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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/250px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/375px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/500px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2964" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i> (1509–1511) by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:lavender;"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Fine arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Renaissance">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:lavender;"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance" title="Spanish Renaissance">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:lavender;"> History and study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_thesis" title="Continuity thesis">Continuity thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance" title="Template:Renaissance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance" title="Template talk:Renaissance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cultural and artistic movement in Portugal during 15th and 16th century</div> <p>The <b>Portuguese Renaissance</b> refers to the cultural and artistic movement in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> during the 15th and 16th centuries. Though the movement coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance" title="Spanish Renaissance">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian</a> Renaissances, the Portuguese Renaissance was largely separate from other European Renaissances and instead was extremely important in opening Europe to the unknown and bringing a more worldly view to those European Renaissances, as at the time the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> spanned the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Discoveries">Age of Discoveries</a>, Portugal flourished in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, with voyages to India, the Orient, the Americas, and Africa. This immense trade network would create an extremely wealthy <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobility</a> and monarchy, that would become patrons for an immense flourishing of culture, arts, and technology in Portugal and all over the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/290px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/435px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/580px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The vastness and diversity of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> was a key factor behind the Portuguese Renaissance.</figcaption></figure> <p>Diplomats, merchants, students, humanists, scholars, and artists, from all over Europe, were drawn to Portugal during its Renaissance. The maritime trade of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> played a decisive role in the evolution of the Portuguese Renaissance. Trade intensified contacts with important centres of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> and it allowed a new commercial bourgeoisie to prosper and have excess funds to become patrons of the Portuguese Renaissance, much like the other Renaissances of Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The discovery of new worlds and contact with other civilisations led to a cultural mix, which was reflected in the arts and literature of the Portuguese Renaissance. The contact with the civilisations of Africa and the East led to the importation of numerous objects of ceramics, textiles and furniture, precious woods, ivory and silk, in turn, led to the emergence of new artistic forms resulting cultural exchanges between Europe, and East Africa, through the Portuguese. The new trade of items with the newly discovered lands is also what allowed the Portuguese Renaissance to be funded, by creating a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobility</a> and merchant class. </p><p>It was Portugal's connection, through the vast <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, to a full world of trade, culture, and commerce, from <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> to <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, that allowed the Portuguese Renaissance to be born. Portugal's unique ability to interact and colonise other peoples (later called <a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a>), permitted funding a flourishing Renaissance of its own; of arts, humanities, religion, and sciences alike, not just on the European mainland, but throughout its empire, due to the special link that the Portuguese Empire had to Portugal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arts in the Portuguese Renaissance are a matter of historiographical dispute. This is because despite arts flourishing in this time, they did not follow the classicist aesthetic standards on which the Italians built their Renaissance. The arts of the Portuguese Renaissance were unique amongst other Renaissance arts. They were a mixing of Late Gothic style with the innovations of the fifteenth century and a Portuguese national twist all at once. The assimilation with the Italian Renaissance arts model only really begins around 1540, when Portuguese Renaissance artists started breaking away from their national norms and adapting their works to the classicist Italian and Spanish model, while still possessing a Portuguese flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-joaquimcaetano.wordpress.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joaquimcaetano.wordpress.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg/220px-Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg/330px-Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg/440px-Torre_Bel%C3%A9m_April_2009-4a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5035" data-file-height="4805" /></a><figcaption>Francisco de Arruda's <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_Tower" title="Belém Tower">Belém Tower</a> is one of the most emblematic architectural pieces of the Portuguese Renaissance.