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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cultivation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultivation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects_and_toxicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects_and_toxicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Adverse effects and toxicology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects_and_toxicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Culinary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Culinary history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Medical research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Cardiovascular </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_cold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_cold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Common cold </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_cold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Folk medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Garlic</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 171 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-171" aria-hidden="true" > 171 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoffel" title="Knoffel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Knoffel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%AD_%E1%88%BD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5" title="ነጭ ሽንኩርት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ነጭ ሽንኩርት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garleac" title="Garleac – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Garleac" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%85" title="ثوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_sativum" title="Allium sativum – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Allium sativum" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Սխտոր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սխտոր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81" title="নহৰু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নহৰু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_sativum" title="Allium sativum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Allium sativum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ho" title="Áho – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Áho" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajusa" title="Ajusa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ajusa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1msaq" title="Sarımsaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sarımsaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ساریمساق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساریمساق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesuna" title="Kesuna – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kesuna" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="রসুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রসুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_putih" title="Bawang putih – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bawang putih" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C3%A0n-th%C3%A2u" title="Soàn-thâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Soàn-thâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D2%BB%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Һарымһаҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һарымһаҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Часнок – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Часнок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Часнок – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Часнок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang" title="Bawang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bawang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galik" title="Galik – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Galik" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Чесън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чесън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knofe" title="Knofe – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Knofe" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82" title="སྒོག་ལོག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྒོག་ལོག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijeli_luk" title="Bijeli luk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bijeli luk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kignen" title="Kignen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kignen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/All" title="All – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="All" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ыхра – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ыхра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_sativum" title="Allium sativum – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Allium sativum" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesnek_kuchy%C5%88sk%C3%BD" title="Česnek kuchyňský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Česnek kuchyňský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglia" title="Aglia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Aglia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlleg" title="Garlleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Garlleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafarinom" title="Tafarinom – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tafarinom" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvidl%C3%B8g" title="Hvidløg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hvidløg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoblauch" title="Knoblauch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Knoblauch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ލޮނުމެދު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލޮނުމެދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82%CA%BCohchin_d%C3%ADch%CA%BC%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%AD" title="Tłʼohchin díchʼííʼí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tłʼohchin díchʼííʼí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1awy_kobo%C5%82k" title="Pšawy kobołk – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pšawy kobołk" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%BCslauk" title="Küüslauk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Küüslauk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF" title="Σκόρδο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκόρδο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пейнечурька – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пейнечурька" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_sativum" title="Allium sativum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Allium sativum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajlo" title="Ajlo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ajlo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baratxuri" title="Baratxuri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baratxuri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="سیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ail_cultiv%C3%A9" title="Ail cultivé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ail cultivé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai" title="Ai – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ai" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairleog" title="Gairleog – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gairleog" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garleid" title="Garleid – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Garleid" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allo" title="Allo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Allo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Саьмарсаькх – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Саьмарсаькх" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A3" title="લસણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લસણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losun" title="Losun – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Losun" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%8A%98" title="마늘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마늘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafarnuwa" title="Tafarnuwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tafarnuwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Սխտոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սխտոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="लहसुन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लहसुन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawy_kobo%C5%82k" title="Prawy kobołk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Prawy kobołk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1njak" title="Češnjak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Češnjak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alio" title="Alio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_putih" title="Bawang putih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bawang putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allio" title="Allio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Allio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Нуры – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нуры" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmVithu" title="UmVithu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmVithu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtlaukur" title="Hvítlaukur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvítlaukur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_sativum" title="Allium sativum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allium sativum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9D" title="שום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang" title="Bawang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bawang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬೆಳ್ಳುಳ್ಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಳ್ಳುಳ್ಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang" title="Bawang – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bawang" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნიორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%86%DB%81%D9%86" title="رۆہن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رۆہن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Сарымсақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сарымсақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitunguu_saumu" title="Kitunguu saumu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitunguu saumu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay" title="Lay – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Сарымсак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сарымсак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Лаччи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Лаччи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%A1" title="ຜັກທຽມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຜັກທຽມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_sativum" title="Allium sativum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Allium sativum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6iploks" title="Ķiploks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķiploks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuewelek" title="Knuewelek – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Knuewelek" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgomasis_%C4%8Desnakas" title="Valgomasis česnakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valgomasis česnakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggio" title="Aggio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Aggio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witlouk" title="Witlouk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Witlouk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cosnokku" title="Čosnokku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čosnokku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emisuwa_egikaluba" title="Emisuwa egikaluba – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Emisuwa egikaluba" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokhagyma" title="Fokhagyma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fokhagyma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2b%C3%A2ng_pot%C3%A8" title="Bhâbâng potè – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâbâng potè" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="लह्सुन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लह्सुन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Лук – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лук" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongolo_gasy" title="Tongolo gasy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tongolo gasy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="വെളുത്തുള്ളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെളുത്തുള്ളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A3" title="लसूण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लसूण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნიორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85" title="توم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="လသိုန်ဗတာင် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="လသိုန်ဗတာင်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_putih" title="Bawang putih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bawang putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯆꯅꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯅꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasun" title="Dasun – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dasun" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ung-t%C3%A0u" title="Sáung-tàu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sáung-tàu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Саримс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Саримс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0" title="ကြက်သွန်ဖြူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြက်သွန်ဖြူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxtill%C4%81n_x%C5%8Dnacatl" title="Caxtillān xōnacatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Caxtillān xōnacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoflook" title="Knoflook – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Knoflook" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8" title="लसुन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लसुन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF" title="ニンニク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニンニク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="КӀонцерг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="КӀонцерг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knooplook" title="Knooplook – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Knooplook" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvitl%C3%B8k" title="Hvitløk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hvitløk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvitlauk" title="Kvitlauk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvitlauk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alh_cultivat" title="Alh cultivat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alh cultivat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A3" title="ରସୁଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରସୁଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarimsoq" title="Sarimsoq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sarimsoq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A3" title="ਲਸਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਸਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%85" title="تھوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%DA%96%D9%87" title="هوږه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هوږه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9F" title="ខ្ទឹមស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ខ្ទឹមស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czosnek_pospolity" title="Czosnek pospolity – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czosnek pospolity" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alho" title="Alho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usturoi" title="Usturoi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Usturoi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahus" title="Ahus – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ahus" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Чеснок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чеснок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="लशुनम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लशुनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F.%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AC" title="ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱩᱬ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱟ.ᱥᱩᱬ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azu" title="Azu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Azu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Garlic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudhra" title="Hudhra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hudhra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agghia" title="Agghia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Agghia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Garlic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D9%88%D9%85" title="ٿوم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿوم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesnak_kuchynsk%C3%BD" title="Cesnak kuchynský – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cesnak kuchynský" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesen" title="Česen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Česen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon" title="Toon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Toon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="سیر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Бели лук – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бели лук" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1njak" title="Češnjak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Češnjak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_bodas" title="Bawang bodas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bawang bodas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkosipuli" title="Valkosipuli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valkosipuli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitl%C3%B6k" title="Vitlök – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vitlök" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang" title="Bawang – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bawang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="வெள்ளைப்பூண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெள்ளைப்பூண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiskrt" title="Tiskrt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tiskrt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiskert" title="Tiskert – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiskert" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Сарымсак – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сарымсак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%82%81%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83" title="ၽၵ်းမီႇႁေႃ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽၵ်းမီႇႁေႃ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF" title="వెల్లుల్లి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెల్లుల్లి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="กระเทียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระเทียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B7" title="Сирпиёз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сирпиёз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬೊಳ್ಳುಳಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬೊಳ್ಳುಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1msak" title="Sarımsak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sarımsak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarymsak" title="Sarymsak – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sarymsak" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1gurma_a%CC%B1nfwuong" title="A̱gurma a̱nfwuong – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱gurma a̱nfwuong" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кош-согуна – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кош-согуна" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Часник городній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Часник городній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%86" title="لہسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لہسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82" title="سامساق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سامساق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suenq" title="Suenq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Suenq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnz%27lauk" title="Künz'lauk – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Künz'lauk" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%8Fi" title="Tỏi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tỏi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sir" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesnags" title="Česnags – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Česnags" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%9C" title="蒜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayo" title="Ayo – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Ayo" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" 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mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Allium_sativum" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Allium_sativum" hreflang="en">Wikispecies</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23400" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of edible plant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Garlic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Garlic (disambiguation)">Garlic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Garlic </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_sativum_Woodwill_1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Allium_sativum_Woodwill_1793.jpg/220px-Allium_sativum_Woodwill_1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Allium_sativum_Woodwill_1793.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="435" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Allium sativum, known as garlic, from William Woodville, Medical Botany, 1793. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Allium_subg._Allium" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allioideae" title="Allioideae">Allioideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subgenus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Allium#Subgenus_Allium" title="Taxonomy of Allium">A. subg. Allium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">A. sativum</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Allium sativum <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><a href="#cite_note-WCSP_296499-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Synonymy</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Allium arenarium Sadler ex Rchb. 1830 not L. 1753 </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Allium controversum Schrad. ex Wild. </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Allium longicuspis Regel </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Allium ophioscorodon Link </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Allium pekinense Prokh. </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Porrum ophioscorodon (Link) Rchb. </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Porrum sativum (L.) Rchb. 1830 not (L.) Mill. 1768 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Garlic (Allium sativum) is a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbous</a> <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a>. Its close relatives include the <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">shallot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chive">chive</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Block2010-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allium_fistulosum" title="Allium fistulosum">Welsh onion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allium_chinense" title="Allium chinense">Chinese onion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AN-3">[3]</a> It is native to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kew-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> It has long been used as a seasoning and culinary ingredient worldwide, with a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use, including also use as a <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>. It was known to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a><a href="#cite_note-Cherry12-6">[6]</a> and other ancient cultures for which its consumption has had a significant culinary cultural impact, especially across the Mediterranean region and across parts of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-o181-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-r050-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cherry16-9">[9]</a> It is produced globally but the largest producer is <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> which produced 73% of the world's supply of garlic in 2021. There are two subspecies and hundreds of varieties of garlic. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> Allium sativum is a <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> flowering plant that grows from a <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulb</a>. It has a tall, erect flowering stem that grows up to 1 m (3 ft). The leaf blade is flat, linear, solid, and approximately 1.25–2.5 cm (0.5–1.0 in) wide, with an acute apex. The plant may produce pink to purple flowers from July to September in the Northern Hemisphere. The bulb has a strong odor and is typically made up of 10 to 20 cloves. The cloves close to the center are symmetrical, and those surrounding the center can be asymmetrical. Each clove is enclosed in an inner sheathing leaf surrounded by layers of outer sheathing leaves.<a href="#cite_note-drugs-10">[10]</a> If garlic is planted at the proper time and depth, it can be grown as far north as Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It produces <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphroditic</a> flowers. It is <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollinated</a> by bees, butterflies, moths, and other insects.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Fresh or crushed garlic yields the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>-containing compounds <a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">allicin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajoene" title="Ajoene">ajoene</a>, diallyl polysulfides, <a href="/wiki/Vinyldithiin" title="Vinyldithiin">vinyldithiins</a>, and S-<a href="/wiki/Allylcysteine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allylcysteine">allylcysteine</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saponin" title="Saponin">saponins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a> products when cooked, which are not sulfur-containing compounds. The <a href="/wiki/Phytochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytochemicals">phytochemicals</a> responsible for the sharp flavor of garlic are produced when the plant's <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> are damaged. When a cell is broken by chopping, chewing, or crushing, enzymes stored in cell <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuoles</a> trigger the breakdown of several sulfur-containing compounds stored in the cell fluids (<a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a>).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The resultant compounds are responsible for the sharp or hot taste and strong smell of garlic. Some of the compounds are unstable and continue to react over time.