CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Adelaide - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"858e88ce-60c6-4801-a9ed-8e15c41e2d71","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Adelaide","wgTitle":"Adelaide","wgCurRevisionId":1280705889,"wgRevisionId":1280705889,"wgArticleId":1148,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","CS1: unfit URL","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2016","Articles with dead external links from July 2022","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Australian English from November 2011","All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English","Use dmy dates from April 2020","Articles containing Kaurna-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages with Australian English IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Pages with Kaurna IPA","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from October 2015","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019","Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2015","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Adelaide","1836 establishments in Australia","Australian capital cities","Cities in South Australia","Coastal cities in Australia","Planned capitals","Populated places established in 1836","Metropolitan areas of Australia","Cities built on a grid"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Adelaide","wgRelevantArticleId":1148,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":-34.927499999999995,"lon":138.6},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5112","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Adelaide_skyline%2C_December_2022_b.jpg/1200px-Adelaide_skyline%2C_December_2022_b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="576"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Adelaide_skyline%2C_December_2022_b.jpg/960px-Adelaide_skyline%2C_December_2022_b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="384"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="307"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Adelaide - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Adelaide rootpage-Adelaide skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Adelaide" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Adelaide" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Adelaide" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Adelaide" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_European_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_European_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Before European settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_European_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Urban layout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liveability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liveability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Liveability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liveability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Local governments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestry_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ancestry and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defence_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Defence industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Employment statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_prices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_prices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 House prices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_prices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Education and research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education and research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Primary and secondary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Tertiary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cultural life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Terrace_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Terrace_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 North Terrace institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Terrace_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts_venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts_venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Performing arts venues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts_venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Adelaide</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" > 135 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_(Suid-Australi%C3%AB)" title="Adelaide (Suid-Australië) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Adelaide (Suid-Australië)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%88%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%B5" title="አደለይድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አደለይድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аделаида – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аделаида" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="أديلايد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أديلايد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%A8%D5%AC%D5%A7%D5%B5%D5%BF" title="Ատըլէյտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ատըլէյտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaida" title="Adelaida – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adelaida" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آدلاید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آدلاید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="অ্যাডিলেড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাডিলেড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Адэлаіда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адэлаіда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Адэлаіда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адэлаіда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="एडिलेड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एडिलेड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Аделейд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аделейд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_(Aostralia)" title="Adelaide (Aostralia) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Adelaide (Aostralia)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaida_(Austr%C3%A0lia)" title="Adelaida (Austràlia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adelaida (Austràlia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Аделаида (хула) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аделаида (хула)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_(kapital_sa_estado)" title="Adelaide (kapital sa estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Adelaide (kapital sa estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="أديلايد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أديلايد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%90%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Αδελαΐδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αδελαΐδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaida_(Australia)" title="Adelaida (Australia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adelaida (Australia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelajdo" title="Adelajdo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adelajdo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="آدلاید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدلاید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_(Australie)" title="Adélaïde (Australie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adélaïde (Australie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaida" title="Adelaida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adelaida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A1" title="એડિલેઇડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એડિલેઇડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EB%93%A4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="애들레이드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애들레이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Akaleka" title="‘Akaleka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="‘Akaleka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Ադելաիդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ադելաիդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="एडिलेड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडिलेड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide,_Australia" title="Adelaide, Australia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Adelaide, Australia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%C3%A6" title="Аделаидæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Аделаидæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_(Australia)" title="Adelaide (Australia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adelaide (Australia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93" title="אדלייד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדלייד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಡಿಲೇಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಡಿಲೇಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ადელაიდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადელაიდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аделаида – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аделаида" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аделаида – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аделаида" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaidopolis" title="Adelaidopolis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Adelaidopolis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaid%C4%97" title="Adelaidė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Adelaidė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аделаида – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аделаида" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="അഡലെയ്‌ഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഡലെയ്‌ഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_(l-Awstralja)" title="Adelaide (l-Awstralja) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Adelaide (l-Awstralja)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80taraita" title="Ātaraita – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ātaraita" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="ॲडलेड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲडलेड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ადელაიდა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადელაიდა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="اديلايد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اديلايد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Аделаид – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аделаид" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အက်ဒလိတ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်ဒလိတ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaidi" title="Adelaidi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Adelaidi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_(Australi%C3%AB)" title="Adelaide (Australië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adelaide (Australië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="アデレード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アデレード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аделаида – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аделаида" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarntanya" title="Tarntanya – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tarntanya" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аделаида – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Аделаида" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaida" title="Adelaida – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adelaida" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1" title="ਐਡਲੇਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਡਲੇਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%88" title="ایڈیلیڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایڈیلیڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%89%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%89" title="ایډلایډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایډلایډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_(Australia)" title="Adelaide (Australia) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Adelaide (Australia)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalet" title="Adalet – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Adalet" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_(Austr%C3%A1lia)" title="Adelaide (Austrália) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adelaide (Austrália)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аделаида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аделаида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аделаида – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аделаида" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelaite" title="Atelaite – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Atelaite" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="एडीलेड – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एडीलेड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱮᱰᱤᱞᱮᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱰᱤᱞᱮᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_(Australien)" title="Adelaide (Australien) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Adelaide (Australien)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇඩිලේඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇඩිලේඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%8A" title="ايڊيليڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايڊيليڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_(Ju%C5%BEn%C3%A1_Austr%C3%A1lia)" title="Adelaide (Južná Austrália) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adelaide (Južná Austrália)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ئەدێلاید – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەدێلاید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B4" title="Аделејд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аделејд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="அடிலெயிட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அடிலெயிட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аделаида – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аделаида" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="అడిలైడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అడిలైడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94" title="แอดิเลด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอดิเลด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аделаида – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аделаида" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAtelaite" title="ʻAtelaite – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAtelaite" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Аделаїда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аделаїда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%88" title="ایڈیلیڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈیلیڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%DB%90" title="ئادېلايدې – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئادېلايدې" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaid" title="Adelaid – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Adelaid" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="阿德莱德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿德莱德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="阿地利 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿地利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Adelaide" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="阿德莱德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿德莱德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5112#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Adelaide" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Adelaide" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Adelaide" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&oldid=1280705889" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Adelaide&id=1280705889&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdelaide">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdelaide">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Adelaide&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Adelaide" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5112" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Adelaide&params=34_55_39_S_138_36_00_E_type:city(1,400,000_region:AU-SA">34°55′39″S 138°36′00″E / 34.92750°S 138.60000°E / -34.92750; 138.60000</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of South Australia, Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Australian metropolis. For the local government area, see <a href="/wiki/City_of_Adelaide" title="City of Adelaide">City of Adelaide</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Adelaide (disambiguation)">Adelaide (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3em; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Adelaide <div style="font-weight:normal;font-size:88%">Tarndanya (<a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a>)</div><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_skyline,_December_2022_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Adelaide city centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Adelaide_skyline%2C_December_2022_b.jpg/330px-Adelaide_skyline%2C_December_2022_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Adelaide_skyline%2C_December_2022_b.jpg/500px-Adelaide_skyline%2C_December_2022_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Adelaide_skyline%2C_December_2022_b.jpg/960px-Adelaide_skyline%2C_December_2022_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="983" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/River_Torrens" title="River Torrens">River Torrens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre" title="Adelaide city centre">central business district</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:84px;max-width:84px"><div style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide,_Australia_(February_2017)_(33505366456)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Adelaide Town Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Adelaide%2C_Australia_%28February_2017%29_%2833505366456%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/82px-Adelaide%2C_Australia_%28February_2017%29_%2833505366456%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Adelaide%2C_Australia_%28February_2017%29_%2833505366456%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/123px-Adelaide%2C_Australia_%28February_2017%29_%2833505366456%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Adelaide%2C_Australia_%28February_2017%29_%2833505366456%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/164px-Adelaide%2C_Australia_%28February_2017%29_%2833505366456%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="2688" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Town_Hall" title="Adelaide Town Hall">Adelaide Town Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Peter%27s_Cathedral,_Adelaide,_Southeast_view_20230214_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St Peter's Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/St_Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Adelaide%2C_Southeast_view_20230214_1.jpg/92px-St_Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Adelaide%2C_Southeast_view_20230214_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/St_Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Adelaide%2C_Southeast_view_20230214_1.jpg/138px-St_Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Adelaide%2C_Southeast_view_20230214_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/St_Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Adelaide%2C_Southeast_view_20230214_1.jpg/184px-St_Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Adelaide%2C_Southeast_view_20230214_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4253" data-file-height="6379" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Cathedral,_Adelaide" title="St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide">St Peter's Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_General_Post_Office_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="General Post Office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Adelaide_General_Post_Office_%28cropped%29.jpg/86px-Adelaide_General_Post_Office_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Adelaide_General_Post_Office_%28cropped%29.jpg/129px-Adelaide_General_Post_Office_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Adelaide_General_Post_Office_%28cropped%29.jpg/172px-Adelaide_General_Post_Office_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1632" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Adelaide" title="General Post Office, Adelaide">General Post Office</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:SAHMRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="SAHMRI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SAHMRI.jpg/128px-SAHMRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SAHMRI.jpg/192px-SAHMRI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SAHMRI.jpg/256px-SAHMRI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Health_and_Medical_Research_Institute" title="South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute">SAHMRI</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Brookman_Building_on_North_Terrace,_Adelaide,_South_Australia_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brookman Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Brookman_Building_on_North_Terrace%2C_Adelaide%2C_South_Australia_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-Brookman_Building_on_North_Terrace%2C_Adelaide%2C_South_Australia_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Brookman_Building_on_North_Terrace%2C_Adelaide%2C_South_Australia_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-Brookman_Building_on_North_Terrace%2C_Adelaide%2C_South_Australia_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Brookman_Building_on_North_Terrace%2C_Adelaide%2C_South_Australia_%28cropped%29.jpg/272px-Brookman_Building_on_North_Terrace%2C_Adelaide%2C_South_Australia_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="965" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">University of South Australia</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Elder_Park_rotunda_at_blue_hour_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elder Park and Adelaide Oval" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Elder_Park_rotunda_at_blue_hour_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-Elder_Park_rotunda_at_blue_hour_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Elder_Park_rotunda_at_blue_hour_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-Elder_Park_rotunda_at_blue_hour_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Elder_Park_rotunda_at_blue_hour_%28cropped%29.jpg/272px-Elder_Park_rotunda_at_blue_hour_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1095" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Elder_Park" title="Elder Park">Elder Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Oval" title="Adelaide Oval">Adelaide Oval</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Orb,_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Adelaide Entertainment Centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Orb%2C_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg/128px-The_Orb%2C_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Orb%2C_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg/192px-The_Orb%2C_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Orb%2C_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg/256px-The_Orb%2C_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre" title="Adelaide Entertainment Centre">Adelaide Entertainment Centre</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:67px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Square,_central_Adelaide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victoria Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Victoria_Square%2C_central_Adelaide.jpg/268px-Victoria_Square%2C_central_Adelaide.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Victoria_Square%2C_central_Adelaide.jpg/402px-Victoria_Square%2C_central_Adelaide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Victoria_Square%2C_central_Adelaide.jpg/536px-Victoria_Square%2C_central_Adelaide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="1266" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Adelaide" title="Victoria Square, Adelaide">Victoria Square</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Adelaide metropolitan area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg/270px-Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg/405px-Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg/540px-Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="1968" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Adelaide metropolitan area</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_relief_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adelaide is located in Australia"><img alt="Adelaide is located in Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/330px-Australia_relief_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/500px-Australia_relief_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/960px-Australia_relief_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.035%;left:62.299%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Adelaide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Adelaide</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Adelaide&params=34_55_39_S_138_36_00_E_type:city(1,400,000_region:AU-SA">34°55′39″S 138°36′00″E / 34.92750°S 138.60000°E / -34.92750; 138.60000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">1,418,455 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">426/km2 (1,100/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">28 December 1836 (1836-12-28)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">3,259.8 km2 (1,258.6 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ABS-GA-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia" title="Time in Australia">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Central_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Central Standard Time">ACST</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B9:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+9:30">UTC+9:30</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Central Daylight Time">ACDT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10:30" title="UTC+10:30">UTC+10:30</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> 654 km (406 mi) NW of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li><li> 958 km (595 mi) West of <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li><li> 1,161 km (721 mi) West of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li><li> 1,600 km (994 mi) SW of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </li><li> 2,130 km (1,324 mi) East of <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Local government areas of South Australia">LGA(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_South_Australia#Metropolitan_Adelaide" title="Local government areas of South Australia">19 municipalities across Metropolitan Adelaide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electorates of the Australian states and territories">State electorate(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_South_Australia" title="Electoral districts of South Australia">Various</a> (34)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives">Federal division(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Spence" title="Division of Spence">Spence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Makin" title="Division of Makin">Makin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Hindmarsh" title="Division of Hindmarsh">Hindmarsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Adelaide" title="Division of Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Sturt" title="Division of Sturt">Sturt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Boothby" title="Division of Boothby">Boothby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Kingston" title="Division of Kingston">Kingston</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; border: 1px #ddd solid;"> <tbody><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;">Mean max temp</td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:34%;">Mean min temp</td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;">Annual rainfall</td> </tr><tr style="border: 1px #FFF solid" class="mergedrow"> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;"> 22.6 °C 73 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:34%;">12.4 °C 54 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;">536.5 mm 21.1 in</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Adelaide (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈædɪleɪd/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AD-il-ayd</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">locally</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈædəlæɪd]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/07\/En-au-Adelaide.oga\/En-au-Adelaide.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-au-Adelaide.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/En-au-Adelaide.oga/En-au-Adelaide.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-au-Adelaide.oga" title="File:En-au-Adelaide.oga">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a>: Tarndanya <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈd̪̥aɳɖaɲa]</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">capital</a> and most populous city of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Vignesh_Rajadesingu_Arunachalam_2021_pp._69–90-10">[10]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">fifth-most populous city in Australia</a>. The name "Adelaide" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">Adelaide Hills</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre" title="Adelaide city centre">Adelaide city centre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> Adelaidean is used to denote the city and the residents of Adelaide. The <a href="/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia#Traditional_owner" title="Native title in Australia">traditional owners</a> of the Adelaide region are the <a href="/wiki/Kaurna" title="Kaurna">Kaurna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The name Tarndanya in their language refers to the area of the city centre and surrounding <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Park_Lands" title="Adelaide Park Lands">Park Lands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Adelaide is situated on the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Plains" title="Adelaide Plains">Adelaide Plains</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Fleurieu_Peninsula" title="Fleurieu Peninsula">Fleurieu Peninsula</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_St_Vincent" title="Gulf St Vincent">Gulf St Vincent</a> in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Ranges" title="Mount Lofty Ranges">Mount Lofty Ranges</a> in the east. Its metropolitan area extends 20 km (12 mi) from the coast to the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">foothills</a> of the Mount Lofty Ranges, and stretches 96 km (60 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Gawler" title="Gawler">Gawler</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Sellicks_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sellicks Beach">Sellicks Beach</a> in the south. Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">King William IV</a>, the city was founded in 1836 as the <a href="/wiki/New_town" class="mw-redirect" title="New town">planned capital</a> for the only freely settled British province in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Light" title="William Light">Colonel William Light</a>, one of Adelaide's founding fathers, designed the city centre and chose its location close to the <a href="/wiki/River_Torrens" title="River Torrens">River Torrens</a>. Light's design, now <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian National Heritage List">listed as national heritage</a>, set out the city centre in a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid layout</a> known as "<a href="/wiki/Light%27s_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Light's Vision">Light's Vision</a>", interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares, and entirely surrounded by park lands. Early colonial Adelaide was shaped by the diversity and wealth of its free settlers, there were about 50,000 settlers in the late 1900s. In contrast to the convict history of other Australian cities Adelaide was the only one without convicts. It was Australia's third-most populated city until the <a href="/wiki/Postwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar">postwar</a> era. It has been noted for its leading examples of religious freedom and progressive political reforms and became known as the "<a href="/wiki/City_of_Churches" title="City of Churches">City of Churches</a>" due to its diversity of faiths. Adelaide is also one of Australia's most visited <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">travel destinations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> with events such as the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_500" title="Adelaide 500">Adelaide 500</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tour_Down_Under" title="Tour Down Under">Tour Down Under</a>, <a href="/wiki/LIV_Golf_Adelaide" title="LIV Golf Adelaide">LIV Golf Adelaide</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Fringe" title="Adelaide Fringe">Adelaide Fringe</a>, the world's second largest annual arts festival,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> contributing to its rising tourism sector. The city has also been renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Australia#Holden" title="Automotive industry in Australia">automotive industry</a>, having been the original host of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Grand_Prix" title="Australian Grand Prix">Australian Grand Prix</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">FIA Formula One World Championship</a> from 1985 to 1995. Today, Adelaide is known by <a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Adelaide" title="Category:Festivals in Adelaide">its many festivals</a> and sporting events, its <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_wine" title="South Australian wine">food and wine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> its coastline and hills, its large defence and manufacturing sectors, and its emerging space sector, including the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">Australian Space Agency</a> being headquartered in the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_central_business_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide central business district">central business district</a>. Adelaide's <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> has ranked consistently highly in various measures through the 21st century, at one stage being named Australia's most liveable city, third in the world.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Its aesthetic appeal has also been recognised by <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Digest" title="Architectural Digest">Architectural Digest</a>, which ranked Adelaide as the most beautiful city in the world in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> As South Australia's government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre" title="Adelaide city centre">city centre</a> along the cultural boulevards of <a href="/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide" title="North Terrace, Adelaide">North Terrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_William_Street,_Adelaide" title="King William Street, Adelaide">King William Street</a>. Adelaide has also been classed as a <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network#Gamma_+" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Gamma + level</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> as categorised by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>, with the city further linking economic regions to the worldwide economy.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Adelaide" title="History of Adelaide">History of Adelaide</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_European_settlement">Before European settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before European settlement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaurnaland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Area to the east of Gulf St Vincent highlighted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaurnaland.png/250px-Kaurnaland.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaurnaland.png/330px-Kaurnaland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaurnaland.png/340px-Kaurnaland.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>The approximate extent of Kaurna territory, based on the description by Amery (2000)</figcaption></figure> The area around modern-day Adelaide was originally inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Kaurna" title="Kaurna">Kaurna</a> people, one of many <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal</a> tribes in South Australia. The city and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_park_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide park lands">parklands</a> area also known as Tarntanya,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Tandanya (now the short name of <a href="/wiki/Tandanya_National_Aboriginal_Cultural_Institute" title="Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute">Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute</a>), Tarndanya,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> or Tarndanyangga (now the dual name for <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Adelaide" title="Victoria Square, Adelaide">Victoria Square</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna language</a>).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The name means 'male red kangaroo rock', referring to a rock formation on the site that has now been destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The surrounding area was an open, grassy plain with patches of trees and shrubs, which had been managed by hundreds of generations. Kaurna country encompassed the plains that stretched north and south of Tarntanya, as well as the wooded foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Ranges" title="Mount Lofty Ranges">Mt Lofty Ranges</a>. The River Torrens was known as the Karrawirra Pari (Red Gum forest river). About 300 Kaurna populated the Adelaide area, and were referred to by the settlers as the Cowandilla.<a href="#cite_note-KaurnaSA-27">[27]</a> The more than 20 local clans across the plain lived seminomadic lives, with extensive <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mound settlements</a> where huts were built repeatedly over centuries and a complex social structure, including a class of sorcerers separated from regular society.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Within a few decades of <a href="/wiki/European_settlement_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="European settlement of South Australia">European settlement of South Australia</a>, Kaurna culture was almost completely lost. The last speaker of <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna language</a> died in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both,<a href="#cite_note-Amery-30">[30]</a> which has included a commitment by local and state governments to rename or include Kaurna names for many local places.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beechey,_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of person" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beechey%2C_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg/170px-Beechey%2C_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beechey%2C_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg/255px-Beechey%2C_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Beechey%2C_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg/340px-Beechey%2C_William_-_Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen_-_NPG_1533.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3131" /></a><figcaption>Queen Adelaide, after whom the city was named</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_supplement_to_the_Illustrated_Sydney_News.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Adelaide_supplement_to_the_Illustrated_Sydney_News.png/220px-Adelaide_supplement_to_the_Illustrated_Sydney_News.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Adelaide_supplement_to_the_Illustrated_Sydney_News.png/330px-Adelaide_supplement_to_the_Illustrated_Sydney_News.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Adelaide_supplement_to_the_Illustrated_Sydney_News.png/440px-Adelaide_supplement_to_the_Illustrated_Sydney_News.png 2x" data-file-width="2817" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>In July 1876, the Illustrated Sydney News published a special supplement that included an early aerial view of the City of Adelaide: (South) Adelaide (the CBD), River Torrens, and portion of North Adelaide from a point above Strangways Terrace, <a href="/wiki/North_Adelaide" title="North Adelaide">North Adelaide</a></figcaption></figure> Based on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield" title="Edward Gibbon Wakefield">Edward Gibbon Wakefield</a> about colonial reform, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gouger" title="Robert Gouger">Robert Gouger</a> petitioned the British government to create a new colony in Australia, resulting in the passage of the <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_Act_1834" title="South Australia Act 1834">South Australia Act 1834</a>. Physical establishment of the colony began with the arrival of the first British colonisers in February 1836. The first <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">governor</a> proclaimed the commencement of colonial government in South Australia on 28 December 1836, near <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Gum_Tree" title="The Old Gum Tree">The Old Gum Tree</a> in what is now the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Glenelg_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenelg North">Glenelg North</a>. The event is commemorated in South Australia as <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_Day_(South_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation Day (South Australia)">Proclamation Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The site of the colony's capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Light" title="William Light">William Light</a>, the first surveyor-general of South Australia, with his own original, unique, topographically sensitive design. The city was named after <a href="/wiki/Queen_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Adelaide">Queen Adelaide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Adelaide was established as a planned colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution, based upon the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield" title="Edward Gibbon Wakefield">Edward Gibbon Wakefield</a>. Wakefield had read accounts of Australian settlement while in prison in London for attempting to abduct an heiress,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and realised that the eastern colonies suffered from a lack of available labour, due to the practice of giving land grants to all arrivals.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Wakefield's idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Funds raised from the sale of land were to be used to bring out working-class emigrants, who would have to work hard for the monied settlers to ever afford their own land.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> As a result of this policy, Adelaide does not share <a href="/wiki/Convictism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Convictism in Australia">the convict settlement history</a> of other Australian cities like <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Terrace,_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a town near a river with woodlands and hills in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/North_Terrace%2C_1841.jpg/250px-North_Terrace%2C_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/North_Terrace%2C_1841.jpg/330px-North_Terrace%2C_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/North_Terrace%2C_1841.jpg/500px-North_Terrace%2C_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide" title="North Terrace, Adelaide">North Terrace</a> in 1841</figcaption></figure> As it was believed that in a colony of free settlers there would be little crime, no provision was made for a <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">gaol</a> in Colonel Light's 1837 plan. But by mid-1837 the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Register" title="South Australian Register">South Australian Register</a> was warning of escaped convicts from New South Wales and tenders for a temporary gaol were sought. Following a burglary, a murder, and two attempted murders in Adelaide during March 1838, Governor Hindmarsh created the South Australian Police Force (now the <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_Police" title="South Australia Police">South Australia Police</a>) in April 1838 under 21-year-old <a href="/wiki/Henry_Inman_(police_commander)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Inman (police commander)">Henry Inman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The first sheriff, Samuel Smart, was wounded during a robbery, and on 2 May 1838 one of the offenders, Michael Magee, became the first person to be hanged in South Australia.