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class='column-center-outer'> <div class='column-center-inner'> <div class='main section' id='main' name='Main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='blog-posts hfeed'> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>Tuesday, April 16, 2019</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='4838136820032157985' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='2104782732026062272' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='2104782732026062272'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-abusing.html'>Windows Exploitation Tricks: Abusing the User-Mode Debugger</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-2104782732026062272' itemprop='description articleBody'> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Posted by James Forshaw, Google Project Zero</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I've recently been adding native user-mode debugger support to </span><a href="https://www.powershellgallery.com/packages/NtObjectManager/1.1.20" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">NtObjectManager</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Whenever I add new functionality I have to do some research and reverse engineering to better understand how it works. In this case I wondered what access you need to debug an existing running process and through that noticed an interesting security mismatch between what the user-mode APIs expose and what the kernel actually does which I thought would be interesting to document. What I’ll describe is not a security vulnerability, but it is useful for exploiting certain classes of bugs, which is why it fits in my series on exploitation tricks.</span></div> <b id="docs-internal-guid-fe4e2fd5-7fff-53ca-015d-6aff8bcd8ab3" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I'm not going to go into any great depth about how the user-mode debugger works under the hood -- if you want to know more </span><a href="https://twitter.com/aionescu" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Alex Ionescu</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> wrote 3 whitepapers (</span><a href="http://www.alex-ionescu.com/dbgk-1.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><a href="http://www.alex-ionescu.com/dbgk-2.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><a href="http://www.alex-ionescu.com/dbgk-3.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">) over 12 years ago about the internals on Windows XP, and the internals haven't really changed much since. Given that observation, while I'm documenting the behavior on Windows 10 1809 I'm confident these techniques work on earlier releases Windows.</span></div> <h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Attaching to a Running Process</span></h2> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Debugging on modern versions of Windows NT is based around the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Debug</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> kernel object, which you can create by calling the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtCreateDebugObject</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> system call. This object acts as a bridge to assign processes for debugging and wait for debug events to be returned. The creation of this object is hidden from you by the Win32 APIs and each thread has its own debug object stored in its TEB.</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">If you want to attach to an existing process you can call the Win32 API </span><a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms679295%28v=vs.85%29.aspx" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">DebugActiveProcess</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> which has the prototype:</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">BOOL </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DebugActiveProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">_In_ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DWORD </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">dwProcessId</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">);</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This ultimately calls the native API, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtDebugActiveProcess,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> which has the following prototype:</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NTSTATUS </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtDebugActiveProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    _In_ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HANDLE </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ProcessHandle, </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    _In_ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HANDLE </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DebugObjectHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">);</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DebugObjectHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> comes from the TEB, but requiring a process handle rather than a PID results in a mismatch between the call semantics of the two APIs. This means the Win32 API is responsible for opening a handle to a process, then passing that to the native API.</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The question which immediately come to mind when I see code like this is what access does the Win32 API require and then what does the kernel API actually enforce? This isn't just idle musing, a common place for security vulnerabilities to manifest is in mismatched assumptions between interface layers. A good example is the discovery that NTFS hardlinks required a write access when being created from a Win32 application using </span><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/desktop/api/winbase/nf-winbase-createhardlinkw" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">CreateHardlink</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> due to the user-mode API opening the target file with </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">WRITE_ATTRIBUTES</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> access. However, the kernel APIs didn't require any access (see my blog post about the hard link issue </span><a href="https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/12/between-rock-and-hard-link.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">here</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">) allows you to hardlink to any file you can open for any access. To find out what the Win32 API and Kernel APIs enforce we need to look at the code in a disassembler (or look at Alex's original write ups which has the code RE'd as well). The code in </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DebugActiveProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> calls a helper, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ProcessIdToHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> to get the process handle which looks like the following:</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HANDLE </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ProcessIdToHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DWORD dwProcessId</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NTSTATUS </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Status</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ObjectAttributes</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CLIENT_ID </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ClientId</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HANDLE </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ProcessHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DWORD </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DesiredAccess </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PROCESS_CREATE_THREAD </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">|</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: orange; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                        PROCESS_VM_OPERATION </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">|</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: orange; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                        PROCESS_VM_READ </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">|</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: orange; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                        PROCESS_VM_WRITE </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">|</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: orange; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                        PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">|</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: orange; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                        PROCESS_SUSPEND_RESUME</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  ClientId</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">UniqueProcess </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> dwProcessId</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  InitializeObjectAttributes</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(&</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ObjectAttributes</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NULL</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">...)