<a href="#cite_note-McGee,_pp._310–311-14">[14]</a> Among alliums, garlic has by far the highest concentrations of initial reaction products, making garlic much more potent than onion, shallot, or <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGee,_pp._310–311-14">[14]</a> Although many humans enjoy the taste of garlic, these compounds are believed to have evolved as a <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">defensive mechanism, deterring animals</a> such as birds, insects, and worms from eating the plant.<a href="#cite_note-Macpherson-15">[15]</a> A large number of sulfur compounds contribute to the smell and taste of garlic. Allicin has been found to be the compound most responsible for the "hot" sensation of raw garlic. This chemical opens thermo-<a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential">transient receptor potential</a> channels that are responsible for the burning sense of heat in foods. The process of cooking garlic removes allicin, thus mellowing its spiciness.<a href="#cite_note-Macpherson-15">[15]</a> Allicin, along with its decomposition products <a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">diallyl disulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diallyl_trisulfide" title="Diallyl trisulfide">diallyl trisulfide</a>, are major contributors to the characteristic odor of garlic, with other allicin-derived compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Vinyldithiin" title="Vinyldithiin">vinyldithiins</a> and ajoene.<a href="#cite_note-Block2010-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> Identification of the wild progenitor of common garlic is difficult due to the sterility of its many <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a>, which limits the ability to <a href="/wiki/Test_cross" title="Test cross">cross test</a> with wild relatives.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-18">[a]</a> Genetically and morphologically, garlic is most similar to the wild species <a href="/wiki/Allium_longicuspis" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium longicuspis">Allium longicuspis</a>, which grows in central and southwestern Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFNA-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> However, because A. longicuspis is also mostly sterile, it is doubtful that it is the ancestor of A. sativum.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-19">[18]</a> Other candidates that have been suggested include <a href="/wiki/Allium_tuncelianum" title="Allium tuncelianum">A. tuncelianum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_macrochaetum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium macrochaetum (page does not exist)">A. macrochaetum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allium_truncatum" title="Allium truncatum">A. truncatum</a>, all of which are native to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-19">[18]</a> Allium sativum grows in the wild in areas where it has become <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalized</a>. The "wild garlic", "crow garlic", and "<a href="/wiki/Field_garlic" title="Field garlic">field garlic</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> are members of the species <a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">A. ursinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">A. vineale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allium_oleraceum" title="Allium oleraceum">A. oleraceum</a>, respectively. In North America, <a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">A. vineale</a> (known as "wild garlic" or "crow garlic") and <a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Allium canadense</a> (known as "meadow garlic", "wild garlic", or "wild onion") are common <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a> in fields.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> So-called <a href="/wiki/Elephant_garlic" title="Elephant garlic">elephant garlic</a> is actually a wild leek (<a href="/wiki/Allium_ampeloprasum" title="Allium ampeloprasum">A. ampeloprasum</a>) and not a true garlic. <a href="/wiki/Solo_garlic" title="Solo garlic">Single clove</a> garlic (also called pearl or solo garlic) originated in the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> province of China. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies_and_varieties">Subspecies and varieties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subspecies and varieties">edit</a>]</div> There are two <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of A. sativum,<a href="#cite_note-GRIN-23">[22]</a> ten major groups of <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a>, and hundreds of varieties, or cultivars. <ul><li>A. sativum var. ophioscorodon (Link) Döll, called Ophioscorodon or hardneck garlic, includes porcelain garlics, rocambole garlic, and purple stripe garlics. It is sometimes considered to be a separate species, Allium ophioscorodon G.Don.</li> <li>A. sativum var. sativum, or softneck garlic, includes artichoke garlic, silverskin garlic, and creole garlic.</li></ul> There are at least 120 cultivars originating from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, making it the main center of garlic biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garlic_flower_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Garlic_flower_head.jpg/220px-Garlic_flower_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Garlic_flower_head.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Flower head</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_garlic_PDO.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Italian_garlic_PDO.JPG/220px-Italian_garlic_PDO.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Italian_garlic_PDO.JPG/330px-Italian_garlic_PDO.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Italian_garlic_PDO.JPG/440px-Italian_garlic_PDO.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Italian garlic</figcaption></figure> Some garlics have <a href="/wiki/Protected_Geographical_Status" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected Geographical Status">protected status</a> in the UK and the EU,<a href="#cite_note-pdopgi-25">[24]</a> including: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aglio_Rosso_di_Nubia" title="Aglio Rosso di Nubia">Aglio Rosso di Nubia</a> (Red Garlic of Nubia) </td> <td>Nubia-Paceco, Provincia di <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aglio Bianco Polesano </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rovigo" title="Rovigo">Rovigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, Italy (PDO) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aglio di Voghiera </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Provincia_di_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincia di Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, Italy (PDO) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ail blanc de Lomagne </td> <td>Lomagne in the <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a>, France (PGI) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ail de la Drôme </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me_(d%C3%A9partement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drôme (département)">Drôme</a>, France (PGI) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lautrec_Pink_Garlic" title="Lautrec Pink Garlic">Ail rose de Lautrec</a>, a rose/pink garlic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lautrec" title="Lautrec">Lautrec</a>, France (PGI) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ail violet de Cadours </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadours" title="Cadours">Cadours</a>, France (PDO) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ajo Morado de Las Pedroñeras, a rose/pink garlic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Las_Pedro%C3%B1eras" title="Las Pedroñeras">Las Pedroñeras</a>, Spain (PGI) </td></tr> <tr> <td>金鄕大蒜 Jīn Xiāng Dà Suàn </td> <td>China (PGI) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taşköprü Sarımsağı </td> <td>Turkey (PDO) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word garlic derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, garlēac, meaning gar (<a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a>, as a 'spear-shaped leek'.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> Garlic plants are usually <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardy</a> and not affected by many pests or diseases. Garlic plants are said to repel <a href="/wiki/Rabbits" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbits">rabbits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mole_(animal)" title="Mole (animal)">moles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AN-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="California Department of Food and Agriculture">California Department of Food and Agriculture</a> conducts a certification program to assure freedom from <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> and white rot disease caused by <a href="/wiki/Stromatinia_cepivora" title="Stromatinia cepivora">Stromatinia cepivora</a>, two pathogens that can both destroy a crop and remain in the soil indefinitely once introduced.<a href="#cite_note-SFNA-20">[19]</a> Garlic may also suffer from <a href="/wiki/Pyrenochaeta_terrestris" title="Pyrenochaeta terrestris">pink root</a>, a typically non-fatal disease that stunts the roots and turns them pink or red;<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Puccinia_porri" title="Puccinia porri">leek rust</a>, which usually appears as bright orange spots.<a href="#cite_note-rhs-28">[27]</a> The larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Leek_moth" title="Leek moth">leek moth</a> attack garlic by mining into the leaves or bulbs.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Botrytis_(fungus)" title="Botrytis (fungus)">Botrytis</a> neck and bulb rot is a disease of <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>, garlic, <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">shallot</a>. <a href="/wiki/Botrytis_allii" title="Botrytis allii">Botrytis allii</a> and Botrytis aclada cause this disease in onion and Botrytis porri causes it in garlic. According to the University of California,<blockquote>Initial symptoms usually begin at the neck, where affected tissue softens, becomes water-soaked, and turns brown. In a humid atmosphere, a gray and feltlike growth (where spores are produced) appears on rotting scales, and <a href="/wiki/Mycelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycelia">mycelia</a> may develop between scales. Dark-brown-to-black sclerotia (the resting bodies of the pathogen) may eventually develop in the neck or between scales.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garlic_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Garlic_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg/220px-Garlic_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Garlic_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg/330px-Garlic_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Garlic_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg/440px-Garlic_for_sale_in_a_market_in_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Garlic for sale in a market in France</figcaption></figure> Garlic is easy to cultivate and may grow year-round in mild climates.<a href="#cite_note-rhs-28">[27]</a> While sexual propagation of garlic is possible, nearly all of the garlic in cultivation is propagated <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a> by planting individual cloves in the ground.<a href="#cite_note-SFNA-20">[19]</a> In colder climates, cloves are best planted about six weeks before the soil freezes. The goal is to have the bulbs produce only roots and no shoots above the ground.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Harvest is in late spring or early summer. Garlic plants can be grown closely together, leaving enough space for the <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbs</a> to mature, and are easily grown in containers of sufficient depth. Garlic does well in loose, dry, well-drained soils in sunny locations, and is hardy throughout <a href="/wiki/USDA_climate_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA climate zones">USDA climate zones</a> 4–9. When selecting garlic for planting, it is important to pick large bulbs from which to separate cloves. Large cloves, along with proper spacing in the planting bed, will also increase bulb size. Garlic plants prefer to grow in a soil with a high <a href="/wiki/Organic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic material">organic material</a> content, but are capable of growing in a wide range of soil conditions and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-SFNA-20">[19]</a> There are different varieties of garlic, most notably split into the subspecies of hardneck garlic and softneck garlic.<a href="#cite_note-rhs-28">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> where the garlic is grown affects the choice of type, as garlic can be day-length sensitive. Hardneck garlic is generally grown in cooler climates and produces relatively large cloves, whereas softneck garlic is generally grown closer to the equator and produces small, tightly packed cloves.<a href="#cite_note-rhs-28">[27]</a> Garlic <a href="/wiki/Scape_(botany)" title="Scape (botany)">scapes</a> are removed to focus all the garlic's energy into bulb growth. The scapes can be eaten raw or cooked.<a href="#cite_note-cult-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-scapes-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; text-align:center;"> <caption>Garlic production – 2021<a href="#cite_note-fao-34">[33]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ddf;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf;">Millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>20.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>28.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2021, world production of garlic was 28 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, with China alone <a href="/wiki/Garlic_production_in_China" title="Garlic production in China">accounting</a> for 73% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-fao-34">[33]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_sativum_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bulbs (top-setting, grown in lieu of flowers)"><img alt="Bulbs (top-setting, grown in lieu of flowers)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Allium_sativum_003.JPG/200px-Allium_sativum_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Allium_sativum_003.JPG/300px-Allium_sativum_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Allium_sativum_003.JPG/400px-Allium_sativum_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1329" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bulbs (top-setting, grown in lieu of flowers)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Garlic_plate_no_6_bv73c1191_bk128b698_crop.