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aria-controls="toc-Socio-religious_Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Socio-religious Views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Socio-religious_Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Spirituality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_morality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_morality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Science and morality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_morality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Free will </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Artificial intelligence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Political views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_Bush_Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_Bush_Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Criticism of the Bush Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_Bush_Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Presidential elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gun_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gun_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Gun rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gun_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_dark_web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_dark_web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Intellectual dark web </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_dark_web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race_and_IQ_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_IQ_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Race and IQ controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_IQ_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_Islamophobia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_Islamophobia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Accusations of Islamophobia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_Islamophobia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reception and recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Documentary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peer-reviewed_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer-reviewed_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Peer-reviewed articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer-reviewed_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harris_blog_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harris_blog_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Harris blog citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harris_blog_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 General citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sam Harris</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="سام هاريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سام هاريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سم هریس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سم هریس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="স্যাম হ্যারিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্যাম হ্যারিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Сам Харис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сам Харис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Σαμ Χάρρις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαμ Χάρρις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سم هریس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سم هریس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%98_%ED%95%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="샘 해리스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샘 해리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B4_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Սեմ Հարիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեմ Հարիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="सैम हैरिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सैम हैरिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1" title="סם האריס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סם האריס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sems_Heriss" title="Sems Heriss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sems Heriss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സാം ഹാരിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാം ഹാരിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="سام هاريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سام هاريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris_(schrijver)" title="Sam Harris (schrijver) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sam Harris (schrijver)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="サム・ハリス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サム・ハリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sam Harris" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سام هریس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سام هریس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sam Harris (disambiguation)">Sam Harris (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Sam Harris</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Harris_2016_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harris in 2016"><img alt="Harris in 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sam_Harris_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sam_Harris_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sam_Harris_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sam_Harris_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sam_Harris_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sam_Harris_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="3885" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Harris in 2016</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Samuel Benjamin Harris (1967-04-09) April 9, 1967 (age 57) <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Author</li> <li>podcaster</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pardi-1">[1]</a> religion, <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/PEN_American_Center_inactive_awards#Martha_Albrand_Award_for_First_Nonfiction_(1989–2006)" title="PEN American Center inactive awards">PEN/Martha Albrand Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Webby_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Webby Award">Webby Award</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Annaka_Harris" title="Annaka Harris">Annaka Gorton</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2004)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Berkeley Harris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Harris" title="Susan Harris">Susan Spivak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Harris_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sam_Harris_signature.svg/150px-Sam_Harris_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sam_Harris_signature.svg/225px-Sam_Harris_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sam_Harris_signature.svg/300px-Sam_Harris_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="220" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><hr />Philosophy career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/366925574/">The moral landscape: How science could determine human values</a> (2009)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Cohen" title="Mark S. Cohen">Mark Cohen</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samharris.org">samharris.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Samuel Benjamin Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscientist" title="Neuroscientist">neuroscientist</a>, author, and podcast host. His work touches on a range of topics, including <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. Harris came to prominence for his <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">criticism of religion</a>, and he is known as one of the <a href="/wiki/New_Atheism#"Four_Horsemen"" title="New Atheism">"Four Horsemen" of New Atheism</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-phil-now-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-BJJ-4">[4]</a> Harris's first book, <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a> (2004), won the <a href="/wiki/PEN_American_Center_inactive_awards#Martha_Albrand_Award_for_First_Nonfiction_(1989–2006)" title="PEN American Center inactive awards">PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction</a> and remained on <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list">The New York Times Best Seller list</a> for 33 weeks. Harris has since written six additional books: <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a> in 2006, <a href="/wiki/The_Moral_Landscape" title="The Moral Landscape">The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values</a> in 2010, the long-form essay <a href="/wiki/Lying_(Harris_book)" title="Lying (Harris book)">Lying</a> in 2011, the short book <a href="/wiki/Free_Will_(book)" title="Free Will (book)">Free Will</a> in 2012, <a href="/wiki/Waking_Up:_A_Guide_to_Spirituality_Without_Religion" title="Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion">Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion</a> in 2014, and (with British writer <a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaz" title="Maajid Nawaz">Maajid Nawaz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_the_Future_of_Tolerance" title="Islam and the Future of Tolerance">Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue</a> in 2015. Harris's work has been translated into over 20 languages. Some critics have argued that Harris's writings are <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Harris and his supporters, however, reject this characterization,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> adding that such a labeling is an attempt to silence criticism.<a href="#cite_note-Indi1-7">[7]</a> Harris has debated with many prominent figures on the topics of God or religion, including <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Warren" title="Rick Warren">Rick Warren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(journalist)" title="Robert Wright (journalist)">Robert Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Andrew Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cenk_Uygur" title="Cenk Uygur">Cenk Uygur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Wolpe" title="David Wolpe">David Wolpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Ben Shapiro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a>. Since September 2013, Harris has hosted the Making Sense podcast (originally titled Waking Up), which has a large listenership. Around 2018, he was described as one of the marginalized "renegade" intellectuals,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> though Harris disagreed with that characterization.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-republic-10">[10]</a> In September 2018, Harris released a <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">app</a>, Waking Up with Sam Harris<a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a>. He is also considered a prominent figure in the <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> movement, promoting meditation practices without the need for any religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Salon-Sam-12">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Samuel Benjamin Harris was born in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California, on April 9, 1967.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Playboy_Interview-14">[13]</a> He is the son of the late actor Berkeley Harris, who appeared mainly in <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> films, and television writer and producer <a href="/wiki/Susan_Harris" title="Susan Harris">Susan Harris</a> (née Spivak), who created <a href="/wiki/Soap_(TV_series)" title="Soap (TV series)">Soap</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Girls" title="The Golden Girls">The Golden Girls</a>, among other series.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-spiritual-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-SusanHarris-16">[15]</a> His father, born in North Carolina, came from a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> background, and his mother is <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> but not religious.<a href="#cite_note-Tablet1-17">[16]</a> He was raised by his mother following his parents' divorce when he was age two.<a href="#cite_note-18">[SH 1]</a> Harris has stated that his upbringing was entirely secular and that his parents rarely discussed religion, though he also stated that he was not raised as an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> While his original major was in English, Harris became interested in philosophical questions while at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> after an experience with <a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">MDMA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> The experience interested him in the idea he might be able to achieve spiritual insights without the use of drugs.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-23">[21]</a> Leaving Stanford in his second year, a quarter after his psychoactive experience, he visited <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> with teachers of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> religions,<a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Segal2006-24">[22]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse" title="Dilgo Khyentse">Dilgo Khyentse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Science_on_the_Brink_of_Death-25">[SH 2]</a> For a few weeks in the early 1990s, he was a volunteer guard in the security detail of <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">the Dalai Lama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Segal2006-24">[22]</a> In 1997, after eleven years overseas, Harris returned to Stanford, completing a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Segal2006-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Harris began writing his first book, <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a>, immediately after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Segal2006-24">[22]</a> He received a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive neuroscience</a> in 2009 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Segal2006-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-HealyLATimes-30">[27]</a> using <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> to conduct research into the neural basis of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty.<a href="#cite_note-Segal2006-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-HealyLATimes-30">[27]</a> His thesis was titled The Moral Landscape: How Science Could Determine Human Values. His advisor was <a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Cohen" title="Mark S. Cohen">Mark S. Cohen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thesis-31">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a>]</div> Harris's writing concerns <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">criticism of religion</a>. He came to prominence for his criticism of religion (<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in particular) and he is described as one of the <a href="/wiki/New_Atheism#"Four_Horsemen"" title="New Atheism">Four Horsemen of Atheism</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bowles_2019-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-phil-now-2">[2]</a> He has written for publications such as <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> (of London), <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-edge-bio-33">[30]</a> Five of Harris's books have been <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list">New York Times bestsellers</a>, and his writing has been translated into over 20 languages.<a href="#cite_note-edge-bio-33">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a> (2004) remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 33 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podcast">Podcast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Podcast">edit</a>]</div> In September 2013, Harris began releasing the Waking Up podcast (since re-titled Making Sense). Episodes vary in length but often last over two hours.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-podcasts-35">[32]</a> Releases do not follow a regular schedule.<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[33]</a> The podcast focuses on a wide array of topics related to science and spirituality, including philosophy, religion, morality, free will, neuroscience, meditation, psychedelics and artificial intelligence. Harris has interviewed a wide range of guests, including scientists, philosophers, spiritual teachers, and authors. Guests have included <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a>, Dan Dennett, <a href="/wiki/Janna_Levin" title="Janna Levin">Janna Levin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weiss-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-spiritual-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-vox-thn-38">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meditation_app">Meditation app</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Meditation app">edit</a>]</div> In September 2018, Harris released a meditation course app, Waking Up with Sam Harris. The app provides daily meditations; long guided meditations; daily "Moments" (brief meditations and reminders); conversations with thought leaders in psychology, meditation, philosophy, psychedelics, and other disciplines; a selection of lessons on various topics, such as Mind & Emotion, Free Will, and Doing Good; and more. Users of the app are introduced to several types of meditation, such as <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a> meditation, <a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">vipassanā</a>-style meditation, <a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81#Mettā_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">loving-kindness meditation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-app-review-39">[36]</a> In September 2020, Harris announced his commitment to donate at least 10% of Waking Up's profits to highly <a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism">effective</a> charities,<a href="#cite_note-wakingup-2-40">[37]</a> thus becoming the first company to sign the <a href="/wiki/Giving_What_We_Can" title="Giving What We Can">Giving What We Can</a> pledge for companies.<a href="#cite_note-gwwc-members-41">[38]</a> The pledge was retroactive, taking into account the profits since the day the app launched two years previously.<a href="#cite_note-wakingup-2-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socio-religious_Views">Socio-religious Views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Socio-religious Views">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva 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a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_and_explicit_atheism" title="Implicit and explicit atheism">Implicit and explicit atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_atheism" title="Negative and positive atheism">Negative and positive atheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atheism" title="History of atheism">History of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">Demographics of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination against atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Arguments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_against_its/their_existence" title="Existence of God">Arguments for atheism</a> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_wager" title="Atheist's wager">Atheist's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_the_creator_of_God" title="Problem of the creator of God">Creator of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_God_challenge" title="Evil God challenge">Evil God challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchens%27s_razor" title="Hitchens's razor">Hitchens's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatible-properties_argument" title="Incompatible-properties argument">Incompatible properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor#Religion" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_atheists" title="Lists of atheists">Lists of atheists</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Julian Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Krauss" title="Lawrence Krauss">Lawrence Krauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lou_Martin" title="Michael Lou Martin">Michael Lou Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Michel Onfray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism:_The_Case_Against_God" title="Atheism: The Case Against God">Atheism: The Case Against God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Nature" title="The System of Nature">The System of Nature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related stances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;;padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Atheism_and_religion" title="Atheism and religion">Atheism and religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_atheism" title="Outline of atheism">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Atheism" title="Category:Atheism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Atheism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Atheism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atheism_sidebar" title="Template:Atheism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atheism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Atheism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atheism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atheism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Harris is generally a critic of religion, and is considered a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/New_Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="New Atheist">New Atheist</a> movement. Harris is particularly opposed to what he refers to as <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmatic</a> belief, and says that "Pretending to know things one doesn't know is a betrayal of science – and yet it is the lifeblood of religion."<a href="#cite_note-42">[SH 3]</a> While purportedly opposed to religion in general and the belief systems of them, Harris believes that all religions are not created equal.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-spiritual-15">[14]</a> Often invoking the non-violent nature of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a><a href="#cite_note-Jains-Today-43">[39]</a> to contrast with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Salon_don-44">[40]</a> Harris argues that the differences in religious doctrines and scriptures are the main indicators of a religion's value.<a href="#cite_note-response-controversy-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sun-Sam-46">[42]</a> In September 2006 Harris debated <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(journalist)" title="Robert Wright (journalist)">Robert Wright</a> on the rationality of religious belief.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> In 2007, he engaged in a lengthy debate with conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Andrew Sullivan</a> on the Internet forum <a href="/wiki/Beliefnet" title="Beliefnet">Beliefnet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harris-sullivan-48">[44]</a> In April 2007, Harris debated with evangelical pastor <a href="/wiki/Rick_Warren" title="Rick Warren">Rick Warren</a> for <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-harris-warren-49">[45]</a> Harris debated with Rabbi <a href="/wiki/David_Wolpe" title="David Wolpe">David Wolpe</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-harris-wolpe-debate-50">[46]</a> In 2010, Harris joined <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a> to debate with <a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Houston" title="Jean Houston">Jean Houston</a> on the future of God in a debate hosted by <a href="/wiki/Nightline" title="Nightline">ABC News Nightline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nightline-debate-51">[47]</a> Harris debated with Christian philosopher <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> in April 2011 on whether there can be an <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a> <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> without God.<a href="#cite_note-craig-new-theist-52">[48]</a> In June and July 2018, he met with Canadian psychologist <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a> for a series of debates on religion, particularly the relationship between religious values and scientific fact in defining truth.<a href="#cite_note-observer-harris-peterson-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-spectator-harris-peterson-54">[50]</a> Harris has debated with the scholar <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Reza Aslan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jennek-thesis-55">[51]</a> In 2006, Harris described <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as "all fringe and no center",<a href="#cite_note-56">[SH 4]</a> and wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a> that "the doctrine of Islam ... represents a unique danger to all of us", arguing that the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a> is really a war against Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Adams-2016-57">[52]</a> In 2007, Harris in the famous “Four Horsemen” debate asked fellow atheists, Hitchens, Dawkins, and Dennett, “Do you feel there's any burden we have, as critics of religion, to be evenhanded in our criticism of religion, or is it fair to notice that there's a spectrum of religious ideas and commitments and Islam is on one end of it and the Amish and the Jains and others are on another end, and there are real differences here that we have to take seriously.”<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> In 2014, Harris said he considers Islam to be "especially belligerent and inimical to the norms of civil discourse", as it involves what Harris considers to be "bad ideas, held for bad reasons, leading to bad behavior."<a href="#cite_note-response-controversy-45">[41]</a> In 2015 Harris and secular Islamic activist <a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaz" title="Maajid Nawaz">Maajid Nawaz</a> cowrote <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_the_Future_of_Tolerance" title="Islam and the Future of Tolerance">Islam and the Future of Tolerance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> In this book, Harris argues that the word <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a> is a "pernicious meme", a label which prevents discussion about the threat of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Adams-2016-57">[52]</a> Harris has been described in 2020 by Jonathan Matusitz, Associate Professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida_College_of_Sciences" title="University of Central Florida College of Sciences">University of Central Florida</a>, as "a champion of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">counter-jihad</a> left".<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> Harris is also critical of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> in politics in the United States, blaming them for the political focus on "pseudo-problems like gay marriage".