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class='cap-left'></div> <div class='cap-right'></div> </div> </div>  <div class='columns-inner'> <div class='column-center-outer'> <div class='column-center-inner'> <div class='main section' id='main' name='Main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='blog-posts hfeed'> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Wednesday, July 29, 2020</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4838136820032157985' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='3842965937109331249' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='3842965937109331249'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> Root Cause Analyses for 0-day In-the-Wild Exploits </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-3842965937109331249' itemprop='description articleBody'> <h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"> <span style="color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 400;">Posted by Maddie Stone, Project Zero</span></h1> <b id="docs-internal-guid-26bc870b-7fff-4bd3-b764-7ab67e095f1a" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">When a 0-day is exploited in the wild </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">AND</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> it is detected, we need to use that as an opportunity to learn as much as possible about the vulnerability and the exploit if we hope to make 0-day hard. One of the main methods to do that is to perform a root cause analysis (RCA) on the 0-day. </span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Our effort on this began in earnest in the last quarter of 2019. Today we are beginning to publish the root cause analyses for 0-days exploited in the wild that we have completed. While we’re publishing some in bulk now to play “catch-up”, in the future we plan to post each one in a timely manner after it’s detected and disclosed. We think publishing technical details in a timely manner is important for transparency and so that the whole of the security community can make informed decisions and actions. </span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">We’ve added a new column to the </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1lkNJ0uQwbeC1ZTRrxdtuPLCIl7mlUreoKfSIgajnSyY/edit#gid=0" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">“0day In the Wild” tracking spreadsheet</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> that will link to any RCAs that we publish. We will also continue to update the following page on our blog as we publish additional RCAs.</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/p/rca.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">0-Day Exploit Root Cause Analyses</span></a></span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">For each of these root cause analyses, we are using a template. We developed this template based on what we, at Project Zero, find important and actionable about 0-days exploited in-the-wild, but we’d love your feedback on what other information would help you! We welcome any researchers and vendors who want to use our <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1z1s__qj16DdhRvAg_TJlmRrXKosUSWfpm463Mjk24Vs/view" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">template</span></a> and publish this information about 0-days they detect and/or analyze! </span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">When completing a root cause analysis we focus on the following areas.</span></div> <ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0;"> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bug class</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Details of the vulnerability, such as how to trigger, what it allows, etc.</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Exploit method and whether or not it’s a known method</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hypothesis of how the vulnerability was found (code audit, fuzzing, variant analysis, etc.)</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Any historical, present, and future bug context such as previous related bugs</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Areas for variant analysis and any found variants</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Structural improvements</span></div> </li> <ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0;"> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Can you also kill the entire bug class?</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Is there a way to make it much harder to exploit?</span></div> </li> </ul> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Potential detection methods for similar 0-days</span></div> </li> <ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0;"> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Brainstorming ways that this 0-day exploit could have been caught while it was still a 0-day. Please note that this is different from “indicators of compromise” because we’re focusing on detecting while it’s still a 0-day.</span></div> </li> </ul> </ul> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">We selected these areas because the vulnerability details and exploit method provide in-depth explanation of facts of the exploit: what is the vulnerability, how does it work, and how was it exploited. Once we have the facts documented, we can then use those facts to inform our hypotheses and brainstorm how we can prevent the attackers from being able to do it again. While some of these ideas may be considered infeasible by vendors or not work well in practice, some will be (and already have been) reasonable and able to be launched. The overarching goal is to force brainstorming in the hope of taking actions informed by the detected 0-day: actions to better detect, actions to better lockdown, actions to prevent new vulnerabilities from being introduced, actions to make 0-day hard.</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Out of the 20 0-days for 2019 (more on what we decided to include/exclude in our tracking here), we completed 8 root cause analyses that we’re publishing here today. These are 5 out of the 6 of the 0-days detected in August or later of 2019 (when I joined the team and started this initiative 馃檪 ). In addition, we’re publishing the two iOS 0-days from February 2019 that Project Zero reported to Apple in partnership with </span><a href="https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Google's Threat Analysis Group</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, and a Firefox 0-day that Project Zero had reported to Firefox, that was also discovered independently in-the-wild.</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0;"> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <a href="https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/p/rca-cve-2019-7286.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">CVE-2019-7286</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: iOS use-after-free in CFPrefsDaemon</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <a href="https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/p/rca-cve-2019-7287.