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> William Baker Ashton was appointed governor of the temporary gaol in 1839, and in 1840 George Strickland Kingston was commissioned to design Adelaide's new gaol.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Construction of <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Gaol" title="Adelaide Gaol">Adelaide Gaol</a> commenced in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Adelaide's early history was marked by economic uncertainty and questionable leadership.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Adelaide#Dubious" title="Talk:Adelaide">discuss</a>] The first governor of South Australia, <a href="/wiki/John_Hindmarsh" title="John Hindmarsh">John Hindmarsh</a>, clashed frequently with others, in particular the Resident Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/James_Hurtle_Fisher" title="James Hurtle Fisher">James Hurtle Fisher</a>. The rural area surrounding Adelaide was surveyed by Light in preparation to sell a total of over 405 km2 (156 sq mi) of land. Adelaide's early economy started to get on its feet in 1838 with the arrival of livestock from <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. Wool production provided an early basis for the South Australian economy. By 1860, wheat farms had been established from <a href="/wiki/Encounter_Bay" title="Encounter Bay">Encounter Bay</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Clare,_South_Australia" title="Clare, South Australia">Clare</a> in the north. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Adelaide_MKL1888.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Karte_Adelaide_MKL1888.png/170px-Karte_Adelaide_MKL1888.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Karte_Adelaide_MKL1888.png/255px-Karte_Adelaide_MKL1888.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Karte_Adelaide_MKL1888.png/340px-Karte_Adelaide_MKL1888.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>1888 map of Adelaide, showing the gradual development of its urban layout</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/George_Gawler" title="George Gawler">George Gawler</a> took over from Hindmarsh in late 1838 and, despite being under orders from the Select Committee on South Australia in Britain not to undertake any public works, promptly oversaw construction of a governor's house, the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Gaol" title="Adelaide Gaol">Adelaide Gaol</a>, police barracks, a hospital, a customs house and a wharf at <a href="/wiki/Port_Adelaide" title="Port Adelaide">Port Adelaide</a>. Gawler was recalled and replaced by <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="George Edward Grey">George Edward Grey</a> in 1841. Grey slashed public expenditure against heavy opposition, although its impact was negligible at this point: silver was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Glen_Osmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Glen Osmond">Glen Osmond</a> that year, agriculture was well underway, and other mines sprung up all over the state, aiding Adelaide's commercial development. The city exported meat, wool, wine, fruit and wheat by the time Grey left in 1845, contrasting with a low point in 1842 when one-third of Adelaide houses were abandoned. Trade links with the rest of the Australian states were established after the <a href="/wiki/Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray River</a> was successfully navigated in 1853 by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Cadell_(explorer)" title="Francis Cadell (explorer)">Francis Cadell</a>, an Adelaide resident. South Australia became a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing colony</a> in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament. <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballots</a> were introduced, and a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109,917 people lived in the province.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 1860, the <a href="/wiki/Thorndon_Park_Reserve" title="Thorndon Park Reserve">Thorndon Park reservoir</a> was opened, providing an alternative water source to the now turbid River Torrens. Gas street lighting was implemented in 1867, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> was founded in 1874, the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australian Art Gallery">South Australian Art Gallery</a> opened in 1881 and the <a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_Reservoir" title="Happy Valley Reservoir">Happy Valley Reservoir</a> opened in 1896. In the 1890s Australia was affected by a severe economic depression, ending a hectic era of land booms and tumultuous expansionism. Financial institutions in Melbourne and banks in Sydney closed. The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle.<a href="#cite_note-Guide-44">[44]</a> The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems, with some families leaving for Western Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Guide-44">[44]</a> Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and lead discoveries at <a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill" title="Broken Hill">Broken Hill</a> provided some relief. Only one year of deficit was recorded, but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending. Wine and copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Terrace_in_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Electric trams and motor cars at a crossroads in a densely built up area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/North_Terrace_in_1938.jpg/220px-North_Terrace_in_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/North_Terrace_in_1938.jpg/330px-North_Terrace_in_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/North_Terrace_in_1938.jpg/440px-North_Terrace_in_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The intersection of North Terrace and <a href="/wiki/King_William_Street,_Adelaide" title="King William Street, Adelaide">King William Street</a> viewed from <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Adelaide" title="Parliament House, Adelaide">Parliament House</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Adelaide,_1935_(adjusted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Aerial_view_of_Adelaide%2C_1935_%28adjusted%29.jpg/250px-Aerial_view_of_Adelaide%2C_1935_%28adjusted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Aerial_view_of_Adelaide%2C_1935_%28adjusted%29.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_Adelaide%2C_1935_%28adjusted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Aerial_view_of_Adelaide%2C_1935_%28adjusted%29.jpg/500px-Aerial_view_of_Adelaide%2C_1935_%28adjusted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of Adelaide in 1935, when it was Australia's third largest city. Of note is that only the eastern half of the new Parliament House (to left of station) had been completed.</figcaption></figure> Adelaide was Australia's third largest city for most of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Marsden-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_street_lighting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electric street lighting (page does not exist)">Electric street lighting</a> was introduced in 1900 and electric trams were transporting passengers in 1909. 28,000 men were sent to fight in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._Crowley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. W. Crowley (page does not exist)">F. W. Crowley</a> examined the reports of visitors in the early 20th century, noting that "many visitors to Adelaide admired the <a href="/wiki/Light%27s_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Light's Vision">foresighted planning</a> of its founders", as well as pondering the riches of the young city.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Adelaide enjoyed a postwar boom, entering a time of relative prosperity. Its population grew, and it became the third most populous metropolitan area in the country, after <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. Its prosperity was short-lived, with the return of droughts and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s. It later returned to fortune under strong government leadership. <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sector of industry">Secondary industries</a> helped reduce the state's dependence on <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sector of industry">primary industries</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> brought industrial stimulus and <a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">diversification</a> to Adelaide under the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Playford_IV" title="Thomas Playford IV">Playford</a> Government, which advocated Adelaide as a safe place for manufacturing due to its less vulnerable location.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Shipbuilding was expanded at the nearby port of <a href="/wiki/Whyalla,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Whyalla, South Australia">Whyalla</a>. The South Australian Government in this period built on former wartime manufacturing industries but neglected cultural facilities which meant South Australia's economy lagged behind.<a href="#cite_note-Marsden-46">[46]</a> International manufacturers like <a href="/wiki/Holden" title="Holden">Holden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Chrysler_Australia" title="Fiat Chrysler Australia">Chrysler</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> made use of these factories around the Adelaide area in <a href="/wiki/Suburbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburbs">suburbs</a> like <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_South_Australia" title="Elizabeth, South Australia">Elizabeth</a>, completing its transformation from an <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural economy">agricultural service centre</a> to a 20th-century motor city. The <a href="/wiki/Mannum%E2%80%93Adelaide_pipeline" title="Mannum–Adelaide pipeline">Mannum–Adelaide pipeline</a> brought <a href="/wiki/River_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="River Murray">River Murray</a> water to Adelaide in 1955 and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Airport" title="Adelaide Airport">an airport</a> opened at <a href="/wiki/West_Beach,_South_Australia" title="West Beach, South Australia">West Beach</a> in 1955. <a href="/wiki/Flinders_University" title="Flinders University">Flinders University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Medical_Centre" title="Flinders Medical Centre">Flinders Medical Centre</a> were established in the 1960s at Bedford Park, south of the city. Today, Flinders Medical Centre is one of the largest teaching hospitals in South Australia. In the post-war years around the early 1960s, Adelaide was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> as Australia's third largest city.<a href="#cite_note-Marsden-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Dunstan Governments</a> of the 1970s saw something of an Adelaide "cultural revival",<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> establishing a wide array of social reforms. The city became noted for its <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a> as South Australia became the first Australian state or territory to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Australia">decriminalise homosexuality</a> between <a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent" title="Sexual consent">consenting</a> adults in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-carbery-53">[53]</a> Adelaide became a centre for the arts, building upon the biennial "<a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide Festival of Arts">Adelaide Festival of Arts</a>" that commenced in 1960. The <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_South_Australia" title="State Bank of South Australia">State Bank</a> collapsed in 1991 during an economic recession. The effects lasted until 2004, when <a href="/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard & Poor's">Standard & Poor's</a> reinstated South Australia's AAA credit rating.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Adelaide's tallest building, completed in 2020, is called the Adelaidean and is located at 11 Frome Street.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_2022_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Adelaide City Skyline during 2022 Australia Day Celebrations Forefront: Torrens River, Elder Bank and Riverbank Precinct. From Right to Left: Stanford Hotel, Convention Centre, Myer Centre, The Switch, Realm Adelaide, Frome Central Tower One, GSA North Terrace, Schulz Building (Adelaide University)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Adelaide_2022_Skyline.jpg/250px-Adelaide_2022_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Adelaide_2022_Skyline.jpg/375px-Adelaide_2022_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Adelaide_2022_Skyline.jpg/500px-Adelaide_2022_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>Adelaide's eastern skyline during 2022 <a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia Day</a> celebrations</figcaption></figure> In the early years of the 21st century, a significant increase in the state government's spending on Adelaide's infrastructure occurred. The <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rann" title="Mike Rann">Rann government</a> invested A$535 million in a major upgrade of the Adelaide Oval to enable <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> to be played in the city centre<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and more than A$2 <a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a> to build a new <a href="/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Hospital" title="Royal Adelaide Hospital">Royal Adelaide Hospital</a> on land adjacent to the Adelaide Railway Station.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The Glenelg tramline was extended through the city to Hindmarsh<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> down to East Terrace<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and the suburban railway line extended south to Seaford.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Following a period of stagnation in the 1990s and 2000s, Adelaide began several major developments and redevelopments. The Adelaide Convention Centre was redeveloped and expanded at a cost of A$350 million beginning in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Three historic buildings were adapted for modern use: the <a href="/wiki/Torrens_Building" title="Torrens Building">Torrens Building</a> in Victoria Square as the Adelaide campus for Carnegie Mellon University, University College London, and Torrens University;<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> the Stock Exchange building as the Science Exchange of the Royal Institution Australia; and the Glenside Psychiatric Hospital as the Adelaide Studios of the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Film_Corporation" title="South Australian Film Corporation">SA Film Corporation</a>. The government invested more than A$2 billion to build <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Desalination_Plant" title="Adelaide Desalination Plant">a desalination plant</a>, powered by renewable energy, as an "insurance policy" against droughts affecting Adelaide's <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Festival" title="Adelaide Festival">Adelaide Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Fringe_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide Fringe Festival">Fringe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Womadelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Womadelaide">Womadelaide</a> became annual events.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Square,_central_Adelaide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Victoria_Square%2C_central_Adelaide.jpg/500px-Victoria_Square%2C_central_Adelaide.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Victoria_Square%2C_central_Adelaide.jpg/750px-Victoria_Square%2C_central_Adelaide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Victoria_Square%2C_central_Adelaide.jpg/1000px-Victoria_Square%2C_central_Adelaide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>Victoria Square illuminated at night, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2014</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg/220px-Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg/330px-Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg/440px-Free_vector_map_of_Adelaide_Australia_Level_12_G_View.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>Adelaide metropolitan area, with some suburbs named</figcaption></figure> Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges. The city stretches 20 km (12 mi) from the coast to the foothills, and 90 km (56 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Gawler,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawler, South Australia">Gawler</a> at its northern extent to <a href="/wiki/Sellicks_Beach,_South_Australia" title="Sellicks Beach, South Australia">Sellicks Beach</a> in the south. According to Regional Development Australia, an Australian government planning initiative, the "Adelaide Metropolitan Region" has a total land area of 870 km2 (340 sq mi), while a more expansive definition by the Australian Bureau of Statistics defines a "Greater Adelaide" statistical area totalling 3,259.8 km2 (1,258.6 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-ABS-GA-2">[2]</a> The city sits at an average elevation of 50 metres (160 ft) above sea level. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lofty" title="Mount Lofty">Mount Lofty</a>, east of the Adelaide metropolitan region in the Adelaide Hills at an elevation of 727 metres (2,385 ft), is the tallest point of the city and in the state south of <a href="/wiki/Burra,_South_Australia" title="Burra, South Australia">Burra</a>. The city borders the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_Grassland_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate Grassland of South Australia">Temperate Grassland of South Australia</a> in the east, an endangered vegetation community.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide,_Australia_ESA384290.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Adelaide%2C_Australia_ESA384290.jpg/250px-Adelaide%2C_Australia_ESA384290.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Adelaide%2C_Australia_ESA384290.jpg/330px-Adelaide%2C_Australia_ESA384290.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Adelaide%2C_Australia_ESA384290.jpg/500px-Adelaide%2C_Australia_ESA384290.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5755" data-file-height="7655" /></a><figcaption>Adelaide's metropolitan area as seen by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a></figcaption></figure> Much of Adelaide was bushland before British settlement, with some variation – sandhills, swamps and marshlands were prevalent around the coast. The loss of the sandhills to urban development had a particularly destructive effect on the coastline due to erosion.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Where practical, the government has implemented programs to rebuild and vegetate sandhills at several of Adelaide's beachside suburbs. <a href="/wiki/Tennyson_Dunes_Conservation_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennyson Dunes Conservation Reserve">Tennyson Dunes</a> is the largest contiguous, tertiary dune system contained entirely within Metropolitan Adelaide, providing refuge for a variety of remnant species formerly found along the entire coastline.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Much of the original vegetation has been cleared with what is left to be found in reserves such as the <a href="/wiki/Cleland_National_Park" title="Cleland National Park">Cleland National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belair_National_Park" title="Belair National Park">Belair National Park</a>. A number of creeks and rivers flow through the Adelaide region. The largest are the Torrens and <a href="/wiki/Onkaparinga_River_National_Park" title="Onkaparinga River National Park">Onkaparinga</a> catchments. Adelaide relies on its many reservoirs for water supply with the <a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_Reservoir" title="Happy Valley Reservoir">Happy Valley Reservoir</a> supplying around 40% and the much larger <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bold_Reservoir" title="Mount Bold Reservoir">Mount Bold Reservoir</a> 10% of Adelaide's domestic requirements respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> Adelaide and its surrounding area is one of the most seismically active regions in Australia. On 1 March 1954 at 3:40 am Adelaide experienced its largest recorded earthquake to date, with the epicentre 12 km from the city centre at <a href="/wiki/Darlington,_South_Australia" title="Darlington, South Australia">Darlington</a>, and a reported magnitude of 5.6.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> There have been smaller earthquakes in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> 2011,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> 2014,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> 2017,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> 2018<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and 2022.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The uplands of the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">Adelaide Hills</a>, part of the southern <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Ranges" title="Mount Lofty Ranges">Mount Lofty Ranges</a> to the east of Adelaide, are defined on their western side by a number of arcuate faults (the Para, Eden, Clarendon and Willunga Faults), and consist of rocks such as <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> to the middle <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, laid down in the Adelaide Rift Complex, the oldest part of the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Superbasin" title="Adelaide Superbasin">Adelaide Superbasin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Most of the Adelaide metropolitan area lies in the downthrown St Vincent Basin and its embayments, including the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Plains" title="Adelaide Plains">Adelaide Plains</a> Sub-basin, and the Golden Grove, Noarlunga and Willunga Embayments. These basins contain deposits of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> marine and non-marine sands and limestones, which form important aquifers.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> These deposits are overlain by <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">alluvial fans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foothills" title="Foothills">piedmont</a> slope deposits, derived from erosion of the uplands, consisting of sands, clays and gravels,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> interfingering to the west with <a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">transgressive</a> <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> marine sands and coastal sediments of the shoreline of Gulf St Vincent.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_layout">Urban layout</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Urban layout">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/William_Light" title="William Light">William Light</a></div> Adelaide is a planned city, designed by the first Surveyor-General of South Australia, Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Light" title="William Light">William Light</a>. His plan, sometimes referred to as "Light's Vision" (also the name of a statue of him on <a href="/wiki/Montefiore_Hill" title="Montefiore Hill">Montefiore Hill</a>), arranged Adelaide in a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Category:Squares_in_Adelaide" title="Category:Squares in Adelaide">five squares</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre" title="Adelaide city centre">Adelaide city centre</a> and a ring of parks, known as the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Parklands" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide Parklands">Adelaide Parklands</a>, surrounding it. Light's selection of the location for the city was initially unpopular with the early settlers, as well as South Australia's first governor, John Hindmarsh, due to its distance from the harbour at Port Adelaide, and the lack of fresh water there.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_South_Australia_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Adelaide_South_Australia_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Adelaide_South_Australia_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Adelaide_South_Australia_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Adelaide_South_Australia_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Adelaide_South_Australia_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Adelaide_South_Australia_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre" title="Adelaide city centre">city centre</a> was built on a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a>, known as Light's Vision.</figcaption></figure> Light successfully persisted with his choice of location against this initial opposition. Recent evidence suggests that Light worked closely with George Kingston as well as a team of men to set out Adelaide, using various templates for city plans going back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> designs and the similar layouts of the American cities <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>–which, like Adelaide, follow the same layout of a central city square, four complementing city squares surrounding it and a parklands area that surrounds the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transformers_-_Victoria_Square_Adelaide_SA_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Transformers_-_Victoria_Square_Adelaide_SA_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Transformers_-_Victoria_Square_Adelaide_SA_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Transformers_-_Victoria_Square_Adelaide_SA_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Transformers_-_Victoria_Square_Adelaide_SA_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Transformers_-_Victoria_Square_Adelaide_SA_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-Transformers_-_Victoria_Square_Adelaide_SA_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1915" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Adelaide" title="Victoria Square, Adelaide">Victoria Square</a>, one of the five main squares in the city centre and considered the heart of Adelaide's <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid layout</a></figcaption></figure> The benefits of Light's design are numerous: Adelaide has had wide multi-lane roads from its beginning, an easily navigable <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal direction</a> grid layout and an expansive green ring around the city centre. There are two sets of <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring roads</a> in Adelaide that have resulted from the original design. The <a href="/wiki/City_Ring_Route,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="City Ring Route, Adelaide">inner ring route</a> (<a href="/wiki/A21_road_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="A21 road (Australia)">A21</a>) borders the parklands, and the outer route (<a href="/wiki/A3_road_(South_Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="A3 road (South Australia)">A3</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_Road,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="South Road, Adelaide">A13</a>/<a href="/wiki/A16_highway_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="A16 highway (Australia)">A16</a>/<a href="/wiki/A17_highway_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="A17 highway (Australia)">A17</a>) completely bypasses the inner city via (in clockwise order) <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Road" title="Grand Junction Road">Grand Junction Road</a>, Hampstead Road, Ascot Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Portrush_Road" title="Portrush Road">Portrush Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross_Road,_Adelaide" title="Cross Road, Adelaide">Cross Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Road,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="South Road, Adelaide">South Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Suburban expansion has to some extent outgrown Light's original plan. Numerous former outlying villages and "country towns", as well as the satellite city of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_South_Australia" title="Elizabeth, South Australia">Elizabeth</a>, have been enveloped by its <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">suburban sprawl</a>. Expanding developments in the Adelaide Hills region led to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Freeway" title="South Eastern Freeway">South Eastern Freeway</a> to cope with growth, which has subsequently led to new developments and further improvements to that transport corridor. Similarly, the booming development in Adelaide's <a href="/wiki/City_of_Onkaparinga" title="City of Onkaparinga">South</a> led to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Expressway_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Expressway (Australia)">Southern Expressway</a>. New roads are not the only transport infrastructure developed to cope with the urban growth. The <a href="/wiki/O-Bahn_Busway" title="O-Bahn Busway">O-Bahn Busway</a> is an example of a unique solution to <a href="/wiki/Tea_Tree_Gully,_South_Australia" title="Tea Tree Gully, South Australia">Tea Tree Gully's</a> transport woes in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The development of the nearby suburb of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Grove,_South_Australia" title="Golden Grove, South Australia">Golden Grove</a> in the late 1980s followed a planned approach to urban growth. In the 1960s, a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Adelaide_Transport_Study" title="Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study">Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study</a> Plan was proposed to cater for the future growth of the city. The plan involved the construction of freeways, <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">expressways</a> and the upgrade of certain aspects of the public transport system. The then premier <a href="/wiki/Steele_Hall_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steele Hall (Australian politician)">Steele Hall</a> approved many parts of the plan and the government went as far as purchasing land for the project. The later <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> government elected under <a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a> shelved the plan, but allowed the purchased land to remain vacant, should the future need for freeways arise. In 1980, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_party_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal party of Australia">Liberal party</a> won government and premier <a href="/wiki/David_Tonkin" title="David Tonkin">David Tonkin</a> committed his government to selling off the land acquired for the MATS plan, ensuring that even when needs changed, the construction of most MATS-proposed freeways would be impractical. Some parts of this land have been used for transport, (e.g. the O-Bahn Busway and Southern Expressway), while most has been progressively subdivided for residential use. In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">SA Government</a> announced plans for a network of <a href="/wiki/Transport-oriented_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport-oriented development">transport-oriented developments</a> across the Adelaide metropolitan area and purchased a <a href="/wiki/Clipsal_site_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipsal site development">10 hectare industrial site</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bowden,_South_Australia" title="Bowden, South Australia">Bowden</a> for $52.5 million as the first of these developments.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Housing">Housing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Housing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_residential_architectural_styles" title="Australian residential architectural styles">Australian residential architectural styles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heritage_terraces_on_Adelaide%27s_North_Terrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Heritage_terraces_on_Adelaide%27s_North_Terrace.jpg/220px-Heritage_terraces_on_Adelaide%27s_North_Terrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Heritage_terraces_on_Adelaide%27s_North_Terrace.jpg/330px-Heritage_terraces_on_Adelaide%27s_North_Terrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Heritage_terraces_on_Adelaide%27s_North_Terrace.jpg/440px-Heritage_terraces_on_Adelaide%27s_North_Terrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Terraced housing on <a href="/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide" title="North Terrace, Adelaide">North Terrace</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, Adelaide's suburban residential areas have been characterised by single-storey detached houses built on <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1,000-square-metre (1⁄4-acre) blocks. A relative lack of suitable, locally-available timber for construction purposes led to the early development of a brick-making industry, as well as the use of stone, for houses and other buildings. By 1891, 68% of houses were built of stone, 15% of timber, and 10% of brick, with brick also being widely used in stone houses for quoins, door and window surrounds, and chimneys and fireplaces.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> There is a wide variety in the styles of these houses. Until the 1960s, most of the more substantial houses were built of red brick, though many front walls were of ornamental stone. Then cream bricks became fashionable, and in the 1970s, deep red and brown bricks became popular.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Until the 1970s, roofs tended to be clad with (painted) <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrugated iron">corrugated iron</a> or cement or clay tiles, usually red "terracotta". Since then, <a href="/wiki/Colorbond" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorbond">Colorbond</a> corrugated steel has dominated. Most roofs are pitched. Flat roofs are not common.<a href="#cite_note-Cadden-87">[87]</a> Up to the 1970s, most houses were of "double brick" construction on concrete footings, with timber floors laid on joists supported by "dwarf walls". Later houses have mainly been of "<a href="/wiki/Brick_veneer" class="mw-redirect" title="Brick veneer">brick veneer</a>" construction – structural <a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">timber</a> or, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Steel_frame#Cold-formed_steel_frames" title="Steel frame">lightweight steel</a> frame on a <a href="/wiki/Concrete_slab" title="Concrete slab">concrete slab</a> <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">foundation</a>, lined with <a href="/wiki/Gyprock" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyprock">Gyprock</a>, and with an outer skin of brickwork,<a href="#cite_note-Cadden-87">[87]</a> to cope with Adelaide's <a href="/wiki/Shrink%E2%80%93swell_capacity" title="Shrink–swell capacity">reactive soils</a>, particularly Keswick Clay, black earth and some red-brown earth soils.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The use of precast concrete panels for floor and wall construction has also increased.<a href="#cite_note-Cadden-87">[87]</a> In addition to this, a significant factor in Adelaide's suburban history is the role of the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Housing_Trust" title="South Australian Housing Trust">South Australian Housing Trust</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>] <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><a href="/wiki/File:OIC_n_adelaide_carclew_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carclew House"><img alt="Carclew House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/OIC_n_adelaide_carclew_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-OIC_n_adelaide_carclew_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/OIC_n_adelaide_carclew_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-OIC_n_adelaide_carclew_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/OIC_n_adelaide_carclew_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-OIC_n_adelaide_carclew_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carclew,_North_Adelaide" title="Carclew, North Adelaide">Carclew House</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluestone_Balcony_(16746204054).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two-storey house in North Adelaide. Much of Adelaide's early housing was built with bluestone."><img alt="Two-storey house in North Adelaide. Much of Adelaide's early housing was built with bluestone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bluestone_Balcony_%2816746204054%29.jpg/240px-Bluestone_Balcony_%2816746204054%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bluestone_Balcony_%2816746204054%29.jpg/360px-Bluestone_Balcony_%2816746204054%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bluestone_Balcony_%2816746204054%29.jpg/480px-Bluestone_Balcony_%2816746204054%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two-storey house in <a href="/wiki/North_Adelaide" title="North Adelaide">North Adelaide</a>. Much of Adelaide's early housing was built with bluestone.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:House_in_Adelaide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heritage-listed bluestone 19th-century house in the city centre"><img alt="Heritage-listed bluestone 19th-century house in the city centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/House_in_Adelaide.jpg/135px-House_in_Adelaide.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/House_in_Adelaide.jpg/202px-House_in_Adelaide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/House_in_Adelaide.jpg/270px-House_in_Adelaide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heritage-listed <a href="/wiki/Bluestone" title="Bluestone">bluestone</a> 19th-century house in the city centre </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tudor_Revival_house,_Adelaide_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tudor Revival house in Unley Park"><img alt="Tudor Revival house in Unley Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tudor_Revival_house%2C_Adelaide_%2801%29.jpg/271px-Tudor_Revival_house%2C_Adelaide_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tudor_Revival_house%2C_Adelaide_%2801%29.jpg/406px-Tudor_Revival_house%2C_Adelaide_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tudor_Revival_house%2C_Adelaide_%2801%29.jpg/541px-Tudor_Revival_house%2C_Adelaide_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor Revival">Tudor Revival</a> house in <a href="/wiki/Unley_Park,_South_Australia" title="Unley Park, South Australia">Unley Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:House_in_Lockleys,_South_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House in Lockleys with two distinguishing features that characterise Adelaide houses: a brush fence and red brick veneer."><img alt="House in Lockleys with two distinguishing features that characterise Adelaide houses: a brush fence and red brick veneer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/House_in_Lockleys%2C_South_Australia.jpg/329px-House_in_Lockleys%2C_South_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/House_in_Lockleys%2C_South_Australia.jpg/494px-House_in_Lockleys%2C_South_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/House_in_Lockleys%2C_South_Australia.jpg/658px-House_in_Lockleys%2C_South_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4003" data-file-height="2190" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">House in <a href="/wiki/Lockleys,_South_Australia" title="Lockleys, South Australia">Lockleys</a> with two distinguishing features that characterise Adelaide houses: a brush fence and red brick veneer.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Adelaide" title="Climate of Adelaide">Climate of Adelaide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_in_Adelaide,_South_Australia,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lightning_in_Adelaide%2C_South_Australia%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Lightning_in_Adelaide%2C_South_Australia%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lightning_in_Adelaide%2C_South_Australia%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Lightning_in_Adelaide%2C_South_Australia%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lightning_in_Adelaide%2C_South_Australia%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Lightning_in_Adelaide%2C_South_Australia%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5577" data-file-height="3723" /></a><figcaption>A spring storm over Adelaide</figcaption></figure> Adelaide has a hot-summer <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (Csa) under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The city has hot, dry summers and cool winters with moderate rainfall. Most <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> falls in the winter months, leading to the suggestion that the climate be classified as a "cold monsoon".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Rainfall is unreliable, light and infrequent throughout summer, although heavy falls can occur. The winter has fairly reliable rainfall with June being the wettest month of the year, averaging around 80 mm. <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frosts</a> are occasional, with the most notable occurrences in 1908 and 1982. Hail is common in winter. Adelaide is a windy city with significant <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a> in winter, which makes the temperature <a href="/wiki/Apparent_temperature" title="Apparent temperature">seem colder than it actually is</a>. Snowfall in the metropolitan area is extremely rare, although light and sporadic falls in the nearby hills and at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lofty" title="Mount Lofty">Mount Lofty</a> occur during winter. Dewpoints in the summer typically range from 8 to 10 °C (46 to 50 °F). There are usually several days in summer where the temperature reaches 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) or above. Temperature extremes range from −0.4 °C (31.4 °F), 8 June 1982 to 47.7 °C (117.9 °F), 24 January 2019. The city features 90.6 clear days annually. The average sea temperature ranges from 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) in August to 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) in February.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Adelaide (Kent Town) 1991–2020 averages, 1977–2020 extremes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.7 (117.9) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7 (112.5) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2 (108.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 (98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0 (109.4) </td> <td style="background: #CB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.2 (113.4) </td> <td style="background: #A90000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.7 (117.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5 (72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4 (31.3) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (32.7) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 (36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 (41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−0.4 (31.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (0.83) </td> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (0.79) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (0.98) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6 (1.48) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.3 (2.33) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.7 (3.06) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.1 (2.80) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.9 (2.63) </td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6 (2.35) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.0 (1.57) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (1.22) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (1.11) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">536.5 (21.12) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.3 </td> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.2 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">121.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average afternoon <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">325.5 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">285.3 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">266.6 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.0 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.4 </td> <td style="background: #C0C022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138.0 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148.8 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">273.0 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.5 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,765.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ABOM-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Parafield Airport (15km N of Adelaide, 10m ASL, 1991−2020 averages, 1939−2024 extremes) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.7 (117.9) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7 (112.5) </td> <td style="background: #EE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.7 (108.