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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rapid transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intra-city_public_transport_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intra-city_public_transport_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Intra-city public transport networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-city_public_transport_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercity_rail_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercity_rail_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Intercity rail transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intercity_rail_transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Intercity rail transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intercity_rail_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inter-state_rail_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-state_rail_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Inter-state rail services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-state_rail_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intra-state_and_city_rail_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intra-state_and_city_rail_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Intra-state and city rail services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-state_and_city_rail_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining_railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mining railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cane_railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cane_railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cane railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cane_railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pipelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports_and_harbours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports_and_harbours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ports and harbours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ports_and_harbours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ports and harbours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ports_and_harbours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mainland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_ore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_ore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Iron ore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_ore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tasmania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasmania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tasmania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasmania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merchant_marine_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merchant_marine_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Merchant marine vessels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merchant_marine_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aviation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aviation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports_with_paved_runways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports_with_paved_runways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Airports with paved runways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports_with_paved_runways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports_with_unpaved_runways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports_with_unpaved_runways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Airports with unpaved runways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports_with_unpaved_runways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="অস্ট্রেলিয়ার পরিবহন ব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্ট্রেলিয়ার পরিবহন ব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportasi_di_Australia" title="Transportasi di Australia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transportasi di Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasporti_in_Australia" title="Trasporti in Australia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trasporti in Australia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australijos_transportas" title="Australijos transportas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Australijos transportas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengangkutan_di_Australia" title="Pengangkutan di Australia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengangkutan di Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="オーストラリアの交通 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストラリアの交通" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Транспорт в Австралии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транспорт в Австралии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Транспорт Австралії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Транспорт Австралії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/GA20891.pdf/page1-300px-GA20891.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/GA20891.pdf/page1-450px-GA20891.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/GA20891.pdf/page1-600px-GA20891.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption>A map of major roads in Australia. Roads are the main method of transport in Australia.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many forms of <b>transport in Australia</b>. Australia is highly dependent on <a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">road transport</a>. There are more than <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Australia" title="List of airports in Australia">300 airports</a> with paved runways. Passenger rail transport includes widespread commuter networks in the major capital cities with more limited intercity and interstate networks. The <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Australian mining sector</a> is reliant upon rail to transport its product to Australia's ports for export. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Road_transport">Road transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Road transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Road_transport_in_Australia" title="Road transport in Australia">Road transport in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Freeway_Belford_St.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eastern_Freeway_Belford_St.jpg/250px-Eastern_Freeway_Belford_St.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eastern_Freeway_Belford_St.jpg/330px-Eastern_Freeway_Belford_St.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Eastern_Freeway_Belford_St.jpg/500px-Eastern_Freeway_Belford_St.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Freeway,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Freeway, Melbourne">Eastern Freeway, Melbourne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Road transport is an essential element of the Australian transport network, and an enabler of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australian economy</a>. There is a heavy reliance on road transport due to Australia's large area and low <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> in considerable parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-transtats_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transtats-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is similar to the US. Australia's road network experiences excessive demand during peak periods and very weak demand overnight.<sup id="cite_ref-urp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another reason for the reliance upon roads is that the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Australia" title="Rail transport in Australia">Australian rail network</a> has not been sufficiently developed for a lot of the freight and passenger requirements in most areas of Australia. This has meant that <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">goods</a> that would otherwise be transported by rail are moved across Australia via <a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">road trains</a>. Almost every household owns at least one <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">car</a>, and uses it most days.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three different categories of Australian roads. They are federal highways, state highways and local roads. The road network comprises a total of 913,000 km broken down into:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>paved: 353,331 km (including 3,132 km of expressways)</li> <li>unpaved: 559,669 km (1996 estimate)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a> has the largest network, with thousands of arterial (major, primary and secondary) roads to add. </p><p>The majority of road tunnels in Australia have been constructed since the 1990s to relieve traffic congestion in metropolitan areas, or to cross significant watercourses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cars">Cars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia has the thirteenth-highest level of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by vehicles per capita">car ownership</a> in the world. It has three to four times more road per capita than Europe and seven to nine times more than Asia. Australia also has the third-highest per capita rate of fuel consumption in the world. <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> is the most car-dependent city in Australia, according to a data survey in the 2010s, having over 110,000 more cars driving to and from the city each day than <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> are rated as being close behind. All these capital cities are rated among the highest in this category in the world (<a href="/wiki/Automobile_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile dependency">car dependency</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distance travelled by car (or similar vehicle) in Australia is among the highest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-transtats_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transtats-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_vehicles">Electric vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electric vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_Australia" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in Australia">Plug-in electric vehicles in Australia</a></div> <p>The adoption of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicles</a> in Australia is driven mostly by state-based <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a> targets and monetary incentives to support the adoption and deployment of low- or <a href="/wiki/Zero-emission_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-emission vehicle">zero-emission vehicles</a>. The monetary incentives include electric vehicle subsidies, interest-free loans, registration exemptions, <a href="/wiki/Stamp_duty" title="Stamp duty">stamp duty</a> exemptions, the <a href="/wiki/Luxury_car_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury car tax">luxury car tax</a> exemption and discounted parking for both private and commercial purchases. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Victoria">Victorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales" title="Government of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> governments target between 50% and 53% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:136_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:136-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:204_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:204-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_transport_in_Australia">Public transport in Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public transport in Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinia_Road_2012-07-22_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cardinia_Road_2012-07-22_03.jpg/250px-Cardinia_Road_2012-07-22_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cardinia_Road_2012-07-22_03.jpg/330px-Cardinia_Road_2012-07-22_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cardinia_Road_2012-07-22_03.jpg/500px-Cardinia_Road_2012-07-22_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Commuter train in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg/250px-AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg/330px-AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg/500px-AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3209" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alstom_Citadis" title="Alstom Citadis">Alstom Citadis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flexity_Classic" title="Flexity Classic">Bombardier Flexity Classic</a> trams in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0402_Chatswood,_2019_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/0402_Chatswood%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/220px-0402_Chatswood%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/0402_Chatswood%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/330px-0402_Chatswood%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/0402_Chatswood%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/440px-0402_Chatswood%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5406" data-file-height="3574" /></a><figcaption>A driverless <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Metropolis" title="Alstom Metropolis">Alstom Metropolis</a> train on the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Metro" title="Sydney Metro">Sydney Metro</a> network</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suburban_rail">Suburban rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Suburban rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide have extensive suburban rail networks which have grown and expanded over time. Australian suburban rail typically operates with bidirectional all-day services with Sydney, Melbourne, and to a lesser extent Perth and Brisbane's systems operating with much higher frequencies, particularly in their underground cores. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Trains" title="Sydney Trains">Sydney Trains</a> operates the busiest system in the country with approximately 1 million trips per day. <a href="/wiki/Metro_Trains_Melbourne" title="Metro Trains Melbourne">Metro Trains Melbourne</a> operates a larger system albeit with a lower number of trips. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trams_and_light_rail">Trams and light rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trams and light rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Australia" title="Trams in Australia">Trams in Australia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Trams" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams">Trams</a> have historically operated in many Australian towns and cities, with the majority of these being shut down before the 1970s in the belief that more widespread car ownership would render them unnecessary. <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Melbourne" title="Trams in Melbourne">Melbourne</a> is a major exception and today has the largest tram network of any city in the world. Adelaide retained one tram service — the <a href="/wiki/Glenelg_tram_line" title="Glenelg tram line">Glenelg tram line</a>, since 2008 extended to <a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh,_South_Australia" title="Hindmarsh, South Australia">Hindmarsh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_End,_Adelaide" title="East End, Adelaide">East End</a>. Trams once operated in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Sydney" title="Trams in Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Brisbane" title="Trams in Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Perth" title="Trams in Perth">Perth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Hobart" title="Trams in Hobart">Hobart</a>, and a number of major regional cities including <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Ballarat" title="Trams in Ballarat">Ballarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Bendigo" title="Trams in Bendigo">Bendigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill" title="Broken Hill">Broken Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Fremantle" title="Trams in Fremantle">Fremantle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Geelong" title="Trams in Geelong">Geelong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kalgoorlie" title="Trams in Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Launceston" title="Trams in Launceston">Launceston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maitland,_New_South_Wales" title="Maitland, New South Wales">Maitland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Trams in Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Rockhampton" title="Trams in Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorrento,_Victoria" title="Sorrento, Victoria">Sorrento</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Inner_West_Light_Rail" title="Inner West Light Rail">Inner West Light Rail</a> opened in Sydney in 1997 with the conversion of a disused section of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Goods_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Goods railway line">Metropolitan Goods line</a>. The <a href="/wiki/CBD_and_South_East_Light_Rail" title="CBD and South East Light Rail">CBD and South East Light Rail</a> opened to <a href="/wiki/Randwick,_New_South_Wales" title="Randwick, New South Wales">Randwick</a> in December 2019 and <a href="/wiki/Kingsford,_New_South_Wales" title="Kingsford, New South Wales">Kingsford</a> in April 2020. A light rail system opened <a href="/wiki/G:link" title="G:link">on the Gold Coast</a> in 2014. A line opened in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Light_Rail" title="Newcastle Light Rail">Newcastle</a> in February 2019 and one in <a href="/wiki/Light_rail_in_Canberra" title="Light rail in Canberra">Canberra</a> opened in April 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_transit">Rapid transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rapid transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sydney is the only city in Australia with a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system. The Sydney Metro currently consists of one 52 km driverless line, connecting <a href="/wiki/Tallawong,_New_South_Wales" title="Tallawong, New South Wales">Tallawong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydenham,_New_South_Wales" title="Sydenham, New South Wales">Sydenham</a>, and is scheduled to be extended to <a href="/wiki/Bankstown" title="Bankstown">Bankstown</a> in 2025 under the <a href="/wiki/Metro_North_West_%26_Bankstown_Line" title="Metro North West & Bankstown Line">Metro North West & Bankstown Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon completion, it will complete the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Metro_City_%26_Southwest" title="Sydney Metro City & Southwest">Sydney Metro City & Southwest</a> project to form a 66 km network with 31 metro stations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Metro_West" title="Sydney Metro West">Sydney Metro West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Metro_Western_Sydney_Airport" title="Sydney Metro Western Sydney Airport">Sydney Metro Western Sydney Airport</a> are currently under construction. The former aims to connect <a href="/wiki/Westmead,_New_South_Wales" title="Westmead, New South Wales">Westmead</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_central_business_district" title="Sydney central business district">Sydney CBD</a>, via stations including <a href="/wiki/Parramatta" title="Parramatta">Parramatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Olympic_Park" title="Sydney Olympic Park">Sydney Olympic Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five_Dock" title="Five Dock">Five Dock</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bays_Precinct" title="Bays Precinct">Bays Precinct</a>, and is scheduled to be completed by 2032.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter aims to connect <a href="/wiki/St_Marys,_New_South_Wales" title="St Marys, New South Wales">St Marys</a> and Badgerys Creek <a href="/wiki/Aerotropolis" title="Aerotropolis">Aerotropolis</a> via <a href="/wiki/Western_Sydney_Airport" title="Western Sydney Airport">Western Sydney Airport</a>, scheduled to be completed in 2026, aligning with the opening of the airport.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth's commuter systems are all partially underground and reflect some aspects of typical rapid transit systems, particularly in the city centres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intra-city_public_transport_networks">Intra-city public transport networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intra-city public transport networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table presents an overview of multi-modal intra-city public transport networks in Australia's larger cities. The only <a href="/wiki/Australian_capital_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian capital cities">Australian capital cities</a> without multi-modal networks is <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, which relies entirely on buses, and <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, which has sections of derelict railway. The table does not include tourist or heritage transport modes (such as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_World_Monorail_System" title="Sea World Monorail System">private monorail</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sea_World_(Australia)" title="Sea World (Australia)">Sea World</a> or the tourist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Harbor_Horse_Drawn_Tram" title="Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram">Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram</a>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>Overview </th> <th>Integrated network name </th> <th width="80"><a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">Buses</a> </th> <th width="80"><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a> (BRT) </th> <th width="80"><a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban rail</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a> </th> <th width="80"><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="80">Watercraft<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="80"><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transport in Adelaide">Public transport in Adelaide</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Metro" title="Adelaide Metro">Adelaide Metro</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Adelaide" title="Buses in Adelaide">Yes</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/O-Bahn_Busway" title="O-Bahn Busway">Yes</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Adelaide" title="Railways in Adelaide">Yes</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams in Adelaide">Yes</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brisbane#Public_transport" title="Transport in Brisbane">Public transport in Brisbane</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Translink_(Queensland)" title="Translink (Queensland)">Translink</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brisbane#Buses" title="Transport in Brisbane">Yes</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail_City_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Rail City network">Yes</a></td> <td></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/CityCat" class="mw-redirect" title="CityCat">Yes</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Canberra" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transport in Canberra">Public transport in Canberra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transport_Canberra_and_City_Services_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport Canberra and City Services Directorate">Transport Canberra</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/ACTION" title="ACTION">Yes</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Light_rail_in_Canberra" title="Light rail in Canberra">Yes</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Darwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transport in Darwin">Public transport in Darwin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darwinbus" title="Darwinbus">Darwinbus</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center" style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Limited</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_on_the_Gold_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transport on the Gold Coast">Public transport on the Gold Coast</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Translink_(Queensland)" title="Translink (Queensland)">Translink</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Buses_on_the_Gold_Coast,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Buses on the Gold Coast, Queensland">Yes</a></td> <td></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_railway_line" title="Gold Coast railway line">Yes</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/G:link" title="G:link">Yes</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial"><a href="/wiki/Transport_on_the_Gold_Coast,_Queensland#Ferries" title="Transport on the Gold Coast, Queensland">Limited</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hobart" title="Transport in Hobart">Transport in Hobart</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metro_Tasmania" title="Metro Tasmania">Metro Tasmania</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Tasmania" title="Metro Tasmania">Yes</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Ferries_in_Hobart" title="Ferries in Hobart">Yes</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transport in Melbourne">Public transport in Melbourne</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Public_Transport_Victoria" title="Public Transport Victoria">Public Transport Victoria</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Melbourne" title="Buses in Melbourne">Yes</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/SmartBus" title="SmartBus">Yes</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Melbourne" title="Railways in Melbourne">Yes</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Melbourne" title="Trams in Melbourne">Yes</a></td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Limited</td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned"><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Rail_Loop" title="Suburban Rail Loop">Planned</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales#Transport" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Transport in Newcastle</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_NSW" title="Transport for NSW">Transport for NSW</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Buses in Newcastle, New South Wales">Yes</a></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial"><a href="/wiki/NSW_TrainLink" title="NSW TrainLink">Limited</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Light_Rail" title="Newcastle Light Rail">Yes</a></td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial"><a href="/wiki/Stockton_ferry_service" title="Stockton ferry service">Limited</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Perth" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transport in Perth">Public transport in Perth</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transperth" title="Transperth">Transperth</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Perth" title="Buses in Perth">Yes</a></td> <td></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Perth" title="Railways in Perth">Yes</a></td> <td></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Transperth#Ferries" title="Transperth">Yes</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transport in Sydney">Public transport in Sydney</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_NSW#Public_transport_services" title="Transport for NSW">Transport for NSW</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Sydney" title="Buses in Sydney">Yes</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Trains" title="Sydney Trains">Yes</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Light_rail_in_Sydney" title="Light rail in Sydney">Yes</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Ferries" title="Sydney Ferries">Yes</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Metro" title="Sydney Metro">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wollongong#Transport" title="Wollongong">Transport in Wollongong</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_NSW#Public_transport_services" title="Transport for NSW">Transport for NSW</a></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/Wollongong#Bus" title="Wollongong">Yes</a></td> <td></td> <td align="center" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/NSW_TrainLink" title="NSW TrainLink">Yes</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intercity_rail_transport">Intercity rail transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Intercity rail transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passenger_rail_services_in_Australia_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Passenger_rail_services_in_Australia_en.png/220px-Passenger_rail_services_in_Australia_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Passenger_rail_services_in_Australia_en.png/330px-Passenger_rail_services_in_Australia_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Passenger_rail_services_in_Australia_en.png/440px-Passenger_rail_services_in_Australia_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>Map of passenger railway services in Australia <br /> <b>State Government owned rail services:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#225500; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail_City_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Rail City network">Queensland Rail City network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail#Long-distance_trains" title="Queensland Rail">Traveltrain</a> services</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b5111b; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/NSW_TrainLink" title="NSW TrainLink">NSW TrainLink</a> services</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/V/Line" title="V/Line">V/Line</a> services</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f8981c; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Transwa" title="Transwa">Transwa</a> services</div> <b><a href="/wiki/Journey_Beyond" title="Journey Beyond">Journey Beyond</a> lines:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#002d62; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Pacific" title="Indian Pacific">Indian Pacific</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0055d4; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/The_Overland" title="The Overland">The Overland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f15c22; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/The_Ghan" title="The Ghan">The Ghan</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Pacific_Perth,_Western_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indian_Pacific_Perth%2C_Western_Australia.jpg/220px-Indian_Pacific_Perth%2C_Western_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indian_Pacific_Perth%2C_Western_Australia.jpg/330px-Indian_Pacific_Perth%2C_Western_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indian_Pacific_Perth%2C_Western_Australia.jpg/440px-Indian_Pacific_Perth%2C_Western_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2938" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Pacific" title="Indian Pacific">Indian Pacific</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Australia" title="Rail transport in Australia">Rail transport in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">History of rail transport in Australia</a></div> <p>The railway network is large, comprising a total of 33,819 km (2,540 km electrified) of track: 3,719 km <a href="/wiki/Australian_broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian broad gauge">broad gauge</a>, 15,422 km <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>, 14,506 km <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railways_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railways in Australia">narrow gauge</a> and 172 km <a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">dual gauge</a>. Rail transport started in the various colonies on different dates. Privately owned railways started the first lines, and struggled to succeed on a remote, huge, and sparsely populated continent, and government railways dominated. Although the various colonies had been advised by <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to choose a common <a href="/wiki/Rail_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail gauge">gauge</a>, the colonies ended up with different gauges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-state_rail_services">Inter-state rail services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inter-state rail services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Journey_Beyond" title="Journey Beyond">Journey Beyond</a> operates four trains: the <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Pacific" title="Indian Pacific">Indian Pacific</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Central_railway_station,_Sydney" title="Central railway station, Sydney">Sydney</a>-<a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Parklands_Terminal" title="Adelaide Parklands Terminal">Adelaide</a>-<a href="/wiki/Public_Transport_Centre#East_Perth_Terminal" title="Public Transport Centre">Perth</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghan" title="The Ghan">The Ghan</a></i> (Adelaide-<a href="/wiki/Alice_Springs_railway_station" title="Alice Springs railway station">Alice Springs</a>-<a href="/wiki/Darwin_railway_station" title="Darwin railway station">Darwin</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Overland" title="The Overland">The Overland</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_railway_station" title="Southern Cross railway station">Melbourne</a>-Adelaide),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_(train)" title="Great Southern (train)">Great Southern</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>-<a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>-<a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales" title="Government of New South Wales">NSW Government</a> owned <a href="/wiki/NSW_TrainLink" title="NSW TrainLink">NSW TrainLink</a> services link <a href="/wiki/Roma_Street_railway_station" title="Roma Street railway station">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canberra_railway_station" title="Canberra railway station">Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_railway_station" title="Southern Cross railway station">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubbo_railway_station" title="Dubbo railway station">Dubbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill_railway_station" title="Broken Hill railway station">Broken Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armidale_railway_station" title="Armidale railway station">Armidale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moree_railway_station" title="Moree railway station">Moree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Griffith_railway_station" title="Griffith railway station">Griffith</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_railway_station,_Sydney" title="Central railway station, Sydney">Sydney</a>. Since the extension of the <a href="/wiki/The_Ghan" title="The Ghan">Ghan</a> from Alice Springs to Darwin was completed in 2004, all mainland Australian capital cities are linked by <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> rail, for the first time. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Australia" title="High-speed rail in Australia">High-speed rail in Australia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intra-state_and_city_rail_services">Intra-state and city rail services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Intra-state and city rail services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various state and city rail services operated by a combination of government and private entities, the most prominent of these include <a href="/wiki/V/Line" title="V/Line">V/Line</a> (regional trains and coaches in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a>); <a href="/wiki/Metro_Trains_Melbourne" title="Metro Trains Melbourne">Metro Trains Melbourne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melbourne_rail_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne rail network">suburban services in Melbourne</a>); <a href="/wiki/NSW_TrainLink" title="NSW TrainLink">NSW TrainLink</a> (regional trains and coaches in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>); <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Trains" title="Sydney Trains">Sydney Trains</a> (suburban services in Sydney); <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail" title="Queensland Rail">Queensland Rail</a> (QR) operating long-distance <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail" title="Queensland Rail">Traveltrain</a> services and the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Rail_City_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Rail City network">City network</a> in South-East Queensland, and <a href="/wiki/Transwa" title="Transwa">Transwa</a> operating train and bus services in Western Australia. </p><p>In Tasmania, <a href="/wiki/TasRail" title="TasRail">TasRail</a> operates a short-haul narrow gauge freight system, that carries inter-modal and bulk mining goods. TasRail is government-owned (by the State of Tasmania) and is going through significant below and above rail upgrades with new locomotives and wagons entering service. Significant bridge and sleeper renewal have also occurred. The Tasmanian Government also operates the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Wilderness_Railway" title="West Coast Wilderness Railway">West Coast Wilderness Railway</a> as a tourist venture over an isolated length of track on Tasmania's West Coast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_railways">Mining railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mining railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Six heavy-duty <a href="/wiki/Mining_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining railways">mining railways</a> carry iron ore to ports in the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. These railways carry no other traffic and are isolated by deserts from all other railways. The lines are <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> and are built to the heaviest US standards. Each line is operated by one of either <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortescue_Metals_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortescue Metals Group">Fortescue Metals Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hancock_Prospecting" title="Hancock Prospecting">Hancock Prospecting</a>. </p><p>A common carrier railway was proposed to serve the port of <a href="/wiki/Oakajee" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakajee">Oakajee</a> just north of <a href="/wiki/Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a>, but this was later cancelled after a collapse in the iron ore price. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cane_railways">Cane railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cane railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, 19 sugar mills are serviced by ~3,000 km of <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railways_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railways in Australia">narrow gauge</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways"><span class="nowrap">2 ft</span></a> / <span class="nowrap">610 mm</span> gauge) cane tramways that deliver <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> to the mills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pipelines">Pipelines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pipelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several pipeline systems including: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">Crude oil</a>:</i> 2,500 km</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum products">Petroleum products</a>:</i> 500 km</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a>:</i> 5,600 km</li> <li><i>Water</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a> - <a href="/wiki/Goldfields_Water_Supply_Scheme" title="Goldfields Water Supply Scheme">Goldfields Water Supply Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan,_South_Australia" title="Morgan, South Australia">Morgan</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Whyalla" title="Whyalla">Whyalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a> - <a href="/wiki/Morgan%E2%80%93Whyalla_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan–Whyalla pipeline">Morgan–Whyalla pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannum,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannum, South Australia">Mannum</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mannum%E2%80%93Adelaide_pipeline" title="Mannum–Adelaide pipeline">Mannum–Adelaide pipeline</a></li> <li>Waranga Western Channel, near <a href="/wiki/Colbinabbin" title="Colbinabbin">Colbinabbin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a> - Goldfields Superpipe</li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Projects under construction or planned:</i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goulburn_River" title="Goulburn River">Goulburn River</a> to Sugarloaf Reservoir, Melbourne (<a href="/wiki/North_South_Pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="North South Pipeline">North South Pipeline</a>, alternatively called the Sugarloaf Pipeline) - was connected to Melbourne in February 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-spp_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spp-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimmera" class="mw-redirect" title="Wimmera">Wimmera</a>-<a href="/wiki/The_Mallee" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mallee">Mallee</a> Pipeline - construction commenced in November 2006 and was completed in April 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-wmp_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wmp-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> to <a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a> Pipeline - construction was completed in March 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-mgp_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rocklands Reservoir to Grampian Headworks Pipeline (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Victoria" title="Hamilton, Victoria">Hamilton</a> - Grampians Pipeline) - construction commenced December 2008, expected completion in 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waterways">Waterways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1850 and 1940, <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamers</a> were used extensively on the <a href="/wiki/Murray-Darling_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray-Darling Basin">Murray-Darling Basin</a> to transport produce, especially wool and wheat, to river ports such as <a href="/wiki/Echuca" title="Echuca">Echuca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannum,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannum, South Australia">Mannum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goolwa,_South_Australia" title="Goolwa, South Australia">Goolwa</a>. However, the water levels of the inland waterways are highly unreliable, making the rivers impassable for large parts of the year. A system of <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">locks</a> was created largely to overcome this variability, but the steamers were unable to compete with rail, and later, road transport. Traffic on inland waterways is now largely restricted to private recreational craft.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ports_and_harbours">Ports and harbours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ports and harbours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_Ferry_Collaroy_1_-_Nov_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sydney_Ferry_Collaroy_1_-_Nov_2008.jpg/250px-Sydney_Ferry_Collaroy_1_-_Nov_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sydney_Ferry_Collaroy_1_-_Nov_2008.jpg/375px-Sydney_Ferry_Collaroy_1_-_Nov_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sydney_Ferry_Collaroy_1_-_Nov_2008.jpg/500px-Sydney_Ferry_Collaroy_1_-_Nov_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3928" data-file-height="2677" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Freshwater-class_ferry" title="Freshwater-class ferry">Freshwater-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Ferries" title="Sydney Ferries">Sydney ferry</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-WaterTransport-Persons-A2545652X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-WaterTransport-Persons-A2545652X.svg/250px-ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-WaterTransport-Persons-A2545652X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-WaterTransport-Persons-A2545652X.svg/375px-ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-WaterTransport-Persons-A2545652X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-WaterTransport-Persons-A2545652X.svg/500px-ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-WaterTransport-Persons-A2545652X.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Total employment in the water transport sector (thousands of people) since 1984</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland">Mainland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mainland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General">General</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Geelong" title="Port of Geelong">Geelong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Melbourne" title="Port of Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Victoria" title="Portland, Victoria">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Botany" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Botany">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Kembla,_New_South_Wales" title="Port Kembla, New South Wales">Wollongong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iron_ore">Iron ore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Iron ore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dampier,_Western_Australia" title="Dampier, Western Australia">Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Hedland" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Hedland">Port Hedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakajee" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakajee">Oakajee</a> - proposed 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperance,_Western_Australia" title="Esperance, Western Australia">Esperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a> - possible 2007</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tasmania">Tasmania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tasmania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnie" title="Burnie">Burnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Australian ports">List of Australian ports</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merchant_marine_vessels">Merchant marine vessels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Merchant marine vessels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne--swanston-dock-container-crane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Melbourne--swanston-dock-container-crane.jpg/250px-Melbourne--swanston-dock-container-crane.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Melbourne--swanston-dock-container-crane.jpg/375px-Melbourne--swanston-dock-container-crane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Melbourne--swanston-dock-container-crane.jpg/500px-Melbourne--swanston-dock-container-crane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A container crane and ship at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Melbourne" title="Port of Melbourne">Port of Melbourne</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portbotanysydney.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portbotanysydney.JPG/250px-Portbotanysydney.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portbotanysydney.JPG/375px-Portbotanysydney.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portbotanysydney.JPG/500px-Portbotanysydney.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Port_Botany" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Botany">Port Botany</a>, Sydney</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006, the Australian fleet consisted of 53 ships of 1,000 gross tonnage or over. The use of foreign registered ships to carry <a href="/wiki/Cabotage" title="Cabotage">Australian cargoes between Australian ports</a> is permitted under a permit scheme, with either Single Voyage Permit (SVP) or a Continuous Voyage Permit (CVP) being issued to ships.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1996 and 2002 the number of permits issued has increased by about 350 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-cheap_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheap-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over recent years the number of Australian registered and <a href="/wiki/Flag_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag State">flagged ships</a> has greatly declined, from 75 ships in 1996 to less than 40 in 2007, by 2009 the number is now approaching 30. Marine unions blame the decline on the shipping policy of the <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a> which permitted foreign ships to carry coastal traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-letter_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have also been cases where locally operated ships have an Australian flag from the vessel, registering it overseas under a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_convenience" title="Flag of convenience">flag of convenience</a>, then hiring foreign crews who earn up to about half the monthly rate of Australian sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-cheap_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheap-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such moves were supported by the <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a> but opposed by maritime unions and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="Australian Council of Trade Unions">Australian Council of Trade Unions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The registration of the ships overseas also meant the earnings of the ships are not subject to Australian corporate taxation laws.<sup id="cite_ref-letter_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aviation">Aviation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABS-3401.0-OverseasArrivalsDeparturesAustralia-TotalMovementArrivals_CategoryMovement-NumberMovements-TotalArrivals-A1830887L.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/ABS-3401.0-OverseasArrivalsDeparturesAustralia-TotalMovementArrivals_CategoryMovement-NumberMovements-TotalArrivals-A1830887L.svg/220px-ABS-3401.0-OverseasArrivalsDeparturesAustralia-TotalMovementArrivals_CategoryMovement-NumberMovements-TotalArrivals-A1830887L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/ABS-3401.0-OverseasArrivalsDeparturesAustralia-TotalMovementArrivals_CategoryMovement-NumberMovements-TotalArrivals-A1830887L.svg/330px-ABS-3401.0-OverseasArrivalsDeparturesAustralia-TotalMovementArrivals_CategoryMovement-NumberMovements-TotalArrivals-A1830887L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/ABS-3401.0-OverseasArrivalsDeparturesAustralia-TotalMovementArrivals_CategoryMovement-NumberMovements-TotalArrivals-A1830887L.svg/440px-ABS-3401.0-OverseasArrivalsDeparturesAustralia-TotalMovementArrivals_CategoryMovement-NumberMovements-TotalArrivals-A1830887L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Total monthly arrivals to Australia since 1976</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Australia" title="Aviation in Australia">Aviation in Australia</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Australia" title="List of the busiest airports in Australia">List of the busiest airports in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tullamarine_International_terminal_Vabre-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tullamarine_International_terminal_Vabre-1.jpg/250px-Tullamarine_International_terminal_Vabre-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tullamarine_International_terminal_Vabre-1.jpg/330px-Tullamarine_International_terminal_Vabre-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tullamarine_International_terminal_Vabre-1.jpg/500px-Tullamarine_International_terminal_Vabre-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Airport" title="Melbourne Airport">Melbourne Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydneyairportt1airlines.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sydneyairportt1airlines.JPG/220px-Sydneyairportt1airlines.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sydneyairportt1airlines.JPG/330px-Sydneyairportt1airlines.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sydneyairportt1airlines.JPG/440px-Sydneyairportt1airlines.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3904" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Airport" title="Sydney Airport">Sydney Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qantas_A380_VH-OQB_Sydney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Qantas_A380_VH-OQB_Sydney.jpg/220px-Qantas_A380_VH-OQB_Sydney.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Qantas_A380_VH-OQB_Sydney.jpg/330px-Qantas_A380_VH-OQB_Sydney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Qantas_A380_VH-OQB_Sydney.jpg/440px-Qantas_A380_VH-OQB_Sydney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3742" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> taking off at <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Airport" title="Sydney Airport">Sydney Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> is the flag carrier of Australia. <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Airways" title="Australian National Airways">Australian National Airways</a> was the predominant domestic carrier from the mid-1930s to the early 1950s. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Qantas was nationalised and its domestic operations were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Trans_Australia_Airlines" title="Trans Australia Airlines">Trans Australia Airlines</a> in 1946. The <a href="/wiki/Two_Airlines_Policy" title="Two Airlines Policy">Two Airlines Policy</a> was formally established in 1952 to ensure the viability of both airlines. However, ANA's leadership was quickly eroded by TAA, and it was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Ansett_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansett Airways">Ansett Airways</a> in 1957. The duopoly continued for the next four decades. In the mid-1990s TAA was merged with Qantas and later privatised. Ansett collapsed in September 2001. In the following years, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Australia" title="Virgin Australia">Virgin Australia</a> became a challenger to Qantas. Both companies launched low-cost subsidiaries <a href="/wiki/Jetstar" title="Jetstar">Jetstar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigerair_Australia" title="Tigerair Australia">Tigerair Australia</a> respectively. </p><p>Overseas flights from Australia to the United Kingdom via the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a> are known as the <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_Route" title="Kangaroo Route">Kangaroo Route</a>, whereas flights via the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> are known as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Route" title="Southern Cross Route">Southern Cross Route</a>. In 1948, the first commercial flight from Australia to Africa was flown by Qantas, launching what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Wallaby_Route" title="Wallaby Route">Wallaby Route</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QFWallaby_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QFWallaby-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flight1952_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight1952-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, the first flight from Australia to North America was completed, as a 60-passenger Qantas aircraft connected Sydney with <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport" title="Vancouver International Airport">Vancouver</a>, having fuel stops at Fiji, Canton Island and Hawaii. In November 1982, a <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan Am</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747SP" title="Boeing 747SP">747SP</a> flew the first non-stop commercial flight from <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles</a> to Sydney.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airport transfer provides a seamless and efficient transportation solution for travelers.