</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  Status </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> NtOpenProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(&</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ProcessHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                         DesiredAccess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                         &</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ObjectAttributes</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                         &</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ClientId</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">);</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">if</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NT_SUCCESS</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Status</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">))</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">return</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> ProcessHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  BaseSetLastNTError</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Status</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">);</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">return</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NULL</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Nothing shocking about this code, a process is opened by its PID using </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtOpenProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. The code requires all the access rights that a debugger would expect:</span></div> <ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; "><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Creating new threads, which is how the initial break point is injected.</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; "><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Access to read and modify memory to write break points and inspect the running state of the process. </span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; "><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Suspending and resuming the entire process.</span></div> </li> </ul> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Once the kernel gets the process handle it needs to convert it back to a process object pointer using </span><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/ddi/content/wdm/nf-wdm-obreferenceobjectbyhandle" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">ObReferenceObjectByHandle</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. The API takes an desired access mask which is checked against the open handle access mask and only returns the pointer if the check succeeds. Here's the relevant snippet of code:</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NTSTATUS </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtDebugActiveProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HANDLE</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> ProcessHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                              </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HANDLE </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DebugObjectHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  PEPROCESS Process</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  NTSTATUS status </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> ObReferenceObjectByHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">             ProcessHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">             </span><span style="background-color: orange; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PROCESS_SUSPEND_RESUME</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">             PsProcessType</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">             KeGetCurrentThread</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">()-></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PreviousMode</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">             </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">&</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Process</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">);</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: green; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">// ...</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Here’s a pretty big mismatch in security expectations. The user mode API opens the process with much higher access than the kernel API requires. The kernel only enforces access to suspend and resume the target process. This makes sense from a kernel perspective (as Raymond Chen might say, looking at it through </span><a href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20110512-00/?p=10683" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Kernel Colored Glasses</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">) as the immediate effect of attaching a process to a debug object is to suspend the process. You'd assume that without having other access such as VM Read/Write there's not much debugging going on but from a kernel perspective that's irrelevant. All you need to use the kernel APIs is the ability to suspend/resume the process (through </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtDebugContinue</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">) and read events from the debug objects. The fact that you might get memory addresses in the debug events which you can’t access isn't that important from a design perspective.</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Where's the problem you might ask? With only </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PROCESS_SUSPEND_RESUME</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> access you can "debug" a process with limited access, but without the rest of the access rights you'd not be able to do that much. What can we do if we have only PROCESS_SUSPEND_RESUME access?</span></div> <h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Accessing Debug Events</span></h2> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The answer to the question is based on the event you receive when you first wait for a debug event, </span><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/desktop/api/minwinbase/ns-minwinbase-create_process_debug_info" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">CREATE_PROCESS_DEBUG_INFO</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Note the native structure is slightly different but it's close enough for our purposes.</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The create process event is received whenever you connect to an active process, it allows the debugger to synchronize its state by providing a set of events such as process creation, thread creation and loaded modules that you'd have received if you were directly starting a process under a debugger. In fact the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtDebugActiveProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> calls the method </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DbgkpPostFakeProcessCreateMessages</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> which gives away the status of the debug events.</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What's interesting about </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CREATE_PROCESS_DEBUG_INFO </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">is you'll notice there are HANDLE parameters, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">hFile</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">hProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">hThread</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> corresponding to a file handle to the process executable, a handle to the process being debugged and finally a handle to the initial thread. Checking in </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DbgkpPostFakeProcessCreateMessages</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> the objects are captured, however the handles are not generated. Instead the handles are created inside the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtWaitForDebugEvent</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> system call, specifically in </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DbgkpOpenHandles</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. See if you can spot the problem with the following code snippet from that function:</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NTSTATUS </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DbgkpOpenHandles</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PDEBUG_EVENT</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Event</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                          </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">EPROCESS </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DebugeeProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                          </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PETHREAD </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DebugeeThread</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: green; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">// Handle other event types first...