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2 (100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3 (79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.2 (102.6) </td> <td style="background: #D80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.3 (111.7) </td> <td style="background: #B70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.7 (116.1) </td> <td style="background: #A90000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.7 (117.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 (87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8 (74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.2 (52.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8 (27.0) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0 (28.4) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 (34.5) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−2.8 (27.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (0.78) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (0.72) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 (0.88) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (1.31) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.9 (1.85) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.2 (2.13) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.6 (2.19) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.7 (2.00) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.6 (1.83) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8 (1.25) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (0.91) </td> <td style="background: #DDFFDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (0.89) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">425.1 (16.74) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4 </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">109.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="#cite_note-cw_023013_All-95">[95]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liveability">Liveability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Liveability">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg/220px-Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg/330px-Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg/440px-Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rymill_Park,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Rymill Park, Adelaide">Rymill Park</a> in autumn</figcaption></figure> Adelaide was consistently ranked in the world's 10 <a href="/wiki/Global_Liveability_Ranking" title="Global Liveability Ranking">most liveable cities</a> through the 2010s by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Intelligence_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Economist Intelligence Unit">The Economist Intelligence Unit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In June 2021, The Economist ranked Adelaide the third most liveable city in the world, behind <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In June 2023, Adelaide was ranked the twelfth most liveable city in the world by the Economist Intelligence Unit.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In December 2021, Adelaide was named the world's second National Park City, after the state government had lobbied for this title.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> It was ranked the <a href="/wiki/Most_liveable_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Most liveable city">most liveable city</a> in Australia by the <a href="/wiki/Property_Council_of_Australia" title="Property Council of Australia">Property Council of Australia</a>, based on surveys of residents' views of their own city, between 2010 and 2013,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> dropping to second place in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">Government of South Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House,_South_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Parliament_House%2C_South_Australia.jpg/250px-Parliament_House%2C_South_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Parliament_House%2C_South_Australia.jpg/330px-Parliament_House%2C_South_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Parliament_House%2C_South_Australia.jpg/500px-Parliament_House%2C_South_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Adelaide" title="Parliament House, Adelaide">Parliament House, Adelaide</a></figcaption></figure> Adelaide, as the capital of South Australia, is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">Government of South Australia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Australia" title="Parliament of South Australia">Parliament of South Australia</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_House_of_Assembly" title="South Australian House of Assembly">House of Assembly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Legislative_Council" title="South Australian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_state_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="South Australian state elections">General elections</a> are held every four years, the last being the <a href="/wiki/2022_South_Australian_state_election" title="2022 South Australian state election">2022 South Australian state election</a>. As Adelaide is South Australia's capital and most populous city, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">State Government</a> co-operates extensively with the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Adelaide" title="City of Adelaide">City of Adelaide</a>. In 2006, the Ministry for the City of Adelaide was created to facilitate the State Government's collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide City Council">Adelaide City Council</a> and the Lord Mayor to improve Adelaide's image. The State Parliament's Capital City Committee is also involved in the governance of the City of Adelaide, being primarily concerned with the planning of Adelaide's urban development and growth.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Reflecting South Australia's status as Australia's most centralised state, Adelaide elects a substantial majority of the South Australian House of Assembly. Of the 47 seats in the chamber, 34 seats (three-quarters of the legislature) are based in Adelaide, and two rural seats include Adelaide suburbs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_governments">Local governments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Local governments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Local government areas of South Australia">Local government areas of South Australia</a></div> The Adelaide metropolitan area is divided between nineteen <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Areas_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Areas of South Australia">local government areas</a>. At its centre, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Adelaide" title="City of Adelaide">City of Adelaide</a> administers the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre" title="Adelaide city centre">Adelaide city centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Adelaide" title="North Adelaide">North Adelaide</a>, and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Parklands" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide Parklands">Adelaide Parklands</a>. It is the oldest municipal authority in Australia and was established in 1840, when Adelaide and Australia's first mayor, <a href="/wiki/James_Hurtle_Fisher" title="James Hurtle Fisher">James Hurtle Fisher</a>, was elected. From 1919 onwards, the city has had a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayors_and_Lord_Mayors_of_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mayors and Lord Mayors of Adelaide">Lord Mayor</a>, the current being Lord Mayor The Right Honourable <a href="/wiki/Jane_Lomax-Smith" title="Jane Lomax-Smith">Jane Lomax-Smith</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_density.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Adelaide_density.jpg/250px-Adelaide_density.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Adelaide_density.jpg/330px-Adelaide_density.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Adelaide_density.jpg/500px-Adelaide_density.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3971" /></a><figcaption>Adelaide's population density by mesh blocks (MB), 2016 census</figcaption></figure> Adelaide's inhabitants are known as Adelaideans.<a href="#cite_note-Salt-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adelaidean-110">[110]</a> Compared with Australia's other state capitals, Adelaide is growing at a rate similar to Sydney and Hobart (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">List of cities in Australia by population</a>). In 2020, it had a metropolitan population (including suburbs) of more than 1,376,601,<a href="#cite_note-ABSCapitalPop-111">[111]</a> making it Australia's fifth-largest city. 77%<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> of the population of South Australia are residents of the Adelaide metropolitan area, making South Australia one of the most centralised states. Major areas of population growth in recent years have been in outer suburbs such as <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Lakes,_South_Australia" title="Mawson Lakes, South Australia">Mawson Lakes</a> and Golden Grove. Adelaide's inhabitants occupy 366,912 houses, 57,695 semi-detached, row terrace or town houses and 49,413 flats, units or apartments.<a href="#cite_note-ABS2011-113">[113]</a> About one sixth (17.1%) of the population had university qualifications. The number of Adelaideans with vocational qualifications (such as tradespersons) fell from 62.1% of the labour force in the 1991 census to 52.4% in the 2001 census. Adelaide is ageing more rapidly than other Australian capital cities. More than a quarter (27.5%) of Adelaide's population is aged 55 years or older, in comparison to the national average of 25.6%. Adelaide has the lowest number of children (under-15-year-olds), who comprised 17.7% of the population, compared to the national average of 19.3%.<a href="#cite_note-ABS2011-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry_and_immigration">Ancestry and immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancestry and immigration">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Country of Birth (2021)<a href="#cite_note-auto-114">[114]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Birthplace<a href="#cite_note-115">[note 1]</a></th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>953,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td> <td>78,486 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>42,933 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a></td> <td>24,921 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>16,564 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>15,667 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>12,826 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>10,238 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></td> <td>9,381 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td>8,509 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>7,909 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>7,680 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>7,590 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td> <td>7,055 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>6,983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>5,432 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>5,147 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_Chinatown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Adelaide_Chinatown.jpg/220px-Adelaide_Chinatown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Adelaide_Chinatown.jpg/330px-Adelaide_Chinatown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Adelaide_Chinatown.jpg/440px-Adelaide_Chinatown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Paifang" title="Paifang">paifang</a> at the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Adelaide" title="Chinatown, Adelaide">Chinatown</a> on Moonta Street in the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Central_Market" title="Adelaide Central Market">Central Market precinct</a></figcaption></figure> At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:<a href="#cite_note-auto-114">[114]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 13em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English</a> (35.7%)</li> <li>Australian (29.2%)<a href="#cite_note-117">[note 2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a> (7.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish</a> (7.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian</a> (7.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">German</a> (6.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Chinese</a> (4.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Indian</a> (3.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Australian">Greek</a> (2.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Australians" title="Vietnamese Australians">Vietnamese</a> (1.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Australian Aboriginal</a> (1.6%)<a href="#cite_note-118">[N 1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Dutch</a> (1.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Australians" title="Filipino Australians">Filipino</a> (1.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Australians" title="Polish Australians">Polish</a> (1.3%)</li></ul></div> Overseas-born Adelaideans composed 31.3% of the total population at the 2021 census. The five largest groups of overseas-born were from England (5.7%), India (3.1%), <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> (1.8%), Vietnam (1.2%) and Italy (1.1%).<a href="#cite_note-auto1-119">[116]</a> Suburbs including <a href="/wiki/Newton,_South_Australia" title="Newton, South Australia">Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payneham,_South_Australia" title="Payneham, South Australia">Payneham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campbelltown,_South_Australia" title="Campbelltown, South Australia">Campbelltown</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Torrensville,_South_Australia" title="Torrensville, South Australia">Torrensville</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Lakes,_South_Australia" title="West Lakes, South Australia">West Lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulham,_South_Australia" title="Fulham, South Australia">Fulham</a> to the west, have large <a href="/wiki/Greek_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Australian">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Australian">Italian</a> communities. The Italian consulate is located in the western suburb of <a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh,_South_Australia" title="Hindmarsh, South Australia">Hindmarsh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Large <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Australian">Vietnamese</a> populations are settled in the north-western suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Woodville,_South_Australia" title="Woodville, South Australia">Woodville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny,_South_Australia" title="Kilkenny, South Australia">Kilkenny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennington,_South_Australia" title="Pennington, South Australia">Pennington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Park,_South_Australia" title="Mansfield Park, South Australia">Mansfield Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athol_Park,_South_Australia" title="Athol Park, South Australia">Athol Park</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Parafield_Gardens,_South_Australia" title="Parafield Gardens, South Australia">Parafield Gardens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pooraka,_South_Australia" title="Pooraka, South Australia">Pooraka</a> in Adelaide's north. Migrants from <a href="/wiki/Indian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Australian">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Australian">Sri Lanka</a> have settled into inner suburban areas of Adelaide including the inner northern suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Blair_Athol,_South_Australia" title="Blair Athol, South Australia">Blair Athol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilburn,_South_Australia" title="Kilburn, South Australia">Kilburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enfield,_South_Australia" title="Enfield, South Australia">Enfield</a> and the inner southern suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Plympton,_South_Australia" title="Plympton, South Australia">Plympton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Park_Holme,_South_Australia" title="Park Holme, South Australia">Park Holme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurralta_Park,_South_Australia" title="Kurralta Park, South Australia">Kurralta Park</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Suburbs such as <a href="/wiki/Para_Hills,_South_Australia" title="Para Hills, South Australia">Para Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_South_Australia" title="Salisbury, South Australia">Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingle_Farm,_South_Australia" title="Ingle Farm, South Australia">Ingle Farm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blair_Athol,_South_Australia" title="Blair Athol, South Australia">Blair Athol</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Findon,_South_Australia" title="Findon, South Australia">Findon</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Croydon,_South_Australia" title="West Croydon, South Australia">West Croydon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seaton,_South_Australia" title="Seaton, South Australia">Seaton</a> and other Western suburbs have sizeable <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Australian">Afghan</a> communities. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Australian">Chinese migrants</a> favour settling in the eastern and north eastern suburbs including <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Gardens,_South_Australia" title="Kensington Gardens, South Australia">Kensington Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenacres,_South_Australia" title="Greenacres, South Australia">Greenacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modbury,_South_Australia" title="Modbury, South Australia">Modbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Grove,_South_Australia" title="Golden Grove, South Australia">Golden Grove</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Lakes,_South_Australia" title="Mawson Lakes, South Australia">Mawson Lakes</a> has a large international student population, due to its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">University of South Australia</a> campus.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Adelaide's population identified as being <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a> — <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[N 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-119">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> At the 2016 census, 75.4% of the population spoke <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">English</a> at home. The other languages most commonly spoken at home were Italian (2.1%), <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</a> (2.1%), Greek (1.7%) Vietnamese (1.4%), and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (0.7%).<a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-123">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna language</a>, spoken by the area's original inhabitants, had no living speakers in the middle of the 20th century, but since the 1990s there has been a sustained revival effort from academics and Kaurna elders.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Nicholas_Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Saint_Nicholas_Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg/220px-Saint_Nicholas_Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Saint_Nicholas_Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg/330px-Saint_Nicholas_Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Saint_Nicholas_Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg/440px-Saint_Nicholas_Russian_Orthodox_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>St Nicholas Church, a Russian Orthodox church in <a href="/wiki/Wayville,_South_Australia" title="Wayville, South Australia">Wayville</a>. Adelaide's 19th century moniker was The City of Churches.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a></figcaption></figure> Adelaide was founded on a vision of religious tolerance that attracted a wide variety of religious practitioners. This led to it being known as The City of Churches.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> But approximately 28% of the population expressed no religious affiliation in the 2011 Census, compared with the national average of 22.3%, making Adelaide one of Australia's least religious cities.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> According to 2021 census, 39.8% population of Adelaide identifies as Christian, with the largest denominations being <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Australia">Catholic</a> (16.4%), <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican</a> (7.0%), <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church</a> (3.9%) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> (2.4%). Non-Christian faith communities representing 9.5% from Adelaide's population, includes <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (2.8%), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (2.7%) and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (2.3%).<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> The Jewish community of the city dates back to 1840. Eight years later, 58 Jews lived in the city.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-131">[127]</a> A synagogue was built in 1871, when 435 Jews lived in the city. Many took part in the city councils, such as <a href="/wiki/Judah_Moss_Solomon" title="Judah Moss Solomon">Judah Moss Solomon</a> (1852–66). Three Jews have been elected to the position of <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_and_lord_mayors_of_Adelaide" title="List of mayors and lord mayors of Adelaide">city mayor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> In 1968, the Jewish population of Adelaide numbered about 1,200;<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> in 2001, according to the Australian census, 979 persons declared themselves to be Jewish by religion.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-131">[127]</a> In 2011, over 1,000 Jews were living in the city, served by an <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hebrew_Congregation" title="Adelaide Hebrew Congregation">Adelaide Hebrew Congregation</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> synagogue, Beit Shalom, in addition to a virtual Jewish museum. <a href="/wiki/Massada_College,_Adelaide" title="Massada College, Adelaide">Massada College</a>, a Jewish day school opened in the city in 1976 and closed in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Holocaust_Museum_and_Andrew_Steiner_Education_Centre" title="Adelaide Holocaust Museum and Andrew Steiner Education Centre">Adelaide Holocaust Museum and Andrew Steiner Education Centre</a> opened in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Afghan_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan (Australia)">Afghan</a>" community in Australia first became established in the 1860s when camels and their Pathan, Punjabi, Baluchi and Sindhi handlers began to be used to open up settlement in the continent's arid interior.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> Until eventually superseded by the advent of the railways and motor vehicles, camels played an invaluable economic and social role in transporting heavy loads of goods to and from isolated settlements and mines. This is acknowledged by the name of <a href="/wiki/The_Ghan" title="The Ghan">The Ghan</a>, the passenger train operating between Adelaide, Alice Springs, and Darwin. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Adelaide_Mosque" title="Central Adelaide Mosque">Central Adelaide Mosque</a> is regarded as Australia's oldest permanent mosque; an earlier <a href="/wiki/Marree_Mosque" title="Marree Mosque">mosque at Marree</a> in northern South Australia, dating from 1861 to 1862 and subsequently abandoned or demolished, has now been rebuilt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NRAHfront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NRAHfront.jpg/220px-NRAHfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NRAHfront.jpg/330px-NRAHfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NRAHfront.jpg/440px-NRAHfront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>The new <a href="/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Hospital" title="Royal Adelaide Hospital">Royal Adelaide Hospital</a> opened in 2017. Health care and social assistance is the largest <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">ABS</a>-defined employment sector in South Australia.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-138">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> South Australia's largest employment sectors are health care and social assistance,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-139">[135]</a> surpassing manufacturing in SA as the largest employer since 2006–07.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-139">[135]</a> In 2009–10, manufacturing in SA had average annual employment of 83,700 persons compared with 103,300 for health care and social assistance.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-138">[134]</a> Health care and social assistance represented nearly 13% of the state average annual employment.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-140">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills_wine_region" title="Adelaide Hills wine region">Adelaide Hills wine region</a> is an iconic and viable economic region for both the state and country in terms of wine production and sale. The 2014 vintage is reported as consisting of 5,836 t (5,744 long tons; 6,433 short tons) red grapes crushed valued at A$8,196,142 and 12,037 t (11,847 long tons; 13,269 short tons) white grapes crushed valued at $14,777,631.<a href="#cite_note-PGIBSA25-141">[137]</a> The retail trade is the second largest employer in SA (2009–10), with over 91,900 jobs, and 12 per cent of the state workforce.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-140">[136]</a> Manufacturing, defence technology, high-tech electronic systems and research, commodity export and corresponding service industries all play a role in the SA economy. Almost half of all cars produced in Australia were made in Adelaide at the <a href="/wiki/Holden_Elizabeth_Plant" title="Holden Elizabeth Plant">Holden Elizabeth Plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_South_Australia" title="Elizabeth, South Australia">Elizabeth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> The site ceased operating in November 2017. The <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_South_Australia" title="State Bank of South Australia">collapse of the State Bank in 1992</a> resulted in large levels of state public debt (as much as A$4 billion). The collapse meant that successive governments enacted lean budgets, cutting spending, which was a setback to the further economic development of the city and state. The debt has more recently been reduced with the State Government once again receiving a <a href="/w/index.php?title=AAA%2B_Credit_Rating&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AAA+ Credit Rating (page does not exist)">AAA+ Credit Rating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> The global media conglomerate <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation" title="News Corporation">News Corporation</a> was founded in, and until 2004 incorporated in, Adelaide and it is still considered its "spiritual" home by its founder, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Australia's largest oil company, <a href="/wiki/Santos_Limited" title="Santos Limited">Santos</a>, prominent South Australian brewery, <a href="/wiki/Coopers_Brewery" title="Coopers Brewery">Coopers</a>, and national retailer <a href="/wiki/Harris_Scarfe" title="Harris Scarfe">Harris Scarfe</a> also call Adelaide their home. In 2018, at which time more than 80 organisations employed 800 people in the space sector in South Australia, Adelaide was chosen for the headquarters of a new <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">Australian Space Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> The agency opened its in 2020. It is working to triple the size of the Australian space industry and create 20,000 new jobs by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_industry">Defence industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Defence industry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_040823-N-3019M-003_The_Australian_Collins-class_submarine,_HMAS_Rankin_(SSK_78),_enters_Pearl_Harbor_for_a_port_visit_after_completing_exercises_in_the_Pacific_region.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US_Navy_040823-N-3019M-003_The_Australian_Collins-class_submarine%2C_HMAS_Rankin_%28SSK_78%29%2C_enters_Pearl_Harbor_for_a_port_visit_after_completing_exercises_in_the_Pacific_region.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US_Navy_040823-N-3019M-003_The_Australian_Collins-class_submarine%2C_HMAS_Rankin_%28SSK_78%29%2C_enters_Pearl_Harbor_for_a_port_visit_after_completing_exercises_in_the_Pacific_region.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US_Navy_040823-N-3019M-003_The_Australian_Collins-class_submarine%2C_HMAS_Rankin_%28SSK_78%29%2C_enters_Pearl_Harbor_for_a_port_visit_after_completing_exercises_in_the_Pacific_region.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Adelaide-built <a href="/wiki/Collins-class_submarine" title="Collins-class submarine">Collins-class</a> submarine <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Rankin" title="HMAS Rankin">HMAS Rankin</a> entering <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, August 2004</figcaption></figure> Adelaide is home to a large proportion of Australia's defence industries, which contribute over A$1 billion to South Australia's Gross State Product.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> The principal government military research institution, the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Science and Technology Organisation">Defence Science and Technology Organisation</a>, and other defence technology organisations such as <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Australia" title="BAE Systems Australia">BAE Systems Australia</a> and Lockheed Martin Australia, are north of Salisbury and west of Elizabeth in an area now called "Edinburgh Parks", adjacent to <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Edinburgh" title="RAAF Base Edinburgh">RAAF Base Edinburgh</a>. Others, such as Saab Systems and Raytheon, are in or near <a href="/wiki/Technology_Park,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology Park, Adelaide">Technology Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASC_Pty_Ltd" title="ASC Pty Ltd">ASC Pty Ltd</a>, is based in the industrial suburb of <a href="/wiki/Osborne,_South_Australia" title="Osborne, South Australia">Osborne</a> and is also a part of <a href="/wiki/Technology_Park,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology Park, Adelaide">Technology Park</a>. South Australia was charged with constructing Australia's <a href="/wiki/Collins-class_submarine" title="Collins-class submarine">Collins-class submarines</a> and more recently the A$6 billion contract to construct the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a>'s new <a href="/wiki/Hobart-class_destroyer" title="Hobart-class destroyer">air-warfare destroyers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_statistics">Employment statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Employment statistics">edit</a>]</div> As of November 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit">[update]</a>, Greater Adelaide had an unemployment rate of 7.4% with a youth unemployment rate of 15%.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 years and over was $447 per week in 2006, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income was $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationally.<a href="#cite_note-ABS-150">[146]</a> Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The three-month trend unemployment rate to March 2007 was 6.2%.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the other regions of Adelaide at 8.3%, while the East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_prices">House prices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: House prices">edit</a>]</div> Over the decade March 2001 – March 2010, Metropolitan Adelaide median house prices approximately tripled. (approx. 285% – approx. 11%p.a. compounding) In the five years March 2007 – March 2012, prices increased by approx. 27% – approx. 5%p.a. compounding. March 2012 – March 2017 saw a further increase of 19% – approx. 3.5%p.a. compounding.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[152]</a> In summary: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="right"> <th>March</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010 </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>Median</td> <td>$140,000</td> <td>$170,000</td> <td>$200,000</td> <td>$250,000</td> <td>$270,000</td> <td>$280,000</td> <td>$300,000</td> <td>$360,000</td> <td>$350,000</td> <td>$400,000 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>% change</td> <td></td> <td>21%</td> <td>18%</td> <td>25%</td> <td>8%</td> <td>4%</td> <td>7%</td> <td>20%</td> <td>−3%</td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <th>March</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012</th> <th>2013</th> <th>2014</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2017</th> <th>2018</th> <th>2019</th> <th>2020 </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>Median</td> <td>$400,000</td> <td>$380,000</td> <td>$393,000</td> <td>$413,000</td> <td>$425,000</td> <td>$436,000</td> <td>$452,000</td> <td>$470,000</td> <td>$478,500</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>% change</td> <td>0%</td> <td>−5%</td> <td>3%</td> <td>5%</td> <td>3%</td> <td>3%</td> <td>4%</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11">All numbers approximate and rounded. Since March 2012, the REISA<a href="#cite_note-RESIA-157">[153]</a> no longer release a median house price for the Adelaide Metropolitan area, so figures retrieved are from Dept of the Premier and Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[152]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Each quarter, The Alternative and Direct Investment Securities Association (ADISA) publishes a list of median house sale prices by suburb and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">Local Government Area</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] (Previously, this was done by REISA<a href="#cite_note-RESIA-157">[153]</a>) Due to the small sizes of many of Adelaide's suburbs, the low volumes of sales in these suburbs, and (over time) the huge variations in the numbers of sales in a suburb in a quarter, statistical analysis of "the most expensive suburb" is unreliable; the suburbs appearing in the "top 10 most expensive suburbs this quarter" list is constantly varying. Quarterly Reports for the last two years can be found on the REISA website.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_research">Education and research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education and research">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Australia#Education" title="South Australia">Education in South Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_(AU),_Barr_Smith_Library_--_2019_--_0677.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Adelaide_%28AU%29%2C_Barr_Smith_Library_--_2019_--_0677.jpg/220px-Adelaide_%28AU%29%2C_Barr_Smith_Library_--_2019_--_0677.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Adelaide_%28AU%29%2C_Barr_Smith_Library_--_2019_--_0677.jpg/330px-Adelaide_%28AU%29%2C_Barr_Smith_Library_--_2019_--_0677.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Adelaide_%28AU%29%2C_Barr_Smith_Library_--_2019_--_0677.jpg/440px-Adelaide_%28AU%29%2C_Barr_Smith_Library_--_2019_--_0677.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6642" data-file-height="4417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barr_Smith_Library" title="Barr Smith Library">Barr Smith Library</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a></figcaption></figure> Education forms an increasingly important part of the city's economy, with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">South Australian Government</a> and educational institutions attempting to position Adelaide as "Australia's education hub" and marketing it as a "Learning City".<a href="#cite_note-eduhub-159">[155]</a> The number of international students studying in Adelaide has increased rapidly in recent years to 30,726 in 2015, of which 1,824 were secondary school students.<a href="#cite_note-thecity-160">[156]</a> Adelaide is the birthplace of three Nobel laureates, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Nobel_laureates#Australian_laureates_by_birthplace" title="List of Australian Nobel laureates">more than any other Australian city</a>: physicist <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a> and pathologists <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a>, all of whom completed secondary and tertiary education at <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Adelaide" title="St Peter's College, Adelaide">St Peter's College</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>. Adelaide is also the hometown of mathematician <a href="/wiki/Terence_Tao" title="Terence Tao">Terence Tao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education">edit</a>]</div> There are two systems of primary and secondary schools, a public system operated by the South Australian Government's <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education_(South_Australia)" title="Department for Education (South Australia)">Department for Education</a>, and a private system of independent and Catholic schools.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_South_Australia" title="List of schools in South Australia">South Australian schools</a> provide education under the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum" title="Australian Curriculum">Australian Curriculum</a> for reception to Year 10 students. In Years 10 to 12, students study for the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Certificate_of_Education" title="South Australian Certificate of Education">South Australian Certificate of Education</a> (SACE). They have the option of incorporating <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education and training</a> (VET) courses or a flexible learning option (FLO).<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> South Australia also has 24 schools that use <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> programs as an alternative to the Australian Curriculum or SACE. These programs include the <a href="/wiki/IB_Primary_Years_Programme" title="IB Primary Years Programme">IB Primary Years Programme</a>, the <a href="/wiki/IB_Middle_Years_Programme" title="IB Middle Years Programme">IB Middle Years Programme</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme" title="IB Diploma Programme">IB Diploma Programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> For South Australian students who cannot attend a traditional school, including students who live in rural or remote areas, the state government runs the Open Access College (OAC), which provides virtual teaching. The OAC has a campus in <a href="/wiki/Marden,_South_Australia" title="Marden, South Australia">Marden</a> which caters to students from reception to Year 12 and adults who haven't been able to complete their SACE.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Guardians are also able to apply for their child to be educated from home as long as they provide an education program which meets the same requirements as the Australian Curriculum as well as opportunities for social interaction.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tertiary education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torrens_Building,_Wakefield_St,_Adelaide.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Torrens_Building%2C_Wakefield_St%2C_Adelaide.JPG/220px-Torrens_Building%2C_Wakefield_St%2C_Adelaide.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Torrens_Building%2C_Wakefield_St%2C_Adelaide.JPG/330px-Torrens_Building%2C_Wakefield_St%2C_Adelaide.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Torrens_Building%2C_Wakefield_St%2C_Adelaide.JPG/440px-Torrens_Building%2C_Wakefield_St%2C_Adelaide.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Historic Torrens Building in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Adelaide" title="Victoria Square, Adelaide">Victoria Square</a> houses campuses of several international universities operating in South Australia</figcaption></figure> There are three public universities local to Adelaide, as well as one private university and three constituent colleges of foreign universities. <a href="/wiki/Flinders_University_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flinders University of South Australia">Flinders University of South Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">University of South Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torrens_University_Australia" title="Torrens University Australia">Torrens University Australia</a>—part of the <a href="/wiki/Laureate_International_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Laureate International Universities">Laureate International Universities</a> are based in Adelaide. The University of Adelaide was ranked in the top 150 universities worldwide. Flinders ranked in the top 250 and Uni SA in the top 300. Torrens University Australia is part of an international network of over 70 higher education institutions in more than 30 countries worldwide. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>, with 25,000 students,<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> is Australia's third-oldest university and a member of the leading "<a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight_(Australian_universities)" title="Group of Eight (Australian universities)">Group of Eight</a>". It has five campuses throughout the state, including two in the city-centre, and a campus in Singapore. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">University of South Australia</a>, with 37,000 students,<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> has two North Terrace campuses, three other campuses in the metropolitan area and campuses in the regional cities of <a href="/wiki/Whyalla" title="Whyalla">Whyalla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gambier" title="Mount Gambier">Mount Gambier</a>. The University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia have had multiple proposals to merge into a single university. A proposal in 2018 failed due to uncertainty as to the new name and leadership of the merged university.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> In 2022, the universities announced a new merger proposal, with the name and leadership issues settled and support from the South Australian government.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flinders_University" title="Flinders University">Flinders University</a>, with 25,184 students,<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> is based in the southern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Park,_South_Australia" title="Bedford Park, South Australia">Bedford Park</a>, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Medical_Centre" title="Flinders Medical Centre">Flinders Medical Centre</a>, with additional campuses in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Tonsley" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonsley">Tonsley</a> and in Victoria Square in the city centre. In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Sunshine_Coast" title="University of the Sunshine Coast">University of the Sunshine Coast</a> opened a new campus in Adelaide where undergraduate and master's courses in <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICT</a> and business are offered.<a href="#cite_note-p920-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-d156-174">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_College_of_Divinity" title="Adelaide College of Divinity">Adelaide College of Divinity</a> is at <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Park,_South_Australia" title="Brooklyn Park, South Australia">Brooklyn Park</a>. There are several South Australian <a href="/wiki/TAFE_South_Australia" title="TAFE South Australia">TAFE</a> (Technical and Further Education) campuses in the metropolitan area that provide a range of vocational education and training. The <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_College_of_the_Arts" title="Adelaide College of the Arts">Adelaide College of the Arts</a>, as a school of TAFE SA, provides nationally recognised training in visual and performing arts. The list of universities and higher education institutions in Adelaide is available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studyadelaide.com/study/institutions">this webpage</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonython_Hall,_Adelaide_by_Paul_Weston_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bonython_Hall%2C_Adelaide_by_Paul_Weston_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bonython_Hall%2C_Adelaide_by_Paul_Weston_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bonython_Hall%2C_Adelaide_by_Paul_Weston_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bonython_Hall%2C_Adelaide_by_Paul_Weston_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bonython_Hall%2C_Adelaide_by_Paul_Weston_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bonython_Hall%2C_Adelaide_by_Paul_Weston_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4094" data-file-height="2559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">Bonython Hall, University of Adelaide</a></figcaption></figure> In addition to the universities, Adelaide is home to research institutes, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Australia" title="Royal Institution of Australia">Royal Institution of Australia</a>, established in 2009 as a counterpart to the two-hundred-year-old <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> of Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> Many of the organisations involved in research tend to be geographically clustered throughout the Adelaide metropolitan area: <ul><li>The east end of <a href="/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide" title="North Terrace, Adelaide">North Terrace</a>: <a href="/wiki/SA_Pathology" title="SA Pathology">SA Pathology</a>;<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanson_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanson Institute">Hanson Institute</a>;<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Wine_Centre_of_Australia" title="National Wine Centre of Australia">National Wine Centre</a>.