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Renaissance architecture in Portugal">Renaissance architecture in Portugal</a></div> <p>In terms of architecture, much like many sections of the arts, the Portuguese Renaissance did not, initially or mainly, follow the path of the Renaissance elsewhere in Europe. These latter focused on the sophistication and simplicity of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Rather, Portuguese Renaissance in its architecture was largely a continuation and elaboration of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic style">Gothic</a>. </p><p>The profits of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III</a>, financed the sumptuous and dominant style of the Portuguese Renaissance, the <a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manueline was largely an intricate and complex style, with heavy gothic and light neo-classical influence, that was unique to Portugal. </p><p>The first known building in Manueline style is the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Jesus_of_Setubal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Jesus of Setubal">Monastery of Jesus of Setubal</a>, by the architect <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Boitaca" title="Diogo de Boitaca">Diogo de Boitaca</a>, one of the originators and masters of the style. The nave of the monastery's church, supported by spiral columns, reveals the attempt to render the balanced nave and aisles of a <a href="/wiki/Hall_church" title="Hall church">Hall church</a>. This style reaches its climax in the church of <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a>, completed in 1520 by architect <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castilho" title="João de Castilho">João de Castilho</a>. Francisco de Arruda's <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_Tower" title="Belém Tower">Belém Tower</a> and chapter window of the <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Christ_(Tomar)" title="Convent of Christ (Tomar)">Convent of the Order of Christ</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tomar" title="Tomar">Tomar</a>, are some of the most famous examples of the Manueline style, and Portuguese Renaissance architecture as a whole. </p><p>Austere Renaissance classicism did not flourish much in the Portuguese Renaissance, but slowly established itself from the 1530s and onward, with the help of both foreigners and nationals, like <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Holanda" title="Francisco de Holanda">Francisco de Holanda</a> and Diogo de Torralva. The <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_of_Nossa_Senhora_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(Tomar)" title="Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Tomar)">Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Conceição</a>, in Tomar, by Diogo de Torralva, is an excellent examples of the pure Renaissance classical architecture from the Portuguese Renaissance. Some examples of the strong and pure classical Renaissance are Miguel de Arruda's <a href="/wiki/Igreja_da_Gra%C3%A7a_(%C3%89vora)" class="mw-redirect" title="Igreja da Graça (Évora)">Igreja da Graça</a>, in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Arruda" title="Diogo de Arruda">Diogo de Arruda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Palace_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa">Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Vila Viçosa">Vila Viçosa</a>, and the Cloister of King D. John III, at the Convent of the Order of Christ, by Diogo de Torralva and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Terzi" title="Filippo Terzi">Filippo Terzi</a>, considered one of the most emblematic pieces of the Portuguese Renaissance. The Quinta da Bacalhoa and the <a href="/wiki/Casa_dos_Bicos" title="Casa dos Bicos">Casa dos Bicos</a> are good examples of strong classical Renaissance style palaces, which still hold Manueline tendencies. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A9_Velha_de_Coimbra_ou_Igreja_da_S%C3%A9_Velha_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The classical side portal of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra, by João de Ruão"><img alt="The classical side portal of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra, by João de Ruão" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/S%C3%A9_Velha_de_Coimbra_ou_Igreja_da_S%C3%A9_Velha_3.jpg/90px-S%C3%A9_Velha_de_Coimbra_ou_Igreja_da_S%C3%A9_Velha_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/S%C3%A9_Velha_de_Coimbra_ou_Igreja_da_S%C3%A9_Velha_3.jpg/135px-S%C3%A9_Velha_de_Coimbra_ou_Igreja_da_S%C3%A9_Velha_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/S%C3%A9_Velha_de_Coimbra_ou_Igreja_da_S%C3%A9_Velha_3.jpg/180px-S%C3%A9_Velha_de_Coimbra_ou_Igreja_da_S%C3%A9_Velha_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The classical side portal of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Cathedral_of_Coimbra" title="Old Cathedral of Coimbra">Old Cathedral of Coimbra</a>, by João de Ruão</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Igreja_da_Gra%C3%A7a_de_%C3%89vora_-_Vista_geral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The façade of the Church of Nossa Senhora da Graça, by Miguel de Arruda"><img alt="The façade of the Church of Nossa Senhora da Graça, by Miguel de Arruda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Igreja_da_Gra%C3%A7a_de_%C3%89vora_-_Vista_geral.jpg/120px-Igreja_da_Gra%C3%A7a_de_%C3%89vora_-_Vista_geral.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Igreja_da_Gra%C3%A7a_de_%C3%89vora_-_Vista_geral.jpg/180px-Igreja_da_Gra%C3%A7a_de_%C3%89vora_-_Vista_geral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Igreja_da_Gra%C3%A7a_de_%C3%89vora_-_Vista_geral.jpg/240px-Igreja_da_Gra%C3%A7a_de_%C3%89vora_-_Vista_geral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The façade of the <a href="/wiki/Igreja_da_Gra%C3%A7a_(%C3%89vora)" class="mw-redirect" title="Igreja da Graça (Évora)">Church of Nossa Senhora da Graça</a>, by Miguel de Arruda</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pt-coimbra-mosteiro-santacruz.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The manueline façade of the Monastery of Santa Cruz, by Diogo de Boitaca"><img alt="The manueline façade of the Monastery of Santa Cruz, by Diogo de Boitaca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pt-coimbra-mosteiro-santacruz.JPG/90px-Pt-coimbra-mosteiro-santacruz.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pt-coimbra-mosteiro-santacruz.JPG/135px-Pt-coimbra-mosteiro-santacruz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Pