Carbon Chemistry | Chemistry

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <base href="https://www.visionlearning.com"> <title>Carbon Chemistry | Chemistry | Visionlearning</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60"> <meta name="description" content="Learn about the ways carbon and hydrogen form bonds. Includes information on alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and isomers."> <meta name="keywords" content="how does carbon bond with other atoms,why is carbon important, what does organic chemistry mean"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, shrink-to-fit=no"> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="D8E20F39AD48052260032E56DE409970"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org/", "@type": "Article", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://visionlearning.com/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60" }, "name": "Carbon Chemistry", "headline": "Carbon Chemistry: Simple hydrocarbons, isomers, and functional groups", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Anthony Carpi, Ph.D." }, "datePublished": "2003-03-27 15:12:24", "dateModified": "2017-02-12T08:30:00+05:00", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "/img/library/moduleImages/featured_image_60-23061209065343.jpg", "width": 696, "height": 464 }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Visionlearning, Inc.", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "http://visionlearning.com/images/logo.png", "width": 278, "height": 60 } }, "description": "The chemical basis of all living organisms is linked to the way that carbon bonds with other atoms. This introduction to organic chemistry explains the many ways that carbon and hydrogen form bonds. Basic hydrocarbon nomenclature is described, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and isomers. Functional groups of atoms within organic molecules are discussed.", "keywords": "how does carbon bond with other atoms,why is carbon important, what does organic chemistry mean", "inLanguage": { "@type": "Language", "name": "English", "alternateName": "en" }, "copyrightHolder": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Visionlearning, Inc." }, "copyrightYear": "2003"} </script> <meta property="og:url" content="https://visionlearning.com/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60"> <meta property="og:title" content="Carbon Chemistry | Chemistry | Visionlearning" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Visionlearning"> <meta property="og:description" content="Learn about the ways carbon and hydrogen form bonds. 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<li><a href="/en/library/earth-science/6/factors-that-control-earths-temperature/234">Factors that Control Earth's Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/earth-science/6/circulation-in-the-atmosphere/255">Circulation in the Atmosphere</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-hazards" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-hazards" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Hazards </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-hazards" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-hazards" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/earth-science/6/natural-hazards-and-risk/288">Natural Hazards and Risk</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-earth-history" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-earth-history" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Earth History </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" 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aria-controls="acc-panel-ecology" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Ecology </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-ecology" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-ecology" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/biodiversity-i/276">Biodiversity I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/biodiversity-ii/281">Biodiversity II</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/ecosystem-services/279">Ecosystem Services</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/population-biology/287">Population Biology</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-earth-cycles" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-earth-cycles" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Earth Cycles </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-earth-cycles" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-earth-cycles" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/the-nitrogen-cycle/98">The Nitrogen Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/the-carbon-cycle/95">The Carbon Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/the-phosphorus-cycle/197">The Phosphorus Cycle</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientific-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientific-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientific-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientific-research" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/collaborative-research-in-the-arctic-towards-understanding-climate-change/183">Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/atmospheric-chemistry-research-that-changed-global-policy/211">Atmospheric Chemistry Research that Changed Global Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-general-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-general-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> General Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-general-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-general-science" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-methods" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-methods" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Methods </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-methods" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-methods" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/the-scientific-method/45">The Scientific Method</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-measurement" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-measurement" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Measurement </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-measurement" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-measurement" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/the-metric-system/47">The Metric System</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-physical-properties" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-physical-properties" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Physical Properties </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-physical-properties" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-physical-properties" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/temperature/48">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/density-and-buoyancy/37">Density and Buoyancy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-math-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-math-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Math in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-math-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-math-in-science" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-equations" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-equations" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Equations </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-equations" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-equations" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/unit-conversion/144">Unit Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/linear-equations/194">Linear Equations</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/exponential-equations-i/206">Exponential Equations I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/exponential-equations-ii/210">Exponential Equations II</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/scientific-notation/250">Scientific Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/measurement/257">Measurement</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-statistics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-statistics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Statistics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-statistics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-statistics" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/introduction-to-descriptive-statistics/218">Introduction to Descriptive Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/introduction-to-inferential-statistics/224">Introduction to Inferential Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/statistical-techniques/239">Statistical Techniques</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-trigonometric-functions" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-trigonometric-functions" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Trigonometric Functions </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-trigonometric-functions" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-trigonometric-functions" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/wave-mathematics/131">Wave Mathematics</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-physics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-physics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Physics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-physics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-physics" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-light-and-optics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-light-and-optics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Light and Optics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-light-and-optics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-light-and-optics" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/the-nature-of-light/132">The Nature of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/electromagnetism-and-light/138">Electromagnetism and Light</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-mechanics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-mechanics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Mechanics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-mechanics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-mechanics" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/defining-energy/199">Defining Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/waves-and-wave-motion/102">Waves and Wave Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/gravity/118">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/thermodynamics-i/200">Thermodynamics I</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-process-of-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-process-of-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Process of Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-process-of-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-process-of-science" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-introduction" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-introduction" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Introduction </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-introduction" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-introduction" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-process-of-science/176">The Process of Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-the-culture-of-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-the-culture-of-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> The Culture of Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-the-culture-of-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-the-culture-of-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-nature-of-scientific-knowledge/185">The Nature of Scientific Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientists-and-the-scientific-community/172">Scientists and the Scientific Community</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientific-ethics/161">Scientific Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientific-institutions-and-societies/162">Scientific Institutions and Societies</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-ideas-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-ideas-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Ideas in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-ideas-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-ideas-in-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/theories-hypotheses-and-laws/177">Theories, Hypotheses, and Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientific-controversy/181">Scientific Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/creativity-in-science/182">Creativity in Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-research-methods" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-research-methods" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Research Methods </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-research-methods" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-research-methods" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-practice-of-science/148">The Practice of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/experimentation-in-scientific-research/150">Experimentation in Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/description-in-scientific-research/151">Description in Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/comparison-in-scientific-research/152">Comparison in Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/modeling-in-scientific-research/153">Modeling in Scientific Research</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-data" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-data" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Data </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-data" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-data" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/data-analysis-and-interpretation/154">Data Analysis and Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/uncertainty-error-and-confidence/157">Uncertainty, Error, and Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/statistics-in-science/155">Statistics in Science</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/using-graphs-and-visual-data-in-science/156">Using Graphs and Visual Data in Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientific-communication" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientific-communication" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Communication </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientific-communication" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientific-communication" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/understanding-scientific-journals-and-articles/158">Understanding Scientific Journals and Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/utilizing-the-scientific-literature/173">Utilizing the Scientific Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/peer-review-in-scientific-publishing/159">Peer Review in Scientific Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-how-and-why-of-scientific-meetings/186">The How and Why of Scientific Meetings</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientists-and-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientists-and-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientists and Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientists-and-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientists-and-research" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientific-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientific-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientific-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientific-research" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/collaborative-research-in-the-arctic-towards-understanding-climate-change/183">Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/from-stable-chromosomes-to-jumping-genes/184">From Stable Chromosomes to Jumping Genes</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/an-elegant-experiment-to-test-the-process-of-dna-replication/187">An Elegant Experiment to Test the Process of DNA Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/the-founding-of-neuroscience/233">The Founding of Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/tracking-endangered-jaguars-across-the-border/189">Tracking Endangered Jaguars across the Border</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/atmospheric-chemistry-research-that-changed-global-policy/211">Atmospheric Chemistry Research that Changed Global Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/revolutionizing-medicine-with-monoclonal-antibodies/220">Revolutionizing Medicine with Monoclonal Antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/uncovering-the-mysteries-of-chronic-mountain-sickness/238">Uncovering the Mysteries of Chronic Mountain Sickness</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-profiles-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-profiles-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Profiles in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-profiles-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-profiles-in-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/luis-e.-miramontes/232">Luis E. Miramontes</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/bernardo-houssay/237">Bernardo Houssay</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/craig-lee/256">Craig Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/david-ho/241">David Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/louis-tompkins-wright/244">Louis Tompkins Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/carlos-j.-finlay/217">Carlos J. Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/cecilia-payne/290">Cecilia Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/jazmin-scarlett/291">Jazmin Scarlett</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ramari-stewart/292">Ramari Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/johnson-cerda/300">Johnson Cerda</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ellen-ochoa/201">Ellen Ochoa</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205">Ruth Benerito</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/franklin-chang-d铆az/219">Franklin Chang D铆az</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/percy-lavon-julian/221">Percy Lavon Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/luis-walter-alvarez/229">Luis Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/france-anne-dominic-c贸rdova/230">France Anne-Dominic C贸rdova</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li>  <button class="button" data-toggle="dropdown">Chemistry </button> <div class="nav__dropdown box-shadow-1 padding-1"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary font-size-sm"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-sub-button-atomic-theory-and-structure" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-sub-panel-atomic-theory-and-structure" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Atomic Theory and Structure </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-sub-panel-atomic-theory-and-structure" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-sub-button-atomic-theory-and-structure" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/early-ideas-about-matter/49">Early Ideas about Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/the-periodic-table-of-elements-i/52">The Periodic Table of Elements I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/the-periodic-table-of-elements-ii/296">The Periodic Table of Elements II</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/the-periodic-table-of-elements-iii/297">The Periodic Table of Elements III</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/the-periodic-table-of-elements-iv/298">The Periodic Table of Elements IV</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/the-periodic-table-of-elements-v/299">The Periodic Table of Elements V</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/atomic-theory-i/50">Atomic Theory I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/atomic-theory-ii/51">Atomic Theory II</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/atomic-theory-iii/223">Atomic Theory III</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/atomic-theory-iv/231">Atomic Theory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/the-mole-and-atomic-mass/53">The Mole and Atomic Mass</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-sub-button-physical-states-and-properties" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-sub-panel-physical-states-and-properties" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Physical States and Properties </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-sub-panel-physical-states-and-properties" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-sub-button-physical-states-and-properties" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/states-of-matter/120">States of Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/substances/280">Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/properties-of-solids/209">Properties of Solids</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/properties-of-liquids/222">Properties of Liquids</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/properties-of-gases/245">Properties of Gases</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/diffusion-i/216">Diffusion I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/kinetic-molecular-theory/251">Kinetic-Molecular Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/solutions/266">Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/water/267">Water</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-sub-button-chemical-relationships" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-sub-panel-chemical-relationships" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Chemical Relationships </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-sub-panel-chemical-relationships" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-sub-button-chemical-relationships" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/chemical-bonding/55">Chemical Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/stoichiometry/270">Stoichiometry</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/chemical-equations/268">Chemical Equations</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/acids-and-bases-i/271">Acids and Bases I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/acids-and-bases-ii/272">Acids and Bases II</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-sub-button-reactions-and-changes" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-sub-panel-reactions-and-changes" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Reactions and Changes </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-sub-panel-reactions-and-changes" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-sub-button-reactions-and-changes" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/chemical-reactions/54">Chemical Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/chemical-reactions-ii/278">Chemical Reactions II</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/nuclear-chemistry-i/284">Nuclear Chemistry I</a></li> <li class="current">Carbon Chemistry</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="theTop"></div> <main id="skip-header-content"> <div class="margin-bottom-5"> <div class="container narrow wide--lg margin-y-4"> <article class="module"> <header class="module__header"> <span class="subcategory"> <strong><em>Reactions and Changes</em></strong> </span> <h1>Carbon Chemistry: <sub><em>Simple hydrocarbons, isomers, and functional groups</em></sub></h1> <p class="byline">by Anthony Carpi, Ph.D.</p> </header> <nav class="module__tabs"> <ul class="tabs-nav tabs-nav--pill tabs-nav--horizontal--md library"> <li> <a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60/reading" class="is-active" aria-current="page" >Reading</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60/quiz" >Quiz</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60/resources" >Teach with this</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <hr class="module__divider" />  <div class="module__tools"> <aside class="module__tools__container border-radius box-shadow-1"> <div class="tabs tabs--toggle-mobile--lg" role="tablist"> <ul class="tab__buttons"> <li> <button class="button button--icon-over-text" aria-label="In this module" aria-controls="tab-panel-module__tools" aria-selected="true" role="tab"> <span class="button__icon"> <span class="icon icon-list" aria-hidden="true"></span> </span> <span class="button__text">Contents</span> </button> </li> <li> <button class="button button--icon-over-text" aria-controls="tab-panel-toggle-terms" aria-selected="false" role="tab"> <span class="button__icon"> <span class="icon icon-glossary-highlight"></span> </span> <span class="button__text">Glossary Terms</span> </button> </li> </ul> <div class="tabs__panel shown" id="tab-panel-module__tools" aria-labelledby="tab-button-module__tools" role="tabpanel"> <div class="table-of-contents"> <p class="table-of-contents__title"> Table of Contents </p> <ul class="table-of-contents__nav"> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60#toc_1">The uniqueness of carbon</a> </li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60#toc_2">Simple hydrocarbons </a> </li> <li> <ul> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60#toc2_1">Alkanes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <ul> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60#toc2_2">Alkenes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <ul> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60#toc2_3">Alkynes</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60#toc_3">Isomers</a> </li> <li><a href="/en/library/chemistry/1/carbon-chemistry/60#toc_4">Functional groups</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="tabs__panel" id="tab-panel-toggle-terms" aria-labelledby="tab-button-toggle-terms" role="tabpanel"> <div class="reading-toggle"> <div class="reading-toggle__switch"> <div class="form-entry__option__switch"> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="termsToggleSwitch" id="terms-toggle-switch" /> <span class="switch__slider"></span> <span class="option__label text-decoration-none font-size-md"> Highlight Glossary Terms </span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="reading-toggle__help"> <p> <em> Activate glossary term highlighting to easily identify key terms within the module. Once highlighted, you can click on these terms to view their definitions. </em> </p> </div> </div> <div class="glossary-container"></div> </div> <div class="tabs__panel" id="tab-panel-toggle-ngss" aria-labelledby="tab-button-toggle-ngss" role="tabpanel"> <div class="reading-toggle"> <div class="reading-toggle__switch"> <div class="form-entry__option__switch"> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="ngssToggleSwitch" id="ngss-toggle-switch" /> <span class="switch__slider"></span> <span class="option__label text-decoration-none font-size-md"> Show NGSS Annotations </span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="reading-toggle__help"> <p> <em> Activate NGSS annotations to easily identify NGSS standards within the module. Once highlighted, you can click on them to view these standards. </em> </p> </div> </div> <div class="ngss-container"></div> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="margin-3"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9561344156007092" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9561344156007092" data-ad-slot="7634263342" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div>     <div class="module__main"> <div class="module__main__container"> <div class="accordion">  <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-key-concepts" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-key-concepts" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0"> Did you know? </button> <div class="accordion__panel shown show" id="acc-panel-key-concepts" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-key-concepts" role="region"> <div class="accordion__panel__content"> <p>Did you know that organic chemicals make up all the life forms we know of? Organic chemistry, defined by the carbon-hydrogen bond, is at the foundation of life. Because of the unique properties of the carbon atom, it can bond with other atoms in many different ways, resulting in millions of different organic molecules.</p> </div> </div>  <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-terms-you-should-know" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-terms-you-should-know" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"> Terms you should know </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-terms-you-should-know" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-terms-you-should-know" role="region" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="accordion__panel__content"> <dl> <dt><a href="/en/glossary/view/bonding">bonding </a></dt> <dd> the act of linking two atoms together </dd> <dt><a href="/en/glossary/view/formula">formula </a></dt> <dd> an expression of the composition of a chemical compound using symbols </dd> <dt><a href="/en/glossary/view/property">property </a></dt> <dd> a characteristic; an attribute</dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> <section> <p>To understand life as we know it, we must first understand a little bit of <mark class="term" data-term="organic" data-term-def="Originating from a living organism; a compound that contains hydrocarbons." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/organic/8530">organic</mark> chemistry. Organic <mark class="term" data-term="molecule" data-term-def="A particle formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms. The molecule is the smallest particle of a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/molecule/1518">molecules</mark> contain both carbon and hydrogen. Though many organic chemicals also contain other <mark class="term" data-term="element" data-term-def="One of fewer than 118 pure chemical substances. An element is a substance composed of atoms with identical atomic number." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/element/1510">elements</mark>, it is the carbon-hydrogen <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bond</mark> that defines them as organic. <mark class="term" data-term="organic chemistry" data-term-def="The branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds, which are produced by all living organisms." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/organic+chemistry/8755">Organic chemistry</mark> defines life. Just as there are millions of different types of living <mark class="term" data-term="organism" data-term-def="Any connected living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, or bacterium. Organisms may be composed of a single cell or&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/organism/2171">organisms</mark> on this planet, there are millions of different <mark class="term" data-term="organic molecule" data-term-def="Organic molecules are molecules that contain carbon bonded to hydrogen. Organic molecules may contain other elements as well, especially O,&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/organic+molecule/1597">organic molecules</mark>, each with different chemical and physical properties. There are organic chemicals that make up your hair, your skin, your fingernails, and so on. The diversity of organic chemicals is due to the versatility of the carbon <mark class="term" data-term="atom" data-term-def="The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms can exist alone or in&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atom/1509">atom</mark>. Why is carbon such a special element? Let's look at its chemistry in a little more detail.</p> <p><section id="toc_1" class=""> <h2>The uniqueness of carbon</h2></p> <p>Carbon (C) appears in the second row of the periodic table and has four <mark class="term" data-term="bonding" data-term-def="The act of fastening two atoms together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bonding/8295">bonding</mark> <mark class="term" data-term="electron" data-term-def="A subatomic particle with a negative charge of 1.60 × 10<sup>-19</sup> coulombs and a mass of 9.11 × 10<sup>-31</sup> kg. Electrons&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/electron/852">electrons</mark> in its <mark class="term" data-term="valence" data-term-def="The number of single bonds an atom can form, also measured as the number of hydrogen atoms that typically bond to&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/valence/1563">valence</mark> shell (see our <a href="/library/module_viewer.php?mid=52">Periodic Table</a> module for more information). Similar to other non-metals, carbon needs eight electrons to satisfy its <mark class="term" data-term="valence shell" data-term-def="The outermost electron shell of an atom that contains electrons." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/valence+shell/1539">valence shell</mark>. Carbon therefore forms four <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bonds</mark> with other <mark class="term" data-term="atom" data-term-def="The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms can exist alone or in&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atom/1509">atoms</mark> (each bond consisting of one of carbon's electrons and one of the bonding atom's electrons). Every <mark class="term" data-term="valence electron" data-term-def="Electrons that can be actively involved in chemical change; usually electrons in the shell with the highest value of n (electrons&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/valence+electron/851">valence electron</mark> participates in bonding; thus, a carbon atom's bonds will be distributed evenly over the atom's <mark class="term" data-term="surface" data-term-def="The outside or external part; the topside face of something." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/surface/8275">surface</mark>. These bonds form a <mark class="term" data-term="tetrahedron" data-term-def="A figure with four triangular planes; a triangular pyramid." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/tetrahedron/8527">tetrahedron</mark> (a pyramid with a spike at the top), as illustrated below:</p><div class="figure"><figure class="fig-center"> <div class="fig-inner"> <img src="/img//library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-788-021205011205.jpg"> <figcaption><b>Carbon forms 4 bonds</b></figcaption> </div> </figure></div><p>Organic chemicals get their diversity from the many different ways carbon can <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bond</mark> to other <mark class="term" data-term="atom" data-term-def="The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms can exist alone or in&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atom/1509">atoms</mark>. The simplest <mark class="term" data-term="organic" data-term-def="Originating from a living organism; a compound that contains hydrocarbons." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/organic/8530">organic</mark> chemicals, called <mark class="term" data-term="hydrocarbon" data-term-def="An organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/hydrocarbon/1585">hydrocarbons</mark>, contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms; the simplest hydrocarbon (called methane) contains a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms: </p> <div class="container margin-y-4 text-align-center"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9561344156007092" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9561344156007092" data-ad-slot="9090201191"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div>  <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button" data-lightbox="image"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-789-021205011205.jpg" alt="Methane - a carbon atom bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms聽" /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Methane - a <font color="#808080">carbon</font> atom bonded to 4 <font color="#CC3300">hydrogen</font> atoms聽</b></p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>But carbon can <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bond</mark> to other carbon <mark class="term" data-term="atom" data-term-def="The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms can exist alone or in&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atom/1509">atoms</mark> in addition to hydrogen, as illustrated in the <mark class="term" data-term="molecule" data-term-def="A particle formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms. The molecule is the smallest particle of a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/molecule/1518">molecule</mark> ethane below:</p>  <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button" data-lightbox="image"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-790-021205011206.jpg" alt="Ethane - a carbon-carbon bond" /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Ethane - a carbon-carbon bond</b></p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>In fact, the uniqueness of carbon comes from the fact that it can <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bond</mark> to itself in many different ways. Carbon <mark class="term" data-term="atom" data-term-def="The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms can exist alone or in&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atom/1509">atoms</mark> can form long chains:</p>  <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button" data-lightbox="image"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-791-021205011207.jpg" alt="Hexane - a 6-carbon chain" /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Hexane - a 6-carbon chain</b></p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>branched chains:</p>  <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button" data-lightbox="image"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-792-021205011207.jpg" alt="Isohexane - a branched-carbon chain" /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Isohexane - a branched-carbon chain</b></p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>rings:</p>  <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button" data-lightbox="image"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-793-021205011208.jpg" alt="Cyclohexane - a ringed hydrocarbon" /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Cyclohexane - a ringed hydrocarbon</b></p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>There appears to be almost no limit to the number of different structures that carbon can form.聽 To add to the complexity of <mark class="term" data-term="organic" data-term-def="Originating from a living organism; a compound that contains hydrocarbons." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/organic/8530">organic</mark> chemistry, neighboring carbon <mark class="term" data-term="atom" data-term-def="The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms can exist alone or in&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atom/1509">atoms</mark> can form double and triple <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bonds</mark> in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds:</p><div class="table-container"> <div class='"table-container"'><table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="middle"><img src="/img//library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-790-021205011206.jpg" alt=""></td> <td class="middle"><img src="/img//library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-794-021205011208.jpg" alt=""></td> <td class="middle"><img src="/img//library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-795-021205011210.jpg" alt=""></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Single bonding </td> <td>Double bonding</td> <td>Triple bonding</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> </div><p>Keep in mind that each carbon <mark class="term" data-term="atom" data-term-def="The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms can exist alone or in&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atom/1509">atom</mark> forms four <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bonds</mark>. As the number of bonds between any two carbon atoms increases, the number of hydrogen atoms in the <mark class="term" data-term="molecule" data-term-def="A particle formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms. The molecule is the smallest particle of a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/molecule/1518">molecule</mark> decreases (as can be seen in the figures above).</p> <div class="comprehension-checkpoint margin-y-4"> <h6 class="comprehension-checkpoint__header"> <span> <span class="icon icon-question"></span> </span> Comprehension Checkpoint </h6> <form name="cc6475"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field"> <span class="form-entry__field__label">__________ can form long chains, branched chains, and rings.</span> <div class="form-entry__option"> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="correct"> <label> <input id="q1-6475-0-option-a" name="quiz-option-6475" type="radio" value="Carbon" > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">a.</span> Carbon </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6475-0"> <strong>Correct!</strong> </span> </div> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="incorrect"> <label> <input id="q1-6475-1-option-b" name="quiz-option-6475" type="radio" value="Hydrogen" > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">b.</span> Hydrogen </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6475-1"> <strong>Incorrect.</strong> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </section> <section id="toc_2"> <h2>Simple hydrocarbons </h2><p>The simplest <mark class="term" data-term="hydrocarbon" data-term-def="An organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/hydrocarbon/1585">hydrocarbons</mark> are those that contain only carbon and hydrogen. These simple hydrocarbons come in three varieties depending on the type of carbon-carbon <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bonds</mark> that occur in the <mark class="term" data-term="molecule" data-term-def="A particle formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms. The molecule is the smallest particle of a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/molecule/1518">molecule</mark>.</p> <div class="container margin-y-4 text-align-center"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9561344156007092" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9561344156007092" data-ad-slot="3321739899"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </section> <section id="toc2_1"><h3>Alkanes</h3><p>Alkanes are the first class of simple <mark class="term" data-term="hydrocarbon" data-term-def="An organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/hydrocarbon/1585">hydrocarbons</mark> and contain only carbon-carbon single <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bonds</mark>. The <mark class="term" data-term="alkanes" data-term-def="A group of hydrocarbons with the general formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>(2n+2)</sub>. Alkanes contain no carbon-carbon multiple bonds; common examples include methane and propane." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/alkanes/1586">alkanes</mark> are named by combining a prefix that describes the number of carbon <mark class="term" data-term="atom" data-term-def="The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms can exist alone or in&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atom/1509">atoms</mark> in the <mark class="term" data-term="molecule" data-term-def="A particle formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms. The molecule is the smallest particle of a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/molecule/1518">molecule</mark> with the root ending "ane". The names and prefixes for the first ten alkanes are given in the following table.</p><div class='\"table-container\"'><table class="table"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Carbon Atoms</th> <th scope="col">Prefix</th> <th scope="col">Alkane Name</th> <th scope="col">Chemical Formula</th> <th scope="col">Structural Formula</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td scope="row">1</td> <td>Meth</td> <td>Methan</td> <td>$CH_4$</td> <td>$CH_4$</td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row">2</td> <td>Eth</td> <td>Ethane</td> <td>$C_2H_6$</td> <td>$CH_3CH_3$</td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row">3</td> <td>Prop</td> <td>Propane</td> <td>$C_3H_8$</td> <td>$CH_3CH_2CH_3$</td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row">4</td> <td>But</td> <td>Butane</td> <td>$C_4H_{10}$</td> <td>$CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3$</td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row">5</td> <td>Pent</td> <td>Pentane</td> <td>$C_5H_{12}$</td> <td>$CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_3$</td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row">6</td> <td>Hex</td> <td>Hexane</td> <td>$C_6H_{14}$</td> <td>...</td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row">7</td> <td>Hept</td> <td>Heptane</td> <td>$C_2H_{16})</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row">8</td> <td>Oct</td> <td>Octane</td> <td>\(C_8H_{18}$</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row">9</td> <td>Non</td> <td>Nonane</td> <td>$C_9H_{20}$</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row">10</td> <td>Dec</td> <td>Decane</td> <td>$C_{10}H_{22}$</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> <p>The chemical <mark class="term" data-term="formula" data-term-def="An expression of the composition of a chemical compound using symbols." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/formula/8554">formula</mark> for any alkane is given by the expression C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>. The structural formula, shown for the first five <mark class="term" data-term="alkanes" data-term-def="A group of hydrocarbons with the general formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>(2n+2)</sub>. Alkanes contain no carbon-carbon multiple bonds; common examples include methane and propane." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/alkanes/1586">alkanes</mark> in the table, shows each carbon <mark class="term" data-term="atom" data-term-def="The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms can exist alone or in&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atom/1509">atom</mark> and the <mark class="term" data-term="element" data-term-def="One of fewer than 118 pure chemical substances. An element is a substance composed of atoms with identical atomic number." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/element/1510">elements</mark> that are attached to it. This structural formula is important when we begin to discuss more complex <mark class="term" data-term="hydrocarbon" data-term-def="An organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/hydrocarbon/1585">hydrocarbons</mark>. The simple alkanes share many properties in common. All enter into <mark class="term" data-term="combustion" data-term-def="Commonly referred to as burning, a chemical reaction between a fuel (for example wood) and an oxidizing agent (for example oxygen)&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/combustion/1590">combustion</mark> <mark class="term" data-term="reaction" data-term-def="A chemical change when substances come into contact with each other." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/reaction/8263">reactions</mark> with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor. In other words, many alkanes are flammable. This makes them good fuels. For example, methane is the main component of natural <mark class="term" data-term="gas" data-term-def="The state of matter characterized by its non-condensed nature and ability to flow. Unlike liquids, molecules within a gas remain far&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/gas/8725">gas</mark>, and butane is common lighter <mark class="term" data-term="fluid" data-term-def="Able to flow because the intermolecular forces allow the molecules to move around in relation to one another. Both liquids and&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/fluid/8724">fluid</mark>.</p><div class="figure"><figure> $$CH_4 + 2O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + 2H_2O$$ <figcaption> The chemical reaction between a fuel (for example wood) and an oxidizing agent. </figcaption> </figure></div></section> <section id="toc2_2"><h3>Alkenes</h3><p>The second class of simple <mark class="term" data-term="hydrocarbon" data-term-def="An organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/hydrocarbon/1585">hydrocarbons</mark>, the <mark class="term" data-term="alkenes" data-term-def="A group of hydrocarbons with the general formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>(2n)</sub>. Alkenes contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond; common examples include ethylene." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/alkenes/1587">alkenes</mark>, consists of <mark class="term" data-term="molecule" data-term-def="A particle formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms. The molecule is the smallest particle of a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/molecule/1518">molecules</mark> that contain at least one double-bonded carbon pair. Alkenes follow the same naming convention used for <mark class="term" data-term="alkanes" data-term-def="A group of hydrocarbons with the general formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>(2n+2)</sub>. Alkanes contain no carbon-carbon multiple bonds; common examples include methane and propane." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/alkanes/1586">alkanes</mark>. A prefix (to describe the number of carbon atoms) is combined with the ending "ene" to denote an alkene. Ethene, for example is the two-carbon molecule that contains one double <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bond</mark>. The chemical <mark class="term" data-term="formula" data-term-def="An expression of the composition of a chemical compound using symbols." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/formula/8554">formula</mark> for the simple alkenes follows the expression C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>. Because one of the carbon pairs is double bonded, simple alkenes have two fewer hydrogen <mark class="term" data-term="atom" data-term-def="The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms can exist alone or in&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atom/1509">atoms</mark> than alkanes.</p>  <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button" data-lightbox="image"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-794-021205011208.jpg" alt="Ethene" /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Ethene</b></p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </section> <section id="toc2_3"><h3>Alkynes</h3><p>Alkynes are the third class of simple <mark class="term" data-term="hydrocarbon" data-term-def="An organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/hydrocarbon/1585">hydrocarbons</mark> and are <mark class="term" data-term="molecule" data-term-def="A particle formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms. The molecule is the smallest particle of a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/molecule/1518">molecules</mark> that contain at least one triple-bonded carbon pair. Like the <mark class="term" data-term="alkanes" data-term-def="A group of hydrocarbons with the general formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>(2n+2)</sub>. Alkanes contain no carbon-carbon multiple bonds; common examples include methane and propane." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/alkanes/1586">alkanes</mark> and <mark class="term" data-term="alkenes" data-term-def="A group of hydrocarbons with the general formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>(2n)</sub>. Alkenes contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond; common examples include ethylene." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/alkenes/1587">alkenes</mark>, <mark class="term" data-term="alkynes" data-term-def="A group of hydrocarbons with the general formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>(2n-2)</sub>. Alkynes contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond; common examples include ethyne&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/alkynes/1588">alkynes</mark> are named by combining a prefix with the ending "yne" to denote the triple <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bond</mark>. The chemical <mark class="term" data-term="formula" data-term-def="An expression of the composition of a chemical compound using symbols." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/formula/8554">formula</mark> for the simple alkynes follows the expression C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-2</sub>. </p>  <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button" data-lightbox="image"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-795-021205011210.jpg" alt="Ethyne" /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Ethyne</b></p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="comprehension-checkpoint margin-y-4"> <h6 class="comprehension-checkpoint__header"> <span> <span class="icon icon-question"></span> </span> Comprehension Checkpoint </h6> <form name="cc6476"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field"> <span class="form-entry__field__label">The simplest of hydrocarbons are called</span> <div class="form-entry__option"> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="correct"> <label> <input id="q1-6476-0-option-a" name="quiz-option-6476" type="radio" value="alkanes." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">a.</span> alkanes. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6476-0"> <strong>Correct!</strong> </span> </div> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="incorrect"> <label> <input id="q1-6476-1-option-b" name="quiz-option-6476" type="radio" value="alkynes." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">b.</span> alkynes. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6476-1"> <strong>Incorrect.</strong> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </section> <section id="toc_3"> <h2>Isomers</h2><p>Because carbon can <mark class="term" data-term="bond" data-term-def="The force that holds together units such as atoms or molecules. <br> <b>[verb]</b> To hold or fasten units such as atoms or molecules together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bond/8297">bond</mark> in so many different ways, a single <mark class="term" data-term="molecule" data-term-def="A particle formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms. The molecule is the smallest particle of a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/molecule/1518">molecule</mark> can have different <mark class="term" data-term="bonding" data-term-def="The act of fastening two atoms together." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/bonding/8295">bonding</mark> <mark class="term" data-term="configuration" data-term-def="The way parts are arranged, such as how electrons are distributed in orbitals, or electron shells, around the nucleus of an atom." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/configuration/8262">configurations</mark>. Consider the two molecules illustrated here:</p><div class='\"table-container\"'><table class="table" aria-describedby="configDescription"> <tbody> <tr> <td scope="row">$C_6H_{14}$</td> <td> <img src="/img//library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-791-021205011207.jpg" width="219" height="87" alt="c-hexane"><br> $CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_3$ </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row">$C_6H_{14}$</td> <td> <img src="/img//library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-792-021205011207.jpg" width="189" height="113" alt="c-isohexane"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"></td> <td>$CH_3$</td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"></td> <td>$I$</td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"></td> <td>$CH_3CH_2CH\,CH_2CH_3$</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> <p>Both <mark class="term" data-term="molecule" data-term-def="A particle formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms. The molecule is the smallest particle of a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/molecule/1518">molecules</mark> have identical chemical <mark class="term" data-term="formula" data-term-def="An expression of the composition of a chemical compound using symbols." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/formula/8554">formulas</mark> (shown in the left column); however, their structural formulas (and thus some chemical properties) are different. These two molecules are called <em>isomers</em>. <mark class="term" data-term="isomers" data-term-def="Molecules with identical molecular formulas but differing in the sequence of bonding or arrangement in space of their atoms, i.e., their&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/isomers/1589">Isomers</mark> are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.</p> <div class="comprehension-checkpoint margin-y-4"> <h6 class="comprehension-checkpoint__header"> <span> <span class="icon icon-question"></span> </span> Comprehension Checkpoint </h6> <form name="cc6477"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field"> <span class="form-entry__field__label">When molecules have the same number and type of atoms, they must have the same structure.</span> <div class="form-entry__option"> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="incorrect"> <label> <input id="q1-6477-0-option-a" name="quiz-option-6477" type="radio" value="true" > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">a.</span> true </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6477-0"> <strong>Incorrect.</strong> </span> </div> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="correct"> <label> <input id="q1-6477-1-option-b" name="quiz-option-6477" type="radio" value="false" > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">b.</span> false </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6477-1"> <strong>Correct!</strong> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </section> <section id="toc_4"> <h2>Functional groups</h2><p>In addition to carbon and hydrogen, <mark class="term" data-term="hydrocarbon" data-term-def="An organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/hydrocarbon/1585">hydrocarbons</mark> can also contain other <mark class="term" data-term="element" data-term-def="One of fewer than 118 pure chemical substances. An element is a substance composed of atoms with identical atomic number." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/element/1510">elements</mark>. In fact, many common groups of <mark class="term" data-term="atom" data-term-def="The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element. Atoms can exist alone or in&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atom/1509">atoms</mark> can occur within <mark class="term" data-term="organic" data-term-def="Originating from a living organism; a compound that contains hydrocarbons." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/organic/8530">organic</mark> <mark class="term" data-term="molecule" data-term-def="A particle formed by the chemical bonding of two or more atoms. The molecule is the smallest particle of a&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/molecule/1518">molecules</mark>, these groups of atoms are called functional groups. One good example is the <mark class="term" data-term="hydroxyl" data-term-def="An -OH group within a molecule." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/hydroxyl/1591">hydroxyl</mark> functional group. The hydroxyl group consists of a single oxygen atom bound to a single hydrogen atom (-OH). The group of hydrocarbons that contain a hydroxyl functional group is called <mark class="term" data-term="alcohol" data-term-def="An organic compound containing a hydroxyl group. Common examples include methanol (CH<sub>3</sub>OH) and ethanol (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH)." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/alcohol/1592">alcohols</mark>. The alcohols are named in a similar fashion to the simple hydrocarbons, a prefix is attached to a root ending (in this case "anol") that designates the alcohol. The existence of the functional group completely changes the chemical properties of the molecule. Ethane, the two-carbon alkane, is a <mark class="term" data-term="gas" data-term-def="The state of matter characterized by its non-condensed nature and ability to flow. Unlike liquids, molecules within a gas remain far&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/gas/8725">gas</mark> at room temperature; ethanol, the two-carbon alcohol, is a <mark class="term" data-term="liquid" data-term-def="The state of matter characterized by its condensed nature and ability to flow. Unlike gases, molecules within a liquid often experience&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/liquid/8727">liquid</mark>.</p>  <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button" data-lightbox="image"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid60/Image/VLObject-796-021205011211.jpg" alt="Ethanol" /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Ethanol</b></p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>Ethanol, common drinking <mark class="term" data-term="alcohol" data-term-def="An organic compound containing a hydroxyl group. Common examples include methanol (CH<sub>3</sub>OH) and ethanol (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH)." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/alcohol/1592">alcohol</mark>, is the active ingredient in "alcoholic" beverages such as beer and wine.</p> </section> <footer class="module__main__footer"> <hr class="border-color-dark"> <p class="citation"> <em> Anthony Carpi, Ph.D. “Carbon Chemistry” Visionlearning Vol. CHE-2 (4), 2003. </em> </p> </footer> </div>    </article> </div> </div> </main>   <footer class="position-relative box-shadow-1 font-size-md" id="global-footer"> <h2 class="screen-reader-only">Page Footer</h2> <div class="back-to-top"> <div class="container wide"> <button class="button button--has-icon font-size-sm"> <span class="icon icon-arrow-up"></span> <span class="button__text">Back to top</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="container wide padding-y-2"> <div class="grid grid--column-2--md grid--column-4--lg gap-4 grid--divider--fill-x"> <nav> <ul class="nav font-weight-bold"> <li> <a href="/en/library" title="Readings & quizzes"> Library </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/glossary" title="Science terms"> Glossary </a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/classroom" title="Courses & bookmarks"> Classroom </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav> <ul class="nav"> <li><a href="/en/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="/en/help">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/en/about/jobs">Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/en/help/faq">FAQ</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div> <ul class="nav nav--horizontal margin-bottom-2"> <li> <a class="display-flex" href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img src="/images/sponsor-nsf.png" width="60" height="60" alt="US Education Department Logo" /> </a> </li> <li> <a class="display-flex" href="https://www.ed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img src="/images/sponsor-doe.png" width="60" height="60" alt="US Education Department Logo" /> </a> </li> </ul> <p>Visionlearning is supported by the The National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Education. 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