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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Deployment and order of battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deployment_and_order_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div 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id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry_and_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_and_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Poetry and fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_and_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Lepanto</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Lepanto" title="Slag van Lepanto – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag van Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="معركة ليبانتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة ليبانتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Lepanto" title="Batalla de Lepanto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Batalla de Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Lepanto" title="Batalla de Lepanto – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Batalla de Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepanto_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Lepanto döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lepanto döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="لپانتو دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لپانتو دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Битка при Лепанто – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Лепанто" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Lepanto" title="Emgann Lepanto – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Lepant_(1571)" title="Batalla de Lepant (1571) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Lepant (1571)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Lepanta" title="Bitva u Lepanta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Lepanta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8slaget_ved_Lepanto" title="Søslaget ved Lepanto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Søslaget ved Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeschlacht_von_Lepanto" title="Seeschlacht von Lepanto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seeschlacht von Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepanto_merelahing" title="Lepanto merelahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lepanto merelahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_(1571)" title="Ναυμαχία της Ναυπάκτου (1571) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναυμαχία της Ναυπάκτου (1571)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Lepanto" title="Batalla de Lepanto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Lepanto" title="Batalo de Lepanto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepantoko_gudua" title="Lepantoko gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lepantoko gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="نبرد لپانتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد لپانتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_L%C3%A9pante" title="Bataille de Lépante – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Lépante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slach_by_Lepanto" title="Slach by Lepanto – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slach by Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Lepanto" title="Cath Lepanto – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Lepanto" title="Batalla de Lepanto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%ED%8C%90%ED%86%A0_%ED%95%B4%EC%A0%84" title="레판토 해전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레판토 해전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Լեպանտոյի ծովամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեպանտոյի ծովամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Lepanta" title="Bitka kod Lepanta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Lepanta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Lepanto" title="Batalio di Lepanto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Lepanto" title="Pertempuran Lepanto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Lepanto" title="Battaglia di Lepanto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95" title="קרב לפנטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב לפנטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ლეპანტოს ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეპანტოს ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapigano_ya_Lepanto" title="Mapigano ya Lepanto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mapigano ya Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proelium_Lepanthinum" title="Proelium Lepanthinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proelium Lepanthinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepanto_kauja" title="Lepanto kauja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lepanto kauja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepanto_m%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Lepanto mūšis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lepanto mūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataggia_de_Leppanto" title="Bataggia de Leppanto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bataggia de Leppanto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepant%C3%B3i_csata" title="Lepantói csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lepantói csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Битка кај Лепанто – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка кај Лепанто" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ady_tao_Lepanto" title="Ady tao Lepanto – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ady tao Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ലെപ്പാന്റോ യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലെപ്പാന്റോ യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="معركة ليپانتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معركة ليپانتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Lepanto_(1571)" title="Pertempuran Lepanto (1571) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Lepanto (1571)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Lepanto" title="Slag bij Lepanto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%A6" title="レパントの海戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レパントの海戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Lepanto" title="Slaget ved Lepanto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Lepant" title="Batalha de Lepant – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Lepant" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%88" title="جنگ لیپانٹو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگ لیپانٹو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Lepanto_(1571)" title="Bitwa pod Lepanto (1571) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Lepanto (1571)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Lepanto" title="Batalha de Lepanto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Lepanto" title="Bătălia de la Lepanto – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Битва при Лепанто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Лепанто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteja_e_Lepantit" title="Beteja e Lepantit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beteja e Lepantit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummattimentu_di_Lepantu" title="Cummattimentu di Lepantu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cummattimentu di Lepantu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Lepante" title="Bitka pri Lepante – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka pri Lepante" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Lepantu_(1571)" title="Bitka pri Lepantu (1571) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri Lepantu (1571)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Битка код Лепанта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Лепанта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Lepanta" title="Bitka kod Lepanta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Lepanta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepanton_taistelu" title="Lepanton taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lepanton taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Lepanto" title="Slaget vid Lepanto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="ยุทธการที่เลปันโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธการที่เลปันโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nebaht%C4%B1_Deniz_Muharebesi" title="İnebahtı Deniz Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnebahtı Deniz Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE_(1571)" title="Битва при Лепанто (1571) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Лепанто (1571)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%88_1571%D8%A1" title="جنگ لیپانٹو 1571ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگ لیپانٹو 1571ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataja_de_L%C3%A8panto" title="Bataja de Lèpanto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bataja de Lèpanto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Lepanto" title="Trận Lepanto – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragway_ha_Lepanto" title="Aragway ha Lepanto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aragway ha Lepanto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E7%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="勒班陀战役 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="勒班陀战役" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E7%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="勒班陀戰役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="勒班陀戰役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1571 naval battle of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1571 battle. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Battle of Lepanto (disambiguation)">Battle of Lepanto (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Lepanto</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laureys_a_Castro_-_The_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Laureys_a_Castro_-_The_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpeg/300px-Laureys_a_Castro_-_The_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Laureys_a_Castro_-_The_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpeg/450px-Laureys_a_Castro_-_The_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Laureys_a_Castro_-_The_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpeg/600px-Laureys_a_Castro_-_The_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="1529" /></a></span><br /><i>The Battle of Lepanto</i>, <a href="/wiki/Laureys_a_Castro" title="Laureys a Castro">Laureys a Castro</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>7 October 1571</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Patras" title="Gulf of Patras">Gulf of Patras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Lepanto&params=38_15_N_21_15_E_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°15′N</span> <span class="longitude">21°15′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.250°N 21.250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.250; 21.250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="no"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Banner_of_the_Holy_League_1571.png/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_League_1571.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Banner_of_the_Holy_League_1571.png/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_League_1571.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Banner_of_the_Holy_League_1571.png/46px-Banner_of_the_Holy_League_1571.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="264" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a></b>： <br /><b><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></b> <br /><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></b> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/24px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/36px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg/48px-Bandera_de_N%C3%A1poles_-_Trast%C3%A1mara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/23px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/35px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/45px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1324-1720).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281324-1720%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281324-1720%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281324-1720%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281324-1720%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281324-1720%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281324-1720%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></li></ul> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/23px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/35px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/46px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany"><img alt="Tuscany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Order of St. John</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States"><img alt="Papal States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/23px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/35px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Greek_Revolution_flag.svg/45px-Greek_Revolution_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> rebels</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/23px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/35px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/45px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers"><img alt="Regency of Algiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/23px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/35px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/45px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_1st_Marquess_of_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquess of Santa Cruz">Álvaro de Bazán</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Requesens_y_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga">Luis de Requesens</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_d%27Aragona_Tagliavia" title="Carlo d'Aragona Tagliavia">Carlo d'Aragona Tagliavia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice"><img alt="Republic of Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Venier" title="Sebastiano Venier">Sebastiano Venier</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice"><img alt="Republic of Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Barbarigo_(admiral)" title="Agostino Barbarigo (admiral)">Agostino Barbarigo</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa"><img alt="Republic of Genoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Genoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Genoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Andrea_Doria" title="Giovanni Andrea Doria">Gianandrea Doria</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States"><img alt="Papal States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Colonna" title="Marcantonio Colonna">Marcantonio Colonna</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/23px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/35px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/45px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCezzinzade_Ali_Pasha" title="Müezzinzade Ali Pasha">Ali Pasha</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/23px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/35px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/45px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahomet_Sirocco" title="Mahomet Sirocco">Mahomet Sirocco</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers"><img alt="Regency of Algiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/23px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/35px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/45px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Occhiali</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>65,000 men: </p> <ul><li>30,000 sailors and oarsmen</li> <li>35,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-Guilmartin_253-255_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilmartin_253-255-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> 206 <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> <br /> 6 <a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">galleasses</a><sup id="cite_ref-ANG_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MhL_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MhL-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>67,000 men: </p> <ul><li>37,000 sailors and oarsmen</li> <li>30,000 soldiers</li></ul> 222 galleys <br /> 56 <a href="/wiki/Galliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Galliot">galliots</a><sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 7,500–10,000 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Nolan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nolan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 15,000 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010178_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010178-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 13 galleys sunk or destroyed<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 20,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010178_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010178-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–25,000 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens107_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens107-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> 117 galleys captured <br /> 20 galliots captured <br /> 50 galleys and galliots sunk or destroyed</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> 15,000 Christian slaves freed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010178_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010178-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/30px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/45px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/60px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="52" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Battle of Lepanto (Peloponnese)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Peloponnese</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars"><span class="wrap">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Hungary and the Balkans</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Mohács</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_campaign_of_1527%E2%80%931528" title="Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528">Hungarian campaign</a> (1527–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_Croatian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War" title="Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War">Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War</a> (1527–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I%27s_campaign_of_1529" title="Suleiman I's campaign of 1529">Hungary</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars_in_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931568)" title="Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)">Little Wars in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_war_of_1529%E2%80%931533" title="Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1529–1533">(1529–1533)</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_war_of_1540%E2%80%931547" title="Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1540–1547">(1540–1547)</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_war_of_1551%E2%80%931562" title="Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1551–1562">(1551–1562)</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_war_of_1565%E2%80%931568" title="Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1565–1568">(1565–1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gy%C5%91r_(1577)" title="Battle of Győr (1577)">Győr</a> (1577)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicske" title="Battle of Bicske">Bicske</a> (1578)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Turkish_War" title="Long Turkish War">Long War</a> (1593–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocskai_uprising" title="Bocskai uprising">Bocskai uprising</a> (1604–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1663%E2%80%931664)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)">Austro-Turkish War</a> (1663–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> (1683–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_of_1716%E2%80%931718" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718">Austro-Turkish War</a> (1716–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Russo-Turkish War</a> (1735–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)">Austro-Turkish War</a> (1788–91)</li></ul> <p><b>Mediterranean</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Castle_of_Saint_George" title="Siege of the Castle of Saint George">Cephalonia</a> (1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501)" title="Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)">Balearics</a> (1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1516)" title="Algiers expedition (1516)">1st Algiers</a> (1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Tlemcen</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1519)" title="Algiers expedition (1519)">2nd Algiers</a> (1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">3rd Algiers</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera" title="Battle of Formentera">Formentera</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Cherchell_(1531)" title="Campaign of Cherchell (1531)">Cherchell</a> (1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coron_(1533%E2%80%931534)" title="Siege of Coron (1533–1534)">Coron</a> (1533–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">1st Tunis</a> (1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">2nd Tunis</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mah%C3%B3n" title="Sack of Mahón">Mahón</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a> (1538)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Castelnuovo</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Girolata" title="Battle of Girolata">Girolata</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albor%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Alborán">Alborán</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">4th Algiers</a> (1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice" title="Siege of Nice">Nice</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1543)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1543)">1st Mostaganem</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lipari" title="Sack of Lipari">Lipari</a> (1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Naples" title="Sack of Naples">Naples</a> (1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1547)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1547)">2st Mostaganem</a> (1547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Cullera" title="Sack of Cullera">Cullera</a> (1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdia_(1550)" title="Capture of Mahdia (1550)">Mahdia</a> (1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">1st Gozo</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Tripoli</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552)" title="Battle of Ponza (1552)">Ponza</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Corsica</a> (1553–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Vieste" title="Sack of Vieste">Viste</a> (1554)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1555)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1555)">Béjaïa</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Oran</a> (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearics</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">3rd Mostaganem</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a> (1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Orán and Mers-el-Kébir</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1563)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1563)">1st Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Granada" title="Sack of Granada">Granada</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">2nd Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a> (1564)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a> (1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tunis_(1569)" title="Capture of Tunis (1569)">3rd Tunis</a> (1569)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gozo_(1570)" title="Battle of Gozo (1570)">2nd Gozo</a> (1570)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lepanto</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Navarino_(1572)" title="Siege of Navarino (1572)">Navarino</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1573)">4th Tunis</a> (1573)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">5th Tunis</a> (1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_26_September_1575" title="Action of 26 September 1575">Cadaqués</a> (1575)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lanzarote_(1586)" title="Sack of Lanzarote (1586)">Lanzarote</a> (1586)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chios_expedition_(1599)" title="Chios expedition (1599)">Chios</a> (1599)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hammamet" title="Battle of Hammamet">Hammamet</a> (1605)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_29_June_1609" title="Action of 29 June 1609">1nd La Goulette</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Corvo" title="Battle of Cape Corvo">Cape Corvo</a> (1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_May_1612" title="Action of May 1612">2nd La Goulette</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun" title="Raid on Żejtun">Malta</a> (1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a> (1616)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Constantinople" title="Raid on Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1616)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fourth_Ottoman–Venetian_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Template:Campaignbox Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fourth_Ottoman–Venetian_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)"><span class="wrap">Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicosia" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Nicosia">Nicosia</a> (1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Famagusta" title="Siege of Famagusta">Famagusta</a> (1570–71)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lepanto</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Navarino_(1572)" title="Siege of Navarino (1572)">Navarino</a>;(1572)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Lepanto</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval engagement</a> that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a>, a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic state">Catholic states</a> arranged by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Patras" title="Gulf of Patras">Gulf of Patras</a>. The Ottoman forces were sailing westward from their naval station in <a href="/wiki/Naupactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Naupactus">Lepanto</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> name of ancient Naupactus – Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ναύπακτος</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">İnebahtı</i></span>) when they met the fleet of the Holy League which was sailing east from <a href="/wiki/Messina,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Messina, Italy">Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999195_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fleet of the Holy League consisted of 109 <a href="/wiki/Galleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleys">galleys</a> and six <a href="/wiki/Galleasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleasses">galleasses</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, 49 <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, 27 galleys from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, seven galleys from the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, five galleys from the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Order of Saint Stephen">Order of Saint Stephen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, three galleys from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a>, three galleys from the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a> and some private ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999195_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a>, half-brother of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, was named by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> as overall commander of the fleet and led the centre division along with Papal captain <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Colonna" title="Marcantonio Colonna">Marcantonio Colonna</a> and the Venetian <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Venier" title="Sebastiano Venier">Sebastiano Venier</a>; the wings were commanded by the Venetian <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Barbarigo_(admiral)" title="Agostino Barbarigo (admiral)">Agostino Barbarigo</a> and the Genoese <a href="/wiki/Gianandrea_Doria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianandrea Doria">Gianandrea Doria</a>. The Ottoman fleet consisted of 222 galleys and 56 <a href="/wiki/Galliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Galliot">galliots</a> and was led by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCezzinzade_Ali_Pasha" title="Müezzinzade Ali Pasha">Müezzinzade Ali Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahomet_Sirocco" title="Mahomet Sirocco">Mahomet Sirocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Occhiali</a>. </p><p>In the history of <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a>, Lepanto marks the last major engagement in the Western world to be fought almost entirely between rowing vessels,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson201096_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson201096-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namely the <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">galleasses</a> which were the direct descendants of ancient <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">trireme</a> warships. The battle was in essence an "infantry battle on floating platforms".<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens83_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens83-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the <a href="/wiki/Largest_naval_battle_in_history" title="Largest naval battle in history">largest naval battle</a> in Western history since classical antiquity, involving more than 450 warships. Over the following decades, the increasing importance of the <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a> tactic would displace the galley as the major warship of its era, marking the beginning of the "<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a>". </p><p>The victory of the Holy League is of great importance in the history of Europe and of the Ottoman Empire, with the Ottoman fleet almost completely destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the battle had no lasting impact on the Ottoman navy as the Ottomans rapidly rebuilt their fleet in under 6 months.<sup id="cite_ref-Keegan_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keegan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle has long been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a>, both for tactical parallels and for its crucial importance in the defense of Europe against imperial expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also of great symbolic importance in a period when Europe was torn by its own <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">wars of religion</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. Pope Pius V instituted the feast of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Victory">Our Lady of Victory</a>, and Philip II of Spain used the victory to strengthen his position as the "<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Most Catholic King</a>" and defender of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> against Muslim incursion.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Paul K. Davis writes that </p> <blockquote><p>More than a military victory, Lepanto was a moral one. For decades, the Ottoman Turks had terrified Europe, and the victories of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> caused Christian Europe serious concern. The defeat at Lepanto further exemplified the rapid deterioration of Ottoman might under <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a>, and Christians rejoiced at this setback for the Ottomans. The mystique of Ottoman power was tarnished significantly by this battle, and Christian Europe was heartened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999199_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999199-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League (1571)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="4600" data-mwtitle="Battle_of_Lepanto_Famous_Sea_Fights_Ch_5_John_R_Hale.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lepanto_Famous_Sea_Fights_Ch_5_John_R_Hale.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Battle_of_Lepanto_Famous_Sea_Fights_Ch_5_John_R_Hale.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Battle_of_Lepanto_Famous_Sea_Fights_Ch_5_John_R_Hale.ogg/Battle_of_Lepanto_Famous_Sea_Fights_Ch_5_John_R_Hale.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/famous_seafights_0905_librivox/famousseafights_00_hale.mp3">Battle of Lepanto</a> from <i>Famous Sea Fights</i> by John R. Hale</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estandarte_Liga_Santa.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Estandarte_Liga_Santa.gif/220px-Estandarte_Liga_Santa.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Estandarte_Liga_Santa.gif/330px-Estandarte_Liga_Santa.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Estandarte_Liga_Santa.gif/440px-Estandarte_Liga_Santa.gif 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>The banner of the Holy League, flown by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a> on his flagship <i>Real</i>. It is made of blue damask interwoven with gold thread, of a length of 7.3 m and a width of 4.4 m at the hoist. It displays the crucified Christ above the coats of arms of Pius V, of Venice, of Charles V, and of John of Austria. The coats of arms are linked by chains symbolizing the alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Christian coalition had been promoted by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> to rescue the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/Famagusta" title="Famagusta">Famagusta</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Famagusta" title="Siege of Famagusta">was being besieged</a> by the Turks in early 1571 subsequent to the fall of <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> and other Venetian possessions in Cyprus in the course of 1570. On 1 August the Venetians surrendered after being reassured that they could leave Cyprus freely. However, the Ottoman commander, <a href="/wiki/Lala_Kara_Mustafa_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha">Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha</a> had lost some 50,000 men in the siege and broke his word, imprisoning the Venetians, and had <a href="/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Bragadin" title="Marco Antonio Bragadin">Marco Antonio Bragadin</a> <a href="/wiki/Flayed_alive" class="mw-redirect" title="Flayed alive">flayed alive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The members of the Holy League were the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, the Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_and_Corsica" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia</a> as part of the Spanish possessions), the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, the Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Urbino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins200659–60_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins200659–60-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The banner for the fleet, blessed by the Pope, reached the Kingdom of Naples (then ruled by Philip II of Spain) on 14 August 1571, where it was solemnly consigned to <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All members of the alliance viewed the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman navy</a> as a significant threat, both to the security of maritime trade in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and to the security of continental Europe itself. Spain was the largest financial contributor, though the Spaniards preferred to preserve most of their galleys for Spain's own wars against the nearby sultanates of the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> rather than expend its naval strength for the benefit of Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Setton1984_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Setton1984-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined Christian fleet was placed under the command of John of Austria with <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Colonna" title="Marcantonio Colonna">Marcantonio Colonna</a> as his principal deputy. The various Christian contingents met the main force from Venice under <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Venier" title="Sebastiano Venier">Sebastiano Venier</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">Doge of Venice</a>, in July and August 1571 at <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcherFerrisHerwigTravers2002258_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcherFerrisHerwigTravers2002258-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployment_and_order_of_battle">Deployment and order of battle</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_order_of_battle" title="Battle of Lepanto order of battle">Battle of Lepanto order of battle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgio-vasari-battle-of-lepanto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giorgio-vasari-battle-of-lepanto.jpg/220px-Giorgio-vasari-battle-of-lepanto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giorgio-vasari-battle-of-lepanto.jpg/330px-Giorgio-vasari-battle-of-lepanto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Giorgio-vasari-battle-of-lepanto.jpg/440px-Giorgio-vasari-battle-of-lepanto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2649" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Order of battle of the two fleets, with an allegory of the three powers of the Holy League in the foreground, fresco by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> (1572, <a href="/wiki/Sala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Sala Regia (Vatican)">Sala Regia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Christian fleet consisted of 206 galleys and six galleasses (large new galleys with substantial <a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">artillery</a>, developed by the Venetians). John of Austria, half-brother of Philip II of Spain, was named by Pope Pius V as overall commander of the fleet and led the centre division, with his principal deputies and counselors being the Roman Marcantonio Colonna and the Venetian <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Venier" title="Sebastiano Venier">Sebastiano Venier</a>; the wings were commanded by the Venetian <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Barbarigo" title="Agostino Barbarigo">Agostino Barbarigo</a> and the Genoese <a href="/wiki/Gianandrea_Doria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianandrea Doria">Gianandrea Doria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stevens67_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens67-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republic of Venice contributed 109 galleys and six galleasses, 49 galleys came from the Spanish Empire (including 26 from the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sicily, and other Italian territories), 27 galleys of the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_navy" title="Genoese navy">Genoese fleet</a>, seven galleys from the Papal States, five galleys from the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Order of Saint Stephen">Order of Saint Stephen</a> and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, three galleys each from the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of Malta, and some privately owned galleys in Spanish service. This fleet of the Christian alliance was manned by 40,000 sailors and oarsmen. In addition, it carried approximately 30,000<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISBN|0-306-81544-3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBN|0-306-81544-3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fighting troops: 7,000 Spanish Empire regular infantry of excellent quality,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (4,000 of the Spanish Empire's troops were drawn from the Kingdom of Naples, mostly Calabria),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 7,000 Germans,<sup id="cite_ref-Setton_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Setton-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6,000 Italian mercenaries in Spanish pay, all good troops,<sup id="cite_ref-Setton_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Setton-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to 5,000 professional Venetian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant number of Greeks also participated in the conflict on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a> with three Venetian galleys commanded by Greek captains.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/George_Finlay" title="George Finlay">George Finlay</a> estimated that over 25,000 Greeks fought on the side of the Holy League during the battle (both as soldiers and sailors/oarsmen) and stated that their numbers "far exceeded that of the combatants of any other nation engaged".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oarsmen were mainly drawn from local Greek populations, who were experienced in maritime affairs,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there were some Venetian oarsmen as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Guilmartin_222-225_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilmartin_222-225-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free oarsmen were generally acknowledged to be superior to <a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">enslaved or imprisoned oarsmen</a>, but the former were gradually replaced in all galley fleets (including those of Venice from 1549) during the 16th century by cheaper slaves, convicts, and prisoners-of-war owing to rapidly rising costs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venetian oarsmen were mainly free citizens and able to bear arms, adding to the fighting power of their ships, whereas convicts were used to row many of the galleys in other Holy League squadrons.<sup id="cite_ref-Guilmartin_222-225_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilmartin_222-225-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepanto_f1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lepanto_f1.jpg/220px-Lepanto_f1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lepanto_f1.jpg/330px-Lepanto_f1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lepanto_f1.jpg/440px-Lepanto_f1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a>, detail from the painting by Tommaso Dolabella (1632)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCezzinzade_Ali_Pasha" title="Müezzinzade Ali Pasha">Ali Pasha</a>, the Ottoman admiral (<i><a href="/wiki/Kapudan-i_Derya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapudan-i Derya">Kapudan-i Derya</a></i>), supported by the corsairs <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Siroco" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Siroco">Mehmed Sirocco</a> (Mehmed Şuluk) of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulu%C3%A7_Ali_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluç Ali Reis">Uluç Ali</a>, commanded an Ottoman force of 222 war galleys, 56 <a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">galliots</a>, and some smaller vessels. The Turks had skilled and experienced crews of sailors but were significantly deficient in their elite corps of <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">janissaries</a>. The number of oarsmen was about 37,000, virtually all of them slaves,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of them Christians who had been captured in previous conquests and engagements.<sup id="cite_ref-Guilmartin_222-225_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guilmartin_222-225-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman galleys were manned by 13,000 experienced sailors—generally drawn from the maritime nations of the Ottoman Empire—mainly <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> (according to Finlay, around 5,000<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>—and 25,000 soldiers from the Ottoman Empire as well as a few thousand from their North African allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens63_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens63-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISBN|0-306-81544-3_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISBN|0-306-81544-3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While soldiers on board the ships were roughly matched in numbers,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an advantage for the Christians was the numerical superiority in guns and cannon aboard their ships. It is estimated that the Christians had 1,815 guns, while the Turks had only 750 with insufficient ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christians embarked with their much improved <a href="/wiki/Arquebusier" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquebusier">arquebusier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musketeer" title="Musketeer">musketeer</a> forces, while the Ottomans trusted in their greatly feared <a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">composite bowmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keegan_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keegan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Christian fleet started from Messina on 16 September, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> and creeping along the coast, arriving at <a href="/wiki/Echinades" title="Echinades">the group of rocky islets</a> lying just north of the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a> on 6 October. Serious conflict had broken out between Venetian and Spanish soldiers, and Venier enraged Don Juan by hanging a Spanish soldier for impudence.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens103_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens103-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite bad weather, the Christian ships sailed south and, on 6 October, reached the port of <a href="/wiki/Sami,_Cephalonia" title="Sami, Cephalonia">Sami, Cephalonia</a> (then also called Val d'Alessandria), where they remained for a while. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_of_the_Venetian_Galleasses_at_Lepanto_-_Pg_74.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/One_of_the_Venetian_Galleasses_at_Lepanto_-_Pg_74.jpg/220px-One_of_the_Venetian_Galleasses_at_Lepanto_-_Pg_74.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/One_of_the_Venetian_Galleasses_at_Lepanto_-_Pg_74.jpg/330px-One_of_the_Venetian_Galleasses_at_Lepanto_-_Pg_74.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/One_of_the_Venetian_Galleasses_at_Lepanto_-_Pg_74.jpg/440px-One_of_the_Venetian_Galleasses_at_Lepanto_-_Pg_74.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><i>One of the Venetian Galleasses at Lepanto</i> (1851 drawing, after a 1570s painting)</figcaption></figure> <p>Early on 7 October, they sailed toward the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Patras" title="Gulf of Patras">Gulf of Patras</a>, where they encountered the Ottoman fleet. While neither fleet had immediate strategic resources or objectives in the gulf, both chose to engage. The Ottoman fleet had an express order from <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a> to fight, and John of Austria found it necessary to attack in order to maintain the integrity of the expedition in the face of personal and political disagreements within the Holy League.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of 7 October, after the decision to offer battle was made, the Christian fleet formed up in four divisions in a north–south line: </p> <ul><li>At the northern end, closest to the coast, was the Left Division of 53 galleys, mainly Venetian, led by Agostino Barbarigo, with Marco Querini and Antonio da Canale in support.</li> <li>The Centre Division consisted of 62 galleys under John of Austria himself in his <i><a href="/wiki/Real_(galley)" title="Real (galley)">Real</a></i>, along with Marcantonio Colonna commanding the papal flagship, Venier commanding the Venetian flagship, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giordano_I_Orsini" title="Paolo Giordano I Orsini">Paolo Giordano I Orsini</a> and Pietro Giustiniani, prior of Messina, commanding the flagship of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a>.</li> <li>The Right Division to the south consisted of another 53 galleys under the Genoese Giovanni Andrea Doria, great-nephew of admiral <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a>.</li> <li>A reserve division was stationed behind (that is, to the west of) the main fleet, to lend support wherever it might be needed, commanded by <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz">Álvaro de Bazán, the Marquis of Santa Cruz</a>.</li></ul> <p>The Ottoman fleet consisted of 57 galleys and two galliots on its right under Mehmed Siroco, 61 galleys and 32 galliots in the centre under Ali Pasha in the <i>Sultana</i>, and about 63 galleys and 30 galliots in the south offshore under <a href="/wiki/Ulu%C3%A7_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluç Ali">Uluç Ali</a>. A small reserve consisted of eight galleys, 22 galliots, and 64 <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fustas</a>, behind the centre body. Ali Pasha is supposed to have told his Christian galley slaves, "If I win the battle, I promise you your liberty. If the day is yours, then God has given it to you." John of Austria, more laconically, warned his crew, "There is no paradise for cowards."<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens64_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens64-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Lepanto.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Lepanto.png/300px-Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Lepanto.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Lepanto.png/450px-Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Lepanto.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Lepanto.png/600px-Plan_of_the_Battle_of_Lepanto.png 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the Battle (formation of the fleets just before contact)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The lookout on the <i>Real</i> sighted the Turkish van at dawn of 7 October. Don Juan called a council of war and decided to offer battle. He travelled through his fleet in a swift sailing vessel, exhorting his officers and men to do their utmost. The <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Sacrament">Sacrament</a> was administered to all, the galley slaves were freed from their chains, and the standard of the Holy League was raised to the truck of the flagship.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens103_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens103-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wind was at first against the Christians, and it was feared that the Turks would be able to make contact before a line of battle could be formed. But around noon, shortly before contact, the wind shifted to favour the Christians, enabling most of the squadrons to reach their assigned position before contact. Four galeasses stationed in front of the Christian battle line opened fire at close quarters at the foremost Turkish galleys, confusing their battle array in the crucial moment of contact. Around noon, first contact was made between the squadrons of Barbarigo and Sirocco, close to the northern shore of the Gulf. Barbarigo had attempted to stay so close to the shore as to prevent Sirocco from surrounding him, but Sirocco, knowing the depth of the waters, managed to still insert galleys between Barbarigo's line and the coast. In the ensuing mêlée, the ships came so close to each other as to form an almost continuous platform of hand-to-hand fighting in which both leaders were killed. The Christian galley slaves freed from the Turkish ships were supplied with arms and joined in the fighting, turning the battle in favour of the Christian side.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens104_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens104-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_Bertelli,_Die_Seeschlacht_von_Lepanto,_Venedig_1572,_Museo_Storico_Navale_(550x500).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fernando_Bertelli%2C_Die_Seeschlacht_von_Lepanto%2C_Venedig_1572%2C_Museo_Storico_Navale_%28550x500%29.jpg/220px-Fernando_Bertelli%2C_Die_Seeschlacht_von_Lepanto%2C_Venedig_1572%2C_Museo_Storico_Navale_%28550x500%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fernando_Bertelli%2C_Die_Seeschlacht_von_Lepanto%2C_Venedig_1572%2C_Museo_Storico_Navale_%28550x500%29.jpg/330px-Fernando_Bertelli%2C_Die_Seeschlacht_von_Lepanto%2C_Venedig_1572%2C_Museo_Storico_Navale_%28550x500%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fernando_Bertelli%2C_Die_Seeschlacht_von_Lepanto%2C_Venedig_1572%2C_Museo_Storico_Navale_%28550x500%29.jpg/440px-Fernando_Bertelli%2C_Die_Seeschlacht_von_Lepanto%2C_Venedig_1572%2C_Museo_Storico_Navale_%28550x500%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>Fresco in the Vatican's <a href="/wiki/The_Gallery_of_Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallery of Maps">Gallery of Maps</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, the centres clashed with such force that Ali Pasha's galley drove into the <i>Real</i> as far as the fourth rowing bench, and hand-to-hand fighting commenced around the two flagships, between the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tercio" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Tercio">Spanish Tercio</a> infantry and the Turkish janissaries. When the <i>Real</i> was nearly taken, Colonna came alongside, with the bow of his galley, and mounted a counter-attack. With the help of Colonna, the Turks were pushed off the <i>Real</i> and the Turkish flagship was boarded and swept. The entire crew of turkish's flagship was killed, including Ali Pasha himself. The banner of the Holy League was hoisted on the captured ship, breaking the morale of the Turkish galleys nearby. After two hours of fighting, the Turks were beaten left and centre, although fighting continued for another two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens105_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens105-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A flag taken at Lepanto by the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Order of Saint Stephen">Knights of Saint Stephen</a>, said to be the standard of the Turkish commander, is still on display, in the Church of the seat of the Order in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Christian right, the situation was different, as Doria continued sailing towards the south instead of taking his assigned position. He would explain his conduct after the battle by saying that he was trying to prevent an enveloping manoeuvre by the Turkish left. But Doria's captains were enraged, interpreting their commander's signals as a sign of treachery. When Doria had opened a wide gap with the Christian centre, <a href="/wiki/Ulu%C3%A7_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluç Ali">Uluç Ali</a> swung around and fell on Colonna's southern flank, with Doria too far away to interfere. Ali attacked a group of some fifteen galleys around the flagship of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a>, threatening to break into the Christian centre and still turn the tide of the battle. This was prevented by the arrival of the reserve squadron commanded by Bazán. Uluç Ali was forced to retreat, escaping the battle with the captured flag of the Knights of Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200994_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200994-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isolated fighting continued until the evening. Even after the battle had clearly turned against the Turks, groups of janissaries kept fighting to the last. It is said that at some point the Janissaries ran out of weapons and started throwing oranges and lemons at their Christian adversaries, leading to awkward scenes of laughter among the general misery of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Greek rowers serving on Turkish galleys managed to seize them with mutiny and deliver them in time to the Christian allies.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the battle, the Christians had taken 117 galleys and 20 galliots, and sunk or destroyed some 50 other ships. Around ten thousand Turks were taken prisoner, and many thousands of Christian slaves were rescued. The Christian side suffered around 7,500 deaths, the Turkish side about 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens107_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens107-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire">Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg/300px-Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg/450px-Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg/600px-Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption><i>The Victors of Lepanto</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Colonna" title="Marcantonio Colonna">Marcantonio Colonna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Venier" title="Sebastiano Venier">Sebastiano Venier</a> (anonymous oil painting, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1575</span>, formerly in <a href="/wiki/Ambras_Castle" title="Ambras Castle">Ambras Castle</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna)</figcaption></figure> <p>The engagement was a significant defeat for the Ottomans, who had not lost a major naval battle since the fifteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Holy League failed to capitalize on the victory, and while the Ottoman defeat has often been cited as the historical turning-point initiating the eventual stagnation of Ottoman territorial expansion, this was by no means an immediate consequence. The Christian victory at Lepanto confirmed the <i>de facto</i> division of the Mediterranean, with the eastern half under firm Ottoman control and the western under the Spanish Crown and their Italian allies. The battle halted the Ottoman encroachment on Italian territories, but the Holy League did not regain any territories that had been lost to the Ottomans prior to Lepanto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2012451_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2012451-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Paul K. Davis sums up the importance of Lepanto this way: "This Turkish defeat stopped Ottomans' expansion into the Mediterranean, thus maintaining Western dominance, and confidence grew in the West that Turks, previously unstoppable, could be beaten."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999194_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999194-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottomans were quick to rebuild their navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Keegan_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keegan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1572, about six months after the defeat, more than 150 galleys, 8 galleasses, and in total 250 ships had been built, including eight of the largest capital ships ever seen in the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-fleet_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fleet-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this new fleet the Ottoman Empire was able to reassert its supremacy in the Eastern Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinross272_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinross272-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Sultan Selim II</a>'s Chief Minister, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha</a>, even boasted to the Venetian emissary <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Barbaro" title="Marcantonio Barbaro">Marcantonio Barbaro</a> that the Christian triumph at Lepanto caused no lasting harm to the Ottoman Empire, while the capture of Cyprus by the Ottomans in the same year was a significant blow, saying that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You come to see how we bear our misfortune. But I would have you know the difference between your loss and ours. In wrestling Cyprus from you, we deprived you of an arm; in defeating our fleet, you have only shaved our beard. An arm when cut off cannot grow again; but a shorn beard will grow all the better for the razor.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1572, the allied Christian fleet resumed operations and faced a renewed Ottoman navy of 200 vessels under <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7_Ali_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kılıç Ali Pasha">Kılıç Ali Pasha</a>, but the Ottoman commander actively avoided engaging the allied fleet and headed for the safety of the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia" title="Methoni, Messenia">Modon</a>. The arrival of the Spanish squadron of 55 ships evened the numbers on both sides and opened the opportunity for a decisive blow, but friction among the Christian leaders and the reluctance of Don Juan squandered the opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiesa_di_Santo_Stefano_Pisa,_Jacopo_Ligozzi,_il_ritorno_dei_Cavalieri_di_Santo_Stefano_da_Lepanto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chiesa_di_Santo_Stefano_Pisa%2C_Jacopo_Ligozzi%2C_il_ritorno_dei_Cavalieri_di_Santo_Stefano_da_Lepanto.jpg/300px-Chiesa_di_Santo_Stefano_Pisa%2C_Jacopo_Ligozzi%2C_il_ritorno_dei_Cavalieri_di_Santo_Stefano_da_Lepanto.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chiesa_di_Santo_Stefano_Pisa%2C_Jacopo_Ligozzi%2C_il_ritorno_dei_Cavalieri_di_Santo_Stefano_da_Lepanto.jpg/450px-Chiesa_di_Santo_Stefano_Pisa%2C_Jacopo_Ligozzi%2C_il_ritorno_dei_Cavalieri_di_Santo_Stefano_da_Lepanto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chiesa_di_Santo_Stefano_Pisa%2C_Jacopo_Ligozzi%2C_il_ritorno_dei_Cavalieri_di_Santo_Stefano_da_Lepanto.jpg/600px-Chiesa_di_Santo_Stefano_Pisa%2C_Jacopo_Ligozzi%2C_il_ritorno_dei_Cavalieri_di_Santo_Stefano_da_Lepanto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption><i>The Return of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Order of Saint Stephen">Knights of Saint Stephen</a> from the Battle of Lepanto</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Ligozzi" title="Jacopo Ligozzi">Jacopo Ligozzi</a> (c. 1610, <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_dei_Cavalieri,_Pisa" title="Santo Stefano dei Cavalieri, Pisa">Santo Stefano dei Cavalieri, Pisa</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Pius V died on 1 May 1572. The diverging interests of the League members began to show, and the alliance began to unravel. In 1573, the Holy League fleet failed to sail altogether; instead, Don Juan attacked and took <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, only for it to be <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">retaken by the Ottomans</a> in 1574. Venice, fearing the loss of its Dalmatian possessions and a possible invasion of <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>, and eager to cut its losses and resume the trade with the Ottoman Empire, initiated unilateral negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Holy League was disbanded with the peace treaty of 7 March 1573, which concluded the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%9373)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73)">War of Cyprus</a>. Venice was forced to accept loser's terms in spite of the victory at Lepanto. Cyprus was formally <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus under the Ottoman Empire">ceded to the Ottoman Empire</a>, and Venice agreed to pay an indemnity of 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a>. In addition, the border between the two powers in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> was modified by the Turkish occupation of small but important parts of the hinterland that included the most fertile agricultural areas near the cities, with adverse effects on the economy of the Venetian cities in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peace would hold between the two states until the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War</a> of 1645.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1574, the Ottomans <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">retook the strategic city of Tunis</a> from the Spanish-supported <a href="/wiki/Hafsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsid">Hafsid</a> dynasty, which had been re-installed after John of Austria's forces reconquered the city from the Ottomans the year before. Thanks to the long-standing <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>, the Ottomans were able to resume naval activity in the western Mediterranean. In 1576, the Ottomans assisted in Abdul Malik's capture of <a href="/wiki/Fes,_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes, Morocco">Fez</a> – this reinforced the Ottoman indirect conquests in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> that had begun under <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>. The establishment of Ottoman suzerainty over the area placed the entire southern coast of the Mediterranean from the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Gibraltar">Straits of Gibraltar</a> to Greece under Ottoman authority, with the exceptions of the Spanish-controlled trading city of <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> and strategic settlements such as <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>. But after 1580, the Ottoman Empire could no longer compete with the advances of European navies, especially following the development of the galleon and line of battle tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lepanto_by_Martin_Rota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Battle_of_Lepanto_by_Martin_Rota.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Lepanto_by_Martin_Rota.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Battle_of_Lepanto_by_Martin_Rota.jpg/450px-Battle_of_Lepanto_by_Martin_Rota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Battle_of_Lepanto_by_Martin_Rota.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Lepanto_by_Martin_Rota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Lepanto by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rota" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Rota">Martin Rota</a>, 1572 print, Venice</figcaption></figure> <p>The Holy League credited the victory to the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism">Virgin Mary</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Intercession" title="Intercession">intercession</a> with God they had implored for victory through the use of the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>. Andrea Doria had kept a copy of the miraculous image of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a> given to him by King Philip II of Spain in his ship's state room.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> instituted a new Catholic feast day of Our Lady of Victory to commemorate the battle, which is now celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as the feast of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of the Rosary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominican friar Juan Lopez in his 1584 book on the rosary states that the feast of the rosary was offered "in memory and in perpetual gratitude of the miraculous victory that the Lord gave to his Christian people that day against the Turkish armada".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A piece of commemorative music composed after the victory is the motet <i>Canticum Moysis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Sea" title="Song of the Sea">Song of Moses Exodus 15</a>) <i>Pro victoria navali contra Turcas</i> by the Spanish composer based in Rome <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_las_Infantas" title="Fernando de las Infantas">Fernando de las Infantas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other piece of music is <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Kerle" title="Jacobus de Kerle">Jacobus de Kerle</a>'s "Cantio octo vocum de sacro foedere contra Turcas" 1572 (Song in Eight Voices on the Holy League Against the Turks), in the opinion of Pettitt (2006) an "exuberantly militaristic" piece celebrating the victory.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were celebrations and festivities with <i>triumphs</i> and pageants at Rome and Venice with Turkish slaves in chains.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accounts">Accounts</h3></div> <p>Giovanni Pietro Contarini's <i>History of the Events, which occurred from the Beginning of the War Brought against the Venetians by Selim the Ottoman, to the Day of the Great and Victorious Battle against the Turks</i> was published in 1572, a few months after Lepanto. It was the first comprehensive account of the war, and the only one to attempt a concise but complete overview of its course and the Holy League's triumph. Contarini's account went beyond effusive praise and mere factual reporting to examine the meaning and importance of these events. It is also the only full historical account by an immediate commentator, blending his straightforward narrative with keen and consistent reflections on the political philosophy of conflict in the context of the Ottoman–Catholic confrontation in the early modern Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg/220px-Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg/330px-Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg/440px-Felipe_IV_offers_Ferdinand_to_Glory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption> <i>Felipe II offers Prince Fernando to Victory</i> by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1572–1575</span>, <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>, Madrid</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many pictorial representations of the battle. Prints of the order of battle appeared in Venice and Rome in 1571.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous paintings were commissioned, including one in the <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace,_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Doge's Palace, Venice">Doge's Palace, Venice</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Vicentino" title="Andrea Vicentino">Andrea Vicentino</a> on the walls of the <i>Sala dello Scrutinio</i>, which replaced <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>'s <i>Victory of Lepanto</i>, destroyed by fire in 1577. <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> painted the battle in the background of an allegorical work showing Philip II of Spain holding his infant son, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Don Fernando</a>, his male heir born shortly after the victory, on 4 December 1571. An angel descends from heaven bearing a palm branch with a motto for Fernando, who is held up by Philip: "Majora tibi" (may you achieve greater deeds; Fernando died as a child, in 1578).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Allegory of the Battle of Lepanto</i> (c. 1572, oil on canvas, 169 x 137 cm, <a href="/wiki/Gallerie_dell%27Accademia" title="Gallerie dell'Accademia">Gallerie dell'Accademia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>) is a painting by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a>. The lower half of the painting shows the events of the battle, whilst at the top a female personification of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> is presented to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, with <a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">Saint James Major</a> (patron of Spain), <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> (patron of the Papal States), <a href="/wiki/Justina_of_Padua" title="Justina of Padua">Saint Justina</a> (patron of Padua), <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mark">Saint Mark</a> (patron of Venice), and a group of angels in attendance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A painting by <a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_Cobergher" title="Wenceslas Cobergher">Wenceslas Cobergher</a>, dated to the end of the 16th century, now in <a href="/wiki/San_Domenico_Maggiore" title="San Domenico Maggiore">San Domenico Maggiore</a>, shows what is interpreted as a victory procession in Rome on the return of admiral Colonna. On the stairs of Saint Peter's Basilica, Pius V is visible in front of a kneeling figure, identified as Marcantonio Colonna returning the standard of the Holy League to the pope. On high is the Madonna and child with victory palms.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Dolabella" title="Tommaso Dolabella">Tommaso Dolabella</a> painted his <i>The Battle of Lepanto</i> in c. 1625–1630 on the commission of <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lubomirski_(1583%E2%80%931649)" title="Stanisław Lubomirski (1583–1649)">Stanisław Lubomirski</a>, commander of the Polish left wing in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Battle of Khotyn (1621)</a>. The monumental painting (3.05 m × 6.35 m) combines the Polish victory procession following this battle with the backdrop of the Battle of Lepanto. It was later owned by the Dominicans of <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> and since 1927 has been on display in <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Lepanto_(Luna_painting)" title="The Battle of Lepanto (Luna painting)">The Battle of Lepanto</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a> (1887) is displayed at the Spanish Senate in Madrid. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Venice)_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Allegory of the Battle of Lepanto by Paolo Veronese (c. 1572, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice"><img alt="The Allegory of the Battle of Lepanto by Paolo Veronese (c. 1572, Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%28Venice%29_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg/97px-%28Venice%29_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%28Venice%29_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg/145px-%28Venice%29_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%28Venice%29_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg/194px-%28Venice%29_Allegoria_della_battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Gallerie_Accademia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="6678" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Allegory of the Battle of Lepanto</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a> (c. 1572, <a href="/wiki/Gallerie_dell%27Accademia" title="Gallerie dell'Accademia">Gallerie dell'Accademia</a>, Venice </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Venice)_Battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Andrea_Vicentino_-_Correr_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Lepanto by Andrea Vicentino (c. 1571-1600), Museo Correr, Venice"><img alt="The Battle of Lepanto by Andrea Vicentino (c. 1571-1600), Museo Correr, Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%28Venice%29_Battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Andrea_Vicentino_-_Correr_Museum.jpg/120px-%28Venice%29_Battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Andrea_Vicentino_-_Correr_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%28Venice%29_Battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Andrea_Vicentino_-_Correr_Museum.jpg/180px-%28Venice%29_Battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Andrea_Vicentino_-_Correr_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%28Venice%29_Battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Andrea_Vicentino_-_Correr_Museum.jpg/240px-%28Venice%29_Battaglia_di_Lepanto_-_Andrea_Vicentino_-_Correr_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7594" data-file-height="3643" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Battle of Lepanto</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Vicentino" title="Andrea Vicentino">Andrea Vicentino</a> (c. 1571-1600), <a href="/wiki/Museo_Correr" title="Museo Correr">Museo Correr</a>, Venice </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lepanto_1595-1605_Andrea_Vicentino.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Lepanto by Andrea Vicentino (c. 1600, Doge's Palace, Venice)"><img alt="The Battle of Lepanto by Andrea Vicentino (c. 1600, Doge's Palace, Venice)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Battle_of_Lepanto_1595-1605_Andrea_Vicentino.jpg/120px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1595-1605_Andrea_Vicentino.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Battle_of_Lepanto_1595-1605_Andrea_Vicentino.jpg/180px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1595-1605_Andrea_Vicentino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Battle_of_Lepanto_1595-1605_Andrea_Vicentino.jpg/240px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1595-1605_Andrea_Vicentino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Battle of Lepanto</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Vicentino" title="Andrea Vicentino">Andrea Vicentino</a> (c. 1600, <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace" title="Doge's Palace">Doge's Palace</a>, Venice)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepanto_Dolabella.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Lepanto by Tommaso Dolabella (c. 1625–1630, Wawel Castle, Kraków)"><img alt="The Battle of Lepanto by Tommaso Dolabella (c. 1625–1630, Wawel Castle, Kraków)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lepanto_Dolabella.jpg/120px-Lepanto_Dolabella.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lepanto_Dolabella.jpg/180px-Lepanto_Dolabella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lepanto_Dolabella.jpg/240px-Lepanto_Dolabella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Battle of Lepanto</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Dolabella" title="Tommaso Dolabella">Tommaso Dolabella</a> (c. 1625–1630, <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a>, Kraków)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27The_Battle_of_Lepanto%27,_painting_by_Andries_van_Eertvelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Lepanto by Andries van Eertvelt (1640)"><img alt="The Battle of Lepanto by Andries van Eertvelt (1640)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%27The_Battle_of_Lepanto%27%2C_painting_by_Andries_van_Eertvelt.jpg/120px-%27The_Battle_of_Lepanto%27%2C_painting_by_Andries_van_Eertvelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%27The_Battle_of_Lepanto%27%2C_painting_by_Andries_van_Eertvelt.jpg/180px-%27The_Battle_of_Lepanto%27%2C_painting_by_Andries_van_Eertvelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%27The_Battle_of_Lepanto%27%2C_painting_by_Andries_van_Eertvelt.jpg/240px-%27The_Battle_of_Lepanto%27%2C_painting_by_Andries_van_Eertvelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1029" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Battle of Lepanto</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andries_van_Eertvelt" title="Andries van Eertvelt">Andries van Eertvelt</a> (1640)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Lepanto_of_1571_full_version_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Lepanto by Juan Luna (1887, Spanish Senate, Madrid)"><img alt="The Battle of Lepanto by Juan Luna (1887, Spanish Senate, Madrid)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_Battle_of_Lepanto_of_1571_full_version_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/120px-The_Battle_of_Lepanto_of_1571_full_version_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_Battle_of_Lepanto_of_1571_full_version_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/180px-The_Battle_of_Lepanto_of_1571_full_version_by_Juan_Luna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_Battle_of_Lepanto_of_1571_full_version_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/240px-The_Battle_of_Lepanto_of_1571_full_version_by_Juan_Luna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="1682" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Battle of Lepanto</i> by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a> (1887, Spanish Senate, Madrid)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battaglia_di_Lepanto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Lepanto by Tintoretto"><img alt="The Battle of Lepanto by Tintoretto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Battaglia_di_Lepanto.jpg/120px-Battaglia_di_Lepanto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Battaglia_di_Lepanto.jpg/180px-Battaglia_di_Lepanto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Battaglia_di_Lepanto.jpg/240px-Battaglia_di_Lepanto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="1044" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Battle of Lepanto</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Lepanto by anonymous"><img alt="The Battle of Lepanto by anonymous" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Naval_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpg/120px-Naval_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Naval_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpg/180px-Naval_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Naval_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpg/240px-Naval_Battle_of_Lepanto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Battle of Lepanto</i> by anonymous</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgio_vasari_e_aiuti,_la_battaglia_di_lepanto,_1572-73,_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Lepanto by Giorgio Vasari"><img alt="The Battle of Lepanto by Giorgio Vasari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giorgio_vasari_e_aiuti%2C_la_battaglia_di_lepanto%2C_1572-73%2C_03.jpg/120px-Giorgio_vasari_e_aiuti%2C_la_battaglia_di_lepanto%2C_1572-73%2C_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giorgio_vasari_e_aiuti%2C_la_battaglia_di_lepanto%2C_1572-73%2C_03.jpg/180px-Giorgio_vasari_e_aiuti%2C_la_battaglia_di_lepanto%2C_1572-73%2C_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giorgio_vasari_e_aiuti%2C_la_battaglia_di_lepanto%2C_1572-73%2C_03.jpg/240px-Giorgio_vasari_e_aiuti%2C_la_battaglia_di_lepanto%2C_1572-73%2C_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3152" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Battle of Lepanto</i> by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Messina,_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_(1572)_vincitore_di_lepanto,_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Messina%2C_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_%281572%29_vincitore_di_lepanto%2C_01.JPG/250px-Messina%2C_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_%281572%29_vincitore_di_lepanto%2C_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Messina%2C_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_%281572%29_vincitore_di_lepanto%2C_01.JPG/375px-Messina%2C_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_%281572%29_vincitore_di_lepanto%2C_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Messina%2C_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_%281572%29_vincitore_di_lepanto%2C_01.JPG/500px-Messina%2C_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_%281572%29_vincitore_di_lepanto%2C_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria_(Messina)" title="John of Austria (Messina)">Monument to John of Austria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria_(Messina)" title="John of Austria (Messina)">statue of John of Austria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> was erected by decision of the city's Senate in 1571, as John had returned to Messina after the battle. It was sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Calamech" title="Andrea Calamech">Andrea Calamech</a> and dedicated in 1572. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_and_fiction">Poetry and fiction</h3></div> <p>There was an immediate poetical response to the victory at Lepanto. In Italy alone 233 titles of sonnets, madrigals and poems were printed between 1571 and 1573, some of these including writing in dialect or Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was replicated by the Spanish response, with poems in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> and the Mallorcan dialect and full scale epics by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Latino" title="Juan Latino">Juan Latino</a> (<i>Austriados libri duo</i> 1573), <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Corte-Real" title="Jerónimo Corte-Real">Jerónimo Corte-Real</a> ( <i>Austriada ou Felicissima Victoria</i>, 1578) and <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Rufo" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Rufo">es:Juan Rufo</a> (<i>La Austriada</i>, 1586). Though these longer works have, in the words of a later critic, "not unjustly been consigned to that oblivion which few epics have escaped", there was also a <a href="/wiki/Romance_(music)" title="Romance (music)">Spanish ballad</a> which retained its popularity and was translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rodd" title="Thomas Rodd">Thomas Rodd</a> in 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most popular British poem on the subject was <i>The Lepanto</i> by King <a href="/wiki/James_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI">James VI</a> of Scotland. Written in <a href="/wiki/Fourteener_(poetry)" title="Fourteener (poetry)">fourteeners</a> about 1585, its thousand lines were ultimately collected in <i>His Maiesties Poeticall Exercises at Vacant Houres</i> (1591),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then published separately in 1603 after James had become king of England too. There were also translations in other languages, including into Dutch as <i>Den Slach van Lepanten</i> (1593) by Abraham van der Myl,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>La Lepanthe</i>, the French version by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Salluste_Du_Bartas" title="Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas">Du Bartas</a>, accompanied James' 1591 edition; a Latin version, the <i>Naupactiados Metaphrasis</i> by Thomas Murray (1564–1623), followed a year after James' 1603 publication.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The royal connection ensured that the battle was featured in Stuart aquatic pageants representing sea battles between Christians and Turks well into the reign.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1632, the story of the battle was retold in couplets in <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Holland" title="Abraham Holland">Abraham Holland</a>'s <i>Naumachia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Centuries later <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> revisited the conflict in his lively narrative poem <i><a href="/wiki/Lepanto_(poem)" title="Lepanto (poem)">Lepanto</a></i>, first published in 1911 and republished many times since. It provided a series of poetic visions of the major characters in the battle, particularly the leader of the Christian forces, Don Juan of Austria, then closed with verses linking <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, who also fought in the battle, with the "lean and foolish knight" he would later immortalise in <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>. </p><p>At the start of the 20th century too, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Salgari" title="Emilio Salgari">Emilio Salgari</a> devoted his historical novel, <i>Il Leone di Damasco</i> ("The Lion of Damascus", 1910), to the Battle of Lepanto, which was eventually to be adapted to film by <a href="/wiki/Corrado_D%27Errico" title="Corrado D'Errico">Corrado D'Errico</a> in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942 as well, English author <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Goudge" title="Elizabeth Goudge">Elizabeth Goudge</a> has a character in her war-time novel, <i>The Castle on the Hill</i> (1942), recall the leading role of John of Austria in the battle and the presence of Cervantes there. Much as combatants had appropriated Chesterton's poem to the circumstances of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goudge harnessed that ancient incident to British resistance to Nazi Germany during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Lepanto" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepanto_(poem)" title="Lepanto (poem)">Lepanto (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zonchio" title="Battle of Zonchio">Battle of Zonchio</a> (1499)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Battle of Preveza</a> (1538)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a> (1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Siege of Malta</a> (1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Navy" title="Papal Navy">Papal Navy</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Guilmartin_253-255-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guilmartin_253-255_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Guilmartin (1974), pp. 253–255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANG-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANG_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKonstam2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Konstam" title="Angus Konstam">Konstam, Angus</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xloOS43F-X8C&pg=PA23"><i>Lepanto 1571: The Greatest Naval Battle of the Renaissance</i></a>. United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. pp. 20–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-409-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-409-4"><bdi>1-84176-409-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lepanto+1571%3A+The+Greatest+Naval+Battle+of+the+Renaissance&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=20-23&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84176-409-4&rft.aulast=Konstam&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxloOS43F-X8C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MhL-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MhL_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez_de_la_Puente_y_Acevedo1853" class="citation book cs1">Fernandez de la Puente y Acevedo, José (1853). <i>Memoria histórico-crítica del célebre combate naval y victoria de Lepanto</i>. Madrid, Spain: Real Academia de la Historia. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoria+hist%C3%B3rico-cr%C3%ADtica+del+c%C3%A9lebre+combate+naval+y+victoria+de+Lepanto&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Fernandez+de+la+Puente+y+Acevedo&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Parker_87-88_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Parker, <i>The Military Revolution</i>, pp. 87–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nolan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nolan_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Cathal (2006). <i>The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 2</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 529.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Wars+of+Religion%2C+1000%E2%80%931650%3A+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Warfare+and+Civilization%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=529&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Cathal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010178-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010178_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010178_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2010178_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2010">Tucker 2010</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Confrontation at Lepanto</i> by T. C. F. Hopkins, intro</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens107-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens107_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens107_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Oliver Stevens and Allan F. Westcott, <i>A History of Sea Power</i>, 1920, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999195-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999195_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999195_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson201096-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson201096_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanson2010">Hanson 2010</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens83-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens83_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Stevens, <i>History of Sea Power</i> (1920), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bN11UKPTew0C&pg=PA83">p. 83</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaton2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Beaton" title="Roderick Beaton">Beaton, Roderick</a> (2021). <i>The Greeks: A Global History</i> (1st ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781541618299" title="Special:BookSources/9781541618299"><bdi>9781541618299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks%3A+A+Global+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=368&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781541618299&rft.aulast=Beaton&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keegan-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keegan_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keegan, <i>A History of Warfare </i> (1993), p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refWheatcroft2004">Wheatcroft 2004, p. 34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. William Stevens, <i>History of Sea Power</i> (1920), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bN11UKPTew0C&pg=PA83">p. 83</a>; Frederick A. de Armas, <i>Cervantes, Raphael and the Classics</i> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVUCz-BNWHUC&pg=PA87">p. 87</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His efforts to finance the Holy League against the Ottomans earned Philip II, the "Most Catholic King", his place as "champion of Catholicism throughout Europe, a role that led him to spectacular victories and equally spectacular defeats. Spain's leadership of a 'holy league' against Turkish enroachments in the Mediterranean resulted in a stunning victory over the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Philip's greatest misfortunes came from his attempts to crush the revolt in the Netherlands and his tortured relations with Queen Elizabeth of England."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson_J._Spielvogel2012" class="citation book cs1">Jackson J. Spielvogel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=APlvG4Ur6TwC&pg=PA293"><i>Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume II: Since 1500</i></a> (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781133607939" title="Special:BookSources/9781133607939"><bdi>9781133607939</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+A+Brief+History%2C+Volume+II%3A+Since+1500&rft.pages=253&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781133607939&rft.au=Jackson+J.+Spielvogel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPlvG4Ur6TwC%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999199-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999199_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The image shown is a reproduction of an 1888 watercolour drawn from a copy of the banner in the Museo Naval in Madrid. The original is kept in the Museo de Santa Cruz in Toledo. The banner was given to <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Cathedral" title="Toledo Cathedral">Toledo Cathedral</a> in 1616. It was moved to the Museo de Santa Cruz in 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/cervantistas/congresos/cg_IV/cg_IV_04.pdf">F. Javier Campos y Fernández de Sevilla, "Cervantes. Lepanto y el Escorial"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goffman (2002), p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrabine2018" class="citation journal cs1">Carrabine, Eamonn (2018-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01639625.2017.1407113">"Reading a 'Titian': Visual Methods and the Limits of Interpretation"</a>. <i>Deviant Behavior</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 525–538. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.2017.1407113">10.1080/01639625.2017.1407113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-9625">0163-9625</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148665399">148665399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deviant+Behavior&rft.atitle=Reading+a+%27Titian%27%3A+Visual+Methods+and+the+Limits+of+Interpretation&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=525-538&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148665399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0163-9625&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01639625.2017.1407113&rft.aulast=Carrabine&rft.aufirst=Eamonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F01639625.2017.1407113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins200659–60-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins200659–60_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins2006">Hopkins 2006</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavona-Ventura2015" class="citation journal cs1">Savona-Ventura, Charles (Nov 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/47341">"The Order of St. Lazarus in the Battle of Lepanto, October 1571"</a>. <i>Sancti Lazari Ordinis Academia Internationalis</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sancti+Lazari+Ordinis+Academia+Internationalis&rft.atitle=The+Order+of+St.+Lazarus+in+the+Battle+of+Lepanto%2C+October+1571&rft.date=2015-11&rft.aulast=Savona-Ventura&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F47341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stevens">Stevens (1942)</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Setton1984-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Setton1984_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Setton">Setton (1984)</a>, p. 1047. Meyer Setton, Kenneth: <i>The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571</i>, Vol. IV. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-162-0">978-0-87169-162-0</a>, p. 1047.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcherFerrisHerwigTravers2002258-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcherFerrisHerwigTravers2002258_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArcherFerrisHerwigTravers2002">Archer et al. 2002</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rick Scorza, "Vasari's Lepanto Frescoes: <i>Apparati</i>, Medals, Prints and the Celebration of Victory", <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i> 75 (2012), 141–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstam2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Konstam" title="Angus Konstam">Konstam, Angus</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xloOS43F-X8C&pg=PA23"><i>Lepanto 1571: The Greatest Naval Battle Of The Renaissance</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-409-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-409-4"><bdi>1-84176-409-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lepanto+1571%3A+The+Greatest+Naval+Battle+Of+The+Renaissance&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84176-409-4&rft.aulast=Konstam&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxloOS43F-X8C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens67-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens67_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stevens">Stevens (1942)</a>, pp. 66–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861899467" title="Special:BookSources/1861899467">1861899467</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISBN|0-306-81544-3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISBN|0-306-81544-3_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISBN|0-306-81544-3_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81544-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81544-3">0-306-81544-3</a>, p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stevens">Stevens (1942)</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Hanlon. <i>The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560–1800.</i> Routledge: 1997. p. 22. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Setton-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Setton_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Setton_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Setton">Setton (1984)</a>, p. 1026</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam (2003), p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYildirim2007" class="citation journal cs1">Yildirim, Onur (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storiamediterranea.it/public/md1_dir/b700.pdf">"The Battle of Lepanto and Its Impact on Ottoman History and Historiography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mediterraneo in Armi (Secc. XV–XVIII)</i>. <b>2</b>: 537–538. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1828-1818">1828-1818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterraneo+in+Armi+%28Secc.+XV%E2%80%93XVIII%29&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Lepanto+and+Its+Impact+on+Ottoman+History+and+Historiography&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=537-538&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1828-1818&rft.aulast=Yildirim&rft.aufirst=Onur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storiamediterranea.it%2Fpublic%2Fmd1_dir%2Fb700.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer2012" class="citation book cs1">Brewer, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eBCMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92"><i>Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-167-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-167-9"><bdi>978-0-85772-167-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece%2C+the+Hidden+Centuries%3A+Turkish+Rule+from+the+Fall+of+Constantinople+to+Greek+Independence&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-167-9&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeBCMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guilmartin_222-225-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guilmartin_222-225_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guilmartin_222-225_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guilmartin_222-225_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Guilmartin (1974), pp. 222–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first regularly sanctioned use of convicts as oarsmen on Venetian galleys did not occur until 1549. re Tenenti, <i>Cristoforo da Canal</i>, pp. 83, 85. See Tenenti, <i>Piracy and the Decline of Venice</i> (Berkeley, 1967), pp. 124–25, for Cristoforo da Canal's comments on the tactical effectiveness of free oarsmen c. 1587 though he was mainly concerned with their higher cost. Ismail Uzuncarsili, <i>Osmanli Devletenin Merkez ve Bahriye Teskilati</i> (Ankara, 1948), p. 482, cites a squadron of 41 Ottoman galleys in 1556 of which the flagship and two others were rowed by Azabs, salaried volunteer light infantrymen, three were rowed by slaves and the remaining 36 were rowed by salaried mercenary Greek oarsmen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam (2003), pp. 20–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens63-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens63_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stevens">Stevens (1942)</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81544-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81544-3">0-306-81544-3</a>, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens103-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens103_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens103_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Oliver Stevens and Allan F. Westcott, <i>A History of Sea Power</i>, 1920, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glete, Jan: <i>Warfare at Sea, 1500–1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe</i>. Routledge. 2000. p. 105. Retrieved from Ebrary. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens64-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens64_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stevens">Stevens (1942)</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">after a <a href="/wiki/File:Lapanto_formation.png" title="File:Lapanto formation.png">figure</a> from William Oliver Stevens and Allan F. Westcott, <i>A History of Sea Power</i>, 1920, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens104-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens104_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Oliver Stevens and Allan F. Westcott, <i>A History of Sea Power</i>, 1920, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens105-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens105_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Oliver Stevens and Allan F. Westcott, <i>A History of Sea Power</i>, 1920, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302011047/http://www.fondazionecaripisa.it/index.php?id=20&lang=it">"Restauro delle Bandiere della Chiesa Nazionale dei Cavalieri di S.Stefano"</a>. <i>fondazionecaripisa.it</i>. 2000-06-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondazionecaripisa.it/index.php?id=20&lang=it">the original</a> on 2007-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fondazionecaripisa.it&rft.atitle=Restauro+delle+Bandiere+della+Chiesa+Nazionale+dei+Cavalieri+di+S.Stefano&rft.date=2000-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fondazionecaripisa.it%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D20%26lang%3Dit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107055534/http://www.navigationdusavoir.net/PortalPisa/PercorsiDidattici/percorso6/scheda_predediguerra.html">"Prede di guerra"</a>. <i>www.navigationdusavoir.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navigationdusavoir.net/PortalPisa/PercorsiDidattici/percorso6/scheda_predediguerra.html">the original</a> on 2009-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.navigationdusavoir.net&rft.atitle=Prede+di+guerra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navigationdusavoir.net%2FPortalPisa%2FPercorsiDidattici%2Fpercorso6%2Fscheda_predediguerra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis200994-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis200994_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2009">Davis 2009</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasiotisGuirao2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hasiotis, Ioannis; Guirao, Motos (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeY_AQAAIAAJ"><i>Tendiendo Puentes en el Mediterráneo: Estudios Sobre las Relaciones Hispano-Griegas (ss. XV–XIX)</i></a> (in Spanish). Granada: Centro de Estudios Bizantinos, Neogriegos y Chipriotas, University of Granada. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-95905-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-95905-28-4"><bdi>978-84-95905-28-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tendiendo+Puentes+en+el+Mediterr%C3%A1neo%3A+Estudios+Sobre+las+Relaciones+Hispano-Griegas+%28ss.+XV%E2%80%93XIX%29&rft.place=Granada&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudios+Bizantinos%2C+Neogriegos+y+Chipriotas%2C+University+of+Granada&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-84-95905-28-4&rft.aulast=Hasiotis&rft.aufirst=Ioannis&rft.au=Guirao%2C+Motos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIeY_AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refWheatcroft2004">Wheatcroft 2004, pp. 33–34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2012451-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbulafia2012451_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbulafia2012">Abulafia 2012</a>, p. 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1999194-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1999194_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fleet-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fleet_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Norwich, <i>A History of Venice</i>, 490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinross272-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kinross272_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Kinross, <i>The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire</i>, 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refWheatcroft2004">Wheatcroft 2004, p. 34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilmartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Guilmartin, John F. (2003). <i>Galleons and Galleys: Gunpowder and the Changing Face of Warfare at Sea, 1300–1650</i>. Cassell. pp. 149–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galleons+and+Galleys%3A+Gunpowder+and+the+Changing+Face+of+Warfare+at+Sea%2C+1300%E2%80%931650&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Guilmartin&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2006" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2006). <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923</i>. London: John Murray. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+1300%E2%80%931923&rft.place=London&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1984" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth M. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_DUwLAAAAIAAJ#page/n537/mode/2up"><i>The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Vol. IV: The Sixteenth Century</i></a>. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. pp. 1093–1095. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871691149" title="Special:BookSources/9780871691149"><bdi>9780871691149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%2C+Vol.+IV%3A+The+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=1093-1095&rft.pub=Memoirs+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780871691149&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbub_gb_DUwLAAAAIAAJ%23page%2Fn537%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaukar1977" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raukar, Tomislav (November 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=86538&lang=en">"Venecija i ekonomski razvoj Dalmacije u XV i XVI stoljeću"</a>. <i>Journal – Institute of Croatian History</i> (in Croatian). <b>10</b> (1). Zagreb, Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Philosophy,_Zagreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb">Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb</a>: 221. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0353-295X">0353-295X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+%E2%80%93+Institute+of+Croatian+History&rft.atitle=Venecija+i+ekonomski+razvoj+Dalmacije+u+XV+i+XVI+stolje%C4%87u&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=221&rft.date=1977-11&rft.issn=0353-295X&rft.aulast=Raukar&rft.aufirst=Tomislav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D86538%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkel (2006), p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"After 1580, there was a growing distaste for maritime ventures; the Ottoman fleet lay rotting in the still waters of the Horn." Roger Crowley, "Empires of the Sea: The siege of Malta, the battle of Lepanto and the contest for the center of the world", publisher Random House, 2008, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadde2005" class="citation book cs1">Badde, Paul (2005). <i>Maria von Guadalupe. Wie das Erscheinen der Jungfrau Weltgeschichte schrieb</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-548-60561-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-548-60561-3"><bdi>3-548-60561-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maria+von+Guadalupe.+Wie+das+Erscheinen+der+Jungfrau+Weltgeschichte+schrieb&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-548-60561-3&rft.aulast=Badde&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alban Butler, <i>Butler's Lives Of The Saints</i> (1999), p. 222. See also <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a> on <i>Battle of Lepanto (1571)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/olislam.htm">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Libro en que se tratea de la importancia y exercicio del santo rosario</i>, Zaragoza: Domingo Portonariis y Ursino (1584), cited after Lorenzo F. Candelaria, <i>The Rosary Cantoral: Ritual and Social Design in a Chantbook from Early Renaissance Toledo</i>, University Rochester Press (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O73QaLuBuHkC&pg=PA109">p. 109</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, R. Chapter 'Other church masters' section 14. 'Infantas' in Spanish Cathedral Music in the Golden Age pp. 316–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Pettitt, "Classical: New Releases: Jacobus De Kerle: Da Pacem Domine", <i>Sunday Times</i>, Jan 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Rick Scorza's article in <i>The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_McGrath_(art_historian)" title="Elizabeth McGrath (art historian)">Elizabeth McGrath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Michel_Massing" title="Jean Michel Massing">Jean Michel Massing</a>, London (The Warburg Institute) and Turin 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContarini2019" class="citation book cs1">Contarini, Giovanni Pietro (2019) [1572]. <i>From Cyprus to Lepanto: History of the Events, which Occurred from the Beginning of the War Brought Against the Venetians by Selim the Ottoman, to the Day of the Great and Victorious Battle Against the Turks</i>. Translated by Petkov, Kiril. Italica Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59910-383-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59910-383-9"><bdi>978-1-59910-383-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyprus+to+Lepanto%3A+History+of+the+Events%2C+which+Occurred+from+the+Beginning+of+the+War+Brought+Against+the+Venetians+by+Selim+the+Ottoman%2C+to+the+Day+of+the+Great+and+Victorious+Battle+Against+the+Turks&rft.pub=Italica+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-59910-383-9&rft.aulast=Contarini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Pietro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">anonymous chalcography, 1571, Museo Civico Correr, Museo di Storia Navale, Venice; <i>Vero retratto del armata Christiana et Turchesca in ordinanza [...] dove li nostri ebero la gloriosa vitoria tra Lepanto [...]</i>, 1571; <i>Il vero ordine et modo tenuto dalle Chistiana et turchescha nella bataglia, che fu all. 7. Ottobrio [...]</i>, Venice 1571, Museo di Storia Navale, Venice; Agostino Barberigo, <i>L' ultimo Et vero Ritrato Di la vitoria de L'armata Cristiana de la santissima liga Contre a L'armata Turcheschà [...]</i>, 1571. Antonio Lafreri, <i>L’ordine tenuto dall’armata della santa Lega Christiana contro il Turcho [...], n'e seguita la felicissima Vittoria li sette d'Ottobre MDLXXI [...]</i>, Rome, 1571 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b550003230">bnf.fr</a>). Bernhard Jobin, <i>Mercklicher Schiffstreit /und Schlachtordnung beyder Christlichjen / und Türckischen Armada / wie sich die jüngst den 7. Oktob. 71. Jar verloffen / eigentlich fürgerissen / und warhafftig beschrieben</i>, Strasbourg, 1572; cited after Rudolph (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Enggass and Jonathan Brown, <i>Italian and Spanish Art, 1600–1750: Sources and Documents</i> (1992), p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Flemish Masters and Other Artists: Foreign Artists from the Heritage of the Fondo Edifici Di Culto Del Ministero Dell'interno</i> (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5T91jgvbUMC&pg=PA83">p. 83</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Misiag-Bochenska, <i>Historia obrazu Tomasza Dolabelli Bitwa pod Lepanto</i>, <i>Nautologia</i> 3.1/2 (1968/9), 64–65. Krystyna Fabijańska-Przybytko, <i>Morze w malarstwie polskim</i> (1990), p. 104. Gino Benzoni, <i>Il Mediterraneo Nella Seconda Metà Del '500 Alla Luce Di Lepanto</i> (1974), p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emma Grootveld, <i>Trumpets of Lepanto. Italian narrative poetry (1571–1650) on the war of Cyprus</i>, KU Leuven & University of Ghent 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414213241/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/157814375.pdf">p.7 ff</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Stirling Maxwell, <i>Don John of Austria: Or Passages from the History of the Sixteenth Century</i>, Longmans 1883, Vol. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt0nAQAAIAAJ">pp. 454–466</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6oQ8AAAAcAAJ">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Astrid Stilma, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNXOCwAAQBAJ&dq=Abraham+van+der+Myl++Lepanto&pg=PT108"><i>The Writings of King James VI & I and their Interpretation in the Low Countries</i></a>, Routledge 2016,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dana F. Sutton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/murray2">University of California hypertext edition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Bergeron, "Are we turned Turks?": English Pageants and the Stuart Court, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/compdr/vol44/iss3/1">Comparative Drama: Vol. 44.3 (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A03457.0001.001?view=toc">text online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Errico" class="citation web cs1">D'Errico, Corrado. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0033825/">"Il Leone Di Damasco"</a>. <i>www.imdb.com</i>. IMDb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imdb.com&rft.atitle=Il+Leone+Di+Damasco&rft.aulast=D%27Errico&rft.aufirst=Corrado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0033825%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luke J. Foster, "Tilting After the Trenches: The Quixotic Return of Heroism in G.K. Chesterton's Modernism", Columbia University Department of English & Comparative Literature 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29352396/Tilting_After_the_Trenches_The_Quixotic_Return_of_Heroism_in_G_K_Chestertons_Modernism">p.2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudge2019" class="citation book cs1">Goudge, Elizabeth (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TaR1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Lepanto+%22The+Castle+on+the+Hill%22&pg=PT93">"V"</a>. <i>The Castle on the Hill</i>. Hachette UK. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781529378139" title="Special:BookSources/9781529378139"><bdi>9781529378139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V&rft.btitle=The+Castle+on+the+Hill&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781529378139&rft.aulast=Goudge&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTaR1DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLepanto%2B%2522The%2BCastle%2Bon%2Bthe%2BHill%2522%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbulafia2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Abulafia" title="David Abulafia">Abulafia, David</a> (2012). <i>The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean</i>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19931-599-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19931-599-4"><bdi>978-0-19931-599-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Sea%3A+A+Human+History+of+the+Mediterranean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19931-599-4&rft.aulast=Abulafia&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Anderson, R. C. <i>Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853</i>, (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57898-538-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57898-538-2">1-57898-538-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcherFerrisHerwigTravers2002" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Christon; Ferris, John R.; Herwig, Holger H.; Travers, Timothy H.E. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch"><i>World History of Warfare</i></a></span>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80321-941-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80321-941-0"><bdi>978-0-80321-941-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+of+Warfare&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-80321-941-0&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Christon&rft.au=Ferris%2C+John+R.&rft.au=Herwig%2C+Holger+H.&rft.au=Travers%2C+Timothy+H.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldhistoryofwa00arch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Beeching, Jack. <i>The Galleys at Lepanto</i>, Hutchinson, London, 1982; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-147920-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-147920-7">0-09-147920-7</a></li> <li>Bicheno, Hugh. <i>Crescent and Cross: The Battle of Lepanto 1571</i>, pbk., Phoenix, London, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-753-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-753-5">1-84212-753-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel, Fernand</a>. <i>The Mediterranean in the Age of Philip II</i>. (vol 2 1972), the classic history by the leader of the French <a href="/wiki/Annales_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales School">Annales School</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Mediterranean-World-Age-Philip-II/dp/0520203305/">excerpt and text search vol 2</a> pp 1088–1142</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapponi2006" class="citation book cs1">Capponi, Niccolò (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victoryofwestgre00nicc"><i>Victory of the West:The Great Christian-Muslim Clash at the Battle of Lepanto</i></a>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81544-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81544-3"><bdi>0-306-81544-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+of+the+West%3AThe+Great+Christian-Muslim+Clash+at+the+Battle+of+Lepanto&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-306-81544-3&rft.aulast=Capponi&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictoryofwestgre00nicc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chesterton, G. K. <i>Lepanto with Explanatory Notes and Commentary</i>, Dale Ahlquist, ed. (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58617-030-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58617-030-9">1-58617-030-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClissold1966" class="citation book cs1">Clissold, Stephen (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofyu0000clis"><i>A short history of Yugoslavia</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-04676-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-04676-9"><bdi>0-521-04676-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-521-04676-9&rft.aulast=Clissold&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofyu0000clis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cakir, İbrahim Etem, "Lepanto War and Some Informatıon on the Reconstructıon of The Ottoman Fleet", Turkish Studies – International Periodical For The Language Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Volume 4/3 Spring 2009, pp. 512–31</li> <li>Contarini, Giovanni Pietro. Kiril Petkov, ed and trans. <i>From Cyprus to Lepanto: History of the Events, Which Occurred from the Beginning of the War Brought against the Venetians by Selim the Ottoman, to the Day of the Great and Victorious Battle against the Turks</i>. Italica Press, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59910-381-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59910-381-5">978-1-59910-381-5</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59910-382-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59910-382-2">978-1-59910-382-2</a></li> <li>Cook, M.A. (ed.), "A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730", Cambridge University Press, 1976; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20891-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20891-2">0-521-20891-2</a></li> <li>Crowley, Roger <i>Empires of the Sea: The siege of Malta, the battle of Lepanto and the contest for the center of the world</i>, Random House, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6624-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6624-7">978-1-4000-6624-7</a></li> <li>Currey, E. Hamilton, "Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean", John Murrey, 1910</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Paul K. (1999). <i>100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19514-366-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19514-366-9"><bdi>978-0-19514-366-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Decisive+Battles%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19514-366-9&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2009" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Robert C. (2009). <i>Holy War and Human Bondage</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-27598-950-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-27598-950-7"><bdi>978-0-27598-950-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+War+and+Human+Bondage&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-27598-950-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Guilmartin, John F. (1974) <i>Gunpowder & Galleys: Changing Technology & Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the 16th Century.</i> Cambridge University Press, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20272-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20272-8">0-521-20272-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilmartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Guilmartin, John F. (2003). <i>Galleons and Galleys: Gunpowder and the Changing Face of Warfare at Sea, 1300–1650</i>. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35263-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35263-2"><bdi>0-304-35263-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galleons+and+Galleys%3A+Gunpowder+and+the+Changing+Face+of+Warfare+at+Sea%2C+1300%E2%80%931650&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-304-35263-2&rft.aulast=Guilmartin&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson, Victor D.</a> <i>Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power</i>, Anchor Books, 2001. Published in the UK as <i>Why the West has Won</i>, Faber and Faber, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-21640-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-21640-4">0-571-21640-4</a>. Includes a chapter about the battle of Lepanto</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2010" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Victor Davis (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatherofusallwar00hans"><i>The Father of Us All: War and History, Ancient and Modern</i></a></span>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-410-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-410-0"><bdi>978-1-60819-410-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Father+of+Us+All%3A+War+and+History%2C+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-410-0&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffatherofusallwar00hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattendorf2013" class="citation book cs1">Hattendorf, John B., ed. (2013). <i>Naval Policy and Strategy in the Mediterranean: Past, Present and Future</i>. Frank Cass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Policy+and+Strategy+in+the+Mediterranean%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hess, Andrew C. "The Battle of Lepanto and Its Place in Mediterranean History", <i>Past and Present</i>, No. 57. (Nov., 1972), pp. 53–73</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, T.C.F. (2006). <i>Confrontation at Lepanto: Christendom vs. Islam</i>. New York: Forge Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76530-539-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76530-539-8"><bdi>978-0-76530-539-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confrontation+at+Lepanto%3A+Christendom+vs.+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Forge+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-76530-539-8&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=T.C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Konstam, Angus, <i>Lepanto 1571: The Greatest Naval Battle of the Renaissance.</i> Osprey Publishing, Oxford. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-409-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-409-4">1-84176-409-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stevens" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, William Oliver and Allan Westcott (1942). <i>A History of Sea Power</i>. Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sea+Power&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=William+Oliver+and+Allan+Westcott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles</i>, third revision by George Bruce, 1979</li> <li>Parker, Geoffrey (1996) <i>The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800.</i> (second edition) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47426-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47426-4">0-521-47426-4</a></li> <li>Stouraiti, Anastasia, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6004216/Costruendo_un_luogo_della_memoria_Lepanto_Storia_di_Venezia_-_Rivista_1_2003_65-88">Costruendo un luogo della memoria: Lepanto</a>', Storia di Venezia – Rivista 1 (2003), 65–88.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). "Battle of Lepanto". <i>Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 175–178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Lepanto&rft.btitle=Battles+that+Changed+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+World+Conflict&rft.pages=175-178&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lepanto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Warner, Oliver <i>Great Sea Battles</i> (1968) has "Lepanto 1571" as its opening chapter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89673-100-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89673-100-6">0-89673-100-6</a></li> <li><i>The New Cambridge Modern History, Volume I – The Renaissance 1493–1520</i>, edited by G. R. Potter, Cambridge University Press 1964</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="refWheatcroft2004"></span>Wheatcroft, Andrew (2004). <i>Infidels: A History of the Conflict between Christendom and Islam</i>. Penguin Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Jurien_de_La_Gravi%C3%A8re" title="Edmond Jurien de La Gravière">J. P. Jurien de la Gravière</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CHDPAAAAMAAJ">La Guerre de Chypre et la Bataille de Lépante</a></i> (1888).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Coloma" title="Luis Coloma">Luis Coloma</a>, <i>The Story of Don John of Austria</i>, trans. Lady Moreton, New York: John Lane Company, 1912 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobility.org/2010/10/07/short-stories-on-honor-chivalry-and-the-world-of-nobility%E2%80%94no-14/">online transcription of pp. 265–71</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618155750/http://nobility.org/2010/10/07/short-stories-on-honor-chivalry-and-the-world-of-nobility%E2%80%94no-14/">Archived</a> 2012-06-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>Christopher Check, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195358/http://www.catholic.com/magazine/articles/the-battle-that-saved-the-christian-west">The Battle that Saved the Christian West</a>, <i>This Rock</i> 18.3 (March 2007).</li> <li>Lepanto – Rudolph, Harriet, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-regensburg.de/philosophie-kunst-geschichte-gesellschaft/neuere-geschichte/medien/lepanto.pdf">"Die Ordnung der Schlacht und die Ordnung der Erinnerung"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116030812/https://www.uni-regensburg.de/philosophie-kunst-geschichte-gesellschaft/neuere-geschichte/medien/lepanto.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in: <i>Militärische Erinnerungskulturen vom 14. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert</i> (2012), 101–128.</li> <li>Guilmartin, John F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/ga4/guilmartin.com/Lepanto.html">"The Tactics of the Battle of Lepanto Clarified: The Impact of Social, Economic, and Political Factors on Sixteenth Century Galley Warfare"</a>, in Craig L. Symonds (ed.), <i>New Aspects of Naval History: Selected Papers Presented at the Fourth Naval History Symposium, United States Naval Academy 25–26 October 1979</i>, Annapolis, Maryland: the United States Naval Institute (1981), 41–65.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Battle of Lepanto</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Battle+of+Lepanto&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Battle+of+Lepanto">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Battle+of+Lepanto&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06nrqv8">Battle of Lepanto</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a></i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_In_Our_Time_programmes" title="List of In Our Time programmes">episode</a>, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Melvin Bragg</a>, 12 November 2015, with guests <a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Noel Malcolm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a>, and Kate Fleet.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> Julián Jaramillo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historia-maritima.blogspot.com/2012/10/la-batalla-de-lepanto.html">La batalla de Lepanto</a> (historia-maritima.blogspot.com, 2012).</li> <li>Henry Zaidan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myartblogcollection.blogspot.com/2016/09/57-paintings-of-naval-battle-of-lepanto.html">57 Paintings of The Naval Battle of Lepanto, 1571. Christian forces of the Holy League and the Ottoman Turks</a> (myartblogcollection.blogspot.com, 2016)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire_by_era" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_battles" title="Template:Ottoman battles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_battles" title="Template talk:Ottoman battles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_battles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman battles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire_by_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire">Battles</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> by era</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1299–1453)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kulaca_Hisar" title="Siege of Kulaca Hisar">Kulaca Hisar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bapheus" title="Battle of Bapheus">Bapheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dimbos" title="Battle of Dimbos">Dimbos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(1328%E2%80%931331)" title="Siege of Nicaea (1328–1331)">Nicaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pelekanon" title="Battle of Pelekanon">Pelekanon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Demotika" title="Battle of Demotika">Demotika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Gallipoli" title="Fall of Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ihtiman" title="Battle of Ihtiman">Ihtiman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Adrianople" title="Ottoman conquest of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C4%B1rp_S%C4%B1nd%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sırp Sındığı">Sırp Sındığı</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samokov" title="Battle of Samokov">Samokov</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa" title="Battle of Maritsa">Maritsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Philadelphia" title="Fall of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dubravnica" title="Battle of Dubravnica">Dubravnica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savra" title="Battle of Savra">Savra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plo%C4%8Dnik" title="Battle of Pločnik">Pločnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bile%C4%87a" title="Battle of Bileća">Bileća</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C4%B1rkdilim" title="Battle of Kırkdilim">Kırkdilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karanovasa" title="Battle of Karanovasa">Karanovasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovine" title="Battle of Rovine">Rovine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ohrid_(1395)" title="Siege of Ohrid (1395)">Ohrid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87amurlu" title="Battle of Çamurlu">Çamurlu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1422%E2%80%931430)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)">Thessalonica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golubac" title="Siege of Golubac">Golubac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo_(1440%E2%80%931441)" title="Siege of Novo Brdo (1440–1441)">Novo Brdo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hermannstadt" title="Battle of Hermannstadt">Hermannstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nish_(1443)" title="Battle of Nish (1443)">1st Niš</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa" title="Battle of Zlatitsa">Zlatitsa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunovica" title="Battle of Kunovica">Kunovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torvioll" title="Battle of Torvioll">Torvioll</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Varna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(1445)" title="Battle of Mokra (1445)">1st Mokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otonet%C3%AB" title="Battle of Otonetë">Otonetë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1448)" title="Battle of Oranik (1448)">1st Oranik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)" title="Battle of Kosovo (1448)">2nd Kosovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Polog" title="Battle of Polog">Polog</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli_(1416)" title="Battle of Gallipoli (1416)">Gallipoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1453–1550)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leskovac" title="Battle of Leskovac">Leskovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krusevac" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Krusevac">Krusevac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1456)" title="Battle of Oranik (1456)">2nd Oranik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">1st Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albulena" title="Battle of Albulena">Albulena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_attack_at_T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Night attack at Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(July_1462)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mokra (July 1462)">2nd Mokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ohrid" title="Battle of Ohrid">Ohrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vaikal">Vaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Me%C3%A7ad_(1465)" title="Battle of Meçad (1465)">Meçad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otlukbeli" title="Battle of Otlukbeli">Otlukbeli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaslui" title="Battle of Vaslui">Vaslui</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valea_Alb%C4%83" title="Battle of Valea Albă">Valea Albă</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">Shkodra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breadfield" title="Battle of Breadfield">Breadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Una" title="Battle of Una">Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_campaign" title="Adana campaign">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%83tl%C4%83buga" title="Battle of Cătlăbuga">Cătlăbuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vrpile" title="Battle of Vrpile">Vrpile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krbava_Field" title="Battle of Krbava Field">Krbava</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dubica" title="Battle of Dubica">Dubica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Çaldıran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Turnadag">Turnadag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">Algiers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ko%C3%A7hisar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Koçhisar (page does not exist)">Koçhisar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq" title="Battle of Marj Dabiq">Mercidabık</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yaunis_Khan" title="Battle of Yaunis Khan">Han Yunus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ridaniya" title="Battle of Ridaniya">Ridanieh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jajce_(1518)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jajce (1518)">Jajce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Tlemcen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">1st Mohács</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Peñón of Algiers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leobersdorf" title="Battle of Leobersdorf">Leobersdorf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorjani" title="Battle of Gorjani">Gorjani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%931555)#Campaign_of_the_Two_Iraqs_(First_campaign,_1532–1536)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)">Baghdad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pest" title="Siege of Pest">Pest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Esztergom_(1543)" title="Siege of Esztergom (1543)">Esztergom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karagak" title="Battle of Karagak">Karagak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sokhoista" title="Battle of Sokhoista">Sokhoista</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zonchio" title="Battle of Zonchio">Zonchio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Modon_(1500)" title="Battle of Modon (1500)">Modon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501)" title="Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)">Balearic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Diu (1509)">Diu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jeddah" title="Siege of Jeddah">1st Jeddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera" title="Battle of Formentera">Formentera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Girolata" title="Battle of Girolata">Girolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albor%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Alborán">Alborán</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552)" title="Battle of Ponza (1552)">Ponza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Hormuz_(1553)" title="Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553)">Strait of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman" title="Battle of the Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1700)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Tlemcen_(1551)" title="Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)">Tlemcen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Temesv%C3%A1r_(1552)" title="Siege of Temesvár (1552)">Temesvár</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Palast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Palast (page does not exist)">Palast</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fez_(1554)" title="Capture of Fez (1554)">Fez</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tadla" title="Battle of Tadla">Tadla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Tlemcen_(1557)" title="Campaign of Tlemcen (1557)">Tlemcen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Mostaganem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Krupa" title="Siege of Krupa">Krupa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Siege of Szigetvár">Szigeth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fez_(1576)" title="Capture of Fez (1576)">Fez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gvozdansko" title="Siege of Gvozdansko">Gvozdansko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r" title="Battle of Çıldır">Çıldır</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torches" title="Battle of Torches">Torches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Alcácer Quibir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brest_(1592)" title="Battle of Brest (1592)">1st Brest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1592)" title="Siege of Bihać (1592)">Bihać</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sisak" title="Battle of Sisak">Sisak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Banat" title="Uprising in Banat">Banat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%83lug%C4%83reni" title="Battle of Călugăreni">Călugăreni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Giurgiu_(1595)" title="Battle of Giurgiu (1595)">Giurgiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brest_(1596)" title="Battle of Brest (1596)">2nd Brest</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keresztes" title="Battle of Keresztes">Keresztes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nagykanizsa" title="Siege of Nagykanizsa">Nagykanizsa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufiyan" title="Battle of Sufiyan">Sufiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tashiskari" title="Battle of Tashiskari">Tashiskari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cecora_(1620)" title="Battle of Cecora (1620)">Cecora</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">1st Khotyn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Candia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6b%C3%B6lk%C3%BAt" title="Battle of Köbölkút">Köbölkút</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Jurjeve_Stijene" title="Battle at Jurjeve Stijene">Jurjeve Stijene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zr%C3%ADnyi%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r" title="First Battle of Zrínyiújvár">1st Zrínyiújvár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zr%C3%ADnyi%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r" title="Second Battle of Zrínyiújvár">2nd Zrínyiújvár</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novi_Zrin_(1664)" title="Siege of Novi Zrin (1664)">Novi Zrin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Djidjelli_expedition" title="Djidjelli expedition">Jijel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1664)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664)">Saint Gotthard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81ady%C5%BCyn" title="Battle of Ładyżyn">Ładyżyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnobr%C3%B3d_(1672)" title="Battle of Krasnobród (1672)">Krasnobród</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Niemir%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Niemirów">Niemirów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Komarno" title="Battle of Komarno">Komarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1673)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1673)">2nd Khotyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lw%C3%B3w_(1675)" title="Battle of Lwów (1675)">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trembowla" title="Battle of Trembowla">Trembowla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">2nd Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%A1rk%C3%A1ny" title="Battle of Párkány">Párkány</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1684)" title="Siege of Buda (1684)">Buda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_V%C3%A1c_(1684)" title="Battle of Vác (1684)">Vác</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eperjes" title="Battle of Eperjes">Eperjes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kassa" title="Battle of Kassa">Kassa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_Vrtijeljka" title="Battle on Vrtijeljka">Vrtijeljka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs_(1687)" title="Battle of Mohács (1687)">2nd Mohács</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaigns_of_1687_and_1689" title="Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689">Crimea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negroponte_(1688)" title="Siege of Negroponte (1688)">Negroponte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bato%C4%8Dina" title="Battle of Batočina">Batočina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1689)" title="Battle of Niš (1689)">2nd Niš</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zernest" title="Battle of Zernest">Zernest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Egri_Palanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Egri Palanka (page does not exist)">Egri Palanka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slankamen" title="Battle of Slankamen">Slankamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hod%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Hodów">Hodów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ustechko" title="Battle of Ustechko">Ustechko</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moulouya" title="Battle of Moulouya">Moulouya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lugos" title="Battle of Lugos">Lugos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ula%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ulaş">Ulaş</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns_(1695%E2%80%9396)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov campaigns (1695–96)">Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zenta" title="Battle of Zenta">Zenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">Cyprus</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lepanto</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Corvo" title="Battle of Cape Corvo">Cape Corvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Focchies" title="Battle of Focchies">Focchies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dardanelles_(1654)" title="Battle of the Dardanelles (1654)">1st Dardanelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dardanelles_(1655)" title="Battle of the Dardanelles (1655)">2nd Dardanelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dardanelles_(1656)" title="Battle of the Dardanelles (1656)">3rd Dardanelles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dardanelles_(1657)" title="Battle of the Dardanelles (1657)">4th Dardanelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(1690)" title="Battle of Mytilene (1690)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oinousses_Islands" title="Battle of the Oinousses Islands">Oinousses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andros_(1696)" title="Battle of Andros (1696)">Andros</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samothrace_(1698)" title="Battle of Samothrace (1698)">Samothrace</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1700–1789)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chelif" title="Battle of Chelif">Chelif</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1707%E2%80%931708)" title="Siege of Oran (1707–1708)">Oran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" title="Pruth River Campaign">Pruth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrovaradin" title="Battle of Petrovaradin">Petrovaradin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1717)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1717)">2nd Belgrade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahmasp%27s_campaign_of_1731" title="Tahmasp's campaign of 1731">Kurijan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(1733)" title="Battle of Samarra (1733)">Samarra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(1733)" title="Battle of Kirkuk (1733)">Kirkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yeghev%C4%81rd" title="Battle of Yeghevārd">Yeghevārd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ganja_(1734)" title="Siege of Ganja (1734)">Ganja</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Banja_Luka" title="Battle of Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grocka" title="Battle of Grocka">Grocka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perekop_(1736)" title="Siege of Perekop (1736)">Perekop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1737)" title="Siege of Ochakov (1737)">1st Ochakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stavuchany" title="Battle of Stavuchany">Stavunchany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars_(1745)" title="Battle of Kars (1745)">1st Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khresili" title="Battle of Khresili">Khresili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspindza" title="Battle of Aspindza">Aspindza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Larga" title="Battle of Larga">Larga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kagul" title="Battle of Kagul">Kagul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kozludzha" title="Battle of Kozludzha">Kozludzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinburn_(1787)" title="Battle of Kinburn (1787)">Kinburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1788)" title="Siege of Ochakov (1788)">2nd Ochakov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mehadia" title="Battle of Mehadia">Mehadia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kar%C3%A1nsebes" title="Battle of Karánsebes">Karánsebes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imbros_(1717)" title="Battle of Imbros (1717)">Imbros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Matapan" title="Battle of Matapan">Matapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87e%C5%9Fme" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Çeşme">Çeşme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patras_(1772)" title="Battle of Patras (1772)">Patras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kerch_Strait_(1774)" title="Battle of Kerch Strait (1774)">1st Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_actions_at_the_siege_of_Ochakov_(1788)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval actions at the siege of Ochakov (1788)">2nd Ochakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fidonisi" title="Battle of Fidonisi">Fidonisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Modernization<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1789–1908)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Battle of Focșani">Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rymnik" title="Battle of Rymnik">Rymnik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Giurgiu_(1790)" title="Siege of Giurgiu (1790)">Giurgiu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Izmail" title="Siege of Izmail">Izmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83cin" title="Battle of Măcin">Măcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shubra_Khit" title="Battle of Shubra Khit">Shubra Khit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">1st Acre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(1799)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1799)" title="Battle of Abukir (1799)">Abukir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis_(1800)" title="Battle of Heliopolis (1800)">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derna_(1805)" title="Battle of Derna (1805)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arpachai" title="Battle of Arpachai">Arpachai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batin" title="Battle of Batin">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slobozia" title="Battle of Slobozia">Slobozia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Safra" title="Battle of Al-Safra">Al-Safra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jeddah_(1813)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jeddah (1813)">Jeddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%8Cegar" title="Battle of Čegar">Čegar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alamana" title="Battle of Alamana">Alamana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravia_Inn" title="Battle of Gravia Inn">Gravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erzurum_(1821)" title="Battle of Erzurum (1821)">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valtetsi" title="Battle of Valtetsi">Valtetsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doliana" title="Battle of Doliana">Doliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalas" title="Battle of Lalas">Lalas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dr%C4%83g%C4%83%C8%99ani" title="Battle of Drăgășani">Drăgășani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sculeni" title="Battle of Sculeni">Sculeni</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vasilika" title="Battle of Vasilika">Vasilika</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peta" title="Battle of Peta">Peta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dervenakia" title="Battle of Dervenakia">Dervenakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karpenisi" title="Battle of Karpenisi">Karpenisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arachova" title="Battle of Arachova">Arachova</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kamatero" title="Battle of Kamatero">Kamatero</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phaleron" title="Battle of Phaleron">Phaleron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petra" title="Battle of Petra">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars_(1828)" title="Siege of Kars (1828)">2nd Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Varna" title="Siege of Varna">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akhaltsikhe" title="Battle of Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulevicha" title="Battle of Kulevicha">Kulevicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Akka_(1832)" title="Siege of Akka (1832)">2nd Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hims_(1832)" title="Battle of Hims (1832)">Hims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konya" title="Battle of Konya">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nezib" title="Battle of Nezib">Nezib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akhaltsikhe_(1853)" title="Battle of Akhaltsikhe (1853)">Akhaltsikhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%C5%9Fgedikler" title="Battle of Başgedikler">Başgedikler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurekdere" title="Battle of Kurekdere">Kurekdere</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olteni%C8%9Ba" title="Battle of Oltenița">Oltenița</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eupatoria" title="Battle of Eupatoria">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chernaya" title="Battle of the Chernaya">Chernaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars" title="Siege of Kars">3rd Kars</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasa_Expedition_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasa Expedition 1871">Al-Hasa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Tepe" title="Battle of Kızıl Tepe">Kızıl Tepe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shipka_Pass" title="Battle of Shipka Pass">Shipka Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">Plevna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aladzha" title="Battle of Aladzha">Aladzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars" title="Battle of Kars">4th Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippopolis_(1878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Philippopolis (1878)">Philippopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tashkessen" title="Battle of Tashkessen">Taşkesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nov%C5%A1i%C4%87e" title="Battle of Novšiće">Novšiće</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulcinj_(1880)" title="Battle of Ulcinj (1880)">Ulcinj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mouzaki" title="Battle of Mouzaki">Mouzaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Wajbah" title="Battle of Al Wajbah">Al Wajbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velestino" title="Battle of Velestino">Velestino</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Domokos" title="Battle of Domokos">Domokos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andros_(1790)" title="Battle of Andros (1790)">Andros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kerch_Strait_(1790)" title="Battle of Kerch Strait (1790)">2nd Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tendra" title="Battle of Tendra">Tendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Kaliakra" title="Battle of Cape Kaliakra">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Operation_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanelles Operation (1807)">5th Dardanelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dardanelles_(1807)" title="Battle of the Dardanelles (1807)">6th Dardanelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Athos" title="Battle of Athos">Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nauplia_(1822)" title="Battle of Nauplia (1822)">Nauplia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samos" title="Battle of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gerontas" title="Battle of Gerontas">Gerontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Navarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop" title="Battle of Sinop">Sinop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>For 20th-century battles before 1914 <i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_battles_in_the_20th_century" title="List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century">List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century</a></li> <li>For the battles during World War I <i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_battles_in_World_War_I" title="List of Ottoman battles in World War I">List of Ottoman battles in World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Ottoman victories are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_topics_20px&#124;Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_topics_20px&#124;Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> topics <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="649" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">order of chivalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign subject</a> of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, founded in 1099 in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#Governance" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_the_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Council of the Order of Malta">Sovereign Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_General_of_the_Order_of_Malta" title="Chapter General of the Order of Malta">Chapter General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">Grand Priories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commanderies_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="Commanderies of the Order of Saint John">Commanderies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_(Knights_Hospitaller)" title="Langue (Knights Hospitaller)">Langues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Diplomatic missions of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Diplomatic missions to</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_permanent_observers_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of permanent observers of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croix-de-Malte.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Croix-de-Malte.svg/15px-Croix-de-Malte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Croix-de-Malte.svg/23px-Croix-de-Malte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Croix-de-Malte.svg/30px-Croix-de-Malte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Malteser_International" title="Malteser International">Malteser International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Malta_Ambulance_Corps" title="Order of Malta Ambulance Corps">Order of Malta Ambulance Corps</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_Hospitalier.