<sup id="cite_ref-macseventscharter_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macseventscharter-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A non-stop flight between Australia and Europe was first completed in March 2018 from Perth to London. </p><p>There are many airports around Australia paved or unpaved. A 2004 estimate put the number of airports at 448. The busiest airports in Australia are: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Airport" title="Sydney Airport">Sydney Airport</a> Sydney, New South Wales SYD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Airport" title="Melbourne Airport">Melbourne Airport</a> Melbourne, Victoria MEL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Airport" title="Brisbane Airport">Brisbane Airport</a> Brisbane, Queensland BNE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Airport" title="Perth Airport">Perth Airport</a> Perth, Western Australia PER</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Airport" title="Adelaide Airport">Adelaide Airport</a> Adelaide, South Australia ADL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Airport" title="Gold Coast Airport">Gold Coast Airport</a> Gold Coast, Queensland OOL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairns_Airport" title="Cairns Airport">Cairns Airport</a> Cairns, Queensland CNS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Airport" title="Canberra Airport">Canberra Airport</a> Canberra, Australian Capital Territory CBR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobart_Airport" title="Hobart Airport">Hobart Airport</a> Hobart, Tasmania HBA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_International_Airport" title="Darwin International Airport">Darwin International Airport</a>, Northern Territory DRW</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsville_Airport" title="Townsville Airport">Townsville Airport</a> Townsville, Queensland TSV</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports_with_paved_runways">Airports with paved runways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Airports with paved runways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 305 airports with paved runways:<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_-_the_World_Factbook_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_-_the_World_Factbook-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Over 3,047 m (9,997 ft): 10</li> <li>2,438 to 3,047 m (7,999 to 9,997 ft): 12</li> <li>1,524 to 2,437 m (5,000 to 7,995 ft): 131</li> <li>914 to 1,523 m (2,999 to 4,997 ft): 139</li> <li>Under 914 m (2,999 ft): 13 (2004 estimate)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports_with_unpaved_runways">Airports with unpaved runways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Airports with unpaved runways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 143 airports with unpaved runways:<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_-_the_World_Factbook_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_-_the_World_Factbook-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1,524 to 2,437 m (5,000 to 7,995 ft): 17</li> <li>914 to 1,523 m (2,999 to 4,997 ft): 112</li> <li>Under 914 m (2,999 ft): 14 (2004 estimate)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport in Australia">Environmental impact of transport in Australia</a></div> <p>The environmental impact of transport in Australia is considerable. In 2009, transport emissions made up 15.3% of Australia's total greenhouse gas emissions. Between 1990 and 2009, transport emissions grew by 34.6%, the second-highest growth rate in emissions after stationary energy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian Energy Regulator and state agencies such as the New South Wales Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal set and regulate electricity prices, thereby lowering production and consumer cost.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a 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Australia">Economic history of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland Railway">Inland Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonie_Report" title="Lonie Report">Lonie Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Rail_Revival_project" title="Regional Rail Revival project">Regional Rail Revival project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Monorail" title="Sydney Monorail">Sydney Monorail</a> (1988-2013)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-transtats-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transtats_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-transtats_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraptranstats.net/aus">"Transport in Australia"</a>. <i>International Transport Statistics Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Road_Assessment_Programme" title="International Road Assessment Programme">International Road Assessment Programme</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Transport+Statistics+Database&rft.atitle=Transport+in+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraptranstats.net%2Faus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urp-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urp_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyon2018" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Brendan (2018). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Australia+on+verge+of+electric+cars+boom&rft.date=2021-08-22&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal%2Faustralia-on-verge-of-electric-cars-boom-amid-sharp-jump-in-sales-figures-20210820-p58kn5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transportnsw.info/news/2019/light-rail-in-newcastle-opening-from-monday-18-february">Light rail in Newcastle opening from Monday 18 February</a> <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_NSW" title="Transport for NSW">Transport for NSW</a> 3 February 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/5992524/start-date-revealed-for-canberras-light-rail-system/">Start date revealed for Canberra’s light rail system</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra Times">Canberra Times</a></i> 19 March 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sydneymetro.info/article/update-metro-conversion-t3-bankstown-line">"Update on Metro conversion of T3 Bankstown Line | Sydney Metro"</a>. <i>www.sydneymetro.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sydneymetro.info&rft.atitle=Welcome+Aboard%21+Sydney+Metro+City+now+open+%7C+Sydney+Metro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sydneymetro.info%2Farticle%2Fwelcome-aboard-sydney-metro-city-now-open&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sydneymetro.info/west/project-overview">"West project overview | Sydney Metro"</a>. <i>www.sydneymetro.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sydneymetro.info&rft.atitle=Western+Sydney+Airport+project+overview+%7C+Sydney+Metro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sydneymetro.info%2Fwesternsydneyairportline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">includes modern tram networks</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">includes public <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> and Water taxi services</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030401215421/http://www.gsr.com.au/trains.htm">"Australia's Great Train Journeys"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Letter+from+the+Australian+Institute+of+Marine+and+Power+Engineers+to+the+Federal+Minister&rft.atitle=A+new+tanker+ship+for+Australia&rft.date=2009-10-22&rft.au=Martin+Byrne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aimpe.asn.au%2Ffiles%2Fcaltex_tanker_letter_to_fed_gov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiz_Porter2002" class="citation web cs1">Liz Porter (14 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/07/13/1026185123874.html">"Shipping out, and definitely not shaping up"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. theage.com.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Shipping+out%2C+and+definitely+not+shaping+up&rft.date=2002-07-14&rft.au=Liz+Porter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2002%2F07%2F13%2F1026185123874.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QFWallaby-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QFWallaby_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyknaFqiecU"><i>Qantas celebrates 60 years of flying to South Africa</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qantas+celebrates+60+years+of+flying+to+South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DYyknaFqiecU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flight1952-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flight1952_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQ8nAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA78">"Indian Ocean Route - Qantas to Fly Direct Australia|South Africa Services: Cocos Base Re-constructed"</a>. <i>Flight: The Aircraft Engineer</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+-+the+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Government_Department_of_Climate_Change_and_Energy_Efficiency2010" class="citation report cs1">Australian Government Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdf">Australian national greenhouse gas accounts</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Australian+national+greenhouse+gas+accounts&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Australian+Government+Department+of+Climate+Change+and+Energy+Efficiency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatechange.gov.au%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fpublications%2Fgreenhouse-acctg%2Fnational-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/"><i>The World Factbook</i></a> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.edition=2025&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransport+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2000.zip">(Archived 2000 edition.)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Unstead, R. J. "From Bullock Dray to Tin Lizzie." <i>History Today</i> (June 1968), Vol. 18 Issue 6, pp 406–414 online. Covers 1788 to 1920, regarding ships, bullock drays, concord coaches, camels, railways, buggies, horse bucks, trams, and automobiles.