</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">if</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Event</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DebugEventCode </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">==</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CREATE_PROCESS_DEBUG_EVENT</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">if</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ObOpenObjectByPointer</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DebugeeThread</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff8000; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NULL</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">          </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">THREAD_ALL_ACCESS</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PsThreadType</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">          </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">KernelMode</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">&</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Event</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CreateProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">hThread</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff8000; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">      Event</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CreateProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">hThread </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NULL</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">if</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ObOpenObjectByPointer</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DebugeeProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff8000; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff8000; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">          </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PsProcessType</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">          </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">KernelMode</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">&</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Event</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CreateProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">hProcess </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff8000; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">      Event</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CreateProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">hThread </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NULL</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    ObDuplicateObject</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PsGetCurrentProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(), </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                      Event</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CreateProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">hFile</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                      PsGetCurrentProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(),</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                      &</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Event</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CreateProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">hFile</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff8000; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff8000; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">                      </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">KernelMode</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">);</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: green; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">// ...</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Did you spot the problem? This code is using the </span><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/ddi/content/ntifs/nf-ntifs-obopenobjectbypointer" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">ObOpenObjectByPointer</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> API to convert the debugee process and thread objects back to handles, that in itself is fine. However the problem is the API is called with the access mode set to </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">KernelMode</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> which means the call does not perform any access checking. That's not great but again wouldn’t be an issue if it wasn’t also requesting additional access above </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PROCESS_SUSPEND_RESUME</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. This code is effectively giving all access rights to the caller of </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtWaitForDebugEvent </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">to the debugged target process.</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The result of this behavior is given a process handle with </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PROCESS_SUSPEND_RESUME</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> it's possible to use that to get full access to the process and initial thread even if the objects wouldn't grant the caller that access. It might be argued that "You've attached the debugger to the process, what did you expect?". Well I would expect the caller would need to have opened suitable process and thread handles before attaching the debugger and use them to access the target, or if the kernel has to create new handles at least do an access check on them. This leads us to our first exploitation trick:</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Exploitation trick:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> given a process handle with PROCESS_SUSPEND_RESUME access you can convert it to a full access process handle through the debugger APIs. </span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It’s probably rare you’ll encounter this type of bug as </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PROCESS_SUSPEND_RESUME</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> is considered a write access to a process. Anything which would leak this access to a privileged process would also have leaked the other write accesses such as </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PROCESS_CREATE_THREAD </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">or </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PROCESS_VM_WRITE </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">and it’d be game over. To prove this exploit trick works the following is a simple PowerShell script which takes a process ID, opens the process for </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PROCESS_SUSPEND_RESUME</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, attaches it to a debugger, steals the handle and returns the full access handle.</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">param</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Parameter</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mandatory</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)]</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">int</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">$ProcessId</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: green; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"># Get a privileged process handle with only PROCESS_SUSPEND_RESUME.</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Import-Module NtObjectManager</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Use-NtObject</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">$dbg</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> New-NtDebug </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ProcessId </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">$ProcessId</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    Use-NtObject</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">$e</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">=</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Start-NtDebugWait </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">$dbg</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Infinite</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">        </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">$dbg</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Detach</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">$ProcessId</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">        </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtApiDotNet</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtProcess</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">]::</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DuplicateFrom</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">$e</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Process</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff8000; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">    </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What about the third handle in </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CREATE_PROCESS_DEBUG_INFO</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, the handle to the process executable file? This has a different behavior, instead of opening a raw pointer it duplicates an existing handle. If you look at the code it seems to be duplicating from the current caller’s process and back again, why would it need to do the duplication if it was already in the debugger process? The key is the final parameter, again it’s passing </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">KernelMode</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, which means </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ObDuplicateObject</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> will actually duplicate a kernel handle to the current process. The file handle is opened when attaching to the process and uses the following code:</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HANDLE </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">DbgkpSectionToFileHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PSECTION</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Section</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">{</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HANDLE </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">FileHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">UNICODE_STRING </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Name</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ObjectAttributes</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">IO_STATUS_BLOCK </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">IoStatusBlock</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  MmGetFileNameForSection</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Section</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">&</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Name</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">);</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  InitializeObjectAttributes</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(&</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ObjectAttributes</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">      </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">&</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Name</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">      </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">OBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">|</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">      </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">OBJ_FORCE_ACCESS_CHECK </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">|</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">      </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">OBJ_KERNEL_HANDLE</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">);</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  ZwOpenFile</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(&</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">FileHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">GENERIC_READ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">|</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">SYNCHRONIZE</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">             </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">&</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ObjectAttributes</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">&</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">IoStatusBlock</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">             </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">FILE_SHARE_ALL</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">FILE_SYNCHRONOUS_IO_NONALERT</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">);</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">  </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">return</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> FileHandle</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span></div> <div dir="ltr" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: navy; font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">}</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This code is careful to pass </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">OBJ_FORCE_ACCESS_CHECK</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> to the file open call to ensure it doesn’t give the debugger access to arbitrary files. The file handle is stored away to be reclaimed by the later call to </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtWaitForDebugEvent</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. This leads us to our second, and final exploitation trick:</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Exploitation trick:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> with an arbitrary kernel handle closing bug you can steal kernel handles.</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The rationale behind this exploitation trick is that once the handle is captured it’s stored indefinitely, at least while the process still exists. The handle can be retrieved at any arbitrary point in time. This gives you a much bigger window to exploit a handle closing bug. An example of this bug class was one I found in a Novell driver, </span><a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=274" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">issue 274</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. In this case the driver wouldn’t check whether </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ZwOpenFile </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">succeeded when writing a log entry and so would reuse the handle value stored in the stack when it called </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ZwClose</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. This results in an arbitrary kernel handle being closed. To exploit the Novell bug using the debugger you’d do the following:</span></div> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <ol style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; "><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Generate a log entry to create a kernel handle which is then closed. The value on the stack is not overwritten.</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; "><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Debug a process to get the file handle allocated. Handle allocation is predictable so there’s a good chance that the same handle value will be reused as the one used with the bug.</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; "><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trigger the handling closing bug, in this case it’ll close the existing value on the stack which is now allocated by the debugger resulting in a dangling handle value.</span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; "><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Exercise code in the kernel to get the now unused handle value reallocated again. For example </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">SepSetTokenCachedHandles</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> called through </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NtCreateLowBoxToken</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> will happily duplicate other kernel handles (although since I reported </span><a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=483" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">issue 483</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> there are fairly strict checks on what handles you can use. </span></div> </li> <li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; "><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Get the debugger to return you the handle.</span></div> </li> </ol> <b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Handle closing bugs do exist, though they’re perhaps rare. Also you have to be careful, as typically closing an already closed kernel handle can result in a bug check.</span></div> <h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Wrapping Up</span></h2> <br /> <div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The behavior of user-mode debugging is another case where there are unexpected consequences to the design of the functionality. Nothing I’ve described here is a security vulnerability, but the behavior is interesting and it’s worth looking out for cases where it could be used. </span></div> <div> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <span itemprop='name'>Anonymous</span> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-abusing.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-abusing.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2019-04-16T09:24:00-07:00'>9:24 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> <a class='comment-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-abusing.html#comment-form' onclick=''> No comments: </a> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-612473818'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4838136820032157985&postID=2104782732026062272&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <a class='goog-inline-block share-button sb-email' href='https://www.blogger.com/share-post.g?blogID=4838136820032157985&postID=2104782732026062272&target=email' target='_blank' title='Email This'><span class='share-button-link-text'>Email This</span></a><a 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class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/'> 2019 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(27)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> <ul class='posts'> <li><a href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-abusing.html'>Windows Exploitation Tricks: Abusing the User-Mode...</a></li> <li><a href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/04/virtually-unlimited-memory-escaping.html'>Virtually Unlimited Memory: Escaping the Chrome Sa...</a></li> <li><a href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/04/splitting-atoms-in-xnu.html'>Splitting atoms in XNU</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/'> 2018 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(22)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/'> 2017 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(19)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/'> 2016 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(17)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/'> 2015 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(33)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2015/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2014/'> 2014 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2014/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2014/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2014/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2014/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2014/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2014/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ (function(){ let archive_list = document.getElementById('ArchiveList'); if (archive_list == null) return; let cur_year = archive_list.querySelector('.post-count-link').innerText.trim() - 0; let last_year = 2014; let 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