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cross_Hospitalier.svg/15px-Cross_Hospitalier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cross_Hospitalier.svg/23px-Cross_Hospitalier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cross_Hospitalier.svg/30px-Cross_Hospitalier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#Military_Corps" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Military Corps</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_SMOM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Roundel_of_SMOM.svg/15px-Roundel_of_SMOM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Roundel_of_SMOM.svg/23px-Roundel_of_SMOM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Roundel_of_SMOM.svg/30px-Roundel_of_SMOM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#Air_force" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Air Force</a> <i>(Historically: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg/15px-Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg/23px-Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg/30px-Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="6300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Navy_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="Navy of the Order of Saint John">Navy</a>)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="List of ships of the line of the Order of Saint John">Ships of the line</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cross" title="Maltese cross">Maltese cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Flag and coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Flag and coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Crux_Alba" title="Ave Crux Alba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_passport" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_scudo" title="Maltese scudo">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Postal system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">History</a>,<br />including<br />major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_Hospitaller_sites" title="List of Knights Hospitaller sites">sites</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Commanderies_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="Commanderies of the Order of Saint John">commanderies</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Castles_and_fortifications_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="Category:Castles and fortifications of the Knights Hospitaller">premises</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="Category:Battles involving the Knights Hospitaller">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malta" title="Palazzo Malta">Palazzo Malta</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">capital</a></i>) (1869)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Villa_del_Priorato_di_Malta" title="Villa del Priorato di Malta">Villa del Priorato di Malta</a> (1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Malta</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Malta" title="Fortifications of Malta">Fortifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Birgu" title="Fortifications of Birgu">Birgu</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Angelo" title="Fort St. Angelo">Fort St Angelo</a> (2001))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Senglea" title="Fortifications of Senglea">Senglea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Michael" title="Fort Saint Michael">Fort St Michael</a>)<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Mdina" title="Fortifications of Mdina">Mdina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO"><img alt="UNESCO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Valletta" title="Fortifications of Valletta">Valletta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Elmo" title="Fort Saint Elmo">Fort St Elmo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittadella_(Gozo)" title="Cittadella (Gozo)">Cittadella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriana_Lines" title="Floriana Lines">Floriana Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Margherita_Lines" title="Santa Margherita Lines">Santa Margherita Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_Lines" title="Cottonera Lines">Cottonera Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ricasoli" title="Fort Ricasoli">Fort Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Manoel" title="Fort Manoel">Fort Manoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Chambray" title="Fort Chambray">Fort Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Tign%C3%A9" title="Fort Tigné">Fort Tigné</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications_in_Malta" title="List of fortifications in Malta">others</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">Palaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster%27s_Palace_(Valletta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmaster's Palace (Valletta)">Grand Master's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilhena_Palace" title="Vilhena Palace">Vilhena Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdala_Palace" title="Verdala Palace">Verdala Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Anton_Palace" title="San Anton Palace">San Anton Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Co-Cathedral" title="Saint John's Co-Cathedral">St John (Conventual Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Liesse" title="Church of Our Lady of Liesse">Our Lady of Liesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Pilar,_Valletta" title="Church of Our Lady of Pilar, Valletta">Our Lady of Pilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Victory_(Valletta)" title="Church of Our Lady of Victory (Valletta)">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Barbara,_Valletta" title="Church of Saint Barbara, Valletta">St Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Catherine_of_Italy,_Valletta" title="Church of Saint Catherine of Italy, Valletta">St Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_Saint_Lawrence,_Vittoriosa" title="Collegiate Church of Saint Lawrence, Vittoriosa">St Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auberges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birgu" title="Birgu">Birgu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Allemagne,_Birgu" title="Auberge d'Allemagne, Birgu">Allemagne</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Angleterre" title="Auberge d'Angleterre">Angleterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Aragon,_Birgu" title="Auberge d'Aragon, Birgu">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Auvergne_et_Provence" title="Auberge d'Auvergne et Provence">Auvergne et Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_Castille_et_Portugal" title="Auberge de Castille et Portugal">Castille et Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_France,_Birgu" title="Auberge de France, Birgu">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Italie,_Birgu" title="Auberge d'Italie, Birgu">Italie</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Allemagne" title="Auberge d'Allemagne">Allemagne</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Aragon" title="Auberge d'Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Auvergne" title="Auberge d'Auvergne">Auvergne</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_Bavi%C3%A8re" title="Auberge de Bavière">Bavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_Castille" title="Auberge de Castille">Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_France" title="Auberge de France">France</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Italie" title="Auberge d'Italie">Italie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_Provence" title="Auberge de Provence">Provence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Rhodes" title="Hospitaller Rhodes">Rhodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Rhodes" title="Fortifications of Rhodes">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_of_Rhodes" title="Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes">Palace of the Grand Master</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Saint John d'Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_monastery_in_Abu_Ghosh" title="Benedictine monastery in Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvoir_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Belvoir Fortress">Belvoir Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastel_Rouge" title="Chastel Rouge">Chastel Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist,_Ein_Karem,_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint John the Baptist, Ein Karem, Jerusalem">Church of Saint John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Germans" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Germans">Church of Saint Mary of the Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliath" title="Coliath">Coliath</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibelacar" title="Gibelacar">Gibelacar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO"><img alt="UNESCO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">Margat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Tripoli" title="Hospitaller Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Heitersheim" title="Principality of Heitersheim">Principality of Heitersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Colonization of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military<br />history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade" title="Lord Edward's crusade">9th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="Category:Battles involving the Knights Hospitaller">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">Siege of Jerusalem (1187)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf (1191)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">Siege of Acre (1291)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_conquest_of_Rhodes" title="Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes">Conquest of Rhodes (1306–1310)</a></li> <li>Sieges of Rhodes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1444)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1444)">1444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1480)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1480)">1480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">1522</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Siege of Tripoli (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta (1565)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Lepanto (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun" title="Raid on Żejtun">Raid on Żejtun (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Damietta_(1732)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Damietta (1732) (page does not exist)">Battle of Damietta (1732)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Malta" title="French invasion of Malta">Loss of Malta (1798)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Extant <i><a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a></i> (with year of proclamation)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO"><img alt="UNESCO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span> Demolished or sparse remains</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barbary_Corsairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Template:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Template talk:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barbary_Corsairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary Corsairs">Barbary Corsairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary coast">Barbary coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiya">Mahdiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oran#Ottoman_period_(1708–1732,_1792–1831)" title="Oran">Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Regency of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Regency of Tunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Commanders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Commanders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruj" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruj">Aruj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_Muslihiddin_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis">Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Occhiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Rais" title="Salah Rais">Salah Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Reis" title="Aydın Reis">Aydın Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Pasha" title="Muhammad I Pasha">Muhammad I Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Corso" title="Hasan Corso">Hasan Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kurdogli" title="Muhammad Kurdogli">Muhammad Kurdogli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Mami" title="Arnaut Mami">Arnaut Mami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano" title="Hassan Veneziano">Hassan Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Reis" title="Sinan Reis">Sinan Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragut" title="Dragut">Dragut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9_Rovers" title="Salé Rovers">Salé Rovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Reis_(pirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulayman Reis (pirate)">Sulayman Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el_Inglizi" title="Ahmed el Inglizi">Ahmed el Inglizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymen_Danseker" title="Zymen Danseker">Simon Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ward" title="Jack Ward">Yusuf Reis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Karamanli" title="Ahmed Karamanli">Ahmed Karamanli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Karamanli" title="Yusuf Karamanli">Yusuf Karamanli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khodja" title="Ali Khodja">Ali Khodja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kharnadji" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Kharnadji">Mohamed Kharnadji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Ali_(Dey_of_Algiers)" title="Haji Ali (Dey of Algiers)">Haji Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Baba Mohammed ben-Osman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">US Treaty with Tripoli (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1797)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1797)">US Treaty with Tunis (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tripoli_(1805)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty with Tripoli (1805)">US Treaty with Tripoli (1805)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Algiers_(1815)" title="Treaty with Algiers (1815)">US Treaty with Algiers (1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1824)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1824)">US Treaty with Tunis (1824)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Morocco_(1836)" title="Treaty with Morocco (1836)">US Treaty with Morocco (1836)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501)" title="Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)">Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands</a> (1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">Capture of Algiers</a> (1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Fall of Tlemcen</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a> (1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Siege of Rhodes</a> (1522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera_(1529)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Formentera (1529)">Battle of Formentera</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Capture of Peñón of Algiers</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Conquest of Tunis</a> (1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mah%C3%B3n" title="Sack of Mahón">Sack of Mahón</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">Siege of Corfu</a> (1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1538)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Preveza (1538)">Battle of Preveza</a> (1538)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alboran" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Alboran">Battle of Alboran</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice_(1543)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Nice (1543)">Siege of Nice</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wintering_in_Toulon" title="Ottoman wintering in Toulon">Ottoman wintering in Toulon</a> (1543-1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdiye_(1550)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Mahdiye (1550)">Capture of Mahdiye</a> (1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Siege of Tripoli</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552)" title="Battle of Ponza (1552)">Battle of Ponza</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Invasion of Corsica</a> (1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bougie" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Bougie">Capture of Bougie</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Siege of Oran</a> (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Laban" title="Battle of Wadi al-Laban">Battle of Wadi al-Laban</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Expedition to Mostaganem</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a> (1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a> (1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%931571)" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)">Rebellion of the Alpujarras</a> (1568–71)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Lepanto</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Conquest of Tunis </a>(1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Sori" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Sori">Sack of Sori</a> (1584)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Algerian_war_(1609%E2%80%931628)" title="Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628)">Franco-Algerian War</a> (1609–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun" title="Raid on Żejtun">Raid on Żejtun</a> (1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Corvo" title="Battle of Cape Corvo">Battle of Cape Corvo</a> (1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Barbary_war" title="Dutch–Barbary war">Dutch–Barbary War</a> (1618–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_Algiers_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="English expedition to Algiers (1620–1621)">Anglo-Algerian War</a> (1620–1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_October_1624" title="Action of 3 October 1624">Action of 3 October 1624</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Algiers_(1624)" title="Dutch expedition to Algiers (1624)">Dutch expedition to Algiers</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a> (1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Ceriale_and_Borghetto" title="Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto">Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto</a> (1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War</a> (1645–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_March_1665" title="Action of March 1665">Action of March 1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Algerian_War_(1677%E2%80%931682)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Algerian War (1677–1682)">Anglo-Algerian War</a> (1677–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-Tripolitania_War_(1681-1685)" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)">French-Tripolitania War</a> (1681–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a> (1684–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Sieges of Ceuta</a> (1694–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oinousses_Islands_(1695)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1695)">Battle of the Oinousses Islands</a> (1695)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1715%E2%80%931726)" title="Dutch–Algerian War (1715–1726)">Dutch–Algerian War</a> (1715–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">Spanish conquest of Oran</a> (1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_November_1751" title="Action of 28 November 1751">Action of 28 November 1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1758)" title="Battle of Cape Palos (1758)">Battle of Cape Palos</a> (1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish–Algerian War">Danish–Algerian War</a> (1769–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melilla_(1774%E2%80%931775)" title="Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)">Siege of Melilla</a> (1774–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Moroccan_War_(1775%E2%80%931777)" title="Dutch–Moroccan War (1775–1777)">Dutch–Moroccan War</a> (1775–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">Invasion of Algiers</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_bombardments_of_the_Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Venetian bombardments of the Beylik of Tunis">Bombardments of Tunisia</a> (1784–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_seizure_of_the_Betsey" title="Moroccan seizure of the Betsey">Moroccan seizure of the Betsey</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-Algerian_War_(1785-1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Algerian War (1785-1795)">American-Algerian War</a> (1785–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1790%E2%80%931813)" title="Portuguese–Algerian War (1790–1813)">Portuguese Algerian War</a> (1790–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1790%E2%80%931792)" title="Siege of Oran (1790–1792)">Siege of Oran</a> (1790–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tangier_(1791)" title="Bombardment of Tangier (1791)">Bombardment of Tangier</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-Algerian_War_(1791%E2%80%931792)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Algerian War (1791–1792)">1st Swedish-Algerian War</a> (1791–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-Tripolitanian_War_(1796-1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Tripolitanian War (1796-1802)">2nd Swedish-Algerian War</a> (1796-1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_May_1797" title="Action of 16 May 1797">Action of 16 May 1797</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a> (1801–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(1825)" title="Battle of Tripoli (1825)">Battle of Tripoli</a> (1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tripoli_(1828)" title="Bombardment of Tripoli (1828)">Bombardment of Tripoli</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_expedition_against_Morocco_(1829)" title="Austrian expedition against Morocco (1829)">Austrian expedition against Morocco</a> (1829–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1830)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1830)">Invasion of Algiers</a> (1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Slavery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Slavery</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Slavery on the Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">Bagnio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Lazarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_della_Redenzione_degli_Schiavi" title="Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi">Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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