<a href="#cite_note-albert-mohler-61">[56]</a> He is also critical of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal Christianity</a> – as represented, for instance, by the theology of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a> – which he argues claims to base its beliefs on the Bible despite actually being influenced by secular modernity. He further states that in so doing liberal Christianity provides rhetorical cover to fundamentalists.<a href="#cite_note-albert-mohler-61">[56]</a> Harris emphasizes that all religions are not the same and that if any religion can be considered a "religion of peace", it is not Islam, but rather <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Salon_don-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jains-Today-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sun-Sam-46">[42]</a> which emerged in India around the same time as Buddhism, and has non-violence as its core doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-Sun-Sam-46">[42]</a> He underscores that to be a practicing Jain, one has to be a vegetarian and a pacifist, while the Jain monks even wear masks in order to avoid breathing in any living thing.<a href="#cite_note-Sun-Sam-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jains-Today-43">[39]</a> But, he points out that even the Jain religion has its problems, as Jains believe certain things based on insufficient evidence, which leads to some religious dogmas.<a href="#cite_note-Sun-Sam-46">[42]</a> Harris has often noted some positive aspects of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> thought, especially in relation to meditation, such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>'s emphasis that one's behavior and intentions impact the mind, and in order to achieve happiness, one needs to strive towards "overcoming fear and hatred" while "maximizing love and compassion".<a href="#cite_note-Sun-Sam-46">[42]</a> In 2019, while discussing his book Waking Up: Searching for Spirituality Without Religion, Harris noted that the West could learn a lot from the East about the traditions of meditation found in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-guardian-spiritual-15">[14]</a> though he considers that meditation can be practiced without any traditional religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Salon-Sam-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirituality">Spirituality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spirituality">edit</a>]</div> Harris holds that there is "nothing irrational about seeking the states of mind that lie at the core of many religions. Compassion, awe, devotion, and feelings of oneness are surely among the most valuable experiences a person can have", <a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-23">[21]</a> saying:<a href="#cite_note-62">[SH 5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Everything of value that people get from religion can be had more honestly, without presuming anything on insufficient evidence. The rest is self-deception, set to music.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sam Harris (15 March 2007), SamHarris.org</cite></div></blockquote> Harris rejects the dichotomy between <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a>, favoring a middle path that preserves spirituality and science but does not involve religion.<a href="#cite_note-clothier-63">[57]</a> He writes that spirituality should be understood in light of scientific disciplines like <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clothier-63">[57]</a> Science, he contends, can show how to maximize human well-being, but may fail to answer certain questions about the nature of being, answers to some of which he says are discoverable directly through our experience.<a href="#cite_note-clothier-63">[57]</a> His conception of spirituality does not involve a belief in any god.<a href="#cite_note-h-smith-64">[58]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Waking_Up:_A_Guide_to_Spirituality_Without_Religion" title="Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion">Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion</a> (2014), Harris describes his experience with <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Buddhist">Tibetan Buddhist</a> meditation practice, and recommends it to his readers.<a href="#cite_note-clothier-63">[57]</a> He writes that the purpose of spirituality (as he defines it – he concedes that the term's uses are diverse and sometimes indefensible) is to become aware that our sense of self is illusory, and says this realization brings both happiness and insight into the nature of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, mirroring core Buddhist beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-clothier-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-kirkus-65">[59]</a> This process of realization, he argues, is based on experience and is not contingent on <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clothier-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-spiritual-15">[14]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When you learn how to meditate, you recognize that there is another possibility, which is to be vividly aware of your experience in each moment in a way that frees you from routine misery.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sam Harris (February 2019), The Guardian</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_morality">Science and morality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Science and morality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Science_of_morality" title="Science of morality">Science of morality</a></div> Harris considers that the <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> of conscious creatures forms the basis of morality. In <a href="/wiki/The_Moral_Landscape" title="The Moral Landscape">The Moral Landscape</a>, he argues that science can in principle answer moral questions and help maximize well-being.<a href="#cite_note-Salon_don-44">[40]</a> Harris rejects the moral authority of religion, and points to what he sees as failures or misplaced priorities, for example saying that "The Catholic Church is more concerned about preventing contraception than preventing child rape".<a href="#cite_note-Salon_don-44">[40]</a> Harris also criticizes <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">cultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">moral relativism</a>, arguing that it prevents people from making objective moral judgments about practices that clearly harm human well-being, such as <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>. Harris contends that we can make scientifically-based claims about the negative impacts of such practices on human welfare, and that withholding judgment in these cases is tantamount to claiming complete ignorance about what contributes to human well-being.<a href="#cite_note-Salon_don-44">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_will">Free will</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Free will">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_free_will" title="Neuroscience of free will">Neuroscience of free will</a></div> Harris says that the idea of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> "cannot be mapped on to any conceivable reality" and is incoherent.<a href="#cite_note-pardi-1">[1]</a> Harris writes in <a href="/wiki/Free_Will_(book)" title="Free Will (book)">Free Will</a> that neuroscience "reveals you to be a biochemical puppet."<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> While Harris agrees with philosopher <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> on several fundamental points about free will - that the conventional libertarian idea makes no sense scientifically and that determinism doesn't imply fatalism - he disagrees with Dennett's approach of revising the concept. Harris argues that the traditional notion of free will is fundamentally flawed and its illusion needs to be dispelled rather than redefined, as it leads to problematic moral impulses like vengeance and affects the criminal justice system.<a href="#cite_note-harris-freewill-67">[61]</a> Philosopher Daniel Dennett argued that Harris's book Free Will successfully refuted the common understanding of free will, but that he failed to respond adequately to the <a href="/wiki/Compatibilist" class="mw-redirect" title="Compatibilist">compatibilist</a> understanding of free will. Dennett said the book was valuable because it expressed the views of many eminent scientists, but that it nonetheless contained a "veritable museum of mistakes" and that "Harris and others need to do their homework if they want to engage with the best thought on the topic."<a href="#cite_note-dennett-review-68">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_intelligence">Artificial intelligence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Artificial intelligence">edit</a>]</div> Harris is particularly concerned with <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">existential risks from artificial general intelligence</a>, a topic he has discussed in depth.<a href="#cite_note-edge-ai-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[SH 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[SH 7]</a> In a 2016 <a href="/wiki/TED_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="TED talk">TED talk</a>, he argued that it will be a major threat in the future, and criticized the lack of human interest on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-aitedtalk-davey-72">[64]</a> He said that <a href="/wiki/Artificial_superintelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial superintelligence">artificial superintelligence</a> will inevitably be developed if three assumptions hold true: intelligence is a product of information processing in physical systems, humans will continue to improve intelligent machines, and human intelligence is far from the peak of possible intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-aitedtalk-davey-72">[64]</a> He described making <a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">artificial superintelligence safe</a> as "one of the greatest challenges our species will ever face", indicating that it would warrant immediate consideration.<a href="#cite_note-aitedtalk-davey-72">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political views">edit</a>]</div> Harris describes himself as a liberal, even though he criticizes some aspects of both right and left. He is a registered <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> and has never voted <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> in presidential elections.<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[33]</a> He supports <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">decriminalizing drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-laharris-74">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_the_Bush_Administration">Criticism of the Bush Administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism of the Bush Administration">edit</a>]</div> Harris frequently criticized <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> over his support for <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> and his coziness with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> In an op-ed for the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> in 2006, Harris said that he supported most of the criticism against the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Iraq">war in Iraq</a>, and all criticism of fiscal policy and the administration's treatment of science. Harris also said that liberalism has grown "dangerously out of touch with the realities of our world" regarding threats posed by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-laharris-74">[66]</a> Harris criticized the Bush administration for its use of torture at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantánamo Bay</a>, but also argued that there can be a rational case for torture in rare circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> Harris opposes religious claims to Israel's right to exist as a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a>. Nonetheless, Harris has said that due to the hostility towards Jews, if there is one religious group which needs protections in the form of a state, it is Jews and the state of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-#2_—_Why_Don't_I_Criticize_Israel-79">[SH 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[71]</a> Harris has criticized both Israel and Palestine for committing war crimes in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. He said in 2014 that he believes Israel genuinely wants peace and that its neighbors are more devoted to the destruction of Israel. Harris has also said that Palestine is more guilty, citing <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>' use of human shields and genocidal rhetoric towards the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-#2_—_Why_Don't_I_Criticize_Israel-79">[SH 8]</a> He names these as reasons that Israel has a right to defend itself against Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-81">[SH 9]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> that began in October 2023, Harris expressed support for Israel and rejected arguments that Israel provoked Hamas by building <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> in the West Bank, arguing that Gaza had not been occupied since 2005. He also condemned the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas attack on Israel">2023 Hamas attack on Israel</a>, which led to the war.<a href="#cite_note-82">[SH 10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Presidential elections">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 United States presidential election</a>, he supported the candidacy of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and opposed Republican <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>'s candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-83">[SH 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[72]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>, Harris supported <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> in the Democratic Party presidential primaries against <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-85">[73]</a> and despite calling her "a terribly flawed candidate for the presidency", he favored her in the general election and came out strongly in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-86">[SH 12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weiss-37">[34]</a> Harris has criticized Trump for lying, stating in 2018 that Trump "has assaulted truth more than anyone in human history."<a href="#cite_note-Weiss-37">[34]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>, Harris supported <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang" title="Andrew Yang">Andrew Yang</a> in the Democratic primaries.<a href="#cite_note-87">[74]</a> Harris also introduced Yang to podcaster <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Joe Rogan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[75]</a> After the 2020 election, he said that he did not care what was on <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden" title="Hunter Biden">Hunter Biden</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden_laptop_controversy" title="Hunter Biden laptop controversy">laptop</a>, telling the <a href="/wiki/Triggernometry_(podcast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triggernometry (podcast)">Triggernometry</a> podcast that "Hunter Biden literally could have had the corpses of children in his basement – I would not have cared",<a href="#cite_note-89">[76]</a> arguing more broadly that both Trump and Biden had been in the public eye for decades, and that Biden would have had to have engaged in an extraordinarily large scale of mendacity to come even close to the level of scandal Trump is known to have engaged in. In the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 United States presidential election</a>, Harris endorsed <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[77]</a> Just a few days before the elections, he joined in a debate on the Honestly podcast where he argued in favor of supporting Kamala Harris, while <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Ben Shapiro</a> presented the case for <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> Harris supports raising taxes on the wealthy and reducing government spending, and has criticized billionaires like <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a> for paying relatively little in tax. He has proposed taxing 10% for estates worth above 10 million, taxing 50% for estates worth over a billion dollars, and then using the money to fund an infrastructure bank.<a href="#cite_note-too-rich-91">[SH 13]</a> He has accused conservatives of perceiving raising taxes as a form of theft or punishment, and of believing that by being rich they create value for others.<a href="#cite_note-92">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-too-rich-91">[SH 13]</a> He has described this view as ludicrous, saying that "<a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">markets</a> aren't perfectly reflective of the value of goods and services, and many wealthy people don't create much in the way of value for others. In fact, as our recent financial crisis has shown, it is possible for a few people to become extraordinarily rich by wrecking the global economy".<a href="#cite_note-too-rich-91">[SH 13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gun_rights">Gun rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gun rights">edit</a>]</div> Harris owns guns and wrote in 2015 that he understood people's hostility towards <a href="/wiki/Gun_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Gun culture in the United States">gun culture in the United States</a> and the political influence of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a>. However, he argued that there is a rational case for gun ownership due to the fact that the police cannot always be relied on and that guns are a good alternative.<a href="#cite_note-93">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-riddle-94">[SH 14]</a> Harris has stated that he disagrees with proposals by liberals and gun control advocates for restricting guns, such as the <a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons_ban_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons ban (USA)">assault weapons ban</a>, since more gun crimes are committed with handguns than the semi-automatic weapons which the ban would target. Harris has also said that the left-wing media gets many things wrong about guns. He has, however, offered support for certain regulations on gun ownership, such as mandatory training, licensure, and background checks before a gun can be legally purchased.<a href="#cite_note-riddle-94">[SH 14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, he criticized commentators for pushing views on COVID-19 that he considered to be "patently insane". Harris accused these commentators of believing that COVID-19 policies were a way of implementing social control and to crackdown on people's freedom politically.<a href="#cite_note-95">[80]</a> Harris has feuded with <a href="/wiki/Bret_Weinstein" title="Bret Weinstein">Bret Weinstein</a> over his views on COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-96">[81]</a> In 2023, he said that if COVID-19 had killed more children, there would be no patience for vaccine skepticism.<a href="#cite_note-97">[82]</a> In March 2023, he hosted <a href="/wiki/Matt_Ridley" title="Matt Ridley">Matt Ridley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alina_Chan" title="Alina Chan">Alina Chan</a> on his podcast to discuss the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of COVID-19">origins of COVID-19</a> and the potential that the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">COVID-19 virus was made in a lab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[SH 15]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_dark_web">Intellectual dark web</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Intellectual dark web">edit</a>]</div> Harris has been described, alongside others such as <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Joe Rogan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bret_Weinstein" title="Bret Weinstein">Bret Weinstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a>, as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_dark_web" title="Intellectual dark web">intellectual dark web</a>, a group that opposes political correctness and identity politics.<a href="#cite_note-100">[84]</a> New York Times book reviewer <a href="/wiki/Bari_Weiss" title="Bari Weiss">Bari Weiss</a> described the group as "a collection of iconoclastic thinkers, academic renegades and media personalities who are having a rolling conversation – on podcasts, YouTube and Twitter, and in sold-out auditoriums – that sound unlike anything else happening, at least publicly, in the culture right now."<a href="#cite_note-Weiss-37">[34]</a> In November 2020, Harris stated that he does not identify as a part of that group.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-republic-10">[10]</a> In 2021 Harris stated that he had "turn[ed] in [his] imaginary membership card to this imaginary organization".<a href="#cite_note-101">[85]</a> In 2023 during an interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>, Harris explained that he had broken away from the intellectual dark web due to disagreements with Bret Weinstein, and <a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaz" title="Maajid Nawaz">Maajid Nawaz</a>'s "obsession" with COVID-19 conspiracy theories and criticism of COVID-19 policies. He also described becoming disenchanted with <a href="/wiki/Dave_Rubin" title="Dave Rubin">Dave Rubin</a> for having been captured by his audience and said "Rubin became far more cynical than I would have thought possible. And it's very depressing. He was a friend, he's not a friend anymore".<a href="#cite_note-102">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Criticism_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-criticism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism#Avoid_sections_and_articles_focusing_on_criticisms_or_controversies" title="Wikipedia:Criticism">"criticism" or "controversy" section</a> may compromise the article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structure" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a>. Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">through discussion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sam_Harris" title="Talk:Sam Harris">talk page</a>. (November 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_IQ_controversy">Race and IQ controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Race and IQ controversy">edit</a>]</div> In April 2017, Harris hosted the social scientist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Charles Murray</a> on his podcast, discussing topics including the <a href="/wiki/Heritability_of_IQ" title="Heritability of IQ">heritability of IQ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">race and intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harris-ekeal-103">[SH 16]</a> Harris stated the invitation was out of indignation at a violent protest against Murray at <a href="/wiki/Middlebury_College" title="Middlebury College">Middlebury College</a> the month before and not out of particular interest in the material at hand.<a href="#cite_note-harris-ekeal-103">[SH 16]</a> The podcast episode garnered significant criticism, most notably from <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a><a href="#cite_note-vox-thn-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-vox-klein-104">[87]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-slate-iq-105">[88]</a> In the Vox article, scientists, including <a href="/wiki/Eric_Turkheimer" title="Eric Turkheimer">Eric Turkheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Paige_Harden" title="Kathryn Paige Harden">Kathryn Paige Harden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a>, accused Harris of participating in "pseudoscientific racialist speculation" and peddling "junk science". Harris and Murray were defended by commentators <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Andrew Sullivan</a><a href="#cite_note-sullivan-genetics-106">[89]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Smith_(critic)" title="Kyle Smith (critic)">Kyle Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smith-nr-107">[90]</a> Harris and Vox editor-at-large <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Ezra Klein</a> later discussed the affair in a podcast interview in which Klein accused Harris of "thinking tribally" and Harris accused the Vox article of leading people to think he was racist.<a href="#cite_note-108">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-wright-wired-109">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_of_Islamophobia">Accusations of Islamophobia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Accusations of Islamophobia">edit</a>]</div> Harris has been accused of <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a> by linguist and political commentator <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aj-chomsky-110">[93]</a> After Harris and Chomsky exchanged a series of emails on terrorism and U.S. foreign policy in 2015, Chomsky said Harris had not prepared adequately for the exchange and that this revealed his work as unserious.<a href="#cite_note-salon-chomsky-111">[94]</a> In a 2016 interview with <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a>'s <a href="/wiki/UpFront" title="UpFront">UpFront</a>, Chomsky further criticized Harris, saying he "specializes in hysterical, slanderous charges against people he doesn't like."<a href="#cite_note-aj-chomsky-110">[93]</a> Harris has countered that his views on this and other topics are frequently misrepresented by "unethical critics" who "deliberately" take his words out of context.<a href="#cite_note-response-controversy-45">[41]</a> He has also criticized the validity of the term "Islamophobia".<a href="#cite_note-Indi12-112">[95]</a> "My criticism of Islam is a criticism of beliefs and their consequences, but my fellow liberals reflexively view it as an expression of intolerance toward people,"<a href="#cite_note-113">[SH 17]</a> he wrote following a disagreement with actor <a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a> in October 2014 on the show <a href="/wiki/Real_Time_with_Bill_Maher" title="Real Time with Bill Maher">Real Time with Bill Maher</a>. Affleck had described Harris's and host <a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a>'s views on Muslims as "gross" and "racist", and Harris's statement that "Islam is the <a href="/wiki/Mother_lode" title="Mother lode">mother lode</a> of bad ideas" as an "ugly thing to say". Affleck also compared Harris's and Maher's rhetoric to that of people who use <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">antisemitic canards</a> or define African Americans in terms of intraracial crime.<a href="#cite_note-114">[96]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative American</a> media pundits in turn criticized Affleck and praised Harris and Maher for broaching the topic, saying that discussing it had become taboo.<a href="#cite_note-hollywood-affleck-115">[97]</a> Harris's dialogue on Islam with <a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaz" title="Maajid Nawaz">Maajid Nawaz</a> received a combination of positive reviews<a href="#cite_note-National_Review-116">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-pw-harris-nawaz-117">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-sonenshine-harris-nawaz-118">[100]</a> and mixed reviews.<a href="#cite_note-kirkus-harris-nawaz-119">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-manji-harris-nawaz-120">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irshad_Manji" title="Irshad Manji">Irshad Manji</a> wrote: "Their back-and-forth clarifies multiple confusions that plague the public conversation about Islam." Of Harris specifically, she said "[he] is right that liberals must end their silence about the religious motives behind much Islamist terror. At the same time, he ought to call out another double standard that feeds the liberal reflex to excuse Islamists: Atheists do not make nearly enough noise about hatred toward Muslims."<a href="#cite_note-manji-harris-nawaz-120">[102]</a> Harris opposed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769</a>, which limited the entry of refugees from Muslim-majority countries to the United States, stating that it was “unethical with regard to the plight of refugees…and bound to be ineffective in stopping the spread of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>.”<a href="#cite_note-121">[103]</a> Hatewatch staff at the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> (SPLC) wrote that members of the "skeptics" movement, of which Harris is "one of the most public faces", help to "channel people into the <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a>."<a href="#cite_note-122">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bari_Weiss" title="Bari Weiss">Bari Weiss</a> wrote that the SPLC had misrepresented Harris's views.<a href="#cite_note-Weiss-37">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Nathan J. Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Chris Hedges</a> criticized Harris for discussing in an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a> the possibility of a nuclear first strike against an Islamist regime that acquired long-range nuclear weapons and that would be undeterred by the threat of mutual destruction due to beliefs in jihad and martyrdom.<a href="#cite_note-123">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[SH 18]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_recognition">Reception and recognition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reception and recognition">edit</a>]</div> Harris's first two books, in which he lays out his criticisms of religion, received negative reviews from Christian scholars.<a href="#cite_note-albert-mohler-61">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-ct-126">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-novak-nr-127">[108]</a> From secular sources, the books received a mixture of negative reviews<a href="#cite_note-a-saxton-128">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[111]</a> and positive reviews.<a href="#cite_note-merritt-observer-131">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[115]</a> In his review of <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a>, American historian <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Saxton" title="Alexander Saxton">Alexander Saxton</a> criticized what he called Harris's "vitriolic and selective polemic against Islam", (emphasis in original) which he said "obscure[s] the obvious reality that the invasion of Iraq and the War against Terror are driven by religious irrationalities, cultivated and conceded to, at high policy levels in the U.S., and which are at least comparable to the irrationality of Islamic crusaders and Jihadists."<a href="#cite_note-a-saxton-128">[109]</a> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Merritt" title="Stephanie Merritt">Stephanie Merritt</a> wrote of the same book that Harris's "central argument in The End of Faith is sound: religion is the only area of human knowledge in which it is still acceptable to hold beliefs dating from antiquity and a modern society should subject those beliefs to the same principles that govern scientific, medical or geographical inquiry – particularly if they are inherently hostile to those with different ideas."<a href="#cite_note-merritt-observer-131">[112]</a> Harris's first book, The End of Faith (2004), won the PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction.<a href="#cite_note-pen.org-135">[116]</a> Harris's next two books, which discuss philosophical issues relating to ethics and free will, received several negative academic reviews.<a href="#cite_note-136">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-appiah-nyt-137">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-atran-138">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-kmalik-139">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[122]</a> In his review of The Moral Landscape, neuroscientist <a href="/wiki/Kenan_Malik" title="Kenan Malik">Kenan Malik</a> criticized Harris for not engaging adequately with philosophical literature: "Imagine a sociologist who wrote about evolutionary theory without discussing the work of Darwin, Fisher, Mayr, Hamilton, Trivers or Dawkins on the grounds that he did not come to his conclusions by reading about biology and because discussing concepts such as 'adaptation', 'speciation', 'homology', 'phylogenetics' or 'kin selection' would 'increase the amount of boredom in the universe'. How seriously would we, and should we, take his argument?"<a href="#cite_note-kmalik-139">[120]</a> On the other hand, The Moral Landscape received a largely positive review from psychologists James Diller and Andrew Nuzzolilli.<a href="#cite_note-142">[123]</a> Additionally, Free Will received a mixed academic review from philosopher Paul Pardi, who said that while it suffers from some conceptual confusions and that the core argument is a bit too "breezy", it serves as a "good primer on key ideas in physicalist theories of freedom and the will".<a href="#cite_note-Pardi-143">[124]</a> Harris's book on spirituality and meditation received mainly positive reviews<a href="#cite_note-bruni-144">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-clothier-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-kirkus-65">[59]</a> as well as some mixed reviews.<a href="#cite_note-tquirk-146">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-h-smith-64">[58]</a> It was praised by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bruni" title="Frank Bruni">Frank Bruni</a>, for example, who described it as "so entirely of this moment, so keenly in touch with the growing number of Americans who are willing to say that they do not find the succor they crave, or a truth that makes sense to them, in organized religion."<a href="#cite_note-bruni-144">[125]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(journalist)" title="Robert Wright (journalist)">Robert Wright</a>, a visiting professor of science and religion at <a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary (New York City)">Union Theological Seminary</a>, published an article in <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a> criticizing Harris, whom he described as "annoying" and "deluded". Wright wrote that Harris, despite claiming to be a champion of rationality, ignored his own <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive biases</a> and engaged in faulty and inconsistent arguments in his book The End of Faith. He wrote that "the famous proponent of New Atheism is on a crusade against tribalism but seems oblivious to his own version of it." Wright wrote that these biases are rooted in <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> and impact everyone, but that they can be mitigated when acknowledged.<a href="#cite_note-wright-wired-109">[92]</a> The UK <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a> included Harris's podcast in their list of "8 podcasts that will change how you think about human behavior" in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-147">[128]</a> and <a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a> included it in their list of "The Best Podcasts of 2018".<a href="#cite_note-pc-mag-podcasts-148">[129]</a> In January 2020, Max Sanderson included Harris's podcast as a "Producer pick" in a "podcasts of the week" section for <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-podcasts-35">[32]</a> The Waking Up podcast won the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Webby_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Webby Award">Webby Award</a> for "People's Voice" in the category "Science & Education" under "Podcasts & Digital Audio".<a href="#cite_note-149">[130]</a> Harris was included on a list of the "100 Most Spiritually Influential Living People 2019" in the Watkins Review, a publication of <a href="/wiki/Watkins_Books" title="Watkins Books">Watkins Books</a>, a London esoterica bookshop.<a href="#cite_note-150">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> In 2004, Harris married <a href="/wiki/Annaka_Harris" title="Annaka Harris">Annaka Harris</a> (née Gorton), an author and editor of nonfiction and scientific books, after engaging in a common interest about the nature of consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-151">[132]</a> They have two daughters<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddmhNAgAAQBAJqsamharrisemmaandvioletpgPP6_p._6]:_"Dedication:_For_Annaka,_Emma,_and_Violet"-152">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[SH 19]</a> and live in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[134]</a> In September 2020, Harris became a member of <a href="/wiki/Giving_What_We_Can" title="Giving What We Can">Giving What We Can</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism">effective altruism</a> organization whose members pledge to give at least 10% of their income to effective charities, both as an individual and as a company with Waking Up.<a href="#cite_note-gwwc-members-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-wakingup-2-40">[37]</a> Harris practices <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2012-155">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-BJJ-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 55em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarris2004" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sam (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03515-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03515-8"><bdi>0-393-03515-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265386">62265386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Faith%3A+Religion%2C+Terror%2C+and+the+Future+of+Reason&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265386&rft.isbn=0-393-03515-8&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sam (2006). <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a>. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-26577-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-307-26577-3"><bdi>0-307-26577-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70158553">70158553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+a+Christian+Nation&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70158553&rft.isbn=0-307-26577-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2010" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sam (2010). <a href="/wiki/The_Moral_Landscape" title="The Moral Landscape">The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values</a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-7121-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-7121-9"><bdi>978-1-4391-7121-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/535493357">535493357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moral+Landscape%3A+How+Science+Can+Determine+Human+Values&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F535493357&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-7121-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2011" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sam (2011). <a href="/wiki/Lying_(Harris_book)" title="Lying (Harris book)">Lying</a>. Four Elephants Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-940051-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-940051-00-0"><bdi>978-1-940051-00-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lying&rft.pub=Four+Elephants+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-940051-00-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2012" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sam (2012). <a href="/wiki/Free_Will_(book)" title="Free Will (book)">Free Will</a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-8340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-8340-0"><bdi>978-1-4516-8340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Will&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-8340-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2014a" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sam (2014a). <a href="/wiki/Waking_Up:_A_Guide_to_Spirituality_Without_Religion" title="Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion">Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-3601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-3601-7"><bdi>978-1-4516-3601-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waking+Up%3A+A+Guide+to+Spirituality+Without+Religion&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-3601-7&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisNawaz2015" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sam; <a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaz" title="Maajid Nawaz">Nawaz, Maajid</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_the_Future_of_Tolerance" title="Islam and the Future of Tolerance">Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08870-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08870-2"><bdi>978-0-674-08870-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Future+of+Tolerance%3A+A+Dialogue&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08870-2&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Nawaz%2C+Maajid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisDawkinsDennettHitchens2019" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sam; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Dennett, Daniel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Hitchens, Christopher</a> (2019). The Four Horsemen: The Discussion that Sparked an Atheist Revolution. Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-08039-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-08039-9"><bdi>978-0-593-08039-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Horsemen%3A+The+Discussion+that+Sparked+an+Atheist+Revolution&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-593-08039-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Dawkins%2C+Richard&rft.au=Dennett%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hitchens%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2020" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sam (2020). Making Sense: Conversations on Consciousness, Morality, and the Future of Humanity. Ecco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-285778-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-285778-1"><bdi>978-0-06-285778-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense%3A+Conversations+on+Consciousness%2C+Morality%2C+and+the+Future+of+Humanity&rft.pub=Ecco&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-06-285778-1&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary">Documentary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Documentary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 55em"> <ul><li>Amila, D. & Shapiro, J. (2018). Islam and the Future of Tolerance. United States: The Orchard.<a href="#cite_note-156">[136]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peer-reviewed_articles">Peer-reviewed articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Peer-reviewed articles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 55em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisShethCohen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, S.; Sheth, S. A.; <a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Cohen" title="Mark S. Cohen">Cohen, M. S.</a> (February 27, 2008). "Functional neuroimaging of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty". <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Neurology" title="Annals of Neurology">Annals of Neurology</a>. 63 (2): 141–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fana.21301">10.1002/ana.21301</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18072236">18072236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17335600">17335600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Neurology&rft.atitle=Functional+neuroimaging+of+belief%2C+disbelief%2C+and+uncertainty&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-147&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17335600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18072236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fana.21301&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Sheth%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisKaplanCurielBookheimer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, S.; Kaplan, J. T.; Curiel, A.; Bookheimer, S. Y.; Iacoboni, M.; Cohen, M. S. (October 1, 2009). Sporns, Olaf (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748718">"The Neural Correlates of Religious and Nonreligious Belief"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a>. 4 (10): e7272. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PLoSO...4.7272H">2009PLoSO...4.7272H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007272">10.1371/journal.pone.0007272</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2748718">2748718</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19794914">19794914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=The+Neural+Correlates+of+Religious+and+Nonreligious+Belief&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e7272&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2748718%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19794914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007272&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PLoSO...4.7272H&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+J.+T.&rft.au=Curiel%2C+A.&rft.au=Bookheimer%2C+S.+Y.&rft.au=Iacoboni%2C+M.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2748718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasHarrisYuilleCohen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas, P. K.; Harris, S.; Yuille, A.; Cohen, M. S. (May 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3099263">"Performance comparison of machine learning algorithms and number of independent components used in fMRI decoding of belief vs. disbelief"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NeuroImage" title="NeuroImage">NeuroImage</a>. 56 (2): 544–553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2010.11.002">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3099263">3099263</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21073969">21073969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroImage&rft.atitle=Performance+comparison+of+machine+learning+algorithms+and+number+of+independent+components+used+in+fMRI+decoding+of+belief+vs.+disbelief.&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=544-553&rft.date=2011-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3099263%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21073969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2010.11.002&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=P.+K.&rft.au=Harris%2C+S.&rft.au=Yuille%2C+A.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3099263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanGimbelHarris2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Jonas T.; Gimbel, Sarah I.; Harris, Sam (December 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5180221">"Neural correlates of maintaining one's political beliefs in the face of counterevidence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>. 6: 39589. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...639589K">2016NatSR...639589K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep39589">10.1038/srep39589</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5180221">5180221</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28008965">28008965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Neural+correlates+of+maintaining+one%27s+political+beliefs+in+the+face+of+counterevidence&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=39589&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5180221%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28008965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep39589&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...639589K&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Jonas+T.&rft.au=Gimbel%2C+Sarah+I.&rft.au=Harris%2C+Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5180221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitzAktipisBussAlcock2020" class="citation journal cs1">Seitz, Benjamin M.; Aktipis, Athena; Buss, David M.; Alcock, Joe; Bloom, Paul; Gelfand, Michele; Harris, Sam; Lieberman, Debra; Horowitz, Barbara N.; Pinker, Steven; Wilson, David Sloan; Haselton, Martie G. (November 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7668083">"The pandemic exposes human nature: 10 evolutionary insights"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (45): 27767–27776. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11727767S">2020PNAS..11727767S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2009787117">10.1073/pnas.2009787117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7668083">7668083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33093198">33093198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+pandemic+exposes+human+nature%3A+10+evolutionary+insights&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=27767-27776&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7668083%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PNAS..11727767S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33093198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2009787117&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Seitz&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+M.&rft.au=Aktipis%2C+Athena&rft.au=Buss%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Alcock%2C+Joe&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Paul&rft.au=Gelfand%2C+Michele&rft.au=Harris%2C+Sam&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+Debra&rft.au=Horowitz%2C+Barbara+N.&rft.au=Pinker%2C+Steven&rft.au=Wilson%2C+David+Sloan&rft.au=Haselton%2C+Martie+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7668083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Now named Waking Up: Guided Meditation </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harris_blog_citations">Harris blog citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Harris blog citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418202514/https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/im-not-the-sexist-pig-youre-looking-for">"I'm Not the Sexist Pig You're Looking For"</a>. www.samharris.org. September 15, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/im-not-the-sexist-pig-youre-looking-for">the original</a> on April 18, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.samharris.org&rft.atitle=I%27m+Not+the+Sexist+Pig+You%27re+Looking+For&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samharris.org%2Fblog%2Fitem%2Fim-not-the-sexist-pig-youre-looking-for&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_on_the_Brink_of_Death-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Science_on_the_Brink_of_Death_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris,_Sam2012" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Sam (November 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909005157/http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/science-on-the-brink-of-death">"Science on the Brink of Death"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/science-on-the-brink-of-death">the original</a> on September 9, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+on+the+Brink+of+Death&rft.date=2012-11-11&rft.au=Harris%2C+Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samharris.org%2Fblog%2Fitem%2Fscience-on-the-brink-of-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samharris.org/meme-8/">"Meme #8"</a>. Sam Harris. May 3, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam+Harris&rft.atitle=Meme+%238&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamharris.org%2Fmeme-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samharris.org/the-reality-of-islam/">"The Reality of Islam"</a>. Sam Harris. February 8, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam+Harris&rft.atitle=The+Reality+of+Islam&rft.date=2006-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamharris.org%2Fthe-reality-of-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2007" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Sam (March 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samharris.org/gods-dupes/">"God's Dupes"</a>. SamHarris.org. Retrieved April 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SamHarris.org&rft.atitle=God%27s+Dupes&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamharris.org%2Fgods-dupes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/312-the-trouble-with-ai">"#312 – The Trouble with AI"</a>. Sam Harris. March 7, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam+Harris&rft.atitle=%23312+%E2%80%93+The+Trouble+with+AI&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samharris.org%2Fpodcasts%2Fmaking-sense-episodes%2F312-the-trouble-with-ai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/116-ai-racing-toward-brink">"#116 – AI: Racing Toward the Brink"</a>. Sam Harris. February 6, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam+Harris&rft.atitle=%23116+%E2%80%93+AI%3A+Racing+Toward+the+Brink&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samharris.org%2Fpodcasts%2Fmaking-sense-episodes%2F116-ai-racing-toward-brink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-#2_—_Why_Don't_I_Criticize_Israel-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#2_—_Why_Don't_I_Criticize_Israel_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_—_Why_Don't_I_Criticize_Israel_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/why-dont-i-criticize-israel">"#2 — Why Don't I Criticize Israel?"</a>. Sam Harris. July 27, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam+Harris&rft.atitle=%232+%E2%80%94+Why+Don%27t+I+Criticize+Israel%3F&rft.date=2014-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samharris.org%2Fpodcasts%2Fmaking-sense-episodes%2Fwhy-dont-i-criticize-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samharris.org/blog/making-sense-of-gaza">"Making Sense of Gaza | A Conversation Between Sam Harris and Andrew Sullivan"</a>. Sam Harris. August 12, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam+Harris&rft.atitle=Making+Sense+of+Gaza+%7C+A+Conversation+Between+Sam+Harris+and+Andrew+Sullivan&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samharris.org%2Fblog%2Fmaking-sense-of-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samharris.org/blog/the-sin-of-moral-equivalence">"The Sin of Moral Equivalence"</a>. Sam Harris. Retrieved November 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam+Harris&rft.atitle=The+Sin+of+Moral+Equivalence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samharris.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-sin-of-moral-equivalence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samharris.org/blog/what-barack-obama-could-not-and-should-not-say">"What Barack Obama Could Not (and Should Not) Say"</a>. Sam Harris. Retrieved April 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam+Harris&rft.atitle=What+Barack+Obama+Could+Not+%28and+Should+Not%29+Say&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samharris.org%2Fblog%2Fwhat-barack-obama-could-not-and-should-not-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Harris, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/trump-in-exile2">Trump in Exile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212091113/https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/trump-in-exile2">Archived</a> February 12, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. samharris.org, October 13, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-too-rich-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-too-rich_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-too-rich_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-too-rich_91-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samharris.org/blog/how-rich-is-too-rich">"How Rich is Too Rich?"</a>. Sam Harris. August 17, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125163738/https://www.samharris.org/blog/how-rich-is-too-rich">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam+Harris&rft.atitle=How+Rich+is+Too+Rich%3F&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samharris.org%2Fblog%2Fhow-rich-is-too-rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-riddle-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-riddle_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-riddle_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samharris.org/blog/the-riddle-of-the-gun">"The Riddle of the Gun"</a>. Sam Harris. January 2, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126024809/https://www.samharris.org/blog/the-riddle-of-the-gun">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam+Harris&rft.atitle=The+Riddle+of+the+Gun&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samharris.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-riddle-of-the-gun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samharris.org/podcasts/making-sense-episodes/311-did-sars-co-v-2-escape-from-a-lab">"Sam Harris | #311 – Did SARS-CoV-2 Escape from a Lab?"</a>. www.samharris.org. 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Retrieved May 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Renegades+of+the+Intellectual+Dark+Web&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Bari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F08%2Fopinion%2Fintellectual-dark-web.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vox-thn-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vox-thn_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vox-thn_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkheimerHardenNisbett2017" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Turkheimer" title="Eric Turkheimer">Turkheimer, Eric</a>; Harden, Kathryn Paige; <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. 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Retrieved May 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Sam+Harris%27+Waking+Up+App%2C+Reviewed&rft.date=2019-03-29&rft.aulast=Freeland&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40benfreeland%2Fsam-harris-waking-up-app-reviewed-1d50e259e93d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wakingup-2-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wakingup-2_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wakingup-2_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wakingup-2_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118033319/https://dynamic.wakingup.com/course/658">"Waking Up Turns 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dynamic.wakingup.com/course/658">the original</a> on January 18, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waking+Up+Turns+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdynamic.wakingup.com%2Fcourse%2F658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gwwc-members-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gwwc-members_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gwwc-members_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/about-us/members/">"Members"</a>. www.givingwhatwecan.org. Retrieved September 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.givingwhatwecan.org&rft.atitle=Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.givingwhatwecan.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmembers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jains-Today-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jains-Today_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jains-Today_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jains-Today_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRZrXM8J3wc">"Sam Harris Compares Islam with Jainism and Tells Which one of Them is the Religion of Peace"</a>. Jains Today. September 6, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2024. <q>Jainism is a religion of peace</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jains+Today&rft.atitle=Sam+Harris+Compares+Islam+with+Jainism+and+Tells+Which+one+of+Them+is+the+Religion+of+Peace&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DaRZrXM8J3wc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salon_don-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salon_don_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salon_don_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salon_don_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salon_don_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salon_don_44-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Don, Katherine (October 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2010/10/17/sam_harris_interview/">"'The Moral Landscape': Why science should shape morality"</a>. Salon. Retrieved July 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=%27The+Moral+Landscape%27%3A+Why+science+should+shape+morality&rft.date=2010-10-17&rft.aulast=Don&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2010%2F10%2F17%2Fsam_harris_interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-response-controversy-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-response-controversy_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-response-controversy_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-response-controversy_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2014" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Sam (June 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024151823/https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/response-to-controversy">"Response to Controversy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/response-to-controversy">the original</a> on October 24, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Response+to+Controversy&rft.date=2014-06-21&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samharris.org%2Fblog%2Fitem%2Fresponse-to-controversy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sun-Sam-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sun-Sam_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sun-Sam_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sun-Sam_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sun-Sam_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sun-Sam_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sun-Sam_46-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesunmagazine.org/articles/22970-the-temple-of-reason">"The Temple of Reason Sam Harris On How Religion Puts The World At Risk"</a>. Sun Magazine. September 1, 2006. Retrieved July 2, 2024. <q>Jainism is the best example that I know of [a peaceful religion]. ... Nonviolence is its core doctrine</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Temple+of+Reason+Sam+Harris+On+How+Religion+Puts+The+World+At+Risk&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesunmagazine.org%2Farticles%2F22970-the-temple-of-reason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> September 22, 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dwD6XQ9Tsw">[1]</a> (a 90-minute debate). </li> <li id="cite_note-harris-sullivan-48"><a href="#cite_ref-harris-sullivan_48-0">^</a> Harris, Sam; Sullivan, Andrew (January 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/story/209/story_20904.html">"Is Religion 'Built Upon Lies'?"</a> <a href="/wiki/Beliefnet" title="Beliefnet">Beliefnet</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-harris-warren-49"><a href="#cite_ref-harris-warren_49-0">^</a> Harris, Sam; Warren, Rick (April 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-poll-90-believe-god-97611">"Newsweek Poll: 90% Believe in God"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-harris-wolpe-debate-50"><a href="#cite_ref-harris-wolpe-debate_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadilla2007" class="citation news cs1">Padilla, Steve (December 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-dec-29-me-beliefs29-story.html">"Rabbi, atheist debate with passion, humor"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rabbi%2C+atheist+debate+with+passion%2C+humor&rft.date=2007-12-29&rft.aulast=Padilla&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2007-dec-29-me-beliefs29-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nightline-debate-51"><a href="#cite_ref-nightline-debate_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisBrown2010" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Dan; Brown, Ely (March 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/FaceOff/nightline-face-off-god-future/story?id=10170505">"'Nightline' 'Face-Off': Does God Have a Future?"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved June 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Nightline%27+%27Face-Off%27%3A+Does+God+Have+a+Future%3F&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Brown%2C+Ely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FNightline%2FFaceOff%2Fnightline-face-off-god-future%2Fstory%3Fid%3D10170505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-craig-new-theist-52"><a href="#cite_ref-craig-new-theist_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider,_Nathan2013" class="citation news cs1">Schneider, Nathan (July 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/The-New-Theist/140019/">"The New Theist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+New+Theist&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-New-Theist%2F140019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-observer-harris-peterson-53"><a href="#cite_ref-observer-harris-peterson_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuffolo2018" class="citation web cs1">Ruffolo, Michael (June 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalobserver.com/2018/06/26/analysis/sam-harris-and-jordan-peterson-waste-lot-time-then-talk-about-god-20-minutes">"Sam Harris and Jordan Peterson waste a lot of time, then talk about God for 20 minutes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Observer_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Observer (Canada)">National Observer</a>. Retrieved April 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Observer&rft.atitle=Sam+Harris+and+Jordan+Peterson+waste+a+lot+of+time%2C+then+talk+about+God+for+20+minutes&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft.aulast=Ruffolo&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalobserver.com%2F2018%2F06%2F26%2Fanalysis%2Fsam-harris-and-jordan-peterson-waste-lot-time-then-talk-about-god-20-minutes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spectator-harris-peterson-54"><a href="#cite_ref-spectator-harris-peterson_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2018" class="citation web cs1">Murray, Douglas (September 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423002900/https://spectator.us/jordan-peterson-sam-harris-douglas-murray/">"Arena talks in Dublin and London with Jordan Peterson, Sam Harris and Douglas Murray"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a> USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.us/jordan-peterson-sam-harris-douglas-murray/">the original</a> on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator+USA&rft.atitle=Arena+talks+in+Dublin+and+London+with+Jordan+Peterson%2C+Sam+Harris+and+Douglas+Murray&rft.date=2018-09-16&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectator.us%2Fjordan-peterson-sam-harris-douglas-murray%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jennek-thesis-55"><a href="#cite_ref-jennek-thesis_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennek2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Jennek, Rafal (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1110381/FULLTEXT01.pdf">Sam Harris on Religion in Peace and Conflict</a> (PDF) (Thesis). Department of Theology, Uppsala Universitet. Retrieved June 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sam+Harris+on+Religion+in+Peace+and+Conflict&rft.inst=Department+of+Theology%2C+Uppsala+Universitet&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Jennek&rft.aufirst=Rafal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuu.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A1110381%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-2016-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams-2016_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams-2016_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2016" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Alex (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XR9qDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">Political Torture in Popular Culture: The Role of Representations in the Post-9/11 Torture Debate</a>. Routledge. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28939-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28939-5"><bdi>978-1-317-28939-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Torture+in+Popular+Culture%3A+The+Role+of+Representations+in+the+Post-9%2F11+Torture+Debate&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-28939-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXR9qDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586726/the-four-horsemen-by-christopher-hitchens-richard-dawkins-sam-harris-and-daniel-dennett/">"The Four Horsemen by Christopher Hitchens, Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Daniel Dennett: 9780525511953 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books"</a>. PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved September 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PenguinRandomhouse.com&rft.atitle=The+Four+Horsemen+by+Christopher+Hitchens%2C+Richard+Dawkins%2C+Sam+Harris%2C+Daniel+Dennett%3A+9780525511953+%7C+PenguinRandomHouse.com%3A+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F586726%2Fthe-four-horsemen-by-christopher-hitchens-richard-dawkins-sam-harris-and-daniel-dennett%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisMaajid2015" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sam; Maajid, Nawaz (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgGnCgAAQBAJ">Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.project-reason.org/about/individual_member/2819/">the original</a> on January 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.project-reason.org&rft.atitle=Project+Reason+Trustees+%2F+Advisory+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.project-reason.org%2Fabout%2Findividual_member%2F2819%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2014a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddmhNAgAAQBAJqsamharrisemmaandvioletpgPP6_p._6]:_"Dedication:_For_Annaka,_Emma,_and_Violet"-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2014a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddmhNAgAAQBAJqsamharrisemmaandvioletpgPP6_p._6]:_"Dedication:_For_Annaka,_Emma,_and_Violet"_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2014a">Harris 2014a</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmhNAgAAQBAJ&q=sam+harris+emma+and+violet&pg=PP6">p. 6</a>: "Dedication: For Annaka, Emma, and Violet". </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/feb/16/sam-harris-interview-new-atheism-four-horsemen-faith-science-religion-rationalism">"Sam Harris, the new atheist with a spiritual side"</a>. The Guardian. February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sam+Harris%2C+the+new+atheist+with+a+spiritual+side&rft.date=2019-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F16%2Fsam-harris-interview-new-atheism-four-horsemen-faith-science-religion-rationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2012-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2012_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2012">Harris 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamandthefutureoftolerance.com/">"Islam and the Future of Tolerance"</a>. Islam and the Future of Tolerance. Retrieved June 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+the+Future+of+Tolerance&rft.atitle=Islam+and+the+Future+of+Tolerance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamandthefutureoftolerance.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASam+Harris" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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Harris</a> at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296047#P2611" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1890405/">Sam Harris</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li>Library resources <a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=97888651">in your library</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=97888651&library=0CHOOSE0">in other libraries</a> by Sam Harris</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sam_Harris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sam_Harris" title="Template:Sam Harris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sam_Harris" title="Template talk:Sam Harris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sam_Harris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sam Harris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sam_Harris" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sam Harris</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moral_Landscape" title="The Moral Landscape">The Moral Landscape</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_(Harris_book)" title="Lying (Harris book)">Lying</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_(book)" title="Free Will (book)">Free Will</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waking_Up:_A_Guide_to_Spirituality_Without_Religion" title="Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion">Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_the_Future_of_Tolerance" title="Islam and the Future of Tolerance">Islam and the Future of Tolerance</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Coalition_for_America" title="Secular Coalition for America">Secular Coalition for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk</a> from <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">AGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_capability_control" title="AI capability control">AI capability control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_accelerationism" title="Effective accelerationism">Effective accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_convergence" title="Instrumental convergence">Instrumental convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence explosion">Intelligence explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering_risks" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering risks">Suffering risks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">Superintelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alignment_Research_Center" title="Alignment Research Center">Alignment Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_AI_Safety" title="Center for AI Safety">Center for AI Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Applied_Rationality" title="Center for Applied Rationality">Center for Applied Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Human-Compatible_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence">Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity%2B" title="Humanity+">Humanity+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies" title="Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies">Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverhulme_Centre_for_the_Future_of_Intelligence" title="Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence">Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slate_Star_Codex" title="Slate Star Codex">Scott Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Christiano_(researcher)" title="Paul Christiano (researcher)">Paul Christiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">Eric Drexler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Hendrycks" title="Dan Hendrycks">Dan Hendrycks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Legg" title="Shane Legg">Shane Legg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Omohundro" title="Steve Omohundro">Steve Omohundro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huw_Price" title="Huw Price">Huw Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart J. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaan_Tallinn" title="Jaan Tallinn">Jaan Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Yampolskiy" title="Roman Yampolskiy">Roman Yampolskiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_AI_risk_of_extinction" title="Statement on AI risk of extinction">Statement on AI risk of extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Compatible" title="Human Compatible">Human Compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_letter_on_artificial_intelligence_(2015)" title="Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)">Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Final_Invention" title="Our Final Invention">Our Final Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Precipice:_Existential_Risk_and_the_Future_of_Humanity" title="The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity">The Precipice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies">Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_You_Trust_This_Computer%3F" title="Do You Trust This Computer?">Do You Trust This Computer?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Act" title="Artificial Intelligence Act">Artificial Intelligence Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" title="Category:Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Atheism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Atheism" title="Template:New Atheism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:New_Atheism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:New Atheism (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Atheism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Atheism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Atheism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Barker" title="Dan Barker">Dan Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boghossian" title="Peter Boghossian">Peter Boghossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Christina" title="Greta Christina">Greta Christina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Coyne" title="Jerry Coyne">Jerry Coyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Goldstein" title="Rebecca Goldstein">Rebecca Goldstein</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TJ_Kirk" title="TJ Kirk">TJ Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Onfray" title="Michel Onfray">Michel Onfray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_J._Stenger" title="Victor J. Stenger">Victor J. Stenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schmidt-Salomon" title="Michael Schmidt-Salomon">Michael Schmidt-Salomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former New Atheists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PZ_Myers" title="PZ Myers">PZ Myers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Manifesto:_The_Case_Against_Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" title="Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">Atheist Manifesto</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Evolutionary_Humanism" title="Manifesto of Evolutionary Humanism">Manifesto of Evolutionary Humanism</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell_(Dennett_book)" title="Breaking the Spell (Dennett book)">Breaking the Spell</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Root_of_All_Evil%3F" title="The Root of All Evil?">The Root of All Evil?</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God:_The_Failed_Hypothesis" title="God: The Failed Hypothesis">God: The Failed Hypothesis</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Portable_Atheist" title="The Portable Atheist">The Portable Atheist</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godless_(Barker_book)" title="Godless (Barker book)">Godless</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Clergy_Project" title="The Clergy Project">The Clergy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitchstone_Publishing" title="Pitchstone Publishing">Pitchstone Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_Foundation_for_Reason_and_Science" title="Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science">Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Go_God_Go" title="Go God Go">Go God Go</a>" (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_Angel" title="Darwin's Angel">Darwin's Angel</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dawkins_Delusion%3F" title="The Dawkins Delusion?">The Dawkins Delusion?</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Irrational_Atheist" title="The Irrational Atheist">The Irrational Atheist</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Delusions" title="Atheist Delusions">Atheist Delusions</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_God" title="The Case for God">The Case for God</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unscientific_America" title="Unscientific America">Unscientific America</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Atheism" title="The Evolution of Atheism">The Evolution of Atheism</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_Day" title="Blasphemy Day">Blasphemy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="Flying Spaghetti Monster">Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_Campaign" title="Out Campaign">Out Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki" title="RationalWiki">RationalWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Rally" title="Reason Rally">Reason Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296047#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296047#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q296047#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121447416">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/97888651">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1588736/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtrQjffPtd9hhmk6CCPcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/132479095">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004095973">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161774143">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161774143">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V318756">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20100630004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1351222">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p296916471">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5008543">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000196215&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000459268&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=269240">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7403484968">Scopus</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0355e83f-a0b0-4a08-879c-87e8dade5afc">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/132479095">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/145710319">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&oldid=1259053660">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Harris&oldid=1259053660</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1967_births" title="Category:1967 births">1967 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_educators" title="Category:21st-century American educators">21st-century American educators</a></li><li><a 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