</li> <li>The west end of North Terrace: <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Health_and_Medical_Research_Institute" title="South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute">South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute</a> (SAHMRI), located next to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Hospital" title="Royal Adelaide Hospital">Royal Adelaide Hospital</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Waite_Research_Precinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Waite Research Precinct">Waite Research Precinct</a>: <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Research_and_Development_Institute" title="South Australian Research and Development Institute">SARDI</a> Head Office and Plant Research Centre; <a href="/wiki/Australian_Wine_Research_Institute" title="Australian Wine Research Institute">AWRI</a>;<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Centre_for_Plant_Functional_Genomics" title="Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics">ACPFG</a>;<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> research laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-CSIROWaite-180">[176]</a> SARDI also has establishments at <a href="/wiki/Glenside,_South_Australia" title="Glenside, South Australia">Glenside</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Beach,_South_Australia" title="West Beach, South Australia">West Beach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh,_South_Australia" title="Edinburgh, South Australia">Edinburgh, South Australia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Science and Technology Organisation">DSTO</a>; <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> (Australia); <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> Australia Electronic Systems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_Park_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology Park Adelaide">Technology Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mawson_Lakes,_South_Australia" title="Mawson Lakes, South Australia">Mawson Lakes</a>): BAE Systems; <a href="/wiki/Optus" title="Optus">Optus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Topcon" title="Topcon">Topcon</a>; Lockheed Martin Australia Electronic Systems.</li> <li>Research Park at <a href="/wiki/Thebarton,_South_Australia" title="Thebarton, South Australia">Thebarton</a>: businesses involved in materials engineering, biotechnology, environmental services, information technology, industrial design, laser/optics technology, health products, engineering services, radar systems, telecommunications and petroleum services.</li> <li>Science Park (adjacent to Flinders University): Playford Capital.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hetzel" title="Basil Hetzel">Basil Hetzel</a> Institute for Translational Health Research<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woodville,_South_Australia" title="Woodville, South Australia">Woodville</a> the research arm of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide">Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/The_Joanna_Briggs_Institute" title="The Joanna Briggs Institute">Joanna Briggs Institute</a>, a global research collaboration for evidence-based healthcare with its headquarters in North Adelaide.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:OIC_adelaide_north_terrace_bldg_nr_east_end.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mitchell Building, University of Adelaide"><img alt="Mitchell Building, University of Adelaide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/OIC_adelaide_north_terrace_bldg_nr_east_end.jpg/250px-OIC_adelaide_north_terrace_bldg_nr_east_end.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/OIC_adelaide_north_terrace_bldg_nr_east_end.jpg/500px-OIC_adelaide_north_terrace_bldg_nr_east_end.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mitchell Building, University of Adelaide</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawke_Building,_UniSA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hawke Building, part of UniSA's City West Campus"><img alt="The Hawke Building, part of UniSA's City West Campus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hawke_Building%2C_UniSA.jpg/133px-Hawke_Building%2C_UniSA.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hawke_Building%2C_UniSA.jpg/200px-Hawke_Building%2C_UniSA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hawke_Building%2C_UniSA.jpg/267px-Hawke_Building%2C_UniSA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="2912" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> The Hawke Building, part of <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">UniSA</a>'s City West Campus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flinders_from_hill_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flinders University buildings from the campus hills"><img alt="Flinders University buildings from the campus hills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flinders_from_hill_3.jpg/240px-Flinders_from_hill_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flinders_from_hill_3.jpg/359px-Flinders_from_hill_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flinders_from_hill_3.jpg/479px-Flinders_from_hill_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Flinders_University" title="Flinders University">Flinders University</a> buildings from the campus hills</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Torrens_Building,_Victoria_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Torrens University"><img alt="Torrens University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Torrens_Building%2C_Victoria_Square.jpg/250px-Torrens_Building%2C_Victoria_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Torrens_Building%2C_Victoria_Square.jpg/330px-Torrens_Building%2C_Victoria_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Torrens University</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SAHMRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)"><img alt="South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SAHMRI.jpg/270px-SAHMRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SAHMRI.jpg/405px-SAHMRI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SAHMRI.jpg/540px-SAHMRI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_life">Cultural life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cultural life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia,_North_Terrace,_Adelaide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia%2C_North_Terrace%2C_Adelaide.jpg/220px-Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia%2C_North_Terrace%2C_Adelaide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia%2C_North_Terrace%2C_Adelaide.jpg/330px-Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia%2C_North_Terrace%2C_Adelaide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia%2C_North_Terrace%2C_Adelaide.jpg/440px-Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia%2C_North_Terrace%2C_Adelaide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia" title="Art Gallery of South Australia">Art Gallery of South Australia</a> on North Terrace</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Australia#Cultural_life" title="South Australia">South Australia § Cultural life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Premier_and_Cabinet_(South_Australia)#Arts_and_culture" title="Department of the Premier and Cabinet (South Australia)">Department of the Premier and Cabinet (South Australia) § Arts and culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Australia#South_Australia" title="List of festivals in Australia">List of festivals in Australia § South Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACC_-_NYE_low_res-69.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ACC_-_NYE_low_res-69.jpg/220px-ACC_-_NYE_low_res-69.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ACC_-_NYE_low_res-69.jpg/330px-ACC_-_NYE_low_res-69.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ACC_-_NYE_low_res-69.jpg/440px-ACC_-_NYE_low_res-69.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5739" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption>New Year's Eve celebrations in <a href="/wiki/Elder_Park" title="Elder Park">Elder Park</a> on the River Torrens (mid right), Adelaide Oval (further, left) and Adelaide Festival Centre (near right) are also in view.</figcaption></figure> While established as a <a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_South_Australia" title="British colonisation of South Australia">British province</a>, and very much English in terms of its culture, Adelaide attracted immigrants from other parts of Europe early on, including German and other European non-conformists escaping religious persecution. The first <a href="/wiki/German_Australians#Old_Lutherans" title="German Australians">German Lutherans arrived in 1838</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> bringing with them the <a href="/wiki/Vine_cuttings" class="mw-redirect" title="Vine cuttings">vine cuttings</a> that they used to found the acclaimed wineries of the <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley" title="Barossa Valley">Barossa Valley</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Show" title="Royal Adelaide Show">Royal Adelaide Show</a> is an annual <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_show" title="Agricultural show">agricultural show</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_fair" title="State fair">state fair</a>, established in 1839 and now a huge event held in the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Showground" title="Adelaide Showground">Adelaide Showground</a> annually. Adelaide's arts scene flourished in the 1960s and 1970s with the support of successive premiers from both major political parties. The renowned <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide Festival of Arts">Adelaide Festival of Arts</a> was established in 1960 under Thomas Playford, which in the same year spawned an unofficial uncurated series of performances and exhibits which grew into the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Fringe" title="Adelaide Fringe">Adelaide Fringe</a>. Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_Centre" title="Adelaide Festival Centre">Adelaide Festival Centre</a> began under Steele Hall in 1970 and was completed under the subsequent government of <a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a>, who also established the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Film_Corporation" title="South Australian Film Corporation">South Australian Film Corporation</a> in 1972 and the <a href="/wiki/State_Opera_of_South_Australia" title="State Opera of South Australia">State Opera of South Australia</a> in 1976. Over time, the Adelaide Festival expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Writers%27_Week" title="Adelaide Writers' Week">Adelaide Writers' Week</a> and <a href="/wiki/WOMADelaide" title="WOMADelaide">WOMADelaide</a>, and other separate festivals were established, such as the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Cabaret_Festival" title="Adelaide Cabaret Festival">Adelaide Cabaret Festival</a> (2002), the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_of_Ideas" title="Adelaide Festival of Ideas">Adelaide Festival of Ideas</a> (1999), the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Film_Festival" title="Adelaide Film Festival">Adelaide Film Festival</a> (2013), <a href="/wiki/Feast_Festival" title="Feast Festival">FEAST</a> (1999, a <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">queer culture</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tasting_Australia" title="Tasting Australia">Tasting Australia</a> (1997, a food and wine affair), and <a href="/wiki/Illuminate_Adelaide" title="Illuminate Adelaide">Illuminate Adelaide</a> (2021). With the Festival, the Fringe, WOMADelaide, Writers' Week and the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_500" title="Adelaide 500">Adelaide 500</a> street motor racing event (along with evening music concerts) all happening in early March, the period became known colloquially as "Mad March". In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Language_Festival" title="Adelaide Language Festival">Adelaide Language Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> There are many international cultural fairs, most notably the German <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCtzenfest_(Adelaide)" title="Schützenfest (Adelaide)">Schützenfest</a> and Greek <a href="/wiki/Glendi" title="Glendi">Glendi</a>. Adelaide holds an annual <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Christmas_Pageant" title="Adelaide Christmas Pageant">Christmas pageant</a>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Christmas parade</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_House,_Adelaide_Botanic_Gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Palm_House%2C_Adelaide_Botanic_Gardens.jpg/220px-Palm_House%2C_Adelaide_Botanic_Gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Palm_House%2C_Adelaide_Botanic_Gardens.jpg/330px-Palm_House%2C_Adelaide_Botanic_Gardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Palm_House%2C_Adelaide_Botanic_Gardens.jpg/440px-Palm_House%2C_Adelaide_Botanic_Gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3167" data-file-height="2415" /></a><figcaption>Palm House at the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Botanic_Garden" title="Adelaide Botanic Garden">Adelaide Botanic Garden</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Terrace_institutions">North Terrace institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: North Terrace institutions">edit</a>]</div> As the state capital, Adelaide has a great number of cultural institutions, many of them along the boulevard of <a href="/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide" title="North Terrace, Adelaide">North Terrace</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia" title="Art Gallery of South Australia">Art Gallery of South Australia</a>, with about 35,000 works, holds Australia's second largest state-based collection. Adjacent are the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Museum" title="South Australian Museum">South Australian Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_South_Australia" title="State Library of South Australia">State Library of South Australia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Botanic_Garden" title="Adelaide Botanic Garden">Adelaide Botanic Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Wine_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="National Wine Centre">National Wine Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tandanya_National_Aboriginal_Cultural_Institute" title="Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute">Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute</a> are nearby in the <a href="/wiki/East_End,_Adelaide" title="East End, Adelaide">East End</a> of the city. In the back of the State Library lies the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Museum,_Adelaide" title="Migration Museum, Adelaide">Migration Museum</a>, Australia's oldest museum of its kind. Further west, the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Arts_Centre" title="Lion Arts Centre">Lion Arts Centre</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/ACE_Open" title="ACE Open">ACE Open</a>, which showcases contemporary art; <a href="/wiki/Dance_Hub_SA" title="Dance Hub SA">Dance Hub SA</a>; and other studios and arts industry spaces. The <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury Cinema">Mercury Cinema</a> and the <a href="/wiki/JamFactory" title="JamFactory">JamFactory</a> ceramics and design gallery are just around the corner. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts_venues">Performing arts venues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Performing arts venues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide,_Australia_(February_2017)_(33505366456).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Adelaide%2C_Australia_%28February_2017%29_%2833505366456%29.jpg/220px-Adelaide%2C_Australia_%28February_2017%29_%2833505366456%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Adelaide%2C_Australia_%28February_2017%29_%2833505366456%29.jpg/330px-Adelaide%2C_Australia_%28February_2017%29_%2833505366456%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Adelaide%2C_Australia_%28February_2017%29_%2833505366456%29.jpg/440px-Adelaide%2C_Australia_%28February_2017%29_%2833505366456%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Town_Hall" title="Adelaide Town Hall">Adelaide Town Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Orb,_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Orb%2C_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg/220px-The_Orb%2C_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Orb%2C_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg/330px-The_Orb%2C_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Orb%2C_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg/440px-The_Orb%2C_Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre" title="Adelaide Entertainment Centre">Adelaide Entertainment Centre</a>, the largest indoor sports and entertainment venue in Adelaide</figcaption></figure> The Adelaide Festival Centre (which includes the Dunstan Playhouse, Festival Theatre and Space Theatre), on the banks of the Torrens, is the focal point for much of the cultural activity in the city and home to the <a href="/wiki/State_Theatre_Company_of_South_Australia" title="State Theatre Company of South Australia">State Theatre Company of South Australia</a>. Other live music and theatre venues include the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre" title="Adelaide Entertainment Centre">Adelaide Entertainment Centre</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Oval" title="Adelaide Oval">Adelaide Oval</a>; <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Drive_Park" title="Memorial Drive Park">Memorial Drive Park</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thebarton_Theatre" title="Thebarton Theatre">Thebarton Theatre</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Town_Hall" title="Adelaide Town Hall">Adelaide Town Hall</a>; <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_Adelaide" title="Her Majesty's Theatre, Adelaide">Her Majesty's Theatre</a>; <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Theatre,_Adelaide" title="Queen's Theatre, Adelaide">Queen's Theatre</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holden_Theatres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holden Theatres (page does not exist)">Holden Theatres</a>; and the Hopgood Theatre. The <a href="/wiki/Lion_Arts_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion Arts Factory">Lion Arts Factory</a>, within the Lion Arts Centre, hosts contemporary music in a wide range of genres, as does "<a href="/wiki/The_Gov" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gov">The Gov</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh,_South_Australia" title="Hindmarsh, South Australia">Hindmarsh</a>. The city also has numerous smaller theatres, pubs and cabaret bars which host performances. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thebarton_Theatre_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thebarton_Theatre_2021.jpg/220px-Thebarton_Theatre_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thebarton_Theatre_2021.jpg/330px-Thebarton_Theatre_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thebarton_Theatre_2021.jpg/440px-Thebarton_Theatre_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1972" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thebarton_Theatre" title="Thebarton Theatre">Thebarton Theatre</a>, colloquially known as the "Thebby", is one of South Australia's most popular live music venues.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Adelaide" title="Music of Adelaide">Music of Adelaide</a></div> In 2015, it was said that there were now more live music venues per capita in Adelaide than any other capital city in the southern hemisphere,<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> labelled Adelaide "Australia's live music city",<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> and the city was recognised as a "<a href="/wiki/City_of_Music_(UNESCO)" title="City of Music (UNESCO)">City of Music</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Creative_Cities_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Creative Cities Network">UNESCO Creative Cities Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> Although there were many pubs hosting live music in the CBD in past, the number has slowly diminished. The <a href="/wiki/Grace_Emily" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace Emily">Grace Emily</a> on <a href="/wiki/Waymouth_Street" title="Waymouth Street">Waymouth Street</a>, which was refurbished as a live music venue around 2000, is popular with musicians and patrons alike.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Crown_%26_Anchor,_Adelaide" title="Crown & Anchor, Adelaide">Crown & Anchor</a> ("the Cranker") was saved from demolition in 2024 after a vigorous campaign by the public as well as many musicians and politicians. New legislation passed on 11 September 2024 designates the entire Adelaide CBD as a "live music venue area", and gives protection to selected live music venues.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> In addition to its own <a href="/wiki/WOMAD" class="mw-redirect" title="WOMAD">WOMAD</a> (<a href="/wiki/WOMADelaide" title="WOMADelaide">WOMADelaide</a>), Adelaide has attracted several touring music festivals, including <a href="/wiki/Creamfields_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Creamfields Australia">Creamfields</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Jerome%27s_Laneway_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="St Jerome's Laneway Festival">Laneway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Groovin%27_the_Moo" title="Groovin' the Moo">Groovin'</a> (some since defunct). Adelaide has produced musical groups and individuals who have achieved national and international fame. These include the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Adelaide Symphony Orchestra">Adelaide Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Youth_Orchestra" title="Adelaide Youth Orchestra">Adelaide Youth Orchestra</a>, rock bands <a href="/wiki/The_Angels_(Australian_band)" title="The Angels (Australian band)">The Angels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Genius" title="Atlas Genius">Atlas Genius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_Chisel" title="Cold Chisel">Cold Chisel</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Superjesus" title="The Superjesus">The Superjesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf_%26_Cub" title="Wolf & Cub">Wolf & Cub</a>, roots/blues group <a href="/wiki/The_Audreys" title="The Audreys">The Audreys</a>, internationally acclaimed metal acts <a href="/wiki/I_Killed_The_Prom_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="I Killed The Prom Queen">I Killed The Prom Queen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Double_Dragon_(band)" title="Double Dragon (band)">Double Dragon</a>, popular Australian hip-hop outfit <a href="/wiki/Hilltop_Hoods" title="Hilltop Hoods">Hilltop Hoods</a>, as well as pop acts like <a href="/wiki/Sia" title="Sia">Sia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orianthi" title="Orianthi">Orianthi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Sebastian" title="Guy Sebastian">Guy Sebastian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wes_Carr" title="Wes Carr">Wes Carr</a>, and the internationally successful tribute act, The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Pink_Floyd_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Pink Floyd Show">Australian Pink Floyd Show</a>. Noted rocker <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Barnes" title="Jimmy Barnes">Jimmy Barnes</a> (formerly lead vocalist with Cold Chisel) spent most of his youth in the northern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_South_Australia" title="Elizabeth, South Australia">Elizabeth</a>. Australian singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kelly_(Australian_musician)" title="Paul Kelly (Australian musician)">Paul Kelly</a> grew up in Adelaide and was head prefect at <a href="/wiki/Rostrevor_College" title="Rostrevor College">Rostrevor College</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Australian_Idol" title="Australian Idol">Australian Idol</a> winner, Guy Sebastian, hails from the north-eastern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Grove,_South_Australia" title="Golden Grove, South Australia">Golden Grove</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> Adelaide is served by numerous digital <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> television channels:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/ABS_(TV_station)" title="ABS (TV station)">ABC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_HD_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC HD (Australia)">ABC HD</a> (ABC broadcast in <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_TV_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC TV Plus">ABC TV Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_Me" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Me">ABC Me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC News (TV channel)">ABC News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="SBS (Australian TV channel)">SBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS HD">SBS HD</a> (SBS broadcast in <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_World_Movies" title="SBS World Movies">SBS World Movies</a> HD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_Viceland_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS Viceland HD">SBS Viceland HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_Food" title="SBS Food">SBS Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Television" title="National Indigenous Television">NITV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_WorldWatch" title="SBS WorldWatch">SBS WorldWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_(TV_station)" title="SAS (TV station)">Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7HD" class="mw-redirect" title="7HD">7HD</a> (Seven broadcast in HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Two" class="mw-redirect" title="7Two">7Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7mate" title="7mate">7mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Bravo" title="7Bravo">7Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7flix" title="7flix">7flix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing.com" title="Racing.com">Racing.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NWS_(TV_station)" title="NWS (TV station)">Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9HD" class="mw-redirect" title="9HD">9HD</a> (Nine broadcast in HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9Gem" title="9Gem">9Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9Go!" title="9Go!">9Go!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9Life" title="9Life">9Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9Gem_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="9Gem HD">9Gem HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9Rush" title="9Rush">9Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="Extra (Australian TV channel)">Extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADS_(TV_station)" title="ADS (TV station)">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="10 HD">10 HD</a> (10 broadcast in HD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Bold" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Bold">10 Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Peach" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Peach">10 Peach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Shake" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Shake">10 Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVSN" title="TVSN">TVSN</a></li> <li>Gecko TV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_44_(Adelaide)" title="Channel 44 (Adelaide)">C44 Adelaide</a> (Adelaide's community TV station)</li></ol> </div> All of the five Australian national television networks broadcast both <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition digital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">standard-definition digital television</a> services in Adelaide. They share three transmission towers on the ridge near the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lofty" title="Mount Lofty">Mount Lofty</a>. There are two other transmission sites at 25 <a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Street" title="Grenfell Street">Grenfell Street</a>, Adelaide and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Downs,_South_Australia" title="Elizabeth Downs, South Australia">Elizabeth Downs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> The two government-funded stations are run by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ABS_(TV_station)" title="ABS (TV station)">ABC South Australia</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a> (SBS). The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Ten">Network Ten</a> both own their Adelaide stations (<a href="/wiki/SAS-7" class="mw-redirect" title="SAS-7">SAS-7</a> and <a href="/wiki/ADS-10" class="mw-redirect" title="ADS-10">ADS-10</a> respectively). Adelaide's <a href="/wiki/NWS-9" class="mw-redirect" title="NWS-9">NWS-9</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a>. Adelaide also has a <a href="/wiki/Community_television_in_Australia" title="Community television in Australia">community television</a> station, <a href="/wiki/Channel_44_(Adelaide)" title="Channel 44 (Adelaide)">Channel 44</a>. As part of a nationwide phase-out of <a href="/wiki/Analogue_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogue television">analogue television</a> in Australia, Adelaide's analogue television service was shut down on 2 April 2013.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a> <a href="/wiki/Pay_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay TV">pay TV</a> service is also available via cable or satellite to the entire metropolitan area. All the major broadcasting networks also operate online on-demand television services, alongside internet-only services such as <a href="/wiki/Stan_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stan (company)">Stan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fetch_TV" title="Fetch TV">Fetch TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, YouTube, <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kayo_Sports" title="Kayo Sports">Kayo Sports</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia#Adelaide" title="List of radio stations in Australia">List of radio stations in Australia § Adelaide</a>.</div> There are 20 radio stations that serve the metropolitan area, as well as four stations that serve only parts of the metropolitan area; six commercial stations, six community stations, six national stations and two narrowcast stations.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/DAB%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="DAB+">DAB+</a> digital radio has been broadcasting in metropolitan Adelaide since 20 May 2009, and currently offers a choice of 41 stations all operated by the existing licensed radio broadcasters, which includes high-quality <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a> of all AM and FM stations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Australia" title="Sport in South Australia">Sport in South Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_Oval_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Adelaide_Oval_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Adelaide_Oval_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Adelaide_Oval_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Adelaide_Oval_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Adelaide_Oval_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Adelaide_Oval_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Oval" title="Adelaide Oval">Adelaide Oval</a> is the home of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Rules_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Rules football">Australian Rules football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> in South Australia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_United_FC_vs._Sydney_FC_at_Hindmarsh_Stadium_-_April_2023.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Adelaide_United_FC_vs._Sydney_FC_at_Hindmarsh_Stadium_-_April_2023.JPG/220px-Adelaide_United_FC_vs._Sydney_FC_at_Hindmarsh_Stadium_-_April_2023.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Adelaide_United_FC_vs._Sydney_FC_at_Hindmarsh_Stadium_-_April_2023.JPG/330px-Adelaide_United_FC_vs._Sydney_FC_at_Hindmarsh_Stadium_-_April_2023.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Adelaide_United_FC_vs._Sydney_FC_at_Hindmarsh_Stadium_-_April_2023.JPG/440px-Adelaide_United_FC_vs._Sydney_FC_at_Hindmarsh_Stadium_-_April_2023.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Stadium" title="Hindmarsh Stadium">Coopers Stadium</a> hosts <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide United">Adelaide United</a>.</figcaption></figure> The main sports played professionally in Adelaide are <a href="/wiki/Australian_Rules_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Rules football">Australian Rules football</a>, soccer, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, and basketball. Adelaide is the home of two <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> teams: the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club" title="Adelaide Football Club">Adelaide Football Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club" title="Port Adelaide Football Club">Port Adelaide Football Club</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/A-League" class="mw-redirect" title="A-League">A-League</a> soccer team, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide United">Adelaide United</a>. A local <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> league, the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League" title="South Australian National Football League">South Australian National Football League</a> (SANFL), is made up of 10 teams from around Adelaide. The SANFL has been in operation since 1877 when it began as the South Australian Football Association (SAFA) before changing its name to the SANFL in 1927. The <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League" title="South Australian National Football League">SANFL</a> is the oldest surviving football league of any code played in Australia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Adelaide has developed a strong culture of attracting crowds to major sporting events.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> Until the completion of the 2012–14 renovation and upgrade of the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Oval" title="Adelaide Oval">Adelaide Oval</a>, most large sporting events took place at either <a href="/wiki/Football_Park" title="Football Park">Football Park</a> (the then home base of the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Crows" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide Crows">Adelaide Crows</a>, and the then <a href="/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club" title="Port Adelaide Football Club">Port Adelaide</a> home game venue), or the historic <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Oval" title="Adelaide Oval">Adelaide Oval</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_cricket_team" title="South Australia cricket team">South Australia Redbacks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Strikers" title="Adelaide Strikers">Adelaide Strikers</a> cricket teams. Since completion of the upgrade, home games for Adelaide Crows and Port Adelaide now take place at Adelaide Oval. Since 1884, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Oval" title="Adelaide Oval">Adelaide Oval</a> has also hosted an international cricket test every summer, along with a number of <a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One Day International</a> cricket matches. <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Drive_Park" title="Memorial Drive Park">Memorial Drive Park</a>, adjacent to the Adelaide Oval, used to host Davis Cup and other major tennis events, including the Australian Open and the Adelaide International. Adelaide's professional association football team, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC" title="Adelaide United FC">Adelaide United</a>, play in the <a href="/wiki/A-League_Men" title="A-League Men">A-League</a>. Founded in 2003, their home ground is <a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Stadium" title="Hindmarsh Stadium">Coopers Stadium</a>, which has a capacity of 16,500 and is one of the few <a href="/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium" title="Soccer-specific stadium">purpose-built soccer stadia</a> in Australia. Prior to United's foundation, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_City_FC" title="Adelaide City FC">Adelaide City</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Adelaide_SC" title="West Adelaide SC">West Adelaide</a> represented the city in the <a href="/wiki/National_Soccer_League" title="National Soccer League">National Soccer League</a>. The two sides, which contest the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_derby" title="Adelaide derby">Adelaide derby</a> against one another, now play in the <a href="/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_South_Australia" title="National Premier Leagues South Australia">National Premier Leagues South Australia</a>. For two years, 1997 and 1998, Adelaide was represented in Australia's top level <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rugby_League" title="New South Wales Rugby League">New South Wales Rugby League</a> had played a single game per season at the Adelaide Oval for five years starting in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Rams" title="Adelaide Rams">Adelaide Rams</a> were formed and played in the breakaway <a href="/wiki/Super_League_(Australia)" title="Super League (Australia)">Super League</a> (SL) competition in <a href="/wiki/1997_Super_League_(Australia)_season" title="1997 Super League (Australia) season">1997</a> before moving to the new <a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a> in <a href="/wiki/1998_NRL_season" title="1998 NRL season">1998</a>. Initially playing at the Adelaide Oval, the club moved to the more suitable Hindmarsh Stadium late in the 1998 season. As part of a peace deal with the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Rugby League">Australian Rugby League</a> to end the <a href="/wiki/Super_League_war" title="Super League war">Super League war</a>, the club's owners <a href="/wiki/News_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="News Limited">News Limited</a> (who were also owners of the SL) suddenly closed the club only weeks before the start of the <a href="/wiki/1999_NRL_season" title="1999 NRL season">1999 season</a>. Adelaide has two professional basketball teams, the men's team being the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_36ers" title="Adelaide 36ers">Adelaide 36ers</a> which plays in the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australasia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Basketball League (Australasia)">National Basketball League</a> (NBL) and the women's team, the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Lightning" title="Adelaide Lightning">Adelaide Lightning</a> which plays in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_League" title="Women's National Basketball League">Women's National Basketball League</a> (WNBL). The Adelaide 36ers play at the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre" title="Adelaide Entertainment Centre">Adelaide Entertainment Centre</a> while the Adelaide Lightning play at the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Arena" title="Adelaide Arena">Adelaide Arena</a> (Previously Titanium Security Arena). Adelaide has a professional <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a> team, the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Thunderbirds" title="Adelaide Thunderbirds">Adelaide Thunderbirds</a>, which plays in the national netball competition, the <a href="/wiki/Suncorp_Super_Netball" title="Suncorp Super Netball">Suncorp Super Netball</a> championship, with home games played at <a href="/wiki/Netball_SA_Stadium" title="Netball SA Stadium">Netball SA Stadium</a>. The Thunderbirds occasionally play games or finals at the Titanium Security Arena, while international netball matches are usually played at the 10,500 seat Adelaide Entertainment Centre. The Titanium Security Arena has a capacity of 8,000 and is the largest purpose-built basketball stadium in Australia. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourdownunder2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tourdownunder2.jpg/250px-Tourdownunder2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tourdownunder2.jpg/330px-Tourdownunder2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tourdownunder2.jpg/500px-Tourdownunder2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tour_Down_Under" title="Tour Down Under">Tour Down Under</a> is the first event of the <a href="/wiki/UCI_World_Tour" title="UCI World Tour">UCI World Tour</a> calendar.</figcaption></figure> Since 1999 Adelaide and its surrounding areas have hosted the <a href="/wiki/Tour_Down_Under" title="Tour Down Under">Tour Down Under</a> <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle racing">bicycle race</a>, organised and directed by Adelaide-based <a href="/wiki/Michael_Turtur" title="Michael Turtur">Michael Turtur</a>. Turtur won an <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Olympic</a> gold medal for Australia in the <a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_pursuit" title="Cycling at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's team pursuit">4000 m team pursuit</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympics</a>. The Tour Down Under is the largest cycling event outside Europe and was the first event outside Europe to be granted <a href="/wiki/UCI_ProTour" title="UCI ProTour">UCI ProTour</a> status. The <a href="/wiki/2024_Women%27s_Tour_Down_Under" title="2024 Women's Tour Down Under">2024 Women's Tour Down Under</a> cycle stage race was held in and around Adelaide, South Australia from 12 to 14 January 2024 Adelaide maintains a franchise in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League" title="Australian Baseball League">Australian Baseball League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Giants" title="Adelaide Giants">Adelaide Giants</a>. They have been playing since 2009, and their home stadium (until 2016) was <a href="/wiki/Norwood_Oval" title="Norwood Oval">Norwood Oval</a>. From 2016 the team moved to the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sports_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Sports Stadium">Diamond Sports Stadium</a> located near the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide International Airport">Adelaide International Airport</a> due to renovations at Norwood.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> Adelaide also has an ice hockey team, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Adrenaline" title="Adelaide Adrenaline">Adelaide Adrenaline</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Ice_Hockey_League" title="Australian Ice Hockey League">Australian Ice Hockey League</a> (AIHL). It was national champions in 2009 and plays its games at the <a href="/wiki/Ice_Arena_(Adelaide)" title="Ice Arena (Adelaide)">IceArenA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_Street_Circuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Adelaide_Street_Circuit.jpg/220px-Adelaide_Street_Circuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Adelaide_Street_Circuit.jpg/330px-Adelaide_Street_Circuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Adelaide_Street_Circuit.jpg/440px-Adelaide_Street_Circuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>The Adelaide Street Circuit as seen from a helicopter in November 2024. The Adelaide Oval can also be seen on the right.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Grand_Prix" title="Australian Grand Prix">Australian Grand Prix</a> for World Championship <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> racing was hosted by Adelaide from <a href="/wiki/1985_Australian_Grand_Prix" title="1985 Australian Grand Prix">1985</a> to <a href="/wiki/1995_Australian_Grand_Prix" title="1995 Australian Grand Prix">1995</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Street_Circuit" title="Adelaide Street Circuit">Adelaide Street Circuit</a> which was laid out in the city's East End as well as the eastern parklands including the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Adelaide" title="Victoria Park, Adelaide">Victoria Park Racecourse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-f1-move-201">[197]</a> The Grand Prix became a source of pride, and losing the event to Melbourne in a surprise announcement in mid-1993 left a void that has since been filled with the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_500" title="Adelaide 500">Adelaide 500</a> for <a href="/wiki/Supercars_Championship" title="Supercars Championship">V8 Supercar</a> racing, held on a modified version of the same street circuit. The Classic Adelaide, a <a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">rally</a> of classic sporting vehicles, is also held in the city and its surrounds. Adelaide formerly had three horse racing venues. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Adelaide" title="Victoria Park, Adelaide">Victoria Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Park_Racecourse" title="Cheltenham Park Racecourse">Cheltenham Park Racecourse</a>, both of which have now closed, and <a href="/wiki/Morphettville_Racecourse" title="Morphettville Racecourse">Morphettville Racecourse</a> that remains the home of the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Jockey_Club" title="South Australian Jockey Club">South Australian Jockey Club</a>. It also has <a href="/wiki/Globe_Derby_Park_(harness_racing)" title="Globe Derby Park (harness racing)">Globe Derby Park</a> for <a href="/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">Harness racing</a> that opened in 1969, and by 1973 had become Adelaide's premier harness racing venue taking over from the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Showgrounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide Showgrounds">Wayville Showgrounds</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Park" title="Greyhound Park">Greyhound Park</a> for <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound racing</a> that opened in 1972. The <a href="/wiki/World_Solar_Challenge" title="World Solar Challenge">World Solar Challenge</a> race attracts teams from around the world, most of which are fielded by universities or corporations, although some are fielded by high schools. The race has a 20-years' history spanning nine races, with the inaugural event taking place in 1987. Adelaide hosted the 2012 World Bowls Championships<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> at Lockleys Bowling Club, becoming the third city in the world to have held the championships twice, having previously hosted the event in 1996. <a href="/wiki/Dirt_track_racing" title="Dirt track racing">Dirt track speedway</a> is also popular in Adelaide with three operating speedways. <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Motorsport_Park" title="Adelaide Motorsport Park">Adelaide Motorsport Park</a>, located adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_International_Raceway" title="Adelaide International Raceway">Adelaide International Raceway</a> road racing circuit at <a href="/wiki/Virginia,_South_Australia" title="Virginia, South Australia">Virginia</a> (24 km (15 mi) north of the city centre) has been in continuous operation since 1979 after the closure of the popular <a href="/wiki/Rowley_Park_Speedway" title="Rowley Park Speedway">Rowley Park Speedway</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gillman_Speedway" title="Gillman Speedway">Gillman Speedway</a> located in the semi-industrial suburb of <a href="/wiki/Gillman,_South_Australia" title="Gillman, South Australia">Gillman</a>, has been in operation since 1998 and caters to <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">Motorcycle speedway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidecar_speedway" title="Sidecar speedway">Sidecars</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Sidewinders_Speedway" title="Sidewinders Speedway">Sidewinders Speedway</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Wingfield,_South_Australia" title="Wingfield, South Australia">Wingfield</a> is also a motorcycle speedway dedicated to Under-16 riders and has been in operation since 1978. In 2016, backed by South Australia's <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Corporation" title="Peregrine Corporation">Peregrine Corporation</a> opened up a multi-purpose facility; a state-of-the-art motorsporting park and a hotel alongside its newer OTR service station outside a small township of <a href="/wiki/Tailem_Bend" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailem Bend">Tailem Bend</a> currently named <a href="/wiki/The_Bend_Motorsport_Park" title="The Bend Motorsport Park">The Bend Motorsport Park</a>. Design for thrill seekers and rev-heads the facility currently host South Australia's second Supercars motoring event during a round in August.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> Adelaide is home to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Slam" title="Great Southern Slam">Great Southern Slam</a>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">roller derby</a> tournament. The tournament has been held biennially over Australia's Queen's Birthday holiday weekend since 2010. In 2014, and 2016 the tournament featured 45 teams playing in two divisions. In 2018, the tournament has expanded to 48 teams competing in three divisions. Adelaide is additionally home to Angus Lippiatt, an Australian glider (sailplane) pilot. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Adelaide" title="Transport in Adelaide">Transport in Adelaide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TransAdelaideRailwayMap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/TransAdelaideRailwayMap.svg/250px-TransAdelaideRailwayMap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/TransAdelaideRailwayMap.svg/330px-TransAdelaideRailwayMap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/TransAdelaideRailwayMap.svg/500px-TransAdelaideRailwayMap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Adelaide's railway and tram network, served by the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Metro" title="Adelaide Metro">Adelaide Metro</a></figcaption></figure> Being centrally located on the Australian mainland, Adelaide forms a strategic transport hub for east–west and north–south routes. The city itself has a metropolitan public transport system managed by and known as the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Metro" title="Adelaide Metro">Adelaide Metro</a>. The Adelaide Metro consists of a contracted bus system including the <a href="/wiki/O-Bahn_Busway" title="O-Bahn Busway">O-Bahn Busway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Adelaide" title="Railways in Adelaide">7 commuter rail lines</a> (diesel and electric), and a small tram network operating between inner suburb <a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh,_South_Australia" title="Hindmarsh, South Australia">Hindmarsh</a>, the city centre, and seaside <a href="/wiki/Glenelg_tram_line" title="Glenelg tram line">Glenelg</a>. Tramways were largely dismantled in the 1950s, but saw a revival in the 2010s with upgrades and extensions. Road transport in Adelaide has historically been easier than many of the other Australian cities, with a well-defined city layout and wide multiple-lane roads from the beginning of its development. Adelaide was known as a "twenty-minute city", with commuters having been able to travel from metropolitan outskirts to the city proper in roughly twenty minutes. However, such arterial roads often experience traffic congestion as the city grows.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_O-Bahn_tunnel_passes_under_Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Adelaide_O-Bahn_tunnel_passes_under_Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg/250px-Adelaide_O-Bahn_tunnel_passes_under_Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Adelaide_O-Bahn_tunnel_passes_under_Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg/330px-Adelaide_O-Bahn_tunnel_passes_under_Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Adelaide_O-Bahn_tunnel_passes_under_Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg/500px-Adelaide_O-Bahn_tunnel_passes_under_Rymill_Park_in_autumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/O-Bahn_Busway" title="O-Bahn Busway">O-Bahn Busway</a> tunnel passes under <a href="/wiki/Rymill_Park" title="Rymill Park">Rymill Park</a> and serves the northeastern suburbs.</figcaption></figure> The Adelaide metropolitan area has one freeway and four expressways. In order of construction, they are: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Freeway" title="South Eastern Freeway">South Eastern Freeway</a> (M1), connects the south-east corner of the Adelaide Plain to the Adelaide Hills and beyond to <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bridge,_South_Australia" title="Murray Bridge, South Australia">Murray Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tailem_Bend" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailem Bend">Tailem Bend</a>, where it then continues as National Highway 1 south-east to Melbourne.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Expressway_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Expressway (Australia)">Southern Expressway</a> (M2), connecting the outer southern suburbs with the inner southern suburbs and the city centre. It duplicates the route of <a href="/wiki/South_Road" title="South Road">South Road</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/North-South_Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="North-South Motorway">North-South Motorway</a> (M2), is an ongoing major project that will become the major north–south corridor, replacing most of what is now <a href="/wiki/South_Road" title="South Road">South Road</a>, connecting the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Expressway_(Adelaide)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Expressway (Adelaide)">Southern Expressway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expressway" title="Northern Expressway">Northern Expressway</a> via a motorway with no traffic lights. As of 2024 the motorway's northern half is complete, connecting the Northern Expressway to Adelaide's inner north-west; the section running through Adelaide's inner west and inner south-west will begin major construction in 2025 with completion estimated for 2031.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Port_River_Expressway" title="Port River Expressway">Port River Expressway</a> (A9), connects Port Adelaide and <a href="/wiki/Outer_Harbor,_South_Australia" title="Outer Harbor, South Australia">Outer Harbor</a> to Port Wakefield Road at the northern "entrance" to the metropolitan area.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expressway" title="Northern Expressway">Northern Expressway</a> (Max Fatchen Expressway) (M2), is the northern suburbs bypass route connecting the Sturt Highway (National Highway 20) via the <a href="/wiki/Gawler_Bypass" title="Gawler Bypass">Gawler Bypass</a> to Port Wakefield Road at a point a few kilometres north of the Port River Expressway connection.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Connector" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Connector">Northern Connector</a>, completed in 2020, links the North South Motorway to the Northern Expressway.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Light-City_Buses_Scania_K280UB_(BUS_1568).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Custom Coaches bodied Scania bus on King William Street."><img alt="A Custom Coaches bodied Scania bus on King William Street." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Light-City_Buses_Scania_K280UB_%28BUS_1568%29.jpg/270px-Light-City_Buses_Scania_K280UB_%28BUS_1568%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Light-City_Buses_Scania_K280UB_%28BUS_1568%29.jpg/405px-Light-City_Buses_Scania_K280UB_%28BUS_1568%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Light-City_Buses_Scania_K280UB_%28BUS_1568%29.jpg/540px-Light-City_Buses_Scania_K280UB_%28BUS_1568%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3607" data-file-height="2405" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Custom_Coaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom Coaches">Custom Coaches</a> bodied Scania bus on King William Street.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Adelaide Metro Alstom Citadis and Flexity Classic"><img alt="An Adelaide Metro Alstom Citadis and Flexity Classic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg/500px-AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg/960px-AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3209" data-file-height="1616" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Adelaide Metro <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Citadis" title="Alstom Citadis">Alstom Citadis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flexity_Classic" title="Flexity Classic">Flexity Classic</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountosmondinterechange_sefreeway.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mount Osmond Interchange on the South Eastern Freeway; like many cities with urban sprawl, Adelaide has been criticised for car dependency."><img alt="The Mount Osmond Interchange on the South Eastern Freeway; like many cities with urban sprawl, Adelaide has been criticised for car dependency." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mountosmondinterechange_sefreeway.JPG/240px-Mountosmondinterechange_sefreeway.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mountosmondinterechange_sefreeway.JPG/360px-Mountosmondinterechange_sefreeway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mountosmondinterechange_sefreeway.JPG/480px-Mountosmondinterechange_sefreeway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Osmond,_South_Australia" title="Mount Osmond, South Australia">Mount Osmond Interchange</a> on the <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Freeway" title="South Eastern Freeway">South Eastern Freeway</a>; like many cities with urban sprawl, Adelaide has been criticised for car dependency.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports">Airports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Airports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qatar_Airways_at_Adelaide_Airport_in_2023_by_Mitch_Coad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Qatar_Airways_at_Adelaide_Airport_in_2023_by_Mitch_Coad.jpg/220px-Qatar_Airways_at_Adelaide_Airport_in_2023_by_Mitch_Coad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Qatar_Airways_at_Adelaide_Airport_in_2023_by_Mitch_Coad.jpg/330px-Qatar_Airways_at_Adelaide_Airport_in_2023_by_Mitch_Coad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Qatar_Airways_at_Adelaide_Airport_in_2023_by_Mitch_Coad.jpg/440px-Qatar_Airways_at_Adelaide_Airport_in_2023_by_Mitch_Coad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5960" data-file-height="3352" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a> plane at <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Airport" title="Adelaide Airport">Adelaide Airport</a> with the city skyline in the background</figcaption></figure> The Adelaide metropolitan area has two commercial airports, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Airport" title="Adelaide Airport">Adelaide Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parafield_Airport" title="Parafield Airport">Parafield Airport</a>. Adelaide Airport, in Adelaide's south-western suburbs, serves in excess of 8 million passengers annually.<a href="#cite_note-Adelaide_Airport-206">[202]</a> Parafield Airport, Adelaide's second airport 18 kilometres (11 miles) north of the city centre, is used for small aircraft, pilot training and recreational aviation purposes. Parafield Airport served as Adelaide's main aerodrome until the opening of the Adelaide Airport in February 1955. Adelaide Airport serves many international and domestic destinations including all Australian state capitals. Adelaide is also home to a military airport, known as <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Edinburgh" title="RAAF Base Edinburgh">Edinburgh Airport</a>, located in the northern suburbs. It was built in 1955 in a joint initiative with the United Kingdom for weapon development. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Terrace%27s_BioMed_precinct_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_Terrace%27s_BioMed_precinct_at_night.jpg/220px-North_Terrace%27s_BioMed_precinct_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_Terrace%27s_BioMed_precinct_at_night.jpg/330px-North_Terrace%27s_BioMed_precinct_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/North_Terrace%27s_BioMed_precinct_at_night.jpg/440px-North_Terrace%27s_BioMed_precinct_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> Health and Medical Sciences Building, located in the BioMed City precinct on North Terrace</figcaption></figure> Adelaide's two largest hospitals are the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Hospital" title="Royal Adelaide Hospital">Royal Adelaide Hospital</a> (RAH) in Adelaide Parklands, a <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospital</a> affiliated with the University of Adelaide (800 beds), and the <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Medical_Centre" title="Flinders Medical Centre">Flinders Medical Centre</a> (580 beds) at Bedford Park, affiliated with Flinders University. The RAH also operates additional campuses for specialist care throughout the suburbs including the Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre (150 beds) at <a href="/wiki/Northfield,_South_Australia" title="Northfield, South Australia">Northfield</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Glenside_Hospital_(Adelaide)" title="Glenside Hospital (Adelaide)">Glenside Campus</a> (129 beds) for acute mental health services. Other major public hospitals are the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_and_Children%27s_Hospital,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide">Women's and Children's Hospital</a> (305 beds), at North Adelaide; the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide">Queen Elizabeth Hospital</a> (340 beds) at Woodville; <a href="/wiki/Modbury_Hospital" title="Modbury Hospital">Modbury Hospital</a> (178 beds) at Modbury; and the <a href="/wiki/Lyell_McEwin_Hospital" title="Lyell McEwin Hospital">Lyell McEwin Hospital</a> (198 beds) at Elizabeth Vale. Numerous private hospitals are also located throughout the city, with the largest operators being not-for-profits <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Community_Healthcare_Alliance" title="Adelaide Community Healthcare Alliance">Adelaide Community Healthcare Alliance</a> (three hospitals) and <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Little_Company_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of the Little Company of Mary">Calvary Care</a> (four hospitals). In 2017, the RAH was relocated from the city's <a href="/wiki/East_End,_Adelaide" title="East End, Adelaide">East End</a> to a new AU$2.3 billion facility built over former railyards in the West End.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> The state-of-the-art hospital forms part of a new biomedical precinct called <a href="/w/index.php?title=BioMed_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BioMed City (page does not exist)">BioMed City</a> that collocates the <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Health_and_Medical_Research_Institute" title="South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute">South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute</a> (SAHMRI), the University of Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences building, the University of South Australia's Health Innovation Building, and the state's Dental Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> SAHMRI, with additional external funding, has built a $300 million second facility completed in 2024, which was intended to house the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Bragg_Centre_for_Proton_Therapy_and_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy and Research (page does not exist)">Australian Bragg Centre</a> with Australia's first <a href="/wiki/Proton_therapy" title="Proton therapy">proton therapy</a> unit.<a href="#cite_note-SAHMRI_2-210">[206]</a> Construction is underway for the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_and_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Women's and Children's Hospital">Women's and Children's Hospital</a> to be relocated to the precinct adjacent the RAH by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-NWMAC-211">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaide_(25092999627).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Adelaide_%2825092999627%29.jpg/220px-Adelaide_%2825092999627%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Adelaide_%2825092999627%29.jpg/330px-Adelaide_%2825092999627%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Adelaide_%2825092999627%29.jpg/440px-Adelaide_%2825092999627%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Health_and_Medical_Research_Institute" title="South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute">South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute</a> (SAHMRI), located on <a href="/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide" title="North Terrace, Adelaide">North Terrace</a></figcaption></figure> The largest provider of community health care within Adelaide is the not-for-profit <a href="/wiki/Royal_District_Nursing_Service_(South_Australia)" title="Royal District Nursing Service (South Australia)">Royal District Nursing Service</a>, which provides out of hospital care and hospital avoidance care. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> Adelaide's energy requirements were originally met by the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Electric_Supply_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide Electric Supply Company">Adelaide Electric Supply Company</a>, which was nationalised by the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Playford_IV" title="Thomas Playford IV">Playford</a> government in 1946,<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> becoming the <a href="/wiki/Electricity_Trust_of_South_Australia" title="Electricity Trust of South Australia">Electricity Trust of South Australia</a> (ETSA). Despite significant public opposition and the Labor party's anti-privatisation stance which left the Liberal party one vote short of the numbers needed to pass the legislation, ETSA was privatised by the <a href="/wiki/John_Olsen" title="John Olsen">Olsen</a> Government in 1999 by way of a 200-year lease for the distribution network (ETSA Utilities, later renamed <a href="/wiki/SA_Power_Networks" title="SA Power Networks">SA Power Networks</a>) and the outright purchase of ETSA Power[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] by the <a href="/wiki/Cheung_Kong_Holdings" title="Cheung Kong Holdings">Cheung Kong Holdings</a> for $3.5 billion (11 times ETSA's annual earnings) after Labor MP <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Crothers" title="Trevor Crothers">Trevor Crothers</a> resigned from the party and voted with the government.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> The electricity retail market was opened to competition in 2003 and although competition was expected to result in lower retail costs, prices increased by 23.7% in the market's first year.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> In 2004, the privatisation was deemed to be a failure with consumers paying 60% more for their power and with the state government estimated to lose $3 billion in power generation net income in the first ten years of privatisation.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> In 2012, the industry came under scrutiny for allegedly reducing supply by shutting down generators during periods of peak demand to force prices up. Increased media attention also revealed that in 2009 the state government had approved a 46% increase in retail prices to cover expected increases in the costs of generation while generation costs had in fact fallen 35% by 2012.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> Privatisation led to competition from a variety of companies who now separately provide for the generation, transmission, distribution and retail sales of gas and electricity. Electricity generation comes from a range of technologies and operators. <a href="/wiki/ElectraNet" title="ElectraNet">ElectraNet</a> operates the high-voltage electricity transmission network. <a href="/wiki/SA_Power_Networks" title="SA Power Networks">SA Power Networks</a> distributes electricity to end users. The largest electricity and gas retailing companies are also the largest generating companies. The largest fossil fuel power stations are the <a href="/wiki/Torrens_Island_Power_Station" title="Torrens Island Power Station">Torrens Island Power Station</a> gas-fired plant operated by <a href="/wiki/AGL_Energy" title="AGL Energy">AGL Energy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Point_Power_Station" title="Pelican Point Power Station">Pelican Point Power Station</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/Engie" title="Engie">Engie</a>. South Australia also has wind and solar power and connections to the national grid. <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Gas</a> is supplied from the <a href="/wiki/Moomba,_South_Australia" title="Moomba, South Australia">Moomba</a> Gas Processing Plant in the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Basin" title="Cooper Basin">Cooper Basin</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Moomba_Adelaide_Pipeline_System" title="Moomba Adelaide Pipeline System">Moomba Adelaide Pipeline System</a><a href="#cite_note-EnergySA2-218">[214]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/SEAGas_pipeline" title="SEAGas pipeline">SEAGas pipeline</a> from <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a>. In 2011, South Australia generated 18% of its electricity from <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>, and had 51% of the installed capacity of wind generators in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> Due to almost universal blackouts within the city during September 2016,<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> the state worked with <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a> to produce the world's largest electricity battery at <a href="/wiki/Hornsdale_Wind_Farm" title="Hornsdale Wind Farm">Hornsdale Power Reserve</a> which has increased that state's electrical security to the extent in which large blackouts are no longer an event.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Happy_Valley_Reservoir_20070223.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Happy_Valley_Reservoir_20070223.jpg/220px-Happy_Valley_Reservoir_20070223.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Happy_Valley_Reservoir_20070223.jpg/330px-Happy_Valley_Reservoir_20070223.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Happy_Valley_Reservoir_20070223.jpg/440px-Happy_Valley_Reservoir_20070223.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_Reservoir" title="Happy Valley Reservoir">Happy Valley Reservoir</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> The provision of water services is by the government-owned <a href="/wiki/SA_Water" title="SA Water">SA Water</a>. Adelaide's water is supplied from its seven reservoirs: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bold_Reservoir" title="Mount Bold Reservoir">Mount Bold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_Reservoir" title="Happy Valley Reservoir">Happy Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myponga_Reservoir" title="Myponga Reservoir">Myponga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millbrook_Reservoir" title="Millbrook Reservoir">Millbrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hope_Valley_Reservoir" title="Hope Valley Reservoir">Hope Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Para_Reservoir" title="Little Para Reservoir">Little Para</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Para_Reservoir" title="South Para Reservoir">South Para</a>. The yield from these reservoir catchments can be as little as 10% of the city's requirements (90GL per annum<a href="#cite_note-desal-222">[218]</a>) in drought years and about 60% in average years. The remaining demand is met by the pumping of water from the <a href="/wiki/River_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="River Murray">River Murray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-desal-222">[218]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Desalination_Plant" title="Adelaide Desalination Plant">sea-water desalination plant</a> capable of supplying 100GL per annum was built during the <a href="/wiki/2000s_Australian_drought" title="2000s Australian drought">2001–2009 drought</a>; however, it operated at about 8% of its capacity until 2019. In December 2018, the State and Federal Governments agreed to fund a $2m study to determine how the plant could be used to reduce reliance on river water, in an effort to help save the Murray River basin and mouth (including the <a href="/wiki/Coorong" class="mw-redirect" title="Coorong">Coorong</a>) from further ecological damage.<a href="#cite_note-desal-222">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a>]</div> AdelaideFree WiFi is a citywide free <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> network covering most of the inner city areas of Adelaide, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre" title="Adelaide city centre">Adelaide CBD</a> and Northern Adelaide precincts.<a href="#cite_note-inone-223">[219]</a> It was officially launched at the Adelaide Central Markets on Tuesday 25 June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-inone-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> It is provided by <a href="/wiki/Internode_(ISP)" title="Internode (ISP)">Internode</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> with infrastructure provided by outdoor <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a> WiFi N access points attached to the top of lighting poles, as well as inside cafes and businesses across the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sister cities">edit</a>]</div> The City of Adelaide has been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities">sister cities</a> movement since 1972. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit">[update]</a> it has long-term international partnership arrangements with five cities, known as <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities">sister cities</a>, based on formal agreements between Adelaide and each city. This allows collaboration in the cultural, educational, business, and technical spheres. The five sister cities are:<a href="#cite_note-sister-227">[223]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, United States, since 1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, New Zealand, since 1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town, Penang</a>, Malaysia, since 1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Himeji,_Hyogo" class="mw-redirect" title="Himeji, Hyogo">Himeji, Hyogo</a>, Japan, since 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Qingdao,_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingdao, Shandong">Qingdao, Shandong</a>, China, since 2013</li></ul> Three cities are known as friendship cities, based on informal partnerships between three cities that promote collaboration and a friendly relationship between three cities:<a href="#cite_note-sister-227">[223]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dalian,_Liaoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalian, Liaoning">Dalian, Liaoning</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chengdu,_Sichuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengdu, Sichuan">Chengdu, Sichuan</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain, since 2024</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/120px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Australia" title="Portal:South Australia">South Australia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Adelaide" title="Music of Adelaide">Music of Adelaide</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Lists</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Adelaide" title="Category:Images of Adelaide">Images of Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Adelaide_obsolete_suburb_names" title="List of Adelaide obsolete suburb names">List of Adelaide obsolete suburb names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Adelaide_parks_and_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Adelaide parks and gardens">List of Adelaide parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Adelaide_railway_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Adelaide railway stations">List of Adelaide railway stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Adelaide_suburbs" title="List of Adelaide suburbs">List of Adelaide suburbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Adelaide" title="List of films shot in Adelaide">List of films shot in Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Adelaide" title="List of people from Adelaide">List of people from Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_in_Adelaide" title="List of protected areas in Adelaide">List of protected areas in Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_South_Australia" title="List of public art in South Australia">List of public art in South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_transport_routes_in_Adelaide" title="List of public transport routes in Adelaide">List of public transport routes in Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Australian_commercial_icons" title="List of South Australian commercial icons">List of South Australian commercial icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sporting_clubs_in_Adelaide" title="List of sporting clubs in Adelaide">List of sporting clubs in Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Adelaide" title="List of tallest buildings in Adelaide">List of tallest buildings in Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_South_Australia" title="Category:Tourist attractions in South Australia">Tourist attractions in South Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> are listed separately </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Celtic Australian">Anglo-Celtic</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Those who nominated their ancestry as "Australian Aboriginal". Does not include <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2021-22#capital-cities">"Greater Adelaide"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420020126/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2021-22">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greater+Adelaide&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpopulation%2Fregional-population%2F2021-22%23capital-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABS-GA-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABS-GA_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABS-GA_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406204831/https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=4GADE&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016">"Greater Adelaide (GCCSA) (4GADE)"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=4GADE&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016">the original</a> on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Greater+Adelaide+%28GCCSA%29+%284GADE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitt.abs.gov.au%2Fitt%2Fr.jsp%3FRegionSummary%26region%3D4GADE%26dataset%3DABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016%26geoconcept%3DASGS_2016%26measure%3DMEASURE%26datasetASGS%3DABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016%26datasetLGA%3DABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018%26regionLGA%3DLGA_2018%26regionASGS%3DASGS_2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=248650&placename=melbourne&placetype=0&state=VIC&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692">"Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and MELBOURNE"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128151001/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=248650&placename=melbourne&placetype=0&state=VIC&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+ADELAIDE+and+MELBOURNE&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D248650%26placename%3Dmelbourne%26placetype%3D0%26state%3DVIC%26place1%3DADELAIDE%26place1long%3D138.601013%26place1lat%3D-34.928692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=131&placename=canberra&placetype=0&state=ACT&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692">"Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and CANBERRA"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128151001/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=131&placename=canberra&placetype=0&state=ACT&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+ADELAIDE+and+CANBERRA&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D131%26placename%3Dcanberra%26placetype%3D0%26state%3DACT%26place1%3DADELAIDE%26place1long%3D138.601013%26place1lat%3D-34.928692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=NSW&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692">"Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and SYDNEY"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128151001/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=NSW&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+ADELAIDE+and+SYDNEY&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D87421%26placename%3Dsydney%26placetype%3D0%26state%3DNSW%26place1%3DADELAIDE%26place1long%3D138.601013%26place1lat%3D-34.928692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=brisbane&placetype=0&state=QLD&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692">"Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and Brisbane"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128151001/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=brisbane&placetype=0&state=QLD&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+ADELAIDE+and+Brisbane&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D126867%26placename%3Dbrisbane%26placetype%3D0%26state%3DQLD%26place1%3DADELAIDE%26place1long%3D138.601013%26place1lat%3D-34.928692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=WA+&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692">"Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and Perth"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128151001/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=WA+&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+ADELAIDE+and+Perth&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D304529%26placename%3Dperth%26placetype%3D0%26state%3DWA%2B%26place1%3DADELAIDE%26place1long%3D138.601013%26place1lat%3D-34.928692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Macquarie ABC Dictionary. The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. 2003. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876429-37-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-876429-37-2"><bdi>1-876429-37-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macquarie+ABC+Dictionary&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=The+Macquarie+Library+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-876429-37-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vignesh_Rajadesingu_Arunachalam_2021_pp._69–90-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Vignesh_Rajadesingu_Arunachalam_2021_pp._69–90_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVigneshRajadesinguArunachalam2021" class="citation book cs1">Vignesh, K.S.; Rajadesingu, Suriyaprakash; Arunachalam, Kantha Deivi (2021). "Challenges, issues, and problems with zero-waste tools". Concepts of Advanced Zero Waste Tools. Elsevier. pp. 69–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-822183-9.00004-0">10.1016/b978-0-12-822183-9.00004-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128221839" title="Special:BookSources/9780128221839"><bdi>9780128221839</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230570450">230570450</a>. <q>Adelaide is the capital city of South Australia and includes 19 municipal areas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Challenges%2C+issues%2C+and+problems+with+zero-waste+tools&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Advanced+Zero+Waste+Tools&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230570450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-822183-9.00004-0&rft.isbn=9780128221839&rft.aulast=Vignesh&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft.au=Rajadesingu%2C+Suriyaprakash&rft.au=Arunachalam%2C+Kantha+Deivi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428025119/http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/Determination_details.aspx?NNTT_Fileno=SCD2018%2F001">SCD2018/001 – Kaurna Peoples Native Title Claim</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Native_Title_Tribunal" title="National Native Title Tribunal">National Native Title Tribunal</a>. Retrieved 1 October 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/about-adelaide/kaurna-heritage/">Kaurna Heritage</a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Adelaide" title="City of Adelaide">City of Adelaide</a>. Retrieved 1 October 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.experienceadelaide.com.au/visit/things-to-do/aboriginal-culture/">"Aboriginal Culture"</a>. Experience Adelaide. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Experience+Adelaide&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.experienceadelaide.com.au%2Fvisit%2Fthings-to-do%2Faboriginal-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4625">"Kaurna Place Names"</a>. kaurnaplacenames.com. Retrieved 9 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kaurnaplacenames.com&rft.atitle=Kaurna+Place+Names&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkaurnaplacenames.com%2Fprimary.php%3Fid%3D4625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/how-well-do-you-really-know-our-queen-adelaide/news-story/b249bd054376d472496f232a7f3d75ed">"How well do you know our Queen?"</a>. The Advertiser. Adelaide. 3 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807040642/https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/how-well-do-you-really-know-our-queen-adelaide/news-story/b249bd054376d472496f232a7f3d75ed">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Advertiser&rft.atitle=How+well+do+you+know+our+Queen%3F&rft.date=2013-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaidenow.com.au%2Fnews%2Fsouth-australia%2Fhow-well-do-you-really-know-our-queen-adelaide%2Fnews-story%2Fb249bd054376d472496f232a7f3d75ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tourism.sa.gov.au/news-articles/most-liveable-city-now-one-of-most-visited-cities">"Most liveable city now one of most visited cities"</a>. Tourism SA. Government of South Australia. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tourism+SA&rft.atitle=Most+liveable+city+now+one+of+most+visited+cities&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftourism.sa.gov.au%2Fnews-articles%2Fmost-liveable-city-now-one-of-most-visited-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkelley2023" class="citation web cs1">Skelley, Jemima Travel 9Now (11 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.nine.com.au/latest/surprising-aussie-city-named-our-favourite-domestic-destination/79dffe3c-736d-43e5-a63f-7dfce25c7e37">"Australia's favourite domestic travel spot for 2023 named in new ranking"</a>. Travel 9Now. nine.com.au. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+9Now&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+favourite+domestic+travel+spot+for+2023+named+in+new+ranking&rft.date=2023-03-11&rft.aulast=Skelley&rft.aufirst=Jemima+Travel+9Now&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nine.com.au%2Flatest%2Fsurprising-aussie-city-named-our-favourite-domestic-destination%2F79dffe3c-736d-43e5-a63f-7dfce25c7e37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adelaidefringe.com.au/fringefeed/news/adelaide-fringe-announces-2022-impact-results">"Adelaide Fringe Announces 2022 Impact Results"</a>. Adelaide Fringe. Solstice Media. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adelaide+Fringe&rft.atitle=Adelaide+Fringe+Announces+2022+Impact+Results&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadelaidefringe.com.au%2Ffringefeed%2Fnews%2Fadelaide-fringe-announces-2022-impact-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bostours.com.au/">"Best Adelaide Wine Tasting Tours & Sightseeing"</a>. BOS Adelaide Wine Tours and Sightseeing. Retrieved 12 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BOS+Adelaide+Wine+Tours+and+Sightseeing&rft.atitle=Best+Adelaide+Wine+Tasting+Tours+%26+Sightseeing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbostours.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelsall2021" class="citation web cs1">Kelsall, Thomas (9 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indaily.com.au/news/2021/06/09/adelaide-ranked-australias-most-liveable-city/">"Adelaide named Australia's most liveable city, third in the world"</a>. InDaily. Solstice Media. Retrieved 2 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InDaily&rft.atitle=Adelaide+named+Australia%27s+most+liveable+city%2C+third+in+the+world&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft.aulast=Kelsall&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findaily.com.au%2Fnews%2F2021%2F06%2F09%2Fadelaide-ranked-australias-most-liveable-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/the-most-beautiful-cities-in-the-world">"The Most Beautiful Cities in the World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Digest" title="Architectural Digest">Architectural Digest</a>. 22 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Digest&rft.atitle=The+Most+Beautiful+Cities+in+the+World&rft.date=2024-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architecturaldigest.com%2Fgallery%2Fthe-most-beautiful-cities-in-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">"The World According to GaWC 2020"</a>. lboro.ac.uk. <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lboro.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+World+According+to+GaWC+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2020t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/subjects/kaurna-people">"Kaurna people"</a>. Adelaidia. 