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href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist Zionist</a> activist and author. He was the author of numerous books of history, biography and works on <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Schechtman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joseph Boris (Ber) Schechtman was born in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (today in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>). While participating in the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_youth_movement" title="Zionist youth movement">Zionist youth movement</a>, he met <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a>. </p><p>Schechtman studied at <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Императорский Новороссийский университет">Novorossia Imperial University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>. There he established contacts with members of the Ukrainian national movement. In 1910 he published an article in the journal "Еврейский мир" (Jewish World) in St. Petersburg, calling for Ukrainian-Jewish dialogue. In 1917, back in Odessa, he published pamphlets «Евреи и украинцы» (<i>Jews and Ukrainians</i>) and «Национальные движения в свободной России» (<i>National Movements in the Free Russia</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zionist_activism">Zionist activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Schechtman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Zionist activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1917, Schechtman was a delegate to the Seventh All-Russian Conference of Zionists that took place in Petrograd and to the All-Russian Jewish Congress that took place in Moscow during June–July 1918. In 1918 he was elected to the Jewish National Council of Ukraine. In 1918–1919 he worked in its executive agency, Jewish National Secretariat. </p><p>In 1920 Schechtman left Bolshevik Russia. He entered <a href="/wiki/Berlin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin University">Berlin University</a>, and actively participated in the Federation of Russian-Ukrainian Zionists. From September 1922 he co-edited weekly Russian-language "Рассвет" (The Dawn) with Jabotinsky. </p><p>Schechtman was one of the founders of the World Union of Revisionist Zionism (Paris, 1925). In 1929–1931 he was the editor of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> weekly "Der Noyer Veg" (The New Way) in Paris. From 1931 to 1935 Schechtman was a member of the executive committee of the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist Organization">Zionist Organization</a> (WZO), when both he and Jabotinsky left the ZO to co-found the <a href="/wiki/New_Zionist_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zionist Organization">New Zionist Organization</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration_to_the_U.S.">Emigration to the U.S.</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Schechtman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emigration to the U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schechtman emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the summer of 1941, and soon became part of the 'inner circle' of the New Zionist Organization of America (NZOA).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941–1943 he worked at <a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO</a>. In 1943–1944 he was the director of Bureau for Study of Population Migration which he co-founded earlier. In 1944–1945 he worked as a consultant on questions of the migration of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS). </p><p>Schechtman was the chairman of the Association of American Zionists-Revisionists. In 1946, New Zionist Organization self-liquidated to rejoin the WZO. Schechtman served as a member of the executive committee of the WZO until 1970. In 1963–1965 and 1966–1968 he was a member of the executive committee of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_career">Literary career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Schechtman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literary career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schechtman became a close associate<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and secretary <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a>, and would later write the two-volume biography of his life. Schectman wrote numerous books and articles dedicated to Jewish and world history, human migrations, <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a> and refugee issues. </p><p>In later years he also wrote a biography of the late Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj <a href="/wiki/Amin_el-Husseini" class="mw-redirect" title="Amin el-Husseini">Amin el-Husseini</a>. </p><p>In his 1961 book <i>Star in Eclipse: Russian Jewry Revisited</i>, he provided an account of the <a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a> tragedy. </p><p>Schechtman early established his reputation as a pioneer and authority on changing population movements in the world and population transfers.<sup id="cite_ref-Reitan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reitan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schechtman was the "first to establish basic guidelines for successful transfers and to argue persuasively that transfers should be treated as preventative measures not punitive."<sup id="cite_ref-Reitan_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reitan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_"evacuation_order""><span id="Palestinian_.22evacuation_order.22"></span>Palestinian "evacuation order"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Schechtman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Palestinian "evacuation order""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His work on the Palestinian refugee problem<sup id="cite_ref-ARP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was heavily criticised by <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Childers_(UN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erskine Childers (UN)">Erskine Childers</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Steven Glazer<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for misquoting, carefully selecting words, and taking statements out of context to fit his narrative. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a> attributes to Schechtman the position, which Khalidi regards as groundless, that the Palestinian people fled their towns and villages in 1948 in response to Arab broadcasts advising them to do so. Schechtman was the anonymous author of two smaller works published in 1949 for which he takes credit in the introduction to his 1952 book, <i>The Arab Refugee Problem</i> <sup id="cite_ref-ARP_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and where, according to Khalidi, the reference to the evacuation order first appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Schechtman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(1944) <i>Jews in German-occupied Soviet territory</i>. New York: Union of Russian Jews.</li> <li>(1946) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SchechtmaneuropeanPopulationTransfers1939-1945"><i>European population transfers, 1939–1945</i>.</a> New York, Oxford University Press. OCLC=229926</li> <li>(1946) <i>The Elimination of German Minorities in Southeastern Europe</i>. N.p, 1946.</li> <li>(1949) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Schechtman-Population-Transfers-in-Asia"><i>Population Transfers in Asia.</i></a> New York: Hallsby Press, OCLC Number: 502265</li> <li>(1952) <i>The Arab refugee problem.</i> New York, Philosophical Library.</li> <li>(1953) <i>Minorities in the Arab world.</i> Washington.</li> <li>(1956) <i>The Vladimir Jabotinsky story.