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garlic, from The Book of Health, 1898, by Henry Munson Lyman"><img alt="Garlic, from The Book of Health, 1898, by Henry Munson Lyman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Garlic_plate_no_6_bv73c1191_bk128b698_crop.jpeg/118px-Garlic_plate_no_6_bv73c1191_bk128b698_crop.jpeg" decoding="async" width="118" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Garlic_plate_no_6_bv73c1191_bk128b698_crop.jpeg/178px-Garlic_plate_no_6_bv73c1191_bk128b698_crop.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Garlic_plate_no_6_bv73c1191_bk128b698_crop.jpeg/237px-Garlic_plate_no_6_bv73c1191_bk128b698_crop.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3370" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Garlic, from The Book of Health, 1898, by Henry Munson Lyman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alliin_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alliin, a sulfur-containing compound found in garlic."><img alt="Alliin, a sulfur-containing compound found in garlic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alliin_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg/200px-Alliin_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alliin_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg/300px-Alliin_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alliin_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg/400px-Alliin_Structural_Formula_V.1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="255" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alliin" title="Alliin">Alliin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>-containing compound found in garlic.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects_and_toxicology">Adverse effects and toxicology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adverse effects and toxicology">edit</a>]</div> The scent of garlic is known to linger upon the human body and cause bad breath (<a href="/wiki/Halitosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Halitosis">halitosis</a>) and body odor.<a href="#cite_note-drugs-10">[10]</a> This is caused by <a href="/wiki/Allyl_methyl_sulfide" title="Allyl methyl sulfide">allyl methyl sulfide</a> (AMS). AMS is a volatile liquid which is absorbed into the blood during the metabolism of garlic-derived sulfur compounds; from the blood it travels to the lungs<a href="#cite_note-Block2010-2">[2]</a> (and from there to the mouth, causing <a href="/wiki/Garlic_breath" title="Garlic breath">garlic breath</a>) and skin, where it is exuded through skin pores. Washing the skin with soap is only a partial and imperfect solution to the smell. Studies have shown sipping milk at the same time as consuming garlic can significantly neutralize bad breath.<a href="#cite_note-milk-35">[34]</a> Mixing garlic with milk in the mouth before swallowing reduced the odor better than drinking milk afterward.<a href="#cite_note-milk-35">[34]</a> Plain water, mushrooms, and basil may also reduce the odor; the mix of fat and water found in milk, however, was the most effective.<a href="#cite_note-milk-35">[34]</a> Garlic breath is allegedly alleviated by eating fresh <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> When eaten in quantity, garlic may be strongly evident in the sweat and breath for the following day. This is because garlic's sulfur compounds are metabolized, forming AMS, which cannot be digested and is passed into the blood. It is carried to the lungs and the skin, where it is excreted. Since digestion takes several hours, and release of AMS several hours more, the effect of eating garlic may be present for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-Block2010-2">[2]</a> Abundant sulfur compounds in garlic are also responsible for turning garlic green or blue during pickling and cooking. Under these conditions (i.e., acidity, heat) the sulfur-containing compound <a href="/wiki/Alliin" title="Alliin">alliin</a> reacts with common <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Pyrrole" title="Pyrrole">pyrroles</a>, clusters of carbon-nitrogen rings.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> These rings can be linked together into <a href="/wiki/Polypyrrole" title="Polypyrrole">polypyrrole</a> molecules. Ring structures absorb particular wavelengths of light and thus appear colored. The two-pyrrole molecule looks red, the three-pyrrole molecule looks blue, and the four-pyrrole molecule looks green (like <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>, a tetrapyrrole). Like chlorophyll, the pyrrole pigments are safe to eat.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Upon cutting, similar to a color change in <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a> caused by reactions of amino acids with sulfur compounds,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> garlic can turn green.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The green, dry "folds" in the center of the garlic clove are especially <a href="/wiki/Pungency" title="Pungency">pungent</a>. The sulfur compound <a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">allicin</a>, produced by crushing or chewing fresh garlic,<a href="#cite_note-drugs-10">[10]</a> produces other sulfur compounds: <a href="/wiki/Ajoene" title="Ajoene">ajoene</a>, allyl polysulfides, and <a href="/wiki/Vinyldithiin" title="Vinyldithiin">vinyldithiins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Block2010-2">[2]</a> Aged garlic lacks allicin, but may have some activity due to the presence of S-allylcysteine. Some people suffer from <a href="/wiki/Garlic_allergy" title="Garlic allergy">allergies</a> to garlic and other species of Allium.<a href="#cite_note-Block2010-2">[2]</a> Symptoms can include <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Irritable bowel">irritable bowel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, mouth and throat ulcerations, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, breathing difficulties, and, in rare cases, <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-drugs-10">[10]</a> Garlic-sensitive people show positive tests to <a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">diallyl disulfide</a>, allylpropyldisulfide, allylmercaptan, and allicin, all of which are present in garlic. People who suffer from garlic allergies are often sensitive to many other plants, including onions, <a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">chives</a>, leeks, shallots, garden lilies, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Several reports of serious burns resulting from garlic being applied <a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">topically</a> for various purposes, including naturopathic uses and <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a> treatment, indicate care must be taken for these uses, usually testing a small area of skin using a low concentration of garlic.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> On the basis of numerous reports of such burns, including burns to children, topical use of raw garlic, as well as insertion of raw garlic into body cavities, is discouraged.<a href="#cite_note-drugs-10">[10]</a> In particular, topical application of raw garlic to young children is not advisable.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The side effects of long-term garlic supplementation are largely unknown.<a href="#cite_note-drugs-10">[10]</a> Possible side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, sweating, dizziness, allergic reactions, bleeding, and menstrual irregularities.<a href="#cite_note-nih-45">[44]</a> Some breastfeeding mothers have found, after consuming garlic, that their babies can be slow to feed, and have noted a garlic odor coming from them.<a href="#cite_note-drugs-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-UKMi-46">[45]</a> If higher-than-recommended doses of garlic are taken with <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> medications, this can lead to a higher risk of bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-drugs-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown2015-47">[46]</a> Garlic may interact with <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-drugs-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saquinavir" title="Saquinavir">saquinavir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensives" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensives">antihypertensives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium channel blockers">calcium channel blockers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic" title="Quinolone antibiotic">quinolone family of antibiotics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoglycemic">hypoglycemic</a> drugs, as well as other medications.<a href="#cite_note-UKMi-46">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="American Veterinary Medical Association">American Veterinary Medical Association</a> considers garlic to be toxic to pets.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Garlic, raw</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Garlic_bulbs_and_cloves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Garlic_bulbs_and_cloves.jpg/235px-Garlic_bulbs_and_cloves.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Garlic_bulbs_and_cloves.jpg/353px-Garlic_bulbs_and_cloves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Garlic_bulbs_and_cloves.jpg/470px-Garlic_bulbs_and_cloves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">623 kJ (149 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">33.06 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.1 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.5 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">6.36 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 0.2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 0.11 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 0.596 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">73%</div> 1.2350 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 3 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 23.2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">35%</div> 31.2 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 181 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 1.7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 25 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">73%</div> 1.672 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 153 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">13%</div> 401 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 17 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">11%</div> 1.16 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">59 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">14.2 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1103354/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-49">[48]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-50">[49]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> Because of sulfur compounds circulating in blood, consumed garlic may act as a <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_repellent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquito repellent">mosquito repellent</a>, although there is no scientific evidence of its efficacy.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</div> In the typical serving size of 1–3 cloves (3–9 grams), raw garlic provides no significant nutritional value, with the content of all <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrients">essential nutrients</a> below 10% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a> (DV). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw garlic contains some <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> in rich amounts (20% or more of the DV), including vitamins <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">B6</a> (73% DV) and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">C</a> (35% DV), and the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">dietary mineral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (73% DV). Per 100 gram serving, raw garlic is a moderate source (10–19% DV) of the <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">thiamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">pantothenic acid</a>, as well as the dietary minerals, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_in_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus in biology">phosphorus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc_in_biology" title="Zinc in biology">zinc</a>. The composition of raw garlic is 59% water, 33% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 6% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, 2% <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, and less than 1% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culinary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garlic_for_sale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Garlic_for_sale.jpg/220px-Garlic_for_sale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Garlic_for_sale.jpg/330px-Garlic_for_sale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Garlic_for_sale.jpg/440px-Garlic_for_sale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Garlic bulbs and cloves for sale at the Or Tor Kor market in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garlic_whole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Garlic_whole.jpg/220px-Garlic_whole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Garlic_whole.jpg/330px-Garlic_whole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Garlic_whole.jpg/440px-Garlic_whole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3730" data-file-height="2887" /></a><figcaption>A garlic bulb</figcaption></figure> Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavor as a seasoning or <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiment</a>. The garlic plant's <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulb</a> is the most commonly used part of the plant. With the exception of the single clove types, garlic bulbs are normally divided into numerous fleshy sections called cloves. Garlic cloves are used for consumption (raw or cooked) or for medicinal purposes. They have a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Piquancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Piquancy">pungent, spicy flavor</a> that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The distinctive aroma is mainly due to <a href="/wiki/Organosulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfur">organosulfur</a> compounds including <a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">allicin</a> present in fresh garlic cloves and <a href="/wiki/Ajoene" title="Ajoene">ajoene</a> which forms when they are crushed or chopped. A further metabolite <a href="/wiki/Allyl_methyl_sulfide" title="Allyl methyl sulfide">allyl methyl sulfide</a> is responsible for garlic breath.