companions, who are clothed in Turkish habits. Many ships have been thus served." </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Randolph_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Randolph (writer)">Bernard Randolph</a>, <i>Present State of the Morea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Part of Maniot culture involved <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>. The Maniots were famous and fearsome pirates whose ships dominated the Maniot coastline. The Maniots became pirates because Mani was not a very fertile land and the Maniots did not have many natural resources. The Maniots considered piracy a legitimate response to the fact that their land was poor, and it became their main source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow16_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow16-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pirate raids were not stopped by the local priests of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, who in fact blessed the ships before they left and sometimes accompanied them on raids. Most of the Maniot pirates came from <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Mesa Mani</i></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Μέσα Μάνη</span></span>, 'Inner Mani').<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow17_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow17-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main victims of Maniot pirates were the Ottomans, but the ships of powerful European nations were targeted as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis38_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis38-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superstition">Superstition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Superstition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a strong history of superstition and folklore in Maniot culture; most common stories revolve around <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghosts</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_3rd_Earl_of_Carnarvon" title="Henry Herbert, 3rd Earl of Carnarvon">Henry Herbert, 3rd Earl of Carnarvon</a>, was touring Mani in 1839, he found a fresh egg by the side of the road and offered it to a Maniot soldier who escorted him, who declined the offer explaining that if a <a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">hag</a> had enchanted it he would have to marry her. The Maniots thought that certain areas were haunted by demons.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow18_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow18-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vendettas">Vendettas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Vendettas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another important aspect of Maniot culture were the <a href="/wiki/Vendettas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendettas">vendettas</a> which frequently plagued Mani. Usually, the decision to start a vendetta was made at a family gathering. The main aim of a vendetta was usually to wipe out the other family. The families involved locked themselves in their towers and whenever they got the chance murdered members of the opposing family. The other families in the village normally locked themselves in their towers in order not to get in the way of the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-mani.org.gr_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mani.org.gr-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vendettas could go on for months, sometimes years, and usually ended when one family was exterminated or left the town. In some cases (like the <a href="/wiki/Tit_for_tat" title="Tit for tat">tit for tat</a> killing of a murderer) vendettas would be concluded after the 'guilty' individual(s) were killed. In other cases vendettas, particularly long-running ones, were ended in a peaceful to terms or exchange of property. In the case of long vendettas, families often agreed upon a temporary <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">treva</i></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">τρέβα</span></span>, 'truce') in order to allow for crop harvests or the attendance of religious ceremonies; when the <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">treva</span></span> ended, the killing could resume. A cornerstone of the Maniot's vendetta culture was the agreement that all vendettas immediately stop in a universal <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">treva</span></span> whenever the community faced a Turkish threat. The longest of all <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">trevas</span></span> was announced by the <a href="/wiki/Mavromichalis_family" title="Mavromichalis family">Mavromichalis clan</a> when war was declared on the Ottoman Empire in March 1821, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War for Independence</a>. Vendettas continued after the liberation of Greece even though the Regency tried to demolish the towers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is this reference to Towers about exactly? (May 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-mani.org.gr_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mani.org.gr-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maniot vendetta culture is considered one of the most vicious and ruthless of all the Mediterranean vendetta cultures. One of the last large scale vendettas on record required the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Police">Greek Police</a>, 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Greek_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Army">Greek Army</a> soldiers, and 200 <a href="/wiki/Greek_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Navy">Greek Navy</a> sailors to stop.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local specialities: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hilopites" title="Hilopites">Hilopites</a></i></li> <li><i>Kolokythokorfades</i></li> <li><i>Paspalas</i></li> <li><i>Regali</i>, lamb soup</li> <li><i>Tsouchtí</i>, pasta with egg dish</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syglino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syglino (page does not exist)">Syglino</a></i> (pork meat, coldcut)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a></i></li> <li><i>Lalagides</i> or <i>Lalagia</i> (Λαλαγγίδες)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">Diples</a></i> (dessert)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnology">Ethnology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ethnology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inhabitants of Mani claim to be direct descendants of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a> and are considered more "pure-blooded" Greeks. According to their tradition, after the Romans took over Laconia, many of the Spartan citizens who were loyal to the Spartan laws of <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_(Sparta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus (Sparta)">Lycurgus</a> decided to go to the Spartan mountains of Mani with the rest of the Spartans rather than be in Achaean or, later, Roman service.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellander263_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellander263-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_D._Kassis" title="Kyriakos D. Kassis">Kyriakos Kassis</a> claims that Maniots rarely mated with non-Maniots until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis20_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis20-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mani became a refuge during the 4th century when the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions">Barbarian invasions</a> started in Europe. When the Avars and Slavs invaded the Peloponnese, many Greek refugees fled to Mani since the invaders could not infiltrate the mountainous terrain. According to <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Porphyrogenitus">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a>, the Maniots were not conquered by the Slavs and were descended from the ancient 'Romaioi'.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> historian <a href="/wiki/David_Armine_Howarth" class="mw-redirect" title="David Armine Howarth">David Armine Howarth</a> states: "<i>The only Greeks that have had an unbroken descent were the clans like the Maniotes who were so fierce, and lived so far up the mountain, that invaders left them alone.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-Howarth69_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howarth69-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Genetic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The paper "<i>Genetics of the peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval peloponnesean Greeks</i>" (2017), published in the <a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="European Journal of Human Genetics">European Journal of Human Genetics</a>, showed that Maniot individuals share on average 0.25% of their genome (or 35–36 cM) identical by descent, with 95% of pairs of individuals sharing at least one <a href="/wiki/Identity_by_descent" title="Identity by descent">IBD</a> segment. The Maniots differ from all other Peloponnesians by <a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">PCA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">ADMIXTURE</a> analysis. They also differ from mainland, island and Asia Minor Greek populations who have been compared by PCA analysis, but they "partially" overlap with <a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilians</a> and southern Italians. This can be explained by the fact that Maniots (along with <a href="/wiki/Tsakonia" title="Tsakonia">Tsakonians</a>) inherited the lowest amounts of Slavic <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> ancestry throughout the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, especially the ones from Deep Mani. Namely, in the case of <a href="/wiki/East_Mani" title="East Mani">Deep Mani</a> or Mesa/Inner Mani (22 samples) it amounts to 0.7%–1.6%, while in the cases of Maniots from <a href="/wiki/West_Mani" title="West Mani">West Taygetos</a> or Exo/Outer Mani (24 samples) to 4.9%–8.6% and of East Taygetos or Kato/Lower Mani (23 samples) to 5.7%–10.9% of common ancestry with Slavs (Belarusians, Russians, Polish, and Ukrainians) respectively. The Slavic ancestry possessed by the latter two is five to eight times higher than that of Deep Mani but lower to the ancestry the other Peloponnesians (148 samples - excluding the Tsakonians) share with the Slavs, which even though low, it's still relatively higher than Maniots (and Tsakonians) at 4.8%–14.4%. Even though Tsakonians, divided between Southerners (15 samples) and Northerners (9 samples) also possess low levels of common ancestry with the Slavs at 0.2%–0.9% and 3.9%–8.2% respectively, they remain a distinct population from both the Maniots and the rest of the Peloponnesians, something that is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Isolation_by_distance" title="Isolation by distance">isolation by distance</a> and the possibility that Tsakonia in antiquity was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a> (per <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>), while similarly conservative Mani by actual <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Maniots">Notable Maniots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notable Maniots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Antonakos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgios Antonakos (page does not exist)">Georgios Antonakos</a>, Chief of Staff of Greek Air Force under the King. Five star general.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Antonakos" title="Stephen Antonakos">Stephen Antonakos</a>, sculptor, in major international collections including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Museum of Modern Art, The Whitney Museum of American Art, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, all in New York City, The National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., and the National Museum of Contemporary Art, Athens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Doxaras" title="Panagiotis Doxaras">Panagiotis Doxaras</a>, painter, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_School_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese School (painting)">Heptanese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Davakis" title="Konstantinos Davakis">Konstantinos Davakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limberakis_Gerakaris" title="Limberakis Gerakaris">Limberakis Gerakaris</a>, First <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani</a> and one of the most feared Maniot Pirates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Koteas" title="Elias Koteas">Elias Koteas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriakoulis_Mavromichalis_(military_commander)" title="Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis (military commander)">Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis</a>, hero of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Mavromichalis" title="Stylianos Mavromichalis">Stylianos Mavromichalis</a>, lawyer, president of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation (Greece)">Areopagus</a> and Prime Minister (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Mavromichalis" title="Demetrios Mavromichalis">Demetrios Mavromichalis</a>, politician, <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a> and aide to King <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriakoulis_Mavromichalis" title="Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis">Kyriakoulis P. Mavromichalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister of Greece</a> (1909–10).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petros_Mavromichalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Petros Mavromichalis">Petros Mavromichalis</a>, starter and fighter of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, last <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> and President of the Executive (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michail_Anagnostakos" title="Michail Anagnostakos">Michail Anagnostakos</a>, military officer and army leader of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tsimbidaros-Fteris" title="George Tsimbidaros-Fteris">George Tsimbidaros-Fteris</a>, poet and journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzannis_Tzannetakis" title="Tzannis Tzannetakis">Tzannis Tzannetakis</a>, naval officer, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Hellenic Parliament">Member of the Hellenic Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister of Greece</a> (1989) and <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greece)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cnoteα-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnoteα_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the second period of Byzantine rule over Mani, there were four social castes, the Nikliani, the Megalogenites, the Achamnomeri and the Fameyi. The Nikliani were the inhabitants of the town of <a href="/wiki/Nikli" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikli">Nikli</a> before it was sacked in the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a>. Kyriakos Kassis claims that the Nikliani were a family<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis24_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor" title="Patrick Leigh Fermor">Patrick Leigh Fermor</a> claims they were the inhabitants of Nikli.