</i> New York, T. Yoseloff. OCLC Number: 2661192 2 volumes</li> <li>(1961) <i>On Wings of Eagles: The Plight, Exodus, and Homecoming of Oriental Jewry</i>. New York: T. Yoseloff, 1961. OCLC Number: 1549405 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0935437185" title="Special:BookSources/0935437185">0935437185</a></li> <li>(1961) <i>Fighter and prophet: The Vladimir Jabotinsky story : the last years</i>. New York: Yoseloff.</li> <li>(1961) <i>Star in eclipse: Russian Jewry revisited.</i> New York: T. Yoseloff.</li> <li>(1962) <i>Postwar Population Transfers in Europe: 1945–1955.</i> Philadelphia, Pa: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1962. OCLC Number: 248807362</li> <li>(1963) <i>Postwar population transfers in Europe 1945–1955</i> Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. OCLC Number: 16738401</li> <li>(1964) <i>The refugees in the world; displacement and integration.</i> New York, Barnes. OCLC Number: 487032</li> <li>(1964) <i>Fact sheet on Arab refugees.</i> New York: Information Dept., the Jewish Agency – American Section Inc.</li> <li>(1965) <i>The Mufti and the Fuehrer; the rise and fall of Haj Amin el-Husseini.</i> New York, T. Yoseloff. OCLC Number: 721185</li> <li>(1966) <i>Zionism and Zionists in Soviet Russia: greatness and drama.</i> [New York], Zionist Organization of America. OCLC Number: 894684</li> <li>(1966) <i>The United States and the Jewish State movement: the crucial decade, 1939–1949</i>. New York, Herzl Press. OCLC Number: 905103</li> <li>(1968) <i>Jordan: A State That Never Was.</i> New York: Cultural Pub. Co, 1968.</li> <li>(1969) <i>Arab Terror: Blueprint for Political Murder</i>. New York: Zionist Organization of America, 1969. Print. OCLC Number: 296914</li> <li>(1969) <i>Israel Explodes Dir Yassin Blood Libel.</i> New York, N.Y: United Zionists Revisionists of America, 1969. Print.</li> <li>(1970) with Yehuda Benari.<i>History of the Revisionist Movement</i>. Tel-Aviv: Hadar, 1970.</li> <li>(1971) <i>European population transfers</i>, 1939–1945. New York: Russell & Russell.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Schechtman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafael Medoff, <i>Militant Zionism in America</i>, p.68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin, R., & Cebon, D. (2012). <i>The Forgotten Zionist: The life of Solomon (Sioma) Yankelevitch Jacobi</i>. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House pg vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jabotinsky.org/site/content/t5.asp?Pid=149&Sid=10&toPrint=True">Jabotinsky.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212420/http://www.jabotinsky.org/site/content/t5.asp?Pid=149&Sid=10&toPrint=True">Archived</a> 2014-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rapoport, L. (1999). <i>Shake heaven & earth: Peter Bergson and the struggle to rescue the Jews of Europe.</i>Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. pg. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reitan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reitan_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reitan_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reitan, Ruth. <i>Population Transfer, Cleansing, and Partition,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Studies_Centre" title="Refugee Studies Centre">Journal of Refugee Studies</a></i> vol 14 no 4 2001 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.as.miami.edu/media/college-of-arts-and-sciences/content-assets/international-studies/documents/publications/Reitan%20Population%20Transfer.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174333/http://www.as.miami.edu/media/college-of-arts-and-sciences/content-assets/international-studies/documents/publications/Reitan%20Population%20Transfer.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roucekp, Joseph. <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Mar., 1948). Review: <i>European Population Transfers, 1939-1945</i> pg 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARP-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARP_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARP_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schechtman, Joseph (1952), <i>The Arab Refugee Problem</i>, New York: Philosophical Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Childers <i>The Wordless Wish</i>, pp. 197-198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erskine Childers, <i>The Other Exodus</i>, in Laqueur, op.cit. pp.182-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glazer, Steven. (Summer 1980) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536126">The Palestinian Exodus in 1948.</a></i> Published by <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>, Vol. 9, No. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalidi, Walid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipsnewsite.mysite4now.com/enakba/exodus/Khalidi,%20Why%20Did%20the%20Palestinians%20Leave.pdf">Why did the Palestinians leave, revisited</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319092357/http://ipsnewsite.mysite4now.com/enakba/exodus/Khalidi%2C%20Why%20Did%20the%20Palestinians%20Leave.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol XXXIV, No. 2, 2005. "If I were to place my finger on a single person who is responsible for systematizing the story (if a single person was responsible for doing so), I would probably place it on a certain American Zionist by the name of Dr. Joseph Schechtman, a leading member of the Zionist revisionist wing, is almost certainly responsible for the drafting of two mimeographed pamphlets which appeared in 1949 under the auspices of the Israel Information Center, New York, in which the evacuation order first makes an elaborate appearance. It was Schechtman’s version which was incorporated in a memorandum submitted by the nineteen prominent Americans, including the poet Macleish and Niebuhr the theologian, to the United Nations." *Note: the work referenced by Khalidi is "Anderson, H. D. (1951) and others. <i>The Arab refugee problem: How it can be solved; proposals submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations.</i> No publisher.OCLC Number: 651940914"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Schechtman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eleven.co.il/article/14814">ШЕХТМАН Иосеф</a> (КЕЭ, том 10, кол. 1890–190) Joseph Schechtman article in Short Jewish Encyclopedia</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000118860808">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/33015636">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtrWcTthxWRHqPWfykbh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/127283838">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85133201">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12746059k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12746059k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schechtman, Joseph B."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV006537">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35479316">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk20211115358&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070105316">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97005601">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000014803&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000729686&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810547175105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/253476">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267520905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05625629?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/967822">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/127283838">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/104818476">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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