20 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908065802/http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/subjects/kaurna-people">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adelaidia&rft.atitle=Kaurna+people&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadelaidia.sa.gov.au%2Fsubjects%2Fkaurna-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712144205/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/areas/map_tarndanyangga.html">"Reconciliation"</a>. Adelaide City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/areas/map_tarndanyangga.html">the original</a> on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adelaide+City+Council&rft.atitle=Reconciliation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaide.edu.au%2Fkwp%2Fplacenames%2Fcouncil%2Fareas%2Fmap_tarndanyangga.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4697">"Kaurna Name: Tarndanyangga"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312102340/http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4697">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaurna+Name%3A+Tarndanyangga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkaurnaplacenames.com%2Fprimary.php%3Fid%3D4697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/do-you-know-what-aboriginal-land-youre-on-today/ytff85vi1">"Do you know what Aboriginal land you're on today?"</a>. NITV. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NITV&rft.atitle=Do+you+know+what+Aboriginal+land+you%27re+on+today%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnitv%2Farticle%2Fdo-you-know-what-aboriginal-land-youre-on-today%2Fytff85vi1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KaurnaSA-27"><a href="#cite_ref-KaurnaSA_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au:443/subjects/kaurna-people?hh=1&">"Kaurna People"</a>. SA History Hub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428075730/http://sahistoryhub.com.au/subjects/kaurna-people">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SA+History+Hub&rft.atitle=Kaurna+People&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au%3A443%2Fsubjects%2Fkaurna-people%3Fhh%3D1%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwenPate2014" class="citation journal cs1">Owen, Timothy; Pate, Donald (1 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03122417.2014.11682018">"A Kaurna burial, Salisbury, South Australia: Further evidence for complex late Holocene Aboriginal social systems in the Adelaide region"</a>. Australian Archaeology. 79 (1): 45–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03122417.2014.11682018">10.1080/03122417.2014.11682018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0312-2417">0312-2417</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148063575">148063575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Kaurna+burial%2C+Salisbury%2C+South+Australia%3A+Further+evidence+for+complex+late+Holocene+Aboriginal+social+systems+in+the+Adelaide+region&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148063575%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0312-2417&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03122417.2014.11682018&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Pate%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F03122417.2014.11682018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515205647/http://www.history.sa.gov.au/history/adelaide_history/adelaide_brief_history.pdf">"Adelaide: A Brief History (SA Govt)"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.sa.gov.au/history/adelaide_history/adelaide_brief_history.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adelaide%3A+A+Brief+History+%28SA+Govt%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.sa.gov.au%2Fhistory%2Fadelaide_history%2Fadelaide_brief_history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amery-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Amery_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmery2000" class="citation book cs1">Amery, Rob (2000). Warrabarna Kaurna! – Reclaiming an Australian Language. The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-265-1633-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-265-1633-9"><bdi>90-265-1633-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrabarna+Kaurna%21+%E2%80%93+Reclaiming+an+Australian+Language&rft.place=The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Swets+%26+Zeitlinger&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-265-1633-9&rft.aulast=Amery&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427083524/https://adelaideparklands.com.au/parks-and-squares/victoria-square-tarntanyangga">"Victoria Square/Tarntanyangga"</a>. City of Adelaide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adelaideparklands.com.au/parks-and-squares/victoria-square-tarntanyangga">the original</a> on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Adelaide&rft.atitle=Victoria+Square%2FTarntanyangga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadelaideparklands.com.au%2Fparks-and-squares%2Fvictoria-square-tarntanyangga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/">"Adelaide City Council Placenaming Initiatives"</a>. Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427083521/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kaurna+Warra+Pintyanthi&rft.atitle=Adelaide+City+Council+Placenaming+Initiatives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaide.edu.au%2Fkwp%2Fplacenames%2Fcouncil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713121428/http://www.holdfast.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=1463">"City of Holdfast Bay – Proclamation Day"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holdfast.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=1463">the original</a> on 13 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Holdfast+Bay+%E2%80%93+Proclamation+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holdfast.sa.gov.au%2Fpage.aspx%3Fu%3D1463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCockburn1990" class="citation book cs1">Cockburn, Rodney (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gastonrenard.com.au/Short%20List%2068.pdf">South Australia: What's in a Name?</a> (PDF) (3rd ed.). Axiom. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416185434/http://www.gastonrenard.com.au/Short%20List%2068.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Australia%3A+What%27s+in+a+Name%3F&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Axiom&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gastonrenard.com.au%2FShort%2520List%252068.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Wakefield cites: <ul><li>Edward Curr, An Account of the Colony of Van Diemen's Land, principally designed for the use of emigrants, George Cowie & Co., London, 1824;</li> <li>Henry Widdowson, Present State of Van Diemen's Land; comprising an account of its agricultural capabilities, with observations on the present state of farming, &c. &c. pursued in that colony: and other important matters connected with Emigration, S. Robinson, W. Joy and J. Cross, London, and J. Birdsall, Northampton, 1829; and</li> <li>James Atkinson, An Account of the State of Agriculture & Grazing in New South Wales; Including Observations on the Soils and General Appearance of the Country, and some of its most useful natural productions; with an account of the Various Methods of Clearing and Improving Lands, Breeding and Grazing Live Stock, Erecting Buildings, the System of employing Convicts, and the expense of Labour generally; the Mode of Applying for Grants of Land; with Other Information Important to those who are about to emigrate to that Country: The result of several years' residence and practical experience in those matters in the Colony., J. Cross, London, 1826</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Wakefield, Letter from Sydney, December 1829, pp. 99–185, written from Newgate prison. Editor Robert Gouger. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Wakefield wrote about this under a pseudonym, purporting to be an Australian settler. His subterfuge was so successful that he confused later writers, including <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, who wrote "It is the great merit of E.G. Wakefield to have discovered not anything new about the Colonies, but to have discovered in the Colonies the truth of as to the condition of capitalist production in the mother-country.' Das Kapital, Moscow, 1958, p 766" </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Plan of a Company to be Established for the Purpose of Founding a Colony in Southern Australia, Purchasing Land Therein, and Preparing the Land so Purchased for the Reception of Immigrants, 1832; in Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, Prichard, M. F., (ed.) The Collected Works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Collins, London, 1968, p 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Wrathall_Bull" title="John Wrathall Bull">J. W. Bull</a>; <a href="/wiki/Early_Experiences_of_Colonial_Life_in_South_Australia" title="Early Experiences of Colonial Life in South Australia">Early Experiences of Colonial Life in South Australia</a> (Adelaide, 1878) p.67 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091024014707/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/free-settlement.html">"Free Settlement"</a>. History of Adelaide Gaol. Environment.sa.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/free-settlement.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Adelaide+Gaol&rft.atitle=Free+Settlement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.sa.gov.au%2Fadelaidegaol%2Ffree-settlement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091025022018/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/goal-founders.html">"Gaol Founders"</a>. History of Adelaide Gaol. Environment.sa.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/History/Gaol_founders">the original</a> on 25 October 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Adelaide+Gaol&rft.atitle=Gaol+Founders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.sa.gov.au%2Fadelaidegaol%2FHistory%2FGaol_founders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091025021816/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/lights-vision.html">"Light's Vision"</a>. History of Adelaide Gaol. Environment.sa.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/lights-vision.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Adelaide+Gaol&rft.atitle=Light%27s+Vision&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.sa.gov.au%2Fadelaidegaol%2Flights-vision.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlair,_Robert_D.2001" class="citation web cs1">Blair, Robert D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.on.net/~rdblair/events-sa.htm">"Events in South Australian History 1834–1857"</a>. Pioneer Association of South Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607150032/http://www.users.on.net/~rdblair/events-sa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pioneer+Association+of+South+Australia&rft.atitle=Events+in+South+Australian+History+1834%E2%80%931857&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Blair%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.users.on.net%2F~rdblair%2Fevents-sa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guide-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guide_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guide_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuide2019" class="citation web cs1">Guide, Airport (6 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810001633/https://clickacity.com/history-of-adelaide/">"History of Adelaide, Australia. A short overview of the city history"</a>. clickAcity. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clickacity.com/history-of-adelaide/">the original</a> on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clickAcity&rft.atitle=History+of+Adelaide%2C+Australia.+A+short+overview+of+the+city+history&rft.date=2019-01-06&rft.aulast=Guide&rft.aufirst=Airport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclickacity.com%2Fhistory-of-adelaide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australian-travel-directory.com/page21.html">"Adelaide & Suburbs"</a>. australian-travel-directory.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928013231/http://australian-travel-directory.com/page21.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=australian-travel-directory.com&rft.atitle=Adelaide+%26+Suburbs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australian-travel-directory.com%2Fpage21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsden-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marsden_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsden_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsden_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1997" class="citation web cs1">Marsden, Susan (October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404162603/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/116290/1/apo-nid90876-207481.pdf">"A history of Australian capital city centres since 1945"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/116290/1/apo-nid90876-207481.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Australian+capital+city+centres+since+1945&rft.date=1997-10&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F116290%2F1%2Fapo-nid90876-207481.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarveyFornasieroMcCarthyMacIntyre2012" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Nick; Fornasiero, Jean; McCarthy, Greg; MacIntyre, Clem; Crossin, Carl (2012). A History of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Adelaide 1876–2012. University of Adelaide Press. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922064-36-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922064-36-3"><bdi>978-1-922064-36-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Faculty+of+Arts+at+the+University+of+Adelaide+1876%E2%80%932012&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-922064-36-3&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Fornasiero%2C+Jean&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Greg&rft.au=MacIntyre%2C+Clem&rft.au=Crossin%2C+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTroy2000" class="citation book cs1">Troy, Patrick (2000). A History of European Housing in Australia. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77733-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77733-9"><bdi>978-0-521-77733-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+European+Housing+in+Australia&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77733-9&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> F.K. Crowley, Modern Australia in Documents: 1901–1939 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Cockburn, S (1991): Playford – Benevolent Despot. Axiom Publishing. P. 85. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B9594164%2B4%2B7" title="Special:BookSources/0+9594164+4+7">0 9594164 4 7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> When Chrysler stopped manufacturing in Adelaide, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_Australia" title="Mitsubishi Motors Australia">Mitsubishi Motors Australia</a> took over the <a href="/wiki/Tonsley_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonsley Park">Tonsley Park</a> factory. After many years of mixed fortunes, Mitsubishi ceased manufacturing at Tonsley Park on 27 March 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southaustraliaremovalists.com.au/south-australia/adelaide.html">"Adelaide Removalists South Australia"</a>. southaustraliaremovalists.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304114350/http://southaustraliaremovalists.com.au/south-australia/adelaide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=southaustraliaremovalists.com.au&rft.atitle=Adelaide+Removalists+South+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southaustraliaremovalists.com.au%2Fsouth-australia%2Fadelaide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carbery-53"><a href="#cite_ref-carbery_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarbery2010" class="citation book cs1">Carbery, Graham (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305143829/https://www.alga.org.au/files/towardsequality2ed.pdf">Towards Homosexual Equality in Australian Criminal Law: A Brief History</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alga.org.au/files/towardsequality2ed.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+Homosexual+Equality+in+Australian+Criminal+Law%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Australian+Lesbian+and+Gay+Archives+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Carbery&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alga.org.au%2Ffiles%2Ftowardsequality2ed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"All-round country". The Australian. 29 September 2004. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=All-round+country&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2004-09-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607154918/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350710/frome-central-tower-one-adelaide-australia">"Frome Central Tower"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emporis" title="Emporis">Emporis</a>. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emporis&rft.atitle=Frome+Central+Tower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fbuildings%2F1350710%2Ffrome-central-tower-one-adelaide-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Michael Owen, The Australian, 3 December 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> ABC News, Wednesday 7 June 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> ABC News, 6 April 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106063842/https://dpti.sa.gov.au/infrastructure/public_transport_projects/city_tram_extension">"City Tram Extension"</a>. dpti.sa.gov.au. Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpti.sa.gov.au/infrastructure/public_transport_projects/city_tram_extension">the original</a> on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dpti.sa.gov.au&rft.atitle=City+Tram+Extension&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpti.sa.gov.au%2Finfrastructure%2Fpublic_transport_projects%2Fcity_tram_extension&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> ABC News, 13 May 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> ABC News, 29 June 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> News Release Government of SA, 15 May 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Nick Harmsen, ABC News, 11 September 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Adelaide Advertiser 26 February 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grasslands.ecolinc.vic.edu.au/grassland_communities/iron-grass-natural-temperate-grasslands-south-australia">Iron-grass Natural Temperate Grasslands of South Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907090934/https://grasslands.ecolinc.vic.edu.au/grassland_communities/iron-grass-natural-temperate-grasslands-south-australia">Archived</a> 7 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Grasslands Biodiversity of South-Eastern Australia. Retrieved 7 September 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/sharedassets/public/coasts/no27.pdf">The Adelaide Metropolitan Coastline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208214443/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/sharedassets/public/coasts/no27.pdf">Archived</a> 8 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Coastline, South Australian Coastal Protection Board, No. 27, April 1993. Retrieved 6 December 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parks.sa.gov.au/parks/wara-wayingga-tennyson-dunes-conservation-reserve">"Wara Wayingga-Tennyson Dunes Conservation Reserve"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wara+Wayingga-Tennyson+Dunes+Conservation+Reserve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parks.sa.gov.au%2Fparks%2Fwara-wayingga-tennyson-dunes-conservation-reserve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> C. Kerr-Grant (1955): The Adelaide Earthquake of 1 March 1954 (PDF). South Australian Museum, 10 November 1955. Retrieved 5 April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Adelaide, SA: Earthquake. EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia, 13 September 2006. Retrieved 5 April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-17/adelaide-hit-by-earth-tremor/399538">Adelaide hit by earth tremor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811220012/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-17/adelaide-hit-by-earth-tremor/399538">Archived</a> 11 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ABC News, 17 April 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-10-19/earthquake-adelaide-upper-sturt/3578192">Shallow earthquake jolts Adelaide awake</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426190649/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-10-19/earthquake-adelaide-upper-sturt/3578192">Archived</a> 26 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ABC News, 20 October 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-06/earth-tremor-shakes-adelaide/5185964">Adelaide shaken by earth tremor which sounded like 'jet taking off'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423133944/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-06/earth-tremor-shakes-adelaide/5185964">Archived</a> 23 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ABC News, 6 January 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-10/second-tremor-in-less-than-two-weeks-shakes-adelaide/8259468">Tremor shakes Adelaide nine days after larger earthquake in city</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417200511/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-10/second-tremor-in-less-than-two-weeks-shakes-adelaide/8259468">Archived</a> 17 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ABC News, 10 February 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abc.net.au/news/2018-08-08/earthquake-shakes-adelaide-hills/10091262">Earthquake near Mannum felt across Adelaide suburbs and hills rumbled 'like a train'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809111153/http://abc.net.au/news/2018-08-08/earthquake-shakes-adelaide-hills/10091262">Archived</a> 9 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ABC News, 9 August 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-06/adelaide-earthquake-tremor-mt-barker/100886238">"Earthquake rattles Adelaide but no reports of damage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC News</a>. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Earthquake+rattles+Adelaide+but+no+reports+of+damage&rft.date=2022-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-03-06%2Fadelaide-earthquake-tremor-mt-barker%2F100886238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeeversWalterScheibner1997" class="citation journal cs1">Veevers, J. J.; Walter, M. R.; Scheibner, E. (1997). "Neoproterozoic Tectonics of Australia-Antarctica and Laurentia and the 560 Ma Birth of the Pacific Ocean Reflect the 400 M.Y. Pangean Supercycle". The Journal of Geology. 105 (2): 225–242. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JG....105..225V">1997JG....105..225V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F515914">10.1086/515914</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1376">0022-1376</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140652348">140652348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Geology&rft.atitle=Neoproterozoic+Tectonics+of+Australia-Antarctica+and+Laurentia+and+the+560+Ma+Birth+of+the+Pacific+Ocean+Reflect+the+400+M.Y.+Pangean+Supercycle&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F515914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140652348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-1376&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JG....105..225V&rft.aulast=Veevers&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Walter%2C+M.+R.&rft.au=Scheibner%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Lindsay J.M. & Alley, N.F. (1995): St Vincent Basin. In: Drexel, J.F. & Preiss, W.V. (Eds.) The geology of South Australia. Vol.2, The Phanerozoic. pp. 163–171. South Australia Geological Survey, Bulletin 54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7308%2B0621%2B9" title="Special:BookSources/0+7308+0621+9">0 7308 0621 9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Callan, R.A., Sheard, M.J., Benbow, M.C. & Belperio, A.P. (1995): Alluvial fans and piedmont slope deposits. In: Drexel, J.F. & Preiss, W.V. (Eds.) The geology of South Australia. Vol.2, The Phanerozoic. pp. 241–242. South Australia Geological Survey, Bulletin 54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7308%2B0621%2B9" title="Special:BookSources/0+7308+0621+9">0 7308 0621 9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Belperio, A.P. (1995): Coastal and marine sequences. In: Drexel, J.F. & Preiss, W.V. (Eds.) The geology of South Australia. Vol.2, The Phanerozoic. pp. 220–240. South Australia Geological Survey, Bulletin 54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7308%2B0621%2B9" title="Special:BookSources/0+7308+0621+9">0 7308 0621 9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Page, M. (1981): Port Adelaide and its Institute, 1851–1979. Rigby Publishers Ltd. Pp.17–20. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7270-1510-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7270-1510-9">0-7270-1510-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2011" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Kerryn (2011). Adelaide. NewSouth. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7817-4224092-3" title="Special:BookSources/9-7817-4224092-3"><bdi>9-7817-4224092-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adelaide&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=NewSouth&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9-7817-4224092-3&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Kerryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/transport_network/projects/better_roads/adelaides_inner_outer_ring_routes.asp">Adelaide's Inner and Outer Ring Routes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306220115/http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/transport_network/projects/better_roads/adelaides_inner_outer_ring_routes.asp">Archived</a> 6 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 24 August 2004, South Australian Department of Transport. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ozroads.com.au/SA/freeways.htm">"Adelaide's Freeways – A History from MATS to the Port River Expressway"</a>. Ozroads. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114830/http://www.ozroads.com.au/SA/freeways.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ozroads&rft.atitle=Adelaide%27s+Freeways+%E2%80%93+A+History+from+MATS+to+the+Port+River+Expressway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ozroads.com.au%2FSA%2Ffreeways.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206075528/http://www.ministers.sa.gov.au/news.php?id=3826">"Clipsal site at Bowden to become a green village"</a>, Ministerial Press Release, 24 October 2008, SA Govt. Retrieved 20 November 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20081206075532/http://www.ministers.sa.gov.au/news.php?id=3956">"Government reveals Clipsal site purchase price"</a>, Ministerial Press Release, 15 November 2008, SA Govt, archived. Retrieved 27 November 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Gibbs, R.M. (2013): Under the burning sun: a history of colonial South Australia, 1836–1900. Peacock Publications. Pp. 58, 333–4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921601-85-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921601-85-9">978-1-921601-85-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cadden-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cadden_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cadden_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cadden_87-2">c</a> Rosemary Cadden: Building South Australia: celebrating 125 years. Solstice Media. pp. 77, 87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-51343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-51343-0">978-0-646-51343-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Sheard, M. J., & A. P. Belperio (1995): "Problem soils". In: Drexel, J. F. & Preiss, W. V. (eds.) The geology of South Australia. Vol.2, The Phanerozoic. p. 274. South Australia Geological Survey, Bulletin 54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7308-0621-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7308-0621-9">978-0-7308-0621-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTapperTapper1996" class="citation book cs1">Tapper, Andrew; Tapper, Nigel (1996). Gray, Kathleen (ed.). The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand (First ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-553393-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-553393-3"><bdi>0-19-553393-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+weather+and+climate+of+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=300&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-553393-3&rft.aulast=Tapper&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Tapper%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-03/term-cold-monsoon-used-to-describe-adelaide-climate/9723122">What's a 'cold monsoon'? And is it the best way to describe Adelaide's climate?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529095345/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-03/term-cold-monsoon-used-to-describe-adelaide-climate/9723122">Archived</a> 29 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ABC News, 3 May 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/glenelg.htm">"Glenelg Sea Temperature | Australia Water Temperatures"</a>. Seatemperature.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920141807/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/glenelg.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glenelg+Sea+Temperature+%26%23124%3B+Australia+Water+Temperatures&rft.pub=Seatemperature.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seatemperature.org%2Faustralia-pacific%2Faustralia%2Fglenelg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABOM-92"><a href="#cite_ref-ABOM_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=023090&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal">"Climate statistics for ADELAIDE (KENT TOWN) 1991–2020 averages"</a>. Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.atitle=Climate+statistics+for+ADELAIDE+%28KENT+TOWN%29+1991%E2%80%932020+averages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fjsp%2Fncc%2Fcdio%2Fcvg%2Fav%3Fp_stn_num%3D023090%26p_prim_element_index%3D0%26p_comp_element_index%3D0%26redraw%3Dnull%26p_display_type%3Dfull_statistics_table%26normals_years%3D1991-2020%26tablesizebutt%3Dnormal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023090_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for ADELAIDE (KENT TOWN) all years"</a>. Climate statistics for Australian locations. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.atitle=Climate+statistics+for+ADELAIDE+%28KENT+TOWN%29+all+years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_023090_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023090.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations – Summary statistics ADELAIDE (KENT TOWN)"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations+%E2%80%93+Summary+statistics+ADELAIDE+%28KENT+TOWN%29&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_023090.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cw_023013_All-95"><a href="#cite_ref-cw_023013_All_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023013_All.shtml">"Climate statistics for Australian locations"</a>. BoM. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.pub=BoM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_023013_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eiu.com/topic/liveability">"Global Liveability Ranking"</a>. eiu.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501141508/http://www.eiu.com/topic/liveability">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eiu.com&rft.atitle=Global+Liveability+Ranking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.com%2Ftopic%2Fliveability&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164406/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/msn/the-worlds-most-liveable-cities-in-2018/ar-BBLTwDy">"The world's most liveable cities in 2018"</a>. MSN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/msn/the-worlds-most-liveable-cities-in-2018/ar-BBLTwDy">the original</a> on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+most+liveable+cities+in+2018&rft.pub=MSN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fmsn%2Fthe-worlds-most-liveable-cities-in-2018%2Far-BBLTwDy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFsolutions" class="citation web cs1">solutions, EIU digital. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Liveability2016">"Global Liveability Ranking 2016"</a>. eiu.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504225324/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=liveability2016">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eiu.com&rft.atitle=Global+Liveability+Ranking+2016&rft.aulast=solutions&rft.aufirst=EIU+digital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.com%2Fpublic%2Ftopical_report.aspx%3Fcampaignid%3DLiveability2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoudhury2016" class="citation web cs1">Choudhury, Saheli Roy (17 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/17/melbourne-vienna-vancouver-ranked-top-three-most-livable-cities-by-the-economist-intelligence-unit.html">"These are the most livable cities in the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164523/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/17/melbourne-vienna-vancouver-ranked-top-three-most-livable-cities-by-the-economist-intelligence-unit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=These+are+the+most+livable+cities+in+the+world&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft.aulast=Choudhury&rft.aufirst=Saheli+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2016%2F08%2F17%2Fmelbourne-vienna-vancouver-ranked-top-three-most-livable-cities-by-the-economist-intelligence-unit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-09/adelaide-declared-worlds-third-most-liveable-city/100200836">"Adelaide outperforms interstate rivals to be declared world's third most liveable city"</a>. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 9 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Adelaide+outperforms+interstate+rivals+to+be+declared+world%27s+third+most+liveable+city&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-06-09%2Fadelaide-declared-worlds-third-most-liveable-city%2F100200836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/the-worlds-most-liveable-cities-have-been-revealed-heres-how-australia-ranked/hjbxpsogp">"The world's most liveable cities have been revealed. Here's how Australia ranked"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SBS_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS Australia">SBS</a>. 22 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+most+liveable+cities+have+been+revealed.+Here%27s+how+Australia+ranked&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fthe-worlds-most-liveable-cities-have-been-revealed-heres-how-australia-ranked%2Fhjbxpsogp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/lifestyle/adelaide-named-the-worlds-second-national-park-city-at-the-world-urban-park-congress/news-story/7ed9eb6a39dbfed5c3de337b9081a5eb?amp&nk=18fdf904b5b20207861d6efb7319548e-1639211239">"Adelaide becomes world's second National Park City"</a>. Adelaide Now. 10 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adelaide+Now&rft.atitle=Adelaide+becomes+world%27s+second+National+Park+City&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaidenow.com.au%2Flifestyle%2Fadelaide-named-the-worlds-second-national-park-city-at-the-world-urban-park-congress%2Fnews-story%2F7ed9eb6a39dbfed5c3de337b9081a5eb%3Famp%26nk%3D18fdf904b5b20207861d6efb7319548e-1639211239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaidenationalparkcity.org/">Adelaide National Park City</a> Green Adelaide. Retrieved 9 January 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/01/22/3118843.htm?section=business">"Adelaide crowned nation's most livable city"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News Online</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 January 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Adelaide+crowned+nation%27s+most+livable+city&rft.date=2011-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2011%2F01%2F22%2F3118843.htm%3Fsection%3Dbusiness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/adelaide-voted-nations-most-liveable/story-e6frea83-1226309173646">"Adelaide voted nation's most liveable"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)" title="The Advertiser (Adelaide)">The Advertiser</a>. Adelaide. 25 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701092114/http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/adelaide-voted-nations-most-liveable/story-e6frea83-1226309173646">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Adelaide+voted+nation%27s+most+liveable&rft.date=2012-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaidenow.com.au%2Fnews%2Fsouth-australia%2Fadelaide-voted-nations-most-liveable%2Fstory-e6frea83-1226309173646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/adelaide-the-countrys-most-liveable-city-20130304-2ffeh.html">"Adelaide the country's most liveable city"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. 4 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130305150329/http://www.smh.com.au/national/adelaide-the-countrys-most-liveable-city-20130304-2ffeh.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Adelaide+the+country%27s+most+liveable+city&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fadelaide-the-countrys-most-liveable-city-20130304-2ffeh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2014" class="citation web cs1">Fletcher, Andrew (4 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propertycouncil.com.au/Web/Content/Media_Release/NSW/2014/Novocastrians_Crave_Change.aspx">"Novocastrians Crave Change"</a>. Australian Property Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407062505/http://propertycouncil.com.au/Web/Content/Media_Release/NSW/2014/Novocastrians_Crave_Change.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Property+Council&rft.atitle=Novocastrians+Crave+Change&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propertycouncil.com.au%2FWeb%2FContent%2FMedia_Release%2FNSW%2F2014%2FNovocastrians_Crave_Change.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpc.sa.gov.au/responsibilities/intergovernmental-relations/capital-city-committee">Capital City Committee</a> Government of South Australia, Department of the Premier and Cabinet. Retrieved 23 July 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-Salt-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Salt_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalt2011" class="citation web cs1">Salt, Bernard (27 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/ipad/salt-adelaides-european-twin/story-fn6br25t-1226028653784">"Adelaide's European twin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Mail_(Adelaide)" title="Sunday Mail (Adelaide)">Sunday Mail</a>. Adelaide: <a href="/wiki/News_Corp_Australia" title="News Corp Australia">News Limited</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810171115/http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/ipad/salt-adelaides-european-twin/story-fn6br25t-1226028653784">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011. <q>[...] the Adelaideans could withdraw to vantage points within the city centre [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Mail&rft.atitle=Adelaide%27s+European+twin&rft.date=2011-03-27&rft.aulast=Salt&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaidenow.com.au%2Fipad%2Fsalt-adelaides-european-twin%2Fstory-fn6br25t-1226028653784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelaidean-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Adelaidean_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/adelaidean/issues/81286/news81290.html">"On your bike, Adelaide"</a>. Adelaidean. Adelaide: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307115258/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/adelaidean/issues/81286/news81290.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016. <q>It could be argued that Adelaideans are easily influenced by all things wheels [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adelaidean&rft.atitle=On+your+bike%2C+Adelaide&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaide.edu.au%2Fadelaidean%2Fissues%2F81286%2Fnews81290.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABSCapitalPop-111"><a href="#cite_ref-ABSCapitalPop_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release#capital-cities">"Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2019–2020: Main Features"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 22 March 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Regional+Population+Growth%2C+Australia%2C+2019%E2%80%932020%3A+Main+Features&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpopulation%2Fregional-population%2Flatest-release%23capital-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features352013-14?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2013-14&num=&view=">3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2013–14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220171206/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features352013-14?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2013-14&num=&view=">Archived</a> 20 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> SOUTH AUSTRALIA STATE SUMMARY Australian Bureau of Statistice, 31 March 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-ABS2011-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABS2011_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABS2011_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024051824/http://australiapopulation2016.com/population-of-adelaide-in-2016.html">"Population Of Adelaide in 2016"</a>. Australiapopulation2016.com. 13 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australiapopulation2016.com/population-of-adelaide-in-2016.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Of+Adelaide+in+2016&rft.pub=Australiapopulation2016.com&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustraliapopulation2016.com%2Fpopulation-of-adelaide-in-2016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/4GADE">"2021 Greater Adelaide, Census Community Profiles"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=2021+Greater+Adelaide%2C+Census+Community+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fcommunity-profiles%2F2021%2F4GADE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics1995" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument">"Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)"</a>. abs.gov.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420205113/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182%21OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Feature+Article+%E2%80%93+Ethnic+and+Cultural+Diversity+in+Australia+%28Feature+Article%29&rft.date=1995-01&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAusstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2F94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2%2F49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/4GADE">"2021 Greater Adelaide, Census All persons QuickStats"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=2021+Greater+Adelaide%2C+Census+All+persons+QuickStats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2021%2F4GADE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Public/Consulates/97/State/5">"Foreign embassies and consulates in Australia - Consulate of Italy (SA)"</a>. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 19 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft.atitle=Foreign+embassies+and+consulates+in+Australia+-+Consulate+of+Italy+%28SA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprotocol.dfat.gov.au%2FPublic%2FConsulates%2F97%2FState%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZysk2005" class="citation web cs1">Zysk, Ania (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isana.proceedings.com.au/docs/2005/papers%20(pdf)/fri_1030_zysk.pdf#:~:text=Mawson%20Lakes%20is%20the%20main%20campus%20for%20the,approximately%201%20400%20of%20those%20are%20international%20students.">"Network Mawson Lakes: International and Local Links"</a> (PDF). Isana Conference Proceedings. p. 2. Retrieved 10 May 2024. <q>There are around 5 147 students and approximately 1 400 of those are international students.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Isana+Conference+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Network+Mawson+Lakes%3A+International+and+Local+Links&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Zysk&rft.aufirst=Ania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisana.proceedings.com.au%2Fdocs%2F2005%2Fpapers%2520%28pdf%29%2Ffri_1030_zysk.pdf%23%3A~%3Atext%3DMawson%2520Lakes%2520is%2520the%2520main%2520campus%2520for%2520the%2Capproximately%25201%2520400%2520of%2520those%2520are%2520international%2520students.