<sup id="cite_ref-Fermor86_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fermor86-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nikliani were wealthy, upper class people who started the building of castles in Mani.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis24_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Megalogenites (meaning "great births") were refugees from other parts of Greece who were from wealthy and renowned families like the <a href="/wiki/Komnenoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Komnenoi">Komnenoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaiologoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaiologoi">Palaiologoi</a>, and others. They mostly ignored the Niklianis' laws or tried to live in harmony with them. The Megalogenites also started building towers like the ones built by the Nikliani.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis24_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Achamnomeri were the third Maniot class and formed the middle class, having fewer rights than the first two classes. They had the right to build only one-storey towers and they were not allowed to build towers out of limestone or marble. They owned most of the fields and had a right to a portion of common property like quail, salt, and fish. They also had the freedom of movement and means of production. If during the night, they managed to raise a tower larger than one of their neighbors, they were considered more powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis25_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis25-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last caste were the Fameyi who were <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serfs</a>. They had no property and they have been sometimes confused with the Achamnomeri by modern historians. They could be subject to emancipation and become Achamnomeri.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis25_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis25-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnoteβ-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnoteβ_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1453, Mani's population grew drastically as a large number of refugees arrived from other parts of Greece, after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis38_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis38-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around that time, towns like Skoutari were founded by people who had escaped from Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos54_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos54-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kassis tells us that the population of Mani at that time was between 40,000 and 80,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis38_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis38-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Count Chateau-Reneau says that at the beginning of the 17th century, there were 700 cities and many villages in Mani which was thought to be an exaggerated number. In 1700, 14,773 people were recorded in the census despite the constant migrations in Mani. In 1805, <a href="/wiki/William_Martin_Leake" title="William Martin Leake">William Martin Leake</a> recorded that there were 30,000 people living in Mani. Twelve years later, K. Koumas writes in his geography that Mani had 100,000 inhabitants which was deemed a wildly exaggerated number. In 1820, Anagnostras composition for the <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> says that Mani had 8,000 fighting men. Kassis comes to the conclusion that Mani had around 45,000 inhabitants in 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis38_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis38-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnoteγ-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnoteγ_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As a result of the many revolts against the Ottoman Empire, the Maniots welcomed new Greek refugees from various areas including <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, and especially Crete when the Turks acquired the island from the Venetians in 1669. The Cretan refugees settled in Mani and created villages with Cretan names that enriched the Maniot dialect with Cretan words and idioms.<sup id="cite_ref-Fermor150_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fermor150-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mass migration of refugees caused new problems in Mani. The limited area of good arable land led to many local wars between families, clans, and different villages. The era of <a href="/wiki/Vendettas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendettas">vendettas</a> began in Mani and it seemed that only a new Ottoman invasion could save the country from a civil war. Many Maniot people began to serve as mercenaries in the army of the <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">Doge of Venice</a> while some others became pirates to fulfill their patriotic duties. In fact, the Ottoman fleet near <a href="/wiki/Chania" title="Chania">Chania</a>, Crete was destroyed by Maniot pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis32_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis32-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnoteδ-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnoteδ_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Between 1600 and 1700, there was a mass exodus of Maniots leaving Mani for European countries. In 1570, some Maniots immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Volterra" title="Volterra">Volterra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis27_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis27-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 700 members of the Stephanopoulos clan migrated to <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, as well as the Latriani, (whose Latinized name happened to be Medici) who went to live in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> after gaining Ferdinand Medici's permission.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos27_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos27-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are still towers in Tuscany that look similar to the ones in Mani. The <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Genoa" title="Duke of Genoa">Duke of Genoa</a> wanted some Maniots to colonize the western Italian coast and protect it from pirates. There are mentions of Maniots in Naples and T. Asanis Palaeologus building a church there. There are also tombs of Palaeologi in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, as well as one in <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> of a Palaeologus who fought with <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, had an army corps named the <i>Mainoti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kassis28_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis28-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISQ_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36"><i>The Bureau: Or Repository of Literature, Politics, and Intelligence</i></a>. S.C. Carpenter. 1812. p. 36. <q>In this work, the author, giving an account of the conquest made in Greece by the Russians, and of the gallant defence made by the Maniotes (the descendants of the ancient Spartans) against the Turks, describes their invincible spirit with the eloquence of a <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bureau%3A+Or+Repository+of+Literature%2C+Politics%2C+and+Intelligence&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=S.C.+Carpenter.