<a href="#cite_note-Block_1984-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Block_2010-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-ilic-56">[55]</a> Other parts of the garlic plant are also edible. The <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">flowers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulbil" title="Bulbil">bulbils</a>) on the head (<a href="/wiki/Spathe" class="mw-redirect" title="Spathe">spathe</a>) are sometimes eaten. They are milder in flavor than the bulbs,<a href="#cite_note-AN-3">[3]</a> and are most often consumed while immature and still tender. Immature garlic is sometimes pulled, rather like a scallion, and sold as "green garlic".<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> When green garlic is allowed to grow past the "scallion" stage, but not permitted to fully mature, it may produce a garlic "round", a bulb like a boiling onion, but not separated into cloves like a mature bulb.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Green garlic imparts a garlic flavor and aroma in food, minus the spiciness. Green garlic is often chopped and <a href="/wiki/Stir-fried" class="mw-redirect" title="Stir-fried">stir-fried</a> or cooked in <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hot_pot" title="Hot pot">hot pot</a> in Southeast Asian (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cookery</a>, and is very abundant and low-priced. Additionally, the immature flower stalks (<a href="/wiki/Scape_(botany)" title="Scape (botany)">scapes</a>) of the hardneck are sometimes marketed for uses similar to <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">stir-fries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SFNA-20">[19]</a> Inedible or rarely eaten parts of the garlic plant include the "skin" covering each clove and root cluster. The papery, protective layers of "skin" over various parts of the plant are generally discarded during preparation for most culinary uses, though in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> immature whole heads are sometimes prepared with the tender skins intact.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The root cluster attached to the <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">basal plate</a> of the bulb is the only part not typically considered palatable in any form. An alternative is to cut the top off the bulb, coat the cloves by dribbling <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> (or other oil-based seasoning) over them, and <a href="/wiki/Roast" class="mw-redirect" title="Roast">roast</a> them in an oven. Garlic softens and can be extracted from the cloves by squeezing the (root) end of the bulb, or individually by squeezing one end of the clove. In Korea, heads of garlic are heated over the course of several weeks; the resulting product, called <a href="/wiki/Black_garlic_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black garlic (food)">black garlic</a>, is sweet and syrupy, and is exported to the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Garlic may be applied to different kinds of bread, usually in a medium of butter or oil, to create a variety of classic dishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Garlic_bread" title="Garlic bread">garlic bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic_toast" class="mw-redirect" title="Garlic toast">garlic toast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruschetta" title="Bruschetta">bruschetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crostino" class="mw-redirect" title="Crostino">crostini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canap%C3%A9" title="Canapé">canapé</a>. The flavor varies in intensity and aroma with the different cooking methods. It is often paired with <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>. Immature scapes are tender and edible. They are also known as "garlic spears", "stems", or "tops". Scapes generally have a milder taste than the cloves. They are often used in stir frying or braised like asparagus.<a href="#cite_note-scapes-33">[32]</a> Garlic leaves are a popular vegetable in many parts of Asia. The leaves are cut, cleaned, and then stir-fried with eggs, meat, or vegetables. <a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a> is made from dehydrated garlic and can be used as a substitute for fresh garlic, though the taste is not quite the same. <a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a> combines garlic powder with table salt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regions">Regions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garlic_Press_and_Garlic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Garlic_Press_and_Garlic.jpg/220px-Garlic_Press_and_Garlic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Garlic_Press_and_Garlic.jpg/330px-Garlic_Press_and_Garlic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Garlic_Press_and_Garlic.jpg/440px-Garlic_Press_and_Garlic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Garlic crushed using a <a href="/wiki/Garlic_press" title="Garlic press">garlic press</a></figcaption></figure> Garlic is a fundamental component in many or most dishes of various regions, including eastern Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, northern Africa, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Mediterranean">southern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mujdei" title="Mujdei">Eastern Europe</a> and parts of Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Latin American seasonings, particularly, use garlic in <a href="/wiki/Sofrito" title="Sofrito">sofritos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mofongo" title="Mofongo">mofongos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Oils can be flavored with garlic cloves. These infused oils are used to season all categories of <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>, meats, breads, and <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a>. Garlic, along with <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a>, chopped fresh chilis, <a href="/wiki/Lime_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime juice">lime juice</a>, sugar, and water, is a basic essential item in <a href="/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_ch%E1%BA%A5m" title="Nước chấm">dipping fish sauce</a>, a highly used dipping sauce condiment used in <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>. In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_oil" title="Chili oil">chili oil</a> with garlic is a popular <a href="/wiki/Dipping_sauce" title="Dipping sauce">dipping sauce</a>, especially for meat and seafood. <a href="/wiki/Tuong_ot_toi_Viet_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuong ot toi Viet Nam">Tuong ot toi Viet Nam</a> (Vietnam chili garlic sauce) is a highly popular condiment and dip across North America and Asia. In some cuisines, the young bulbs are pickled for three to six weeks in a mixture of sugar, salt, and spices. In eastern Europe, the shoots are pickled and eaten as an appetizer. <a href="/wiki/Laba_garlic" title="Laba garlic">Laba garlic</a>, prepared by soaking garlic in <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>, is a type of pickled garlic served with <a href="/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">dumplings</a> in northern China to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Block2010-2">[2]</a> Garlic is essential in Middle Eastern and Arabic cooking, with its presence in many food items. In the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, garlic is traditionally crushed together with olive oil, and occasionally salt, to create a Middle Eastern garlic sauce called <a href="/wiki/Toum" title="Toum">Toum</a> (تُوم; meaning "garlic" in Arabic). While not exclusively served with meats, toum is commonly paired with chicken or other meat dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">shawarma</a>. Garlic is also a key component in some <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a> varieties, an Arabic dip composed of chickpeas, tahini, garlic, lemon juice, and salt. Lightly <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoked</a> garlic is used in British and other European cuisine. It is particularly prized for stuffing poultry and game, and in soups and stews. Emulsifying garlic with olive oil produces <a href="/wiki/Aioli" title="Aioli">aioli</a>. Garlic, oil, and a chunky base produce <a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">skordalia</a>. Crushed garlic, oil, and water produce a strong flavored sauce, <a href="/wiki/Mujdei" title="Mujdei">mujdei</a>. Blending garlic, <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a>, oil, and soaked bread produces <a href="/wiki/Ajoblanco" title="Ajoblanco">ajoblanco</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a>, yogurt mixed with garlic and salt, is a common sauce in Eastern Mediterranean cuisines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Culinary_history">Culinary history</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culinary history">edit</a>]</div> Numerous cuneiform records show that garlic has been cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> for at least 4,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-19">[18]</a> The use of garlic in China and Egypt also dates back thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-Block2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zohary-19">[18]</a> Well-preserved garlic was found in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> (c. 1325 BC).<a href="#cite_note-Zohary-19">[18]</a> It was consumed by ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> soldiers, sailors, and rural classes (<a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, Eclogues ii. 11), and, according to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">Natural History</a> xix. 32), by the African peasantry. Garlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at crossroads, as a supper for <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, Characters, The Superstitious Man).<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-62">[61]</a> Garlic was rare in traditional <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">English cuisine</a> (though it is said to have been grown in England before 1548) but has been a common ingredient in Mediterranean Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:0-63">[62]</a> Translations of the c. 1300 <a href="/wiki/Assize_of_Weights_and_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Assize of Weights and Measures">Assize of Weights and Measures</a>, an English statute generally dated to the 13th century, indicate a passage as dealing with standardized units of garlic production, sale, and taxation—the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (unit)">hundred</a> of 15 <a href="/wiki/Rope_(garlic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rope (garlic)">ropes</a> of 15 heads each<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a>—but the Latin version of the text may refer to <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> rather than garlic.<a href="#cite_note-tract-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Storage">Storage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Storage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_sativum._Restra_de_allos_de_Oroso-_Galiza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Allium_sativum._Restra_de_allos_de_Oroso-_Galiza.jpg/220px-Allium_sativum._Restra_de_allos_de_Oroso-_Galiza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Allium_sativum._Restra_de_allos_de_Oroso-_Galiza.jpg/330px-Allium_sativum._Restra_de_allos_de_Oroso-_Galiza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Allium_sativum._Restra_de_allos_de_Oroso-_Galiza.jpg/440px-Allium_sativum._Restra_de_allos_de_Oroso-_Galiza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4545" data-file-height="3030" /></a><figcaption>String of garlic</figcaption></figure> Domestically, garlic is stored warm [above 18°C (64°F)] and dry to keep it dormant (to inhibit sprouting). It is traditionally hung; softneck varieties are often braided in strands called plaits or <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikt:grappe" class="extiw" title="fr:wikt:grappe">grappes</a>. Peeled cloves may be stored in <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> in the refrigerator.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Commercially, garlic is stored at 0°C (32°F), in a dry, low-<a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> environment. Garlic will keep longer if the tops remain attached.<a href="#cite_note-SFNA-20">[19]</a> Garlic is often kept in oil to produce flavored oil; however, the practice requires measures to be taken to prevent the garlic from spoiling which may include rancidity and growth of <a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">Clostridium botulinum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-umaine-67">[66]</a> Acidification with a mild solution of vinegar minimizes bacterial growth.<a href="#cite_note-umaine-67">[66]</a> Refrigeration does not assure the safety of garlic kept in oil, requiring use within one month to avoid bacterial spoilage.<a href="#cite_note-umaine-67">[66]</a> Garlic is also dried at low temperatures, to preserve the enzymatic activity and sold and kept as garlic granules, and can be rehydrated to reactivate it.