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_New_South_Wales" title="Transport in New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Australia" title="Transport in South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Tasmania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Tasmania (page does not exist)">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Victoria_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Victoria (state) (page does not exist)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Western_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Western Australia (page does not exist)">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Territories</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australian_Capital_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Australian Capital Territory (page does not exist)">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_inJervis_Bay_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport inJervis Bay Territory (page does not exist)">Jervis Bay Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Northern_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Northern Territory (page does not exist)">Northern Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">External territories</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Ashmore and Cartier Islands (page does not exist)">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australian_Antarctic_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Australian Antarctic Territory (page does not exist)">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Coral_Sea_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Coral Sea Islands (page does not exist)">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Heard Island and McDonald Islands (page does not exist)">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Australia369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Australia" title="Template:Economy of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Economy of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Australia369" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_pound" title="Australian pound">Australian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_banking_crisis_of_1893" title="Australian banking crisis of 1893">Banking crisis of 1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_pillars_policy" title="Four pillars policy">Four pillars policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Australia" title="Great Depression in Australia">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Australia" title="Privatisation in Australia">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_Mountains_Scheme" title="Snowy Mountains Scheme">Snowy Mountains Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_South_Wales" title="Economy of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Victoria_(state)" title="Economy of Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Queensland" title="Economy of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Australia" title="Economy of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tasmania" title="Economy of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Economy of the Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Australia" title="Automotive industry in Australia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_in_Australia" title="Seafood in Australia">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Australia" title="Insurance in Australia">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_property_market" title="Australian property market">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Australia" title="List of ports in Australia">Ports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_taxes_in_Australia" title="Fuel taxes in Australia">Fuel taxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Australia)" title="Goods and services tax (Australia)">Goods & Services Tax</a> (<a href="/wiki/GST_distribution_dispute" title="GST distribution dispute">dispute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_Car_Tax" title="Luxury Car Tax">Luxury Car Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerals_Resource_Rent_Tax" title="Minerals Resource Rent Tax">Minerals Resource Rent Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_Movement_Charge" title="Passenger Movement Charge">Passenger Movement Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_return_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax return (Australia)">Tax return</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking and Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Australia" title="Banking in Australia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system_in_Australia" title="Financial system in Australia">Financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_cash_rate" title="Official cash rate">Official cash rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Australian Securities Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%26P/ASX_200" title="S&P/ASX 200">S&P/ASX 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Ordinaries" title="All Ordinaries">All Ordinaries</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Competition_%26_Consumer_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Competition & Consumer Commission">ACCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Prudential_Regulation_Authority" title="Australian Prudential Regulation Authority">APRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_%26_Investments_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Securities & Investments Commission">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_corporate_law" title="Australian corporate law">Corporate law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xx)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xx) of the Constitution of Australia">Corporations power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Work_Commission" title="Fair Work Commission">FWC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_Australia" title="Biofuel in Australia">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pricing_in_Australia" title="Carbon pricing in Australia">Carbon pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Australia" title="Energy policy of Australia">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_rating" title="Energy efficiency rating">Energy efficiency rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_electricity_in_Australia" title="Green electricity in Australia">Green electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electricity_Market" title="National Electricity Market">National Electricity Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Australia" title="Solar power in Australia">Solar power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Australia" title="Wind power in Australia">Wind power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">Government debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Income in Australia">Income in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_property_bubble" title="Australian property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social class in Australia">Social class in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth in Australia">Wealth in Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="Australian Council of Trade Unions">ACTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement">Labour movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Australia" title="Free trade agreements of Australia">Trade agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Chile_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–Chile Free Trade Agreement">Australia–Chile FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement">Australia–Korea FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">Australia–New Zealand FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement">Australia–United States FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Australia_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–Australia Free Trade Agreement">China–Australia FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Australia_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Japan–Australia Economic Partnership Agreement">Japan–Australia FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Australia_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">Indonesia–Australia FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Australia–United Kingdom FTA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Australia" title="Category:Economy of Australia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles726" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles726" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transport_in_Oceania115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transport_in_Oceania115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Oceania" title="Transport in Oceania">Transport in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Fiji" title="Transport in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kiribati" title="Transport in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nauru" title="Transport in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Transport in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Transport in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Samoa" title="Transport in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Transport in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Timor-Leste" title="Transport in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tonga" title="Transport in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vanuatu" title="Transport in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Transport in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Niue" title="Transport in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_French_Polynesia" title="Transport in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tokelau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&oldid=1278552299">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Australia&oldid=1278552299</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Australia" title="Category:Transport in Australia">Transport in Australia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced 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