&rft.date=1812&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISQ_AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, W. V.; Harris, William Vernon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wutuv1ygCxsC&pg=PA282"><i>Rethinking the Mediterranean</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926545-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926545-9"><bdi>978-0-19-926545-9</bdi></a>. <q>Above all, the Maniots, who are said to be the true heirs of the Spartans and 'have always preserved their liberty' (Pococke, 1743, i. 178) serve as an illustration of this continuity. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_5th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 5th Earl of Sandwich">Lord Sandwich</a> (1799, 31), '[these] descendants of the ancient Lacedemonians...still preserve their love for liberty so great a degree, as never to have debased themselves under the yoke of the Turkish empire'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+Mediterranean&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926545-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=W.+V.&rft.au=Harris%2C+William+Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwutuv1ygCxsC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Form_and_evolution_of_Maniot_surnames-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Form_and_evolution_of_Maniot_surnames_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mani.org.gr/fonimanis/2001/1_2001epif_epon.htm">Form and evolution of Maniot surnames</a>, Centre for Research of Greek Folklore of the Academy of Athens (in Greek)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homer_2.581-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Homer_2.581_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer. <i>The Iliad</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hom.+Il.+2.581">2.581</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kassis7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saitas13-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saitas13_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaitas1990">Saitas 1990</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fermor-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fermor_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fermor_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fermor_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFermor1984">Fermor 1984</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos20_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xenophon. <i>Hellenica</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Xen.+Hell.+1.4.11&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0206">1.4.11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930224840/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Xen.+Hell.+1.4.11&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0206">Archived</a> 2012-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green302-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green302_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen1990">Green 1990</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy_34.29-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Livy_34.29_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri">Ab urbe condita libri</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy34.html">34.29</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907205819/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy34.html">Archived</a> 2006-09-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perseus.tufts.edu-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1873">Smith 1873</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dnabis-bio-1">Nabis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604212347/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=nabis-bio-1">Archived</a> 2011-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livy35.35-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Livy35.35_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri">Ab urbe condita libri</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy35.html">35.35</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133118/http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy35.html">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartledge_and_Spawforth-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cartledge_and_Spawforth_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCartledgeSpawforth2002">Cartledge & Spawforth 2002</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis16-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis16_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis16_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis16_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos21_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos49-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos49_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos49_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias. <i>Description of Greece</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+3.21.8">3.21.8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fermor120-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fermor120_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFermor1984">Fermor 1984</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis19-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kassis19_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos22_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, pp. 1916–1919 under <b>SLAVS</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos23-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos23_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis23-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kassis23_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos24_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis24-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis24_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis24_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis24_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fermor86-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fermor86_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFermor1984">Fermor 1984</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis25-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis25_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis25_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis38-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis38_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis38_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis38_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis38_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis38_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis38_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos54-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos54_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis28-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis28_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis28_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis29-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis29_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis29_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis29_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zorbas.de-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zorbas.de_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zorbas.de_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zorbas.de_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zorbas.de_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Chapman" class="citation web cs1">John Chapman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zorbas.de/maniguide/turkok.html">"Turkokratia: Kladas Revolt"</a>. <i>Mani: A Guide and a History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061015000124/http://www.zorbas.de/maniguide/turkok.