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Stored garlic can be affected by <a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a> decay known as "blue mold" (or "green mold" in some locales), especially in high humidity.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Infection may first appear as soft or water-soaked spots, followed by white patches (of mycelium) which turn blue or green with <a href="/wiki/Sporulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporulation">sporulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> As sporulation and <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a> are delayed at low temperature, and at −4 °C are inhibited entirely,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> in refrigerated cloves one may only see the white mycelium during early stages. <a href="/wiki/Penicillium_hirsutum" title="Penicillium hirsutum">Penicillium hirsutum</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penicillium_allii" title="Penicillium allii">Penicillium allii</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> are two of the predominant species identified in blue mold. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_research">Medical research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Medical research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardiovascular">Cardiovascular</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular">edit</a>]</div> As of 2016, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> found that consuming garlic produces only a small reduction in <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> (4 mmHg),<a href="#cite_note-Ried2008-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-rohner-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stabler2012-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> and there is no clear long-term effect on <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, cardiovascular <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">mortality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stabler2012-76">[75]</a> A 2016 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> indicated there was no effect of garlic consumption on blood levels of <a href="/wiki/Lipoprotein(a)" title="Lipoprotein(a)">lipoprotein(a)</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarker</a> of <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Because garlic might reduce <a href="/wiki/Platelet_aggregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Platelet aggregation">platelet aggregation</a>, people taking <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> medication are cautioned about consuming garlic.<a href="#cite_note-nih-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cancer">Cancer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cancer">edit</a>]</div> Two reviews found no effect of consuming garlic on <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> A 2016 meta-analysis of <a href="/wiki/Case-control_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Case-control study">case-control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">cohort studies</a> found a moderate inverse association between garlic intake and some cancers of the upper <a href="/wiki/Digestive_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive tract">digestive tract</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_cold">Common cold</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Common cold">edit</a>]</div> A 2014 review found insufficient evidence to determine the effects of garlic in preventing or treating the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cochrane2014-84">[83]</a> Other reviews concluded a similar absence of high-quality evidence for garlic having a significant effect on the common cold.<a href="#cite_note-nih-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allan2014-85">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tacuinum_sanitatis-garlic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tacuinum_sanitatis-garlic.jpg/220px-Tacuinum_sanitatis-garlic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Tacuinum_sanitatis-garlic.jpg/330px-Tacuinum_sanitatis-garlic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Tacuinum_sanitatis-garlic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting garlic, from <a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis" title="Tacuinum Sanitatis">Tacuinum Sanitatis</a>, 15th century (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_medicine">Folk medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Folk medicine">edit</a>]</div> Garlic has been used for traditional medicine in diverse cultures such as in Korea, Egypt, Japan, China, Rome, and Greece.<a href="#cite_note-drugs-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-nih-45">[44]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> gave a <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">list of conditions</a> in which garlic was considered beneficial (N.H. xx. 23). <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, writing in the second century, eulogized garlic as the "rustic's theriac" (cure-all) (see F. Adams' Paulus Aegineta, p. 99). <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Neckam" title="Alexander Neckam">Alexander Neckam</a>, a writer of the 12th century (see Wright's edition of his works, p. 473, 1863), discussed it as a <a href="/wiki/Palliative" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliative">palliative</a> for the heat of the sun in field labor. In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sydenham" title="Thomas Sydenham">Thomas Sydenham</a> valued it as an application in confluent <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">William Cullen</a>'s Materia Medica of 1789 found some <a href="/wiki/Dropsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropsy">dropsies</a> cured by it alone.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> The sticky juice within the bulb cloves is used as an <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a> in mending glass and porcelain.<a href="#cite_note-AN-3">[3]</a> An environmentally benign garlic-derived polysulfide product is approved for use in the European Union (under Annex 1 of 91/414) and the UK as a <a href="/wiki/Nematicide" title="Nematicide">nematicide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a>, including for use in the control of <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_root_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabbage root fly">cabbage root fly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_mite" class="mw-redirect" title="Red mite">red mite</a> in poultry.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In culture">edit</a>]</div> Garlic is present in the <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> of many cultures. In Europe, many cultures have used garlic for protection or <a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">white magic</a>, perhaps owing to its reputation in <a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">folk medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nih-45">[44]</a> Central European folk beliefs considered garlic a powerful ward against <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a>. To ward off vampires, garlic could be worn, hung in windows, or rubbed on chimneys and keyholes.<a href="#cite_note-asdf-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In the foundation myth of the ancient Korean kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a>, eating nothing but 20 cloves of garlic and a bundle of <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_princeps" title="Artemisia princeps">Korean mugwort</a> for 100 days let a <a href="/wiki/Ungnyeo" title="Ungnyeo">bear be transformed into a woman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In celebration of <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> (Persian calendar New Year), garlic is one of the essential items in a <a href="/wiki/Haft-sin" title="Haft-sin">Haft-sin</a> ("seven things beginning with 'S'") table, a traditional New Year's display: the name for garlic in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> is سیر (seer), which begins with "س" (sin, pronounced "seen") the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> letter corresponding to "S".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, it is recommended not to eat raw garlic prior to going to the mosque. This is based on several <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a> Buddhists and sects in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> avoid eating onions, garlic, scallions, chives and leeks, which are known as Wu hun ((<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 五葷; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Wǔ hūn), 'the five forbidden pungent vegetables').<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Because of its strong odor, garlic is sometimes called the "stinking rose". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Garlic_Ail_Ajo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chopped garlic"><img alt="Chopped garlic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/All_Garlic_Ail_Ajo.jpg/240px-All_Garlic_Ail_Ajo.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/All_Garlic_Ail_Ajo.jpg/360px-All_Garlic_Ail_Ajo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/All_Garlic_Ail_Ajo.jpg/480px-All_Garlic_Ail_Ajo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chopped garlic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Knoblauch_Bluete_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Garlic plant"><img alt="Garlic plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Knoblauch_Bluete_3.JPG/269px-Knoblauch_Bluete_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Knoblauch_Bluete_3.JPG/404px-Knoblauch_Bluete_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Knoblauch_Bluete_3.JPG/538px-Knoblauch_Bluete_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Garlic plant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Goheunggun-Garlic_harvest_4196-06.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Harvested garlic left to dry"><img alt="Harvested garlic left to dry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Korea-Goheunggun-Garlic_harvest_4196-06.JPG/283px-Korea-Goheunggun-Garlic_harvest_4196-06.JPG" decoding="async" width="189" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Korea-Goheunggun-Garlic_harvest_4196-06.JPG/424px-Korea-Goheunggun-Garlic_harvest_4196-06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Korea-Goheunggun-Garlic_harvest_4196-06.JPG/565px-Korea-Goheunggun-Garlic_harvest_4196-06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="816" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harvested garlic left to dry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_garlic_clove_and_its_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A garlic bulb"><img alt="A garlic bulb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/A_garlic_clove_and_its_head.jpg/285px-A_garlic_clove_and_its_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/A_garlic_clove_and_its_head.jpg/427px-A_garlic_clove_and_its_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/A_garlic_clove_and_its_head.jpg/569px-A_garlic_clove_and_its_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A garlic bulb</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blended_garlic_confit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blended garlic confit"><img alt="Blended garlic confit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Blended_garlic_confit.jpg/241px-Blended_garlic_confit.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Blended_garlic_confit.jpg/362px-Blended_garlic_confit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Blended_garlic_confit.jpg/482px-Blended_garlic_confit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blended garlic <a href="/wiki/Confit" title="Confit">confit</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_Is_as_Good_as_Ten_Mothers" title="Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers">Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers</a> – 1980 film by Les BlankPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_oil" title="Garlic oil">Garlic oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_sauce" title="Garlic sauce">Garlic sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">Herbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garlic_dishes" title="List of garlic dishes">List of garlic dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garlic_festivals" title="List of garlic festivals">List of garlic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_scale" title="Pyruvate scale">Pyruvate scale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Fertility restoration in garlic strains have been successful by physiological manipulation in some strains, but there do exist ones that are completely male-sterile due to genetic factors.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Hybrids have been experimentally produced.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WCSP_296499-1"><a href="#cite_ref-WCSP_296499_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:528796-1">"Allium sativum L"</a>. 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Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9"><bdi>978-0-85404-190-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic+and+Other+Alliums%3A+The+Lore+and+the+Science&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-190-9&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6AB89RHV9ucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AN-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AN_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AN_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AN_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AN_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615004222/http://allallergy.net/fapaidfind.cfm?cdeoc=684">"Substance Info: Garlic"</a>. All Allergy. Zing Solutions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allallergy.net/fapaidfind.cfm?cdeoc=684">the original</a> on June 15, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Allergy&rft.atitle=Substance+Info%3A+Garlic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allallergy.net%2Ffapaidfind.cfm%3Fcdeoc%3D684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kew-4"><a href="#cite_ref-kew_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:528796-1">"Allium sativum L."