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-123"><a href="#cite_ref-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/4GADE?opendocument">"2016 Greater Adelaide, Census Community Profiles | Australian Bureau of Statistics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622062053/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/4GADE%3Fopendocument">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+Greater+Adelaide%2C+Census+Community+Profiles+%26%23124%3B+Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus_services%2Fgetproduct%2Fcensus%2F2016%2Fcommunityprofile%2F4GADE%3Fopendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmery2013" class="citation web cs1">Amery, Rob (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au/subjects/kaurna-language-kaurna-warra">"Kaurna language (Kaurna warra)"</a>. SA History Hub. Retrieved 22 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SA+History+Hub&rft.atitle=Kaurna+language+%28Kaurna+warra%29&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.aulast=Amery&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au%2Fsubjects%2Fkaurna-language-kaurna-warra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.cityofadelaide.com.au/journey/bf1d1188-c13b-11e8-a4a7-024bc0398b11/adelaide-the-city-of-churches">"Adelaide – the City of Churches"</a>. cityofadelaide.com.au. Retrieved 7 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cityofadelaide.com.au&rft.atitle=Adelaide+%E2%80%93+the+City+of+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.cityofadelaide.com.au%2Fjourney%2Fbf1d1188-c13b-11e8-a4a7-024bc0398b11%2Fadelaide-the-city-of-churches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810123558/http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1455">"Religion: Diversity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1455">the original</a> on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion%3A+Diversity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samemory.sa.gov.au%2Fsite%2Fpage.cfm%3Fu%3D1455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309190732/https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1466">"Religious freedom"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1466">the original</a> on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+freedom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samemory.sa.gov.au%2Fsite%2Fpage.cfm%3Fu%3D1466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1455">Religion: Diversity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810123558/http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1455">Archived</a> 10 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, SA Memory. Retrieved 23 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502004913/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/4GADE?opendocument&navpos=220">"2011 Census – Greater Adelaide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/4GADE?opendocument&navpos=220">the original</a> on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census+%E2%80%93+Greater+Adelaide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus_services%2Fgetproduct%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fquickstat%2F4GADE%3Fopendocument%26navpos%3D220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130715093651/http://profile.id.com.au/adelaide/religion">"Religion | City of Adelaide | Community profile"</a>. profile.id.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profile.id.com.au/adelaide/religion">the original</a> on 15 July 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=profile.id.com.au&rft.atitle=Religion+%7C+City+of+Adelaide+%7C+Community+profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofile.id.com.au%2Fadelaide%2Freligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_131-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0001_0_00409.html">Adelaide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015195622/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0001_0_00409.html">Archived</a> 15 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jewish Virtual Library, Encyclopaedia Judica, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/793-adelaide">Adelaide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108003822/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/793-adelaide">Archived</a> 8 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, JewishEncyclopedia.com, 1906. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/adelaide">"The Jewish Community of Adelaide"</a>. Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155442/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/adelaide">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beit+Hatfutsot+Open+Databases+Project&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Community+of+Adelaide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbs.bh.org.il%2Fplace%2Fadelaide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2011/07/04/global/south-australias-only-jewish-school-to-close">South Australia’s only Jewish school to close</a> Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 4 July 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adelaidejmuseum.org/">"Adelaide Jewish Museum"</a>. adelaidejmuseum.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216161346/http://www.adelaidejmuseum.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adelaidejmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Adelaide+Jewish+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadelaidejmuseum.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gandelfoundation.org.au/2020/11/adelaide-holocaust-museum-is-opening-its-doors-and-the-hearts-of-south-australians/">Adelaide Holocaust Museum is opening its doors and the hearts of South Australians</a> Gandel Foundation. Retrieved on 17 December 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestripHolroyde2010" class="citation book cs1">Westrip, J.; Holroyde, P. (2010). Colonial Cousins: a surprising history of connections between India and Australia. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Town,_South_Australia" title="Kent Town, South Australia">Kent Town, South Australia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Press_(Australia)" title="Wakefield Press (Australia)">Wakefield Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86254-841-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86254-841-1"><bdi>978-1-86254-841-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24582860M">24582860M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Cousins%3A+a+surprising+history+of+connections+between+India+and+Australia&rft.place=Kent+Town%2C+South+Australia&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24582860M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-86254-841-1&rft.aulast=Westrip&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Holroyde%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_138-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_138-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/BDE38EF07F5984D0CA2576F50011FE7D?OpenDocument">"1345.4 – SA Stats, June 2011"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116061953/http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/BDE38EF07F5984D0CA2576F50011FE7D?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1345.4+%E2%80%93+SA+Stats%2C+June+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FmediareleasesbyReleaseDate%2FBDE38EF07F5984D0CA2576F50011FE7D%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/business/health-now-our-biggest-employer/story-e6frede3-1226046526798">"Health now our biggest employer – Adelaide Now"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430211448/http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/business/health-now-our-biggest-employer/story-e6frede3-1226046526798">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+now+our+biggest+employer+%E2%80%93+Adelaide+Now&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaidenow.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fhealth-now-our-biggest-employer%2Fstory-e6frede3-1226046526798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_140-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1345.4Feature%20Article1Apr%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1345.4&issue=Apr%202011&num=&view=">1345.4 – SA Stats, Apr 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502133036/http://www8.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1345.4Feature%20Article1Apr%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1345.4&issue=Apr%202011&num=&view=">Archived</a> 2 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. abs.gov.au. Retrieved 26 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-PGIBSA25-141"><a href="#cite_ref-PGIBSA25_141-0">^</a> PGIBSA, 2014, page 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809022714/http://www.southaustralia.biz/fact_sheets/fact_automotive.biz.pdf">"South Australia Fact Sheet: Automotive Industry"</a> (PDF). Government of South Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southaustralia.biz/fact_sheets/fact_automotive.biz.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Australia+Fact+Sheet%3A+Automotive+Industry&rft.pub=Government+of+South+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southaustralia.biz%2Ffact_sheets%2Ffact_automotive.biz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.southaustralia.biz/news/sa_creditrating.htm">[1]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaxton2004" class="citation episode cs1">Haxton, Nance (26 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2004/s1227927.htm">"News Corp bids Adelaide farewell"</a>. AM. Event occurs at 08:24:42. ABC Radio. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AM&rft.date=2004-10-26&rft.aulast=Haxton&rft.aufirst=Nance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fam%2Fcontent%2F2004%2Fs1227927.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaclennanWinter2018" class="citation web cs1">Maclennan, Leah; Winter, Caroline (11 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-11/australian-space-agency-to-be-based-in-adelaide/10608202">"South Australia beats strong competition to be home to Australia's new space agency"</a>. ABC News (Australia). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211160327/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-11/australian-space-agency-to-be-based-in-adelaide/10608202">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=South+Australia+beats+strong+competition+to+be+home+to+Australia%27s+new+space+agency&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft.aulast=Maclennan&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft.au=Winter%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-12-11%2Faustralian-space-agency-to-be-based-in-adelaide%2F10608202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219053024/https://www.industry.gov.au/news-media/australian-space-agency-news/australian-space-agency-opens-in-adelaide">"Australian Space Agency opens in Adelaide"</a>. Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources of Australia. 19 February 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.industry.gov.au/news-media/australian-space-agency-news/australian-space-agency-opens-in-adelaide">the original</a> on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Space+Agency+opens+in+Adelaide&rft.pub=Department+of+Industry%2C+Science%2C+Energy+and+Resources+of+Australia&rft.date=2020-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.industry.gov.au%2Fnews-media%2Faustralian-space-agency-news%2Faustralian-space-agency-opens-in-adelaide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indaily.com.au/news/2013/08/28/defence-interactive/">Visualised: How Defence dominates govt tenders in SA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128151001/http://indaily.com.au/news/2013/08/28/defence-interactive/">Archived</a> 28 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> InDaily, 28 August 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencesa.com/">South Australia: The Defence Industry Choice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120731112615/http://www.defencesa.com/">Archived</a> 31 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Defence SA. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223171250/http://www.skills.sa.gov.au/workforce-information/labour-market">"Workforce Wizard | WorkReady – Skills and Employment"</a>. Skills.sa.gov.au. 14 September 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skills.sa.gov.au/workforce-information/labour-market">the original</a> on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skills.sa.gov.au&rft.atitle=Workforce+Wizard+%26%23124%3B+WorkReady+%E2%80%93+Skills+and+Employment&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skills.sa.gov.au%2Fworkforce-information%2Flabour-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABS-150"><a href="#cite_ref-ABS_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (25 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2006/405">"Adelaide (Statistical Division)"</a>. 2006 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2006+Census+QuickStats&rft.atitle=Adelaide+%28Statistical+Division%29&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2006%2F405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workplace.gov.au/lmip/LabourForceData/SouthAustralia/Adelaide/">Adelaide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070904085208/http://www.workplace.gov.au/lmip/LabourForceData/SouthAustralia/Adelaide/">Archived</a> 4 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Labour Market Information Portal. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/1E5ADA69-1DF0-4680-A16A-F376109E9091/0/SA_6_Regions_2007_04.pdf">SA Regional Labour Force Data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070619211401/http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/1E5ADA69-1DF0-4680-A16A-F376109E9091/0/SA_6_Regions_2007_04.pdf">Archived</a> 19 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, April 2007, Australian Bureau of Statistics Labour Force Survey. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reisa.com.au/documents/item/54">"State and Metro Adelaide Historical Median House Prices"</a>. reisa.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190317073307/https://www.reisa.com.au/documents/item/54">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reisa.com.au&rft.atitle=State+and+Metro+Adelaide+Historical+Median+House+Prices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reisa.com.au%2Fdocuments%2Fitem%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reisa.com.au/documents/item/58">"statistics"</a>. reisa.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190317073340/https://www.reisa.com.au/documents/item/58">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reisa.com.au&rft.atitle=statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reisa.com.au%2Fdocuments%2Fitem%2F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704192553/http://wic003lc.server-web.com/~admin417/uploads/Stats/Stats%20Mar10.pdf">"SA house prices surge ahead"</a> (PDF). Wic003lc.server-web.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wic003lc.server-web.com/~admin417/uploads/Stats/Stats">the original</a> on 4 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wic003lc.server-web.com&rft.atitle=SA+house+prices+surge+ahead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwic003lc.server-web.com%2F~admin417%2Fuploads%2FStats%2FStats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustralia" class="citation web cs1">Australia, Government of South. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/planning-and-property/buying-a-home-or-property/researching-a-property/median-house-sales-by-quarter">"Median house sales by quarter"</a>. sa.gov.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704200642/http://www.sa.gov.au/topics/planning-and-property/buying-a-home-or-property/researching-a-property/median-house-sales-by-quarter">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sa.gov.au&rft.atitle=Median+house+sales+by+quarter&rft.aulast=Australia&rft.aufirst=Government+of+South&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sa.gov.au%2Ftopics%2Fplanning-and-property%2Fbuying-a-home-or-property%2Fresearching-a-property%2Fmedian-house-sales-by-quarter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RESIA-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RESIA_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RESIA_157-1">b</a> Real Estate Institute of South Australia (REISA) </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://members.reisa.com.au/publicinfo/median-house-prices">"Median House Prices – REISA"</a>. The Real Estate Institute of South Australia (REISA). 23 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203220313/http://www.reisa.com.au/publicinfo/median-house-prices">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Real+Estate+Institute+of+South+Australia+%28REISA%29&rft.atitle=Median+House+Prices+%E2%80%93+REISA&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmembers.reisa.com.au%2Fpublicinfo%2Fmedian-house-prices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eduhub-159"><a href="#cite_ref-eduhub_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2008" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Verity (3 May 2008). "Education attracts record numbers". The Weekend Australian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekend+Australian&rft.atitle=Education+attracts+record+numbers&rft.date=2008-05-03&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Verity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thecity-160"><a href="#cite_ref-thecity_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBroadstock2015" class="citation news cs1">Broadstock, Amelia (6 May 2015). "International Uni student numbers a billion dollar boom for Adelaide". The City Messenger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+City+Messenger&rft.atitle=International+Uni+student+numbers+a+billion+dollar+boom+for+Adelaide&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft.aulast=Broadstock&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.math.ucla.edu/~tao/preprints/cv.html">"Vitae and Bibliography for Terence Tao"</a>. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vitae+and+Bibliography+for+Terence+Tao&rft.date=2024-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.ucla.edu%2F~tao%2Fpreprints%2Fcv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australia101.com/lifestyle/education/">"Australia 101 – Education in Australia"</a>. australia101.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190309142858/http://australia101.com/lifestyle/education">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=australia101.com&rft.atitle=Australia+101+%E2%80%93+Education+in+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralia101.com%2Flifestyle%2Feducation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/education-and-learning/curriculum-and-learning/south-australian-curriculum">"Curriculum in South Australian schools"</a>. sa.gov.au. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sa.gov.au&rft.atitle=Curriculum+in+South+Australian+schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sa.gov.au%2Ftopics%2Feducation-and-learning%2Fcurriculum-and-learning%2Fsouth-australian-curriculum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012045333/https://ibaustralasia.org/schools/SA">"Find an IB school South Australia"</a>. ib schools australasia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibaustralasia.org/schools/SA">the original</a> on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ib+schools+australasia&rft.atitle=Find+an+IB+school+South+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fibaustralasia.org%2Fschools%2FSA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/education-and-learning/schools/alternative-schooling/external-education">"External education"</a>. sa.gov.au. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sa.gov.au&rft.atitle=External+education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sa.gov.au%2Ftopics%2Feducation-and-learning%2Fschools%2Falternative-schooling%2Fexternal-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openaccess.edu.au/about-oac/marden-campus">"Marden Campus"</a>. Open Access College. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Access+College&rft.atitle=Marden+Campus&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openaccess.edu.au%2Fabout-oac%2Fmarden-campus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/education-and-learning/schools/alternative-schooling/home-education">"Home education"</a>. sa.gov.au. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sa.gov.au&rft.atitle=Home+education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sa.gov.au%2Ftopics%2Feducation-and-learning%2Fschools%2Falternative-schooling%2Fhome-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721020522/http://www.adelaide.edu.au/uni/facts/">"Facts & Figures"</a>. University of Adelaide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelaide.edu.au/uni/facts/">the original</a> on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+%26+Figures&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaide.edu.au%2Funi%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.unisa.edu.au/news/facts.asp">"Facts about UniSA"</a>. University of South Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516160441/http://w3.unisa.edu.au/news/facts.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+about+UniSA&rft.pub=University+of+South+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.unisa.edu.au%2Fnews%2Ffacts.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiebert2021" class="citation web cs1">Siebert, Bension (21 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-21/documents-shed-light-on-university-of-adelaide-sa-failed-merger/12960276">"University of Adelaide, UniSA merger proposal failed after uncertainty over name and leadership"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=University+of+Adelaide%2C+UniSA+merger+proposal+failed+after+uncertainty+over+name+and+leadership&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft.aulast=Siebert&rft.aufirst=Bension&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-01-21%2Fdocuments-shed-light-on-university-of-adelaide-sa-failed-merger%2F12960276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-07/universities-of-adelaide-and-south-australia-move-to-merge/101746396">"University of Adelaide and UniSA revive merger talks, with new combined uni pitched for 2026"</a>. ABC News. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=University+of+Adelaide+and+UniSA+revive+merger+talks%2C+with+new+combined+uni+pitched+for+2026&rft.date=2022-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-12-07%2Funiversities-of-adelaide-and-south-australia-move-to-merge%2F101746396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flinders.edu.au/about/fast-facts/student-staff-numbers">Student and staff numbers, 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211709/https://www.flinders.edu.au/about/fast-facts/student-staff-numbers">Archived</a> 26 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Flinders University, 21 July 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-p920-173"><a href="#cite_ref-p920_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usc.edu.au/about/unisc-news/news-archive/2024/may/unisc-announces-adelaide-campus">"UniSC announces Adelaide campus"</a>. UniSC. 23 April 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UniSC&rft.atitle=UniSC+announces+Adelaide+campus&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu.au%2Fabout%2Funisc-news%2Fnews-archive%2F2024%2Fmay%2Funisc-announces-adelaide-campus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-d156-174"><a href="#cite_ref-d156_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usc.edu.au/study/life-at-unisc/study-locations/unisc-adelaide">"UniSC Adelaide"</a>. UniSC. Retrieved 25 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UniSC&rft.atitle=UniSC+Adelaide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu.au%2Fstudy%2Flife-at-unisc%2Fstudy-locations%2Funisc-adelaide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2008" class="citation news cs1">Edwards, Verity (3 May 2008). "RI Australia plugs into world science". The Weekend Australian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekend+Australian&rft.atitle=RI+Australia+plugs+into+world+science&rft.date=2008-05-03&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Verity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imvs.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/SA+Pathology+Internet+Content/IMVS/About+Us/History/">History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110116192755/http://www.imvs.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/SA+Pathology+Internet+Content/IMVS/About+Us/History/">Archived</a> 16 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imvs.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/SA+Pathology+Internet+Content/IMVS/About+Us/Our+Research/">Our research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110116192806/http://www.imvs.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/SA+Pathology+Internet+Content/IMVS/About+Us/Our+Research/">Archived</a> 16 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hansoninstitute.sa.gov.au/">About us</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725031302/http://www.hansoninstitute.sa.gov.au/">Archived</a> 25 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hansoninstitute.sa.gov.au/aboutus/history.php">History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725031302/http://www.hansoninstitute.sa.gov.au/">Archived</a> 25 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , Hanson Institute </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awri.com.au/">The Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225174859/https://www.awri.com.au/">Archived</a> 25 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, awri.com.au </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acpfg.com.au/">Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics (ACPFG)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218142922/http://www.acpfg.com.au/">Archived</a> 18 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, acpfg.com.au </li> <li id="cite_note-CSIROWaite-180"><a href="#cite_ref-CSIROWaite_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csiro.au/en/Locations/SA/Urrbrae">"Waite Campus, Urrbrae"</a>. CSIRO. 6 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906061825/https://www.csiro.au/en/Locations/SA/Urrbrae">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSIRO&rft.atitle=Waite+Campus%2C+Urrbrae&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiro.au%2Fen%2FLocations%2FSA%2FUrrbrae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/about_us_2/facilities/glenside_laboratories">"Livestock – Glenside Laboratories"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219151446/http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/about_us_2/facilities/glenside_laboratories">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livestock+%E2%80%93+Glenside+Laboratories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardi.sa.gov.au%2Fabout_us_2%2Ffacilities%2Fglenside_laboratories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/about_us_2/facilities/sa_aquatic_sciences_centre/sa_aquatic_sciences_centre">"SARDI"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219154303/http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/about_us_2/facilities/sa_aquatic_sciences_centre/sa_aquatic_sciences_centre">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SARDI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardi.sa.gov.au%2Fabout_us_2%2Ffacilities%2Fsa_aquatic_sciences_centre%2Fsa_aquatic_sciences_centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/a-great-of-the-sa-science-world/news-story/9338949922d55092230a3a77e2b749c9">"A great of the SA science world"</a>. The Advertiser. Adelaide. 24 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223914/https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/a-great-of-the-sa-science-world/news-story/9338949922d55092230a3a77e2b749c9">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Advertiser&rft.atitle=A+great+of+the+SA+science+world&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaidenow.com.au%2Fnews%2Fsouth-australia%2Fa-great-of-the-sa-science-world%2Fnews-story%2F9338949922d55092230a3a77e2b749c9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Monteath, P., Paul, M., & Martin, R. (2014): Interned: Torrens Island 1914–1915, Wakefield Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781743053386" title="Special:BookSources/9781743053386">9781743053386</a> p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310023446/http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/linguistics/alf/">"Adelaide Language Festival 2014"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/linguistics/alf/">the original</a> on 10 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adelaide+Language+Festival+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.adelaide.edu.au%2Flinguistics%2Falf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909142218/https://www.lcnau2017.org/adelaide-languages-festival">"Adelaide Language Festival, 2017"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lcnau2017.org/adelaide-languages-festival">the original</a> on 9 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adelaide+Language+Festival%2C+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcnau2017.org%2Fadelaide-languages-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSutton2015" class="citation news cs1">Sutton, Malcolm (4 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-04/cold-chisel-a-reminder-of-sa-music-scene-before-decentralisation/6276746">"Cold Chisel a reminder of SA's music scene before pokies and inner-city apartments 'decentralised' it"</a>. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031033946/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-04/cold-chisel-a-reminder-of-sa-music-scene-before-decentralisation/6276746">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Cold+Chisel+a+reminder+of+SA%27s+music+scene+before+pokies+and+inner-city+apartments+%27decentralised%27+it&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-03-04%2Fcold-chisel-a-reminder-of-sa-music-scene-before-decentralisation%2F6276746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker2017" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Andrea Jean (16 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/is-melbourne-the-music-capital-of-australia-sydney-or-adelaide-might-pip-it-to-the-post-77087">"Is Melbourne the music capital of Australia? Sydney or Adelaide might pip it to the post"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181208075500/http://theconversation.com/is-melbourne-the-music-capital-of-australia-sydney-or-adelaide-might-pip-it-to-the-post-77087">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Is+Melbourne+the+music+capital+of+Australia%3F+Sydney+or+Adelaide+might+pip+it+to+the+post&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Andrea+Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fis-melbourne-the-music-capital-of-australia-sydney-or-adelaide-might-pip-it-to-the-post-77087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicsa.com.au/south-australian-live-music-venues-open-for-business/">"South Australian Live Music Venues Open for Business"</a>. Music SA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305153042/http://www.musicsa.com.au/south-australian-live-music-venues-open-for-business/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+SA&rft.atitle=South+Australian+Live+Music+Venues+Open+for+Business&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicsa.com.au%2Fsouth-australian-live-music-venues-open-for-business%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/node/309">"Adelaide: Creative Cities Network"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915231624/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/node/309">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adelaide%3A+Creative+Cities+Network&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fcreative-cities%2Fnode%2F309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2024" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, Walter (23 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/mar/24/best-music-gig-venue-australia-grace-emily-hotel-adelaide-john-darnielle-tim-rogers">"'We've had one fight in 15 years': is the Grace Emily hotel Australia's best music venue?"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 13 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27We%27ve+had+one+fight+in+15+years%27%3A+is+the+Grace+Emily+hotel+Australia%27s+best+music+venue%3F&rft.date=2024-03-23&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2024%2Fmar%2F24%2Fbest-music-gig-venue-australia-grace-emily-hotel-adelaide-john-darnielle-tim-rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2024" class="citation web cs1">Simmons, David (11 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indaily.com.au/news/community/2024/09/11/pop-up-venue-hunt-continues-as-save-the-cranker-laws-pass">"Pop-up venue hunt continues as Save the Cranker laws pass"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InDaily" class="mw-redirect" title="InDaily">InDaily</a>. Retrieved 13 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InDaily&rft.atitle=Pop-up+venue+hunt+continues+as+Save+the+Cranker+laws+pass&rft.date=2024-09-11&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indaily.com.au%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2F2024%2F09%2F11%2Fpop-up-venue-hunt-continues-as-save-the-cranker-laws-pass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/guy-cancels-shows-20031210-gdhyep.html">"Guy cancels shows"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 December 2003. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Guy+cancels+shows&rft.date=2003-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fguy-cancels-shows-20031210-gdhyep.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505080550/http://www.archive.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/128912/Craigmore-Hillbank_Fact_Sheet_-_Final_-_Web_ready.pdf">"Digital television reception in Craigmore/Hillbank"</a> (PDF). Australian Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/128912/Craigmore-Hillbank_Fact_Sheet_-_Final_-_Web_ready.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+television+reception+in+Craigmore%2FHillbank&rft.pub=Australian+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.dbcde.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0005%2F128912%2FCraigmore-Hillbank_Fact_Sheet_-_Final_-_Web_ready.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705181200/http://myswitch.digitalready.gov.au/default.aspx?search=5000">"mySwitch"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myswitch.digitalready.gov.au/default.aspx?search=5000">the original</a> on 5 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mySwitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyswitch.digitalready.gov.au%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fsearch%3D5000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldradiomap.com/au/adelaide">"World Radio Map – Adelaide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190705/http://worldradiomap.com/au/adelaide">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Radio+Map+%E2%80%93+Adelaide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldradiomap.com%2Fau%2Fadelaide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theroar.com.au/2010/01/17/australian-sport-owes-much-to-little-old-adelaide/">"Australian sport owes much to little old Adelaide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203023151/http://www.theroar.com.au/2010/01/17/australian-sport-owes-much-to-little-old-adelaide/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+sport+owes+much+to+little+old+Adelaide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theroar.com.au%2F2010%2F01%2F17%2Faustralian-sport-owes-much-to-little-old-adelaide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/venues/adelaide-oval/results.html">"Rugby League Project – Adelaide Oval"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201212057/http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/venues/adelaide-oval/results.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rugby+League+Project+%E2%80%93+Adelaide+Oval&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbyleagueproject.org%2Fvenues%2Fadelaide-oval%2Fresults.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adelaidegiants.com.au/news/adelaide-giants-return-as-bite-rebrand/">"Baseball Australia"</a>. Adelaide Giants Baseball. 8 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221108074904/https://adelaidegiants.com.au/news/adelaide-giants-return-as-bite-rebrand/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adelaide+Giants+Baseball&rft.atitle=Baseball+Australia&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadelaidegiants.com.au%2Fnews%2Fadelaide-giants-return-as-bite-rebrand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703132801/http://www.adelaideadrenaline.com.au/">"adelaideadrenaline.com.au"</a>. Adelaide Adrenaline 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelaideadrenaline.com.au/">the original</a> on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adelaide+Adrenaline+2014&rft.atitle=adelaideadrenaline.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaideadrenaline.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-f1-move-201"><a href="#cite_ref-f1-move_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011110633/https://www.f1db.com/f1/page/Adelaide_Street_Circuit">"Adelaide Street Circuit"</a>. Formula 1 Database. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.f1db.com/f1/page/Adelaide_Street_Circuit">the original</a> on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adelaide+Street+Circuit&rft.pub=Formula+1+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.f1db.com%2Ff1%2Fpage%2FAdelaide_Street_Circuit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105120813/http://www.worldbowls2012.com/">"2012 World Bowls Championships"</a>. Worldbowls2012.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbowls2012.com/">the original</a> on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldbowls2012.com&rft.atitle=2012+World+Bowls+Championships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbowls2012.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://autoaction.com.au/2023/08/22/strong-crowd-heads-to-the-bend">Stong crowd head to The Bend</a> <a href="/wiki/Auto_Action" title="Auto Action">Auto Action</a> 22 August 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115022910/http://www.raa.net/download.asp?file=documents%5Cdocument_677.pdf">"Metro Malcontent – The Twenty Minute City No More"</a> (PDF). Royal Automobile Association, South Australia. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raa.net/download.asp?file=documents\document_677.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Automobile+Association%2C+South+Australia&rft.atitle=Metro+Malcontent+%E2%80%93+The+Twenty+Minute+City+No+More&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raa.net%2Fdownload.asp%3Ffile%3Ddocuments%5Cdocument_677.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> (1.18MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.t2d.sa.gov.au/construction/about-construction">"About construction - River Torrens to Darlington - Department for Infrastructure and Transport"</a>. www.t2d.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 28 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.t2d.sa.gov.au&rft.atitle=About+construction+-+River+Torrens+to+Darlington+-+Department+for+Infrastructure+and+Transport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.t2d.sa.gov.au%2Fconstruction%2Fabout-construction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelaide_Airport-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Adelaide_Airport_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelaideairport.com.au/corporate/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/nr-8-million-pax-01.17-v2.pdf">"Adelaide Airport reaches 8 million passengers in 2016"</a> (PDF). Adelaide Airport Ltd. media release. 16 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320061749/http://www.adelaideairport.com.au/corporate/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/nr-8-million-pax-01.17-v2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adelaide+Airport+reaches+8+million+passengers+in+2016&rft.pub=Adelaide+Airport+Ltd.+media+release&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaideairport.com.au%2Fcorporate%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F11%2Fnr-8-million-pax-01.17-v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSexton2017" class="citation news cs1">Sexton, Mike (1 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-24/new-royal-adelaide-hospital-all-you-need-to-know/8206416">"New Royal Adelaide Hospital: All you need to know about the delayed high-tech project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821201512/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-24/new-royal-adelaide-hospital-all-you-need-to-know/8206416">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=New+Royal+Adelaide+Hospital%3A+All+you+need+to+know+about+the+delayed+high-tech+project&rft.date=2017-02-01&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2017-01-24%2Fnew-royal-adelaide-hospital-all-you-need-to-know%2F8206416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707091617/http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+reform/the+new+royal+adelaide+hospital/south+australian+health+and+biomedical+precinct/south+australian+health+and+biomedical+precinct">"South Australian Health and Biomedical Precinct"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+reform/the+new+royal+adelaide+hospital/south+australian+health+and+biomedical+precinct/south+australian+health+and+biomedical+precinct">the original</a> on 7 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Australian+Health+and+Biomedical+Precinct&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahealth.sa.gov.au%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fpublic%2Bcontent%2Fsa%2Bhealth%2Binternet%2Fhealth%2Breform%2Fthe%2Bnew%2Broyal%2Badelaide%2Bhospital%2Fsouth%2Baustralian%2Bhealth%2Band%2Bbiomedical%2Bprecinct%2Fsouth%2Baustralian%2Bhealth%2Band%2Bbiomedical%2Bprecinct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904204107/http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+services/dental+services/adelaide+dental+hospital/new+adelaide+dental+hospital">"New Adelaide Dental Hospital :: SA Health"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+services/dental+services/adelaide+dental+hospital/new+adelaide+dental+hospital">the original</a> on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Adelaide+Dental+Hospital+%3A%3A+SA+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahealth.sa.gov.au%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Fpublic%2Bcontent%2Fsa%2Bhealth%2Binternet%2Fhealth%2Bservices%2Fdental%2Bservices%2Fadelaide%2Bdental%2Bhospital%2Fnew%2Badelaide%2Bdental%2Bhospital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAHMRI_2-210"><a href="#cite_ref-SAHMRI_2_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commercialgeneral.com.au/projects/sahmri-2/">"SAHMRI 2"</a>. Commercial & General. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190318203100/https://www.commercialgeneral.com.au/projects/sahmri-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commercial+%26+General&rft.atitle=SAHMRI+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commercialgeneral.com.au%2Fprojects%2Fsahmri-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWMAC-211"><a href="#cite_ref-NWMAC_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNetwork" class="citation web cs1">Network, Women's and Children's Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newwch.sa.gov.au/about-the-project">"About the Project"</a>. New Women’s and Children’s Hospital Project. Retrieved 28 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Women%E2%80%99s+and+Children%E2%80%99s+Hospital+Project&rft.atitle=About+the+Project&rft.aulast=Network&rft.aufirst=Women%27s+and+Children%27s+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newwch.sa.gov.au%2Fabout-the-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowell2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Howell, P.A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620195359/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/norrie-sir-charles-willoughby-moke-11254">"Sir Charles Willoughby Moke Norrie (1893–1977)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>. Vol. 15. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/norrie-sir-charles-willoughby-moke-11254">the original</a> on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Charles+Willoughby+Moke+Norrie+%281893%E2%80%931977%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=P.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fnorrie-sir-charles-willoughby-moke-11254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034139/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s27853.htm">"7:30 Report – 03/06/1999: Shock Labor "betrayal" allows SA Govt to effectively privatise power utility"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s27853.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=7%3A30+Report+%E2%80%93+03%2F06%2F1999%3A+Shock+Labor+%22betrayal%22+allows+SA+Govt+to+effectively+privatise+power+utility&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2F7.30%2Fstories%2Fs27853.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-58398249">[2]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501052319/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-110318191.html">"Power crisis 'as bad as California'"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-110318191.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Power+crisis+%27as+bad+as+California%27.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-110318191.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502161236/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-115625174.html">"Privatisation 'will cost state billions'"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-115625174.html">the original</a> on 2 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Privatisation+%27will+cost+state+billions%27.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-115625174.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDylan_McConnellDavid_Blowers2018" class="citation web cs1">Dylan McConnell; David Blowers (13 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/factcheck-does-south-australia-have-the-highest-energy-prices-in-the-nation-and-the-least-reliable-grid-92928">"FactCheck: does South Australia have the 'highest energy prices' in the nation and 'the least reliable grid'?"