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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See also Nicholas, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis27-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kassis27_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos27-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos27_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos27_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos28-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos28_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos29-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos29_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos29_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos29_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis33-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis33_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis33_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis34-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis34_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis34_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis34_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis34_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis34_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis35-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis35_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis35_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis35_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoumeliōtēs2002">Roumeliōtēs 2002</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis36-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis36_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis36_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos30-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos30_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos51-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos51_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos52-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos52_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos31_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis37-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis37_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis37_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis37_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis37_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis37_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos140-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos140_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos140_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos32-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos32_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos32_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos32_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos33-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos33_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paroulakis40-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paroulakis40_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParoulakis1984">Paroulakis 1984</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos58-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos58_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos58_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis39-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis39_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis39_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis39_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis39_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis39_65-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paroulakis58-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paroulakis58_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParoulakis1984">Paroulakis 1984</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paroulakis113-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paroulakis113_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParoulakis1984">Paroulakis 1984</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paroulakis125-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paroulakis125_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParoulakis1984">Paroulakis 1984</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis40-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis40_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis40_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis40_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis40_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis40_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaitas1990">Saitas 1990</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos62_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow21-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow21_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow2000">Barrow 2000</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos63-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos63_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis41-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis41_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis41_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis41_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis41_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow102-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow102_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow2000">Barrow 2000</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paroulakis165-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paroulakis165_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParoulakis1984">Paroulakis 1984</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paroulakis168-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paroulakis168_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paroulakis168_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParoulakis1984">Paroulakis 1984</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos35-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos35_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis43-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kassis43_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis44-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis44_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis44_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis44_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis45-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis45_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis45_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis45_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos36-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos36_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis46-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis46_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kassis46_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos141-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos141_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos38-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos38_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos39-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh_and_Eliopoulos39_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985">Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trudgill5-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trudgill5_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrudgill2003">Trudgill 2003</a>, pp. 54–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Chapman" class="citation web cs1">John Chapman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zorbas.de/maniguide/turkok.html">"The Economy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105042231/http://www.zorbas.de/maniguide/turkok.