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">CVE-2019-7287</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: iOS buffer overflow in ProvInfoIOKitUserClient</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <a href="https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/p/rca-cve-2019-11707.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">CVE-2019-1107</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: Firefox type confusion in Array.pop</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <a href="https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/p/rca-cve-2019-1367.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">CVE-2019-1367</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: JScript use-after-free in Internet Explorer</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <a href="https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/p/rca-cve-2019-2215.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">CVE-2019-2215</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: Android use-after-free in Binder</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <a href="https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/p/rca-cve-2019-13720.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">CVE-2019-13720</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: Chrome use-after-free in webaudio</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CVE-2019-1429: JScript use-after-free in Internet Explorer (See </span><a href="https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/p/rca-cve-2019-1367.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">CVE-2019-1367</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: 'Google Sans',sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <a href="https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/p/rca-cve-2019-1458.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">CVE-2019-1458</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: Windows win32k uninitialized variable in task switching</span></div> </li> </ul> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">These RCAs provide technical details on what the vulnerability is and how it is exploited. We then hypothesize and brainstorm based on these details from our perspective as offensive security researchers. </span></div> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Our hope is that these analyses are helpful for others in the security and tech communities to act on data gleaned from detected 0-day exploits and help determine ways to make it more costly, more time consuming andmore difficult for attackers to use 0-days in the wild. Please </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1lkNJ0uQwbeC1ZTRrxdtuPLCIl7mlUreoKfSIgajnSyY/edit#gid=0&range=A18" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">reach out</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #545454; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> with any feedback and/or suggestions and we hope that others will also begin publishing information from the <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1z1s__qj16DdhRvAg_TJlmRrXKosUSWfpm463Mjk24Vs/view" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "google sans" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">RCA template</span></a> in the future.</span></div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <span itemprop='name'>Tim</span> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/root-cause-analyses-for-0-day-in-wild.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/root-cause-analyses-for-0-day-in-wild.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2020-07-29T10:27:00-07:00'>10:27 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin 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href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2022/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2022/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2022/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2022/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2022/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2022/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2022/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2022/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2022/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2022/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2021/'> 2021 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(24)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2021/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2021/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2021/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2021/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2021/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2021/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2021/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2021/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2021/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2021/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/'> 2020 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(36)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> <ul class='posts'> <li><a href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-core-of-apple-is-ppl-breaking-xnu.html'>The core of Apple is PPL: Breaking the XNU kernel'...</a></li> <li><a href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/one-byte-to-rule-them-all.html'>One Byte to rule them all</a></li> <li><a href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/detection-deficit-year-in-review-of-0.html'>Detection Deficit: A Year in Review of 0-days Used...</a></li> <li><a href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/root-cause-analyses-for-0-day-in-wild.html'>Root Cause Analyses for 0-day In-the-Wild Exploits</a></li> <li><a href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/mms-exploit-part-3-constructing-primitives.html'>MMS Exploit Part 3: Constructing the Memory Corrup...</a></li> <li><a href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/mms-exploit-part-2-effective-fuzzing-qmage.html'>MMS Exploit Part 2: Effective Fuzzing of the Qmage...</a></li> <li><a href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/mms-exploit-part-1-introduction-to-qmage.html'>MMS Exploit Part 1: Introduction to the Samsung Qm...</a></li> <li><a href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/how-to-unc0ver-0-day-in-4-hours-or-less.html'>How to unc0ver a 0-day in 4 hours or less</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/'> 2019 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(27)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/'> 2018 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(22)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/'> 2017 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(19)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/'> 2016 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(17)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' 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