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153620/https://theconversation.com/factcheck-does-south-australia-have-the-highest-energy-prices-in-the-nation-and-the-least-reliable-grid-92928">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=FactCheck%3A+does+South+Australia+have+the+%27highest+energy+prices%27+in+the+nation+and+%27the+least+reliable+grid%27%3F&rft.date=2018-03-13&rft.au=Dylan+McConnell&rft.au=David+Blowers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ffactcheck-does-south-australia-have-the-highest-energy-prices-in-the-nation-and-the-least-reliable-grid-92928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnergySA2-218"><a href="#cite_ref-EnergySA2_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050624044821/http://www.energy.sa.gov.au/pages/conventional/planning/supply/security.htm%3AsectID%3D10%26tempID%3D1">"Supply Security"</a>. Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energy.sa.gov.au/pages/conventional/planning/supply/security.htm:sectID=10&tempID=1">the original</a> on 24 June 2005. Retrieved 5 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+for+Transport%2C+Energy+and+Infrastructure&rft.atitle=Supply+Security&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.sa.gov.au%2Fpages%2Fconventional%2Fplanning%2Fsupply%2Fsecurity.htm%3AsectID%3D10%26tempID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018043135/http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Water%2C%2Benergy%2Band%2Benvironment/Energy/Renewable%2Benergy/Wind%2Benergy/Wind%2Benergy%2Bin%2BSouth%2BAustralia">"Wind Energy in South Australia"</a>. Government of South Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Water,+energy+and+environment/Energy/Renewable+energy/Wind+energy/Wind+energy+in+South+Australia">the original</a> on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wind+Energy+in+South+Australia&rft.pub=Government+of+South+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sa.gov.au%2Fsubject%2FWater%2C%2Benergy%2Band%2Benvironment%2FEnergy%2FRenewable%2Benergy%2FWind%2Benergy%2FWind%2Benergy%2Bin%2BSouth%2BAustralia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160929142924/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-28/sa-power-outage-explainer/7886090">"SA power outage: How did it happen?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 28 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-28/sa-power-outage-explainer/7886090">the original</a> on 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=SA+power+outage%3A+How+did+it+happen%3F.&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2016-09-28%2Fsa-power-outage-explainer%2F7886090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930201754/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-27/tesla-battery-cost-revealed-two-years-after-blackout/10310680">"Tesla battery cost revealed two years after SA blackout"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 27 September 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-27/tesla-battery-cost-revealed-two-years-after-blackout/10310680">the original</a> on 30 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Tesla+battery+cost+revealed+two+years+after+SA+blackout.&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-09-27%2Ftesla-battery-cost-revealed-two-years-after-blackout%2F10310680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-desal-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-desal_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-desal_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-desal_222-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthyColeman2018" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Marty; Coleman, Matt (14 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-14/adelaide-desal-plant-revival-plan-to-ease-use-of-murray-water/10619960">"Plan to revive Adelaide's desalination plant to help Murray River"</a>. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730175120/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-14/adelaide-desal-plant-revival-plan-to-ease-use-of-murray-water/10619960">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Plan+to+revive+Adelaide%27s+desalination+plant+to+help+Murray+River&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Marty&rft.au=Coleman%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-12-14%2Fadelaide-desal-plant-revival-plan-to-ease-use-of-murray-water%2F10619960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inone-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inone_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inone_223-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125093422/https://hotspot.internode.on.net/partners/adelaidefree/">"Internode :: Products :: WiFi Hotspots :: Partners :: AdelaideFree"</a>. Hotspot.internode.on.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hotspot.internode.on.net/partners/adelaidefree/">the original</a> on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hotspot.internode.on.net&rft.atitle=Internode+%3A%3A+Products+%3A%3A+WiFi+Hotspots+%3A%3A+Partners+%3A%3A+AdelaideFree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhotspot.internode.on.net%2Fpartners%2Fadelaidefree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_Draysey2014" class="citation web cs1">Rebecca Draysey (25 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/newsroom/adelaide-connects-up-to-large-scale-fast-free-wi-fi/">"Adelaide connects up to large-scale fast, free WiFi"</a>. City of Adelaide. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adelaide+connects+up+to+large-scale+fast%2C+free+WiFi&rft.pub=City+of+Adelaide&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft.au=Rebecca+Draysey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofadelaide.com.au%2Fnewsroom%2Fadelaide-connects-up-to-large-scale-fast-free-wi-fi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dpti.sa.gov.au/newconnections/news?a=141907">"200 new Wi-Fi locations across city"</a>. Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure, Government of South Australia. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=200+new+Wi-Fi+locations+across+city&rft.pub=Department+of+Planning%2C+Transport+and+Infrastructure%2C+Government+of+South+Australia&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdpti.sa.gov.au%2Fnewconnections%2Fnews%3Fa%3D141907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internode.on.net/news/2014/06/339.php">"Internode :: About :: News and Media :: Internode Wi-Fi sets Adelaide free"</a>. Internode.on.net. Retrieved 2 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internode.on.net&rft.atitle=Internode+%3A%3A+About+%3A%3A+News+and+Media+%3A%3A+Internode+Wi-Fi+sets+Adelaide+free&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internode.on.net%2Fnews%2F2014%2F06%2F339.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sister-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sister_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sister_227-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/about-adelaide/sister-cities/">"Sister cities"</a>. City of Adelaide. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Adelaide&rft.atitle=Sister+cities&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofadelaide.com.au%2Fabout-adelaide%2Fsister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPascoe1901" class="citation book cs1">Pascoe, J.J. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofadelaid00pascuoft">History of Adelaide and vicinity : with a general sketch of the province of South Australia and biographies of representative men</a>. Adelaide: Hussey & Gillingham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780858720329" title="Special:BookSources/9780858720329"><bdi>9780858720329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Adelaide+and+vicinity+%3A+with+a+general+sketch+of+the+province+of+South+Australia+and+biographies+of+representative+men&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pub=Hussey+%26+Gillingham&rft.date=1901&rft.isbn=9780858720329&rft.aulast=Pascoe&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofadelaid00pascuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButtress2013" class="citation book cs1">Buttress, Philip, ed. (2013). "Adelaide". Adelaide: A literary city. University of Adelaide Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922064-63-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922064-63-9"><bdi>978-1-922064-63-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.20851/j.ctt1sq5x41">10.20851/j.ctt1sq5x41</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adelaide&rft.btitle=Adelaide%3A+A+literary+city&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.20851%2Fj.ctt1sq5x41%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-922064-63-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"> (full text)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGargettMarsden1996" class="citation book cs1">Gargett, Kathryn; Marsden, Susan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBSfPQAACAAJ">Adelaide, a Brief History</a>. State History Centre, History Trust of South Australia in association with <a href="/wiki/City_of_Adelaide" title="City of Adelaide">Adelaide City Council</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7308-0116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7308-0116-0"><bdi>978-0-7308-0116-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35990524">35990524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adelaide%2C+a+Brief+History&rft.pub=State+History+Centre%2C+History+Trust+of+South+Australia+in+association+with+Adelaide+City+Council&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35990524&rft.isbn=978-0-7308-0116-0&rft.aulast=Gargett&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft.au=Marsden%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBSfPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarsdenStarkSumerling1990" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, Susan; Stark, Paul; Sumerling, Patricia (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEAgAAAACAAJ">Heritage of the city of Adelaide: an illustrated guide</a>. Corp. of the City of Adelaide. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909866-30-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-909866-30-9"><bdi>0-909866-30-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27614046">27614046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heritage+of+the+city+of+Adelaide%3A+an+illustrated+guide&rft.pub=Corp.+of+the+City+of+Adelaide&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27614046&rft.isbn=0-909866-30-9&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Stark%2C+Paul&rft.au=Sumerling%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEAgAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitelockBaker2000" class="citation book cs1">Whitelock, Derek; Baker, Tony (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsEoV4xtpxkC">Adelaide : a sense of difference</a>. Australian Scholarly Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875606-57-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-875606-57-2"><bdi>1-875606-57-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058005288">1058005288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adelaide+%3A+a+sense+of+difference&rft.pub=Australian+Scholarly+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1058005288&rft.isbn=1-875606-57-2&rft.aulast=Whitelock&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Baker%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsEoV4xtpxkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelaide" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Adelaide at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adelaide" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Adelaide">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Adelaide" class="extiw" title="c:Adelaide">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adelaide" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Adelaide">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adelaide" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Adelaide">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adelaide" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Adelaide">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adelaide" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Adelaide">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Adelaide" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Adelaide">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Adelaide" class="extiw" title="voy:Adelaide">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/">Adelaide City Council > Official City Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelaidecitycouncil.com/">Adelaide City Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kidsinadelaide.com.au">Kids in Adelaide</a> Retrieved 12 May 2020.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adelaide_landmarks111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adelaide_landmarks" title="Template:Adelaide landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adelaide_landmarks" title="Template talk:Adelaide landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adelaide_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adelaide landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adelaide_landmarks111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adelaide</a> landmarks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings / structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Convention_Centre" title="Adelaide Convention Centre">Adelaide Convention Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Desalination_Plant" title="Adelaide Desalination Plant">Adelaide Desalination Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Town_Hall" title="Adelaide Town Hall">Adelaide Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayers_House_(Adelaide)" title="Ayers House (Adelaide)">Ayers House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive_Corner" title="Beehive Corner">Beehive Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonython_Hall" title="Bonython Hall">Bonython Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Town_Hall,_South_Australia" title="Brighton Town Hall, South Australia">Brighton Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrick_Hill" title="Carrick Hill">Carrick Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Arenberg_Cube" title="D'Arenberg Cube">d'Arenberg Cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Adelaide" title="Government House, Adelaide">Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Centre" title="Grenfell Centre">Grenfell Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myer_Centre,_Adelaide" title="Myer Centre, Adelaide">Myer Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(South_Australia)" title="National War Memorial (South Australia)">National War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wine_Centre_of_Australia" title="National Wine Centre of Australia">National Wine Centre of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Government_House,_South_Australia" title="Old Government House, South Australia">Old Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Adelaide" title="Parliament House, Adelaide">Parliament House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Cinema" title="Piccadilly Cinema">Piccadilly Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Uniting_Church" title="Pilgrim Uniting Church">Pilgrim Uniting Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAA_Place" title="RAA Place">RAA Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_War_Memorial_(South_Australia)" title="South African War Memorial (South Australia)">South African War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_South_Australia" title="State Library of South Australia">State Library of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_Building" title="Torrens Building">Torrens Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heights_Observatory" title="The Heights Observatory">The Heights Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regal_Theatre,_Adelaide" title="Regal Theatre, Adelaide">Regal Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Francis_Xavier%27s_Cathedral,_Adelaide" title="St Francis Xavier's Cathedral, Adelaide">St Francis Xavier's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Cathedral,_Adelaide" title="St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide">St Peter's Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precincts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Adelaide" title="Chinatown, Adelaide">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_End,_Adelaide" title="East End, Adelaide">East End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundle_Mall" title="Rundle Mall">Rundle Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Adelaide" title="Victoria Square, Adelaide">Victoria Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_Adelaide" class="mw-redirect" title="West End, Adelaide">West End</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_Open" title="ACE Open">ACE Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Gaol" title="Adelaide Gaol">Adelaide Gaol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia" title="Art Gallery of South Australia">Art Gallery of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Museum,_Adelaide" title="Migration Museum, Adelaide">Migration Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Classical_Archaeology,_Adelaide" title="Museum of Classical Archaeology, Adelaide">Museum of Classical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Museum,_Port_Adelaide" title="National Railway Museum, Port Adelaide">National Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Aviation_Museum" title="South Australian Aviation Museum">South Australian Aviation Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Museum" title="South Australian Museum">South Australian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandanya_National_Aboriginal_Cultural_Institute" title="Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute">Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Aquatic_Centre" title="Adelaide Aquatic Centre">Adelaide Aquatic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_International_Raceway" title="Adelaide International Raceway">Adelaide International Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Motorsport_Park" title="Adelaide Motorsport Park">Adelaide Motorsport Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Oval" title="Adelaide Oval">Adelaide Oval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Street_Circuit" title="Adelaide Street Circuit">Adelaide Street Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Super-Drome" title="Adelaide Super-Drome">Adelaide Super-Drome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sports_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Sports Stadium">Diamond Sports Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_Park" title="Football Park">Football Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillman_Speedway" title="Gillman Speedway">Gillman Speedway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Park" title="Greyhound Park">Greyhound Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Stadium" title="Hindmarsh Stadium">Hindmarsh Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_Arena_(Adelaide)" title="Ice Arena (Adelaide)">IceArenA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Oval,_Adelaide" title="Kensington Oval, Adelaide">Kensington Oval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kooyonga_Golf_Club" title="Kooyonga Golf Club">Kooyonga Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Drive_Park" title="Memorial Drive Park">Memorial Drive Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphettville_Racecourse" title="Morphettville Racecourse">Morphettville Racecourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball_SA_Stadium" title="Netball SA Stadium">Netball SA Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Adelaide_Golf_Course" title="North Adelaide Golf Course">North Adelaide Golf Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Golf_Club" title="Royal Adelaide Golf Club">Royal Adelaide Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santos_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Santos Stadium">Santos Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewinders_Speedway" title="Sidewinders Speedway">Sidewinders Speedway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australia_Aquatic_and_Leisure_Centre" title="South Australia Aquatic and Leisure Centre">South Australia Aquatic and Leisure Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Hockey_Centre_(South_Australia)" title="State Hockey Centre (South Australia)">State Hockey Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_Security_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium Security Arena">Titanium Security Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Casino" title="Adelaide Casino">Adelaide Casino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Central_Market" title="Adelaide Central Market">Adelaide Central Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre" title="Adelaide Entertainment Centre">Adelaide Entertainment Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_Centre" title="Adelaide Festival Centre">Adelaide Festival Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Showground" title="Adelaide Showground">Adelaide Showground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Zoo" title="Adelaide Zoo">Adelaide Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beachouse" title="The Beachouse">The Beachouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebarton_Theatre" title="Thebarton Theatre">Thebarton Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaches and islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldinga_Beach,_South_Australia" title="Aldinga Beach, South Australia">Aldinga Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton,_South_Australia" title="Brighton, South Australia">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christies_Beach,_South_Australia" title="Christies Beach, South Australia">Christies Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenelg,_South_Australia" title="Glenelg, South Australia">Glenelg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henley_Beach,_South_Australia" title="Henley Beach, South Australia">Henley Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largs_Bay,_South_Australia" title="Largs Bay, South Australia">Largs Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslin_Beach,_South_Australia" title="Maslin Beach, South Australia">Maslin Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moana,_South_Australia" title="Moana, South Australia">Moana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Haven,_South_Australia" title="North Haven, South Australia">North Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seacliff,_South_Australia" title="Seacliff, South Australia">Seacliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore,_South_Australia" title="Semaphore, South Australia">Semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Beach,_South_Australia" title="West Beach, South Australia">West Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Professional_sports_teams_based_in_Adelaide193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adelaide_Sports_Teams" title="Template:Adelaide Sports Teams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adelaide_Sports_Teams" title="Template talk:Adelaide Sports Teams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adelaide_Sports_Teams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adelaide Sports Teams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Professional_sports_teams_based_in_Adelaide193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Professional sports teams based in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adelaide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australian rules football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">AFL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club" title="Adelaide Football Club">Adelaide</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club" title="Port Adelaide Football Club">Port Adelaide</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/AFL_Women%27s" title="AFL Women's">AFLW</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club_(AFL_Women%27s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide Football Club (AFL Women's)">Adelaide</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club_(AFL_Women%27s)" title="Port Adelaide Football Club (AFL Women's)">Port Adelaide</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baseball</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League" title="Australian Baseball League">ABL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Giants" title="Adelaide Giants">Adelaide Giants</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Claxton_Shield" title="Claxton Shield">Claxton Shield</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/South_Australia_(baseball_team)" title="South Australia (baseball team)">South Australia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basketball</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)" title="National Basketball League (Australia)">NBL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_36ers" title="Adelaide 36ers">Adelaide 36ers</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_League" title="Women's National Basketball League">WNBL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Lightning" title="Adelaide Lightning">Adelaide Lightning</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bowls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bowls_Premier_League" title="Bowls Premier League">BPL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Bowling_Club" title="Adelaide Bowling Club">Adelaide Pioneers</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cricket</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Shield" title="Sheffield Shield">Sheffield Shield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Australian_domestic_limited-overs_cricket_tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament">50 overs</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/South_Australia_cricket_team" title="South Australia cricket team">South Australia Men</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">Big Bash League</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Strikers" title="Adelaide Strikers">Adelaide Strikers</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Cricket_League" title="Women's National Cricket League">WNCL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/South_Australia_women%27s_cricket_team" title="South Australia women's cricket team">South Australia Women</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Big_Bash_League" title="Women's Big Bash League">Women's Big Bash League</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Strikers_(WBBL)" title="Adelaide Strikers (WBBL)">Adelaide Strikers</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field hockey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Australian_Hockey_League" title="Australian Hockey League">AHL</a> (men)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hotshots" title="Southern Hotshots">SA Hotshots</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Australian_Hockey_League" title="Australian Hockey League">AHL</a> (women)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/SA_Suns" title="SA Suns">SA Suns</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hockey_One" title="Hockey One">Hockey One</a> (men & women)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Fire" title="Adelaide Fire">Adelaide Fire</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ice hockey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Australian_Ice_Hockey_League" title="Australian Ice Hockey League">AIHL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Adrenaline" title="Adelaide Adrenaline">Adelaide Adrenaline</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Australian_Women%27s_Ice_Hockey_League" title="Australian Women's Ice Hockey League">AWIHL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Rush" title="Adelaide Rush">Adelaide Rush</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netball</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Suncorp_Super_Netball" title="Suncorp Super Netball">Suncorp Super Netball</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Thunderbirds" title="Adelaide Thunderbirds">Adelaide Thunderbirds</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soccer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/A-League_Men" title="A-League Men">A-League Men</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC" title="Adelaide United FC">Adelaide United FC</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/A-League_Women" title="A-League Women">A-League Women</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC_(women)" title="Adelaide United FC (women)">Adelaide United WFC</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water polo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Water_Polo_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian National Water Polo League">ANWPL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Jets" title="Adelaide Jets">Adelaide Jets</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Main Article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Australia" title="Sport in South Australia">Sport in South Australia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Australia176" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Australia" title="Template:South Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Australia" title="Template talk:South Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Australia176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia" title="History of South Australia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Australia" title="Flag of South Australia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Australia" title="Culture of South Australia">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Australia" title="Transport in South Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_South_Australia" title="Rail transport in South Australia">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Australia" title="Energy in South Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Australia" title="Education in South Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Australia" title="Geography of South Australia">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_South_Australia" title="Geology of South Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Australia" title="Sport in South Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_South_Australia" title="Symbols of South Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Fire_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Country Fire Service">Country Fire Service</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Australia"><img alt="Flag of South Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/120px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/250px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Australia" title="Regions of South Australia">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">Adelaide Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley" title="Barossa Valley">Barossa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Valley" title="Clare Valley">Clare Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula" title="Eyre Peninsula">Eyre Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(South_Australia)" title="Far North (South Australia)">Far North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleurieu_Peninsula" title="Fleurieu Peninsula">Fleurieu Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Ranges" title="Flinders Ranges">Flinders Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Coast" title="Limestone Coast">Limestone Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_North" title="Mid North">Mid North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murraylands" title="Murraylands">Murraylands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverland" title="Riverland">Riverland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorke_Peninsula" title="Yorke Peninsula">Yorke Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_South_Australia" title="List of cities and towns in South Australia">Cities and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Barker,_South_Australia" title="Mount Barker, South Australia">Mount Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gambier" title="Mount Gambier">Mount Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bridge,_South_Australia" title="Murray Bridge, South Australia">Murray Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta" title="Port Augusta">Port Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Pirie" title="Port Pirie">Port Pirie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Harbor,_South_Australia" title="Victor Harbor, South Australia">Victor Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whyalla" title="Whyalla">Whyalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Australia" title="Portal:South Australia">South Australia portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_cities_of_Australia96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capital_cities_of_Australia" title="Template:Capital cities of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capital_cities_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Capital cities of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capital_cities_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capital cities of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_cities_of_Australia96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capital cities of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">NT</a> <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">QLD</a> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">SA</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adelaide</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">TAS</a> <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">VIC</a> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;line-height:11pt; text-align:center;width:13.5em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">WA</a> <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">List of cities in Australia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_Australia219" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Australia" title="Template:Cities of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Cities of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_Australia219" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> (national capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albury" title="Albury">Albury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armidale" title="Armidale">Armidale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst, New South Wales">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill" title="Broken Hill">Broken Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessnock,_New_South_Wales" title="Cessnock, New South Wales">Cessnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffs_Harbour" title="Coffs Harbour">Coffs Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbo" title="Dubbo">Dubbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosford" title="Gosford">Gosford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulburn" title="Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton,_New_South_Wales" title="Grafton, New South Wales">Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffith,_New_South_Wales" title="Griffith, New South Wales">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie" title="City of Lake Macquarie">Lake Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lismore,_New_South_Wales" title="Lismore, New South Wales">Lismore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithgow,_New_South_Wales" title="Lithgow, New South Wales">Lithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland,_New_South_Wales" title="Maitland, New South Wales">Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_South_Wales" title="Orange, New South Wales">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Macquarie" title="Port Macquarie">Port Macquarie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queanbeyan" title="Queanbeyan">Queanbeyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_New_South_Wales" title="Tamworth, New South Wales">Tamworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagga_Wagga" title="Wagga Wagga">Wagga Wagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston,_Northern_Territory" title="Palmerston, Northern Territory">Palmerston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg" title="Bundaberg">Bundaberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloundra" title="Caloundra">Caloundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gympie" title="Gympie">Gympie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_Bay" title="Hervey Bay">Hervey Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Queensland" title="Ipswich, Queensland">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryborough,_Queensland" title="Maryborough, Queensland">Maryborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Isa" title="Mount Isa">Mount Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockhampton" title="Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gambier" title="Mount Gambier">Mount Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bridge,_South_Australia" title="Murray Bridge, South Australia">Murray Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta" title="Port Augusta">Port Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Pirie" title="Port Pirie">Port Pirie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Harbor,_South_Australia" title="Victor Harbor, South Australia">Victor Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whyalla" title="Whyalla">Whyalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnie" title="Burnie">Burnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat,_Victoria" title="Ararat, Victoria">Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bairnsdale" title="Bairnsdale">Bairnsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benalla" title="Benalla">Benalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlemaine,_Victoria" title="Castlemaine, Victoria">Castlemaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colac,_Victoria" title="Colac, Victoria">Colac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Victoria" title="Hamilton, Victoria">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham,_Victoria" title="Horsham, Victoria">Horsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildura" title="Mildura">Mildura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe,_Victoria" title="Moe, Victoria">Moe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morwell,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Morwell, Victoria">Morwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Victoria" title="Portland, Victoria">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sale,_Victoria" title="Sale, Victoria">Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour,_Victoria" title="Seymour, Victoria">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepparton" title="Shepparton">Shepparton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stawell,_Victoria" title="Stawell, Victoria">Stawell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Hill,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Swan Hill, Victoria">Swan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traralgon" title="Traralgon">Traralgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangaratta" title="Wangaratta">Wangaratta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warragul,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Warragul, Victoria">Warragul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrnambool" title="Warrnambool">Warrnambool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodonga" title="Wodonga">Wodonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunbury,_Western_Australia" title="Bunbury, Western Australia">Bunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busselton" title="Busselton">Busselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie-Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2202" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5112#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/261897860">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208173/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4079623-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80037938">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238872t">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119515622">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238872t">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119515622">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge494220&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452864">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000667623&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564228205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/7dc47ab9-c7ff-4282-97e0-bd53db80ff9d">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027486338">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044365">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42653">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&oldid=1280705889">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&oldid=1280705889</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adelaide" title="Category:Adelaide">Adelaide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1836_establishments_in_Australia" title="Category:1836 establishments in Australia">1836 establishments in Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_capital_cities" title="Category:Australian capital cities">Australian capital cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_South_Australia" title="Category:Cities in South Australia">Cities in South Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_cities_in_Australia" title="Category:Coastal cities in Australia">Coastal cities in Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_capitals" title="Category:Planned capitals">Planned capitals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1836" title="Category:Populated places established in 1836">Populated places established in 1836</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metropolitan_areas_of_Australia" title="Category:Metropolitan areas of Australia">Metropolitan areas of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_built_on_a_grid" title="Category:Cities built on a grid">Cities built on a grid</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2016">Articles with dead external links from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2022">Articles with dead external links from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_November_2011" title="Category:Use Australian English from November 2011">Use Australian English from November 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kaurna-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kaurna-language text">Articles containing Kaurna-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Australian_English_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Australian English IPA">Pages with Australian English IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Kaurna_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Kaurna IPA">Pages with Kaurna IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_October_2015" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from October 2015">Articles with disputed statements from October 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2015" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2015">Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2023" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 March 2025, at 00:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelaide&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Adelaide</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 135 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-79cd87d5f8-wkg8k","wgBackendResponseTime":381,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.465","walltime":"4.405","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19811,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":510857,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23593,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":44,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":714907,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3512.056 1 -total"," 41.62% 1461.589 3 Template:Reflist"," 26.78% 940.510 135 Template:Cite_web"," 19.32% 678.496 1 Template:Infobox_Australian_place"," 10.76% 377.738 1 Template:Llang"," 4.33% 151.973 4 Template:Navbox"," 4.01% 140.916 1 Template:Adelaide_landmarks"," 3.98% 139.892 16 Template:Cite_book"," 2.98% 104.550 1 Template:Short_description"," 2.94% 103.313 10 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.967","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21589952,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","460","21.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","15.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","13.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","11.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","2.9"],["mw.executeModule \u003Cmw.lua:467\u003E","40","1.9"],["type","40","1.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","1.9"],["[others]","420","20.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-6b7b44df8f-wm228","timestamp":"20250319164939","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Adelaide","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adelaide","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5112","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5112","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-11T07:44:51Z","dateModified":"2025-03-16T00:22:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9b\/Adelaide_skyline%2C_December_2022_b.jpg","headline":"capital city of South Australia"}</script> </body> </html>