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economy&rft.au=John+Chapman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zorbas.de%2Fmaniguide%2Fturkok.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mani.org.au-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mani.org.au_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mani.org.au_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820234026/http://www.mani.org.au/dancegroup/dgDanceTypes.asp">"Types of Dances"</a>. <i>PMDG: Types of Dances</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mani.org.au/dancegroup/dgDanceTypes.asp">the original</a> on 2006-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PMDG%3A+Types+of+Dances&rft.atitle=Types+of+Dances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mani.org.au%2Fdancegroup%2FdgDanceTypes.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner1993">Eisner 1993</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow16-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow16_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow2000">Barrow 2000</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow17-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow17_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow2000">Barrow 2000</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow18-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow18_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow2000">Barrow 2000</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mani.org.gr-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mani.org.gr_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mani.org.gr_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenizeleas" class="citation web cs1">Venizeleas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mani.org.gr/en/history/venteta.htm">"Vendetta"</a>. <i>Mani.org.gr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230081926/http://www.mani.org.gr/en/history/venteta.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mani.org.gr&rft.atitle=Vendetta&rft.au=Venizeleas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mani.org.gr%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fventeta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cretapost.gr/282097/1906-i-ematiri-venteta-anamesa-se-maniates-ke-kritikous/"><bdi lang="el">1906: Η αιματηρή βεντέτα ανάμεσα σε Μανιάτες και Κρητικούς</bdi></a> [1906: The bloody feud between Maniots and Cretans]. <i>cretapost.gr</i> (in Greek). 2018-09-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011328/https://www.cretapost.gr/282097/1906-i-ematiri-venteta-anamesa-se-maniates-ke-kritikous/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-01</span></span>. <q>Την επομένη, στην κηδεία των θυμάτων, τα επεισόδια απλώθηκαν σ' όλο τον Πειραιά, με νέα θύματα... ενώ κινητοποιήθηκαν, η αστυνομία, χίλιοι στρατιώτες και διακόσιοι ναύτες για να σταματήσουν το αιματοκύλισμα.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cretapost.gr&rft.atitle=1906%3A+%CE%97+%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AE+%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B1+%CF%83%CE%B5+%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%82&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cretapost.gr%2F282097%2F1906-i-ematiri-venteta-anamesa-se-maniates-ke-kritikous%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hellander263-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hellander263_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHellander2008">Hellander 2008</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis20-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kassis20_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKassis1979">Kassis 1979</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howarth69-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howarth69_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowarth1976">Howarth 1976</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStamatoyannopoulosBoseTeodosiadisTsetsos2017" class="citation journal cs1">Stamatoyannopoulos, George; Bose, Aritra; Teodosiadis, Athanasios; Tsetsos, Fotis; Plantinga, Anna; Psatha, Nikoletta; Zogas, Nikos; Yannaki, Evangelia; Zalloua, Pierre; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Browning, Brian L. (8 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5437898">"Genetics of the peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval peloponnesean Greeks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" title="European Journal of Human Genetics">European Journal of Human Genetics</a></i>. <b>25</b> (5): 637–645. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2017.18">10.1038/ejhg.2017.18</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-5438">1476-5438</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5437898">5437898</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28272534">28272534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetics+of+the+peloponnesean+populations+and+the+theory+of+extinction+of+the+medieval+peloponnesean+Greeks&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=637-645&rft.date=2017-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5437898%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1476-5438&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28272534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2017.18&rft.aulast=Stamatoyannopoulos&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Bose%2C+Aritra&rft.au=Teodosiadis%2C+Athanasios&rft.au=Tsetsos%2C+Fotis&rft.au=Plantinga%2C+Anna&rft.au=Psatha%2C+Nikoletta&rft.au=Zogas%2C+Nikos&rft.au=Yannaki%2C+Evangelia&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Kidd%2C+Kenneth+K.&rft.au=Browning%2C+Brian+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5437898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2000" class="citation book cs1">Barrow, Bob (2000). <i>Mani: A Guide to the Villages, Towers and Churches of the Mani Peninsular</i>. Antonis Thomeas Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9537517-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9537517-0-8"><bdi>0-9537517-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Villages%2C+Towers+and+Churches+of+the+Mani+Peninsular&rft.pub=Antonis+Thomeas+Services&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9537517-0-8&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartledgeSpawforth2002" class="citation book cs1">Cartledge, Paul; Spawforth, Antony (2002). <i>Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A Tale of Two Cities</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26277-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26277-1"><bdi>0-415-26277-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+and+Roman+Sparta%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Cities&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-26277-1&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Spawforth%2C+Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisner1993" class="citation book cs1">Eisner, Robert (1993). <i>Travelers to an Antique Land: The History and Literature of Travel to Greece</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08220-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08220-5"><bdi>0-472-08220-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travelers+to+an+Antique+Land%3A+The+History+and+Literature+of+Travel+to+Greece&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-472-08220-5&rft.aulast=Eisner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFermor1984" class="citation book cs1">Fermor, Patrick Leigh (1984). <i>Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-011511-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-011511-0"><bdi>0-14-011511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani%3A+Travels+in+the+Southern+Peloponnese&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-14-011511-0&rft.aulast=Fermor&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Leigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1990" class="citation book cs1">Green, Peter (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandertoactiu0000gree"><i>Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age</i></a></span> (Second ed.). Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-01485-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-01485-X"><bdi>0-500-01485-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+to+Actium%3A+The+Historical+Evolution+of+the+Hellenistic+Age&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-500-01485-X&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandertoactiu0000gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhalghEliopoulos1985" class="citation book cs1">Greenhalgh, P. A. L.; Eliopoulos, Edward (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deepintomanijour0000gree"><i>Deep into Mani: Journey to the Southern Tip of Greece</i></a></span>. Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-13524-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-13524-2"><bdi>0-571-13524-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+into+Mani%3A+Journey+to+the+Southern+Tip+of+Greece&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-571-13524-2&rft.aulast=Greenhalgh&rft.aufirst=P.+A.+L.&rft.au=Eliopoulos%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeepintomanijour0000gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellander2008" class="citation book cs1">Hellander, Paul (2008). <i>Greece</i>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-656-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-656-4"><bdi>978-1-74104-656-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-656-4&rft.aulast=Hellander&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarth1976" class="citation book cs1">Howarth, David Armine (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekadventurelo0000howa"><i>The Greek Adventure: Lord Byron and Other Eccentrics in the War of Independence</i></a></span>. Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-10653-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-10653-X"><bdi>0-689-10653-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Adventure%3A+Lord+Byron+and+Other+Eccentrics+in+the+War+of+Independence&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-689-10653-X&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=David+Armine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekadventurelo0000howa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassis1979" class="citation book cs1">Kassis, Kyriakos (1979). <i>Mani's History</i>. Athens: Presoft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani%27s+History&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Presoft&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Kassis&rft.aufirst=Kyriakos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2006" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholas, Nick (2006). "Negotiating a Greco-Corsican Identity". <i>Journal of Modern Greek Studies</i>. <b>24</b>: 91–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmgs.2006.0009">10.1353/mgs.2006.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145285702">145285702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.atitle=Negotiating+a+Greco-Corsican+Identity&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=91-133&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmgs.2006.0009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145285702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation book cs1">Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=Alexander+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParoulakis1984" class="citation book cs1">Paroulakis, Peter H. (1984). <i>The Greeks: Their Struggle for Independence</i>. Hellenic International Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9590894-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9590894-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9590894-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks%3A+Their+Struggle+for+Independence&rft.pub=Hellenic+International+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-9590894-0-0&rft.aulast=Paroulakis&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoumeliōtēs2002" class="citation book cs1">Roumeliōtēs, Giannēs Ch. (2002). <i>Herōides tēs Lakonias kai tēs Manēs holēs (1453–1944)</i>. Ekdoseis Adoulōtē Manē. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-87030-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/960-87030-1-8"><bdi>960-87030-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Her%C5%8Dides+t%C4%93s+Lakonias+kai+t%C4%93s+Man%C4%93s+hol%C4%93s+%281453%E2%80%931944%29&rft.pub=Ekdoseis+Adoul%C5%8Dt%C4%93+Man%C4%93&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=960-87030-1-8&rft.aulast=Roumeli%C5%8Dt%C4%93s&rft.aufirst=Giann%C4%93s+Ch.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaitas1990" class="citation book cs1">Saitas, Yiannis (1990). <i>Greek Traditional Architecture: Mani</i>. Athens: Melissa Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Traditional+Architecture%3A+Mani&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Melissa+Publishing+House&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Saitas&rft.aufirst=Yiannis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1873" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adictionarygree10smitgoog"><i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i></a>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadictionarygree10smitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill2003" class="citation journal cs1">Trudgill, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjgl.4.04tru">"Modern Greek Dialects: A Preliminary Classification"</a>. <i>Journal of Greek Linguistics</i>. <b>4</b>: 45–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjgl.4.04tru">10.1075/jgl.4.04tru</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145744857">145744857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Greek+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Modern+Greek+Dialects%3A+A+Preliminary+Classification&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=45-63&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjgl.4.04tru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145744857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1075%252Fjgl.4.04tru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniots&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maniots" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maniots">Maniots</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Maina and Mainotes"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Maina_and_Mainotes">"Maina and Mainotes" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maina+and+Mainotes&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManiots" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language" title="Template:Greek language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language" title="Template talk:Greek language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek language"><abbr title="Edit this 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900</span>–1600 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span>–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Maniot_dialect">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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