</a> Plants of the World Online | Kew Science. 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Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780854041909" title="Special:BookSources/9780854041909"><bdi>9780854041909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic+and+Other+Alliums%3A+The+Lore+and+the+Science&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780854041909&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6AB89RHV9ucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cherry12-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Cherry12_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherry2014" class="citation book cs1">Cherry, Robin (November 11, 2014). Garlic, an Edible Biography. 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Canadian Medical Association Journal. 186 (3) (published February 18, 2014): 190–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.121442">10.1503/cmaj.121442</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928210">3928210</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24468694">24468694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Prevention+and+treatment+of+the+common+cold%3A+making+sense+of+the+evidence&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=190-9&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3928210%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24468694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.121442&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=G.+Michael&rft.au=Arroll%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3928210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Cullen 1789, vol.ii. p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnwarGroomSadler-Bridge2009" class="citation journal cs1">Anwar, Awais; Groom, Murree; Sadler-Bridge, David (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128170443/http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/Issue/pn84/PN84_18-20.pdf">"Garlic: from nature's ancient food to nematicide"</a> (PDF). Pesticide News. 84 (June): 18–20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/Issue/pn84/PN84_18-20.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pesticide+News&rft.atitle=Garlic%3A+from+nature%27s+ancient+food+to+nematicide&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=June&rft.pages=18-20&rft.date=2009-06&rft.aulast=Anwar&rft.aufirst=Awais&rft.au=Groom%2C+Murree&rft.au=Sadler-Bridge%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pan-uk.org%2Fpestnews%2FIssue%2Fpn84%2FPN84_18-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-asdf-88"><a href="#cite_ref-asdf_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNallyFlorescu1994" class="citation book cs1">McNally, Raymond T.; Florescu, Radu (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofdracul00mcna/page/120">In Search of Dracula: The History of Dracula and Vampires</a>. Houghton Mifflin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofdracul00mcna/page/120">120–122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-65783-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-65783-6"><bdi>978-0-395-65783-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Dracula%3A+The+History+of+Dracula+and+Vampires&rft.pages=120-122&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-395-65783-6&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Raymond+T.&rft.au=Florescu%2C+Radu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofdracul00mcna%2Fpage%2F120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering2003" class="citation book cs1">Pickering, David (2003). Cassell's Dictionary of Superstitions. Sterling Publishing. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36561-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36561-6"><bdi>978-0-304-36561-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Dictionary+of+Superstitions&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-304-36561-6&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettid2008" class="citation book cs1">Pettid, Michael J. (2008). Korean Cuisine: An Illustrated History. London: <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-348-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-348-2"><bdi>978-1-86189-348-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Cuisine%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-348-2&rft.aulast=Pettid&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari/10/245">"Hadith – Book of Call to Prayers (Adhaan) – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. Sunnah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunnah&rft.atitle=Hadith+%E2%80%93+Book+of+Call+to+Prayers+%28Adhaan%29+%E2%80%93+Sahih+al-Bukhari+%E2%80%93+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fbukhari%2F10%2F245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/muslim/5/91">"Hadith – The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer – Sahih Muslim – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. Sunnah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunnah&rft.atitle=Hadith+%E2%80%93+The+Book+of+Mosques+and+Places+of+Prayer+%E2%80%93+Sahih+Muslim+%E2%80%93+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fmuslim%2F5%2F91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orientaloutpost.com/dictionary.php?q=%E8%8D%A4">"Dictionary :: 荤 in Chinese, Japanese and Buddhism"</a>. www.orientaloutpost.com. Retrieved July 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orientaloutpost.com&rft.atitle=Dictionary+%3A%3A+%E8%8D%A4+in+Chinese%2C+Japanese+and+Buddhism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orientaloutpost.com%2Fdictionary.php%3Fq%3D%25E8%258D%25A4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2010" class="citation book cs1">Block, Eric (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9"><bdi>978-0-85404-190-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/311464092">311464092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic+and+Other+Alliums&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F311464092&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-190-9&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherry2014" class="citation book cs1">Cherry, Robin (November 11, 2014). Garlic, an Edible Biography. Boston: Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-160-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-160-6"><bdi>978-1-61180-160-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic%2C+an+Edible+Biography&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft.isbn=978-1-61180-160-6&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee,_Harold2004" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Harold (2004). "The Onion Family: Onions, Garlic, Leeks". On Food and Cooking (Revised ed.). Scribner. pp. 310–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Onion+Family%3A+Onions%2C+Garlic%2C+Leeks&rft.btitle=On+Food+and+Cooking&rft.pages=310-3&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80001-1&rft.au=McGee%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarlic" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garlic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Garlic" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Garlic"> Garlic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Horticulture" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Horticulture">Horticulture</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Horticulture/Garlic" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Horticulture/Garlic">Garlic</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ethnomedicine" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ethnomedicine/Home_Remedies#Garlic" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Ethnomedicine/Home Remedies">Garlic</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Allium_sativum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Allium sativum">Allium sativum</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Allium_sativum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Allium sativum">Allium sativum</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/garlic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:garlic">garlic</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allium" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allium" title="Template:Allium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allium" title="Template talk:Allium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allium" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allium_species" title="List of Allium species">Allium species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">Leek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Onion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_cultivars" title="List of onion cultivars">Onion cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_rose_onion" title="Bangalore rose onion">Bangalore rose onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A7ot" title="Calçot">Calçot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipolla_di_Giarratana" title="Cipolla di Giarratana">Cipolla di Giarratana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_onion" title="Cocktail onion">Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Common / Bulb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_onion" title="Yellow onion">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_onion" title="Red onion">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_onion" title="White onion">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figueres_onion" title="Figueres onion">Figueres onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_onion" title="Pearl onion">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_onion" title="Potato onion">Potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallion" title="Scallion">Scallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">Shallot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_onion" title="Sweet onion">Sweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_onion" title="Tree onion">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidalia_onion" title="Vidalia onion">Vidalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Onion#Varieties" title="Onion">Onion species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Allium…" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Allium…</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_abramsii" title="Allium abramsii">…abramsii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_acuminatum" title="Allium acuminatum">…acuminatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_aflatunense" title="Allium aflatunense">…aflatunense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ampeloprasum" title="Allium ampeloprasum">…ampeloprasum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_amplectens" title="Allium amplectens">…amplectens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_anceps" title="Allium anceps">…anceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_atrorubens" title="Allium atrorubens">…atrorubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">…bisceptrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bolanderi" title="Allium bolanderi">…bolanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_burlewii" title="Allium burlewii">…burlewii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_caeruleum" title="Allium caeruleum">…caeruleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_campanulatum" title="Allium campanulatum">…campanulatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cernuum" title="Allium cernuum">…cernuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_chinense" title="Allium chinense">…chinense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cratericola" title="Allium cratericola">…cratericola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_crispum" title="Allium crispum">…crispum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cristophii" title="Allium cristophii">…cristophii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_fistulosum" title="Allium fistulosum">…fistulosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_koreanum" title="Allium koreanum">…koreanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_monanthum" title="Allium monanthum">…monanthum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_platycaule" title="Allium platycaule">…platycaule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_praecox" title="Allium praecox">…praecox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_punctum" title="Allium punctum">…punctum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sanbornii" title="Allium sanbornii">…sanbornii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_shevockii" title="Allium shevockii">…shevockii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_siskiyouense" title="Allium siskiyouense">…siskiyouense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sphaerocephalon" title="Allium sphaerocephalon">…sphaerocephalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_stellatum" title="Allium stellatum">…stellatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_stipitatum" title="Allium stipitatum">…stipitatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_textile" title="Allium textile">…textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tribracteatum" title="Allium tribracteatum">…tribracteatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">…tricoccum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_triquetrum" title="Allium triquetrum">…triquetrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuolumnense" title="Allium tuolumnense">…tuolumnense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_unifolium" title="Allium unifolium">…unifolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">…validum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_victorialis" title="Allium victorialis">…victorialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_yosemitense" title="Allium yosemitense">…yosemitense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Onion#Uses" title="Onion">Onion food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onion_dishes" title="List of onion dishes">List of onion dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooming_onion" title="Blooming onion">Blooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_onion" title="Fried onion">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_cake" title="Onion cake">Onion cake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flammkuchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammkuchen">Flammkuchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwiebelkuchen" title="Zwiebelkuchen">Zwiebelkuchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_ring" title="Onion ring">Onion ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_onion" title="Pickled onion">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogan-dolma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogan-dolma">Sogan-dolma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garlic cultivars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_garlic" title="Elephant garlic">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">Garlic chives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Mountain_Garlic" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow Mountain Garlic">Snow Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_garlic" title="Solo garlic">Solo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Origin_and_major_types">Garlic species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Allium…" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Allium…</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">…canadense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_drummondii" title="Allium drummondii">…drummondii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_moly" title="Allium moly">…moly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_neapolitanum" title="Allium neapolitanum">…neapolitanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_nigrum" title="Allium nigrum">…nigrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_roseum" title="Allium roseum">…roseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sphaerocephalon" title="Allium sphaerocephalon">…sphaerocephalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_triquetrum" title="Allium triquetrum">…triquetrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">…ursinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">…vineale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culinary_uses">Garlic food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garlic_dishes" title="List of garlic dishes">List of garlic dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_garlic" title="Black garlic">Black garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistou" title="Pistou">Pistou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_oil" title="Garlic oil">Garlic oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_press" title="Garlic press">Garlic press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_bread" title="Garlic bread">Garlic bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_chutney" title="Garlic chutney">Garlic chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_butter" title="Garlic butter">Beurre à la bourguignonne (garlic butter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_soup" title="Garlic soup">Garlic soup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garlic and onion constituents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_trisulfide" title="Diallyl trisulfide">Diallyl trisulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_mercaptan" title="Allyl mercaptan">Allyl mercaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">syn-Propanethial-S-oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_Is_as_Good_as_Ten_Mothers" title="Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers">Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers</a> (1980 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Allium" title="Category:Allium">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template talk:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culinary herbs and spices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_basil" title="Lemon basil">Lemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Indian bay leaf (tejpat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldo" title="Boldo">Boldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">garlic / Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander leaf / Cilantro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porophyllum_ruderale" title="Porophyllum ruderale">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">Vietnamese (rau răm)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Culantro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">Cress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">Curry leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Epazote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata" title="Houttuynia cordata">Houttuynia cordata (giấp cá)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">Hyssop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbu" title="Jimbu">Jimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsholtzia_ciliata" title="Elsholtzia ciliata">Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Kkaennip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">Lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">Lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_citrodora" title="Aloysia citrodora">Lemon verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica">Limnophila aromatica (rice-paddy herb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica" title="Cryptotaenia japonica">Mitsuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sanshō leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">Tarragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galium_odoratum" title="Galium odoratum">Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajwain" title="Ajwain">Ajwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_pepper" title="Alligator pepper">Alligator pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amchoor" title="Amchoor">Amchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Brazilian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cardamom" title="Black cardamom">black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_powder" title="Celery powder">Celery powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanania_cochinchinensis" title="Buchanania cochinchinensis">Charoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">Crushed red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">Cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Cubeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunium_persicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunium persicum">Bunium persicum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Deulkkae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill / Dill seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonella_caerulea" title="Trigonella caerulea">blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Fingerroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_officinarum" title="Alpinia officinarum">lesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Aromatic ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">Grains of paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_Selim" title="Grains of Selim">Grains of Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Japanese pricklyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_indica" title="Garcinia indica">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima" title="Aframomum corrorima">Korarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litsea_cubeba" title="Litsea cubeba">Litsea cubeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">Long pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_amada" title="Curcuma amada">Mango-ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">Mahleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhamphospermum_nigrum" title="Rhamphospermum nigrum">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_mustard" title="White mustard">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinodendron" title="Ricinodendron">Njangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Radhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_ornata" title="Smilax ornata">Sarsaparilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper (huājiāo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_anise" title="Star anise">Star anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_lanceolata" title="Tasmannia lanceolata">Tasmanian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Tonka bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">Uzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_borbonense" title="Piper borbonense">Voatsiperifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu zest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Zedoary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Zereshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Blends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajika" title="Ajika">Adjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Monde_seasoning" title="Beau Monde seasoning">Beau monde seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buknu" title="Buknu">Buknu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Chaunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_sugar" title="Cinnamon sugar">Cinnamon sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_boil" title="Crab boil">Crab boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAng_l%C3%ACu" title="Húng lìu">Húng lìu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli_podi" title="Idli podi">Idli podi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seasoning" title="Italian seasoning">Italian seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">Jamaican jerk spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_pepper" title="Lemon pepper">Lemon pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitmita" title="Mitmita">Mitmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulling_spices" title="Mulling spices">Mulling spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bay_Seasoning" title="Old Bay Seasoning">Old Bay Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder-douce" title="Powder-douce">Powder-douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A2lat_daqqa" title="Qâlat daqqa">Qâlat daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recado_rojo" title="Recado rojo">Recado rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabil" title="Tabil">Tabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj%C3%ADn_seasoning" title="Tajín seasoning">Tajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_masala" title="Tandoori masala">Tandoori masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuna_paha" title="Thuna paha">Thuna paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary</a></li> <li>By region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices" title="List of Australian herbs and spices">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_spices" title="List of Bangladeshi spices">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_spices" title="List of Pakistani spices">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_rub" title="Spice rub">Spice rub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Allium sativum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23400" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q23400">Q23400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Allium_sativum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Allium sativum">Allium sativum</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/14043">14043</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id41996">41996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=416795">416795</a></li> <li>Calflora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8631">8631</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6697C">6697C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=367">367</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1084926">1084926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ALLSA">ALLSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/189214">189214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200027526">200027526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027526">200027526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2856681">2856681</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=2368">2368</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/75363">75363</a></li> <li>IPA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=17552">17552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/528796-1">528796-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11358087">11358087</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42652">42652</a></li> <li>MichiganFlora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=257077">257077</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.158725/">2.158725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0100000446">NHMSYS0100000446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4682">4682</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/4226f598-077e-48e7-ba7e-4a2cad1c03cf">4226f598-077e-48e7-ba7e-4a2cad1c03cf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=4388">4388</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/142542/">142542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=748370">748370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Allium+sativum">Allium sativum</a></li> <li>PFI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=6916">6916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-296499">kew-296499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/ALSA2">ALSA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A528796-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:528796-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/858/wd/Details">858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/18401720">18401720</a></li> <li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/2486">2486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000757248">wfo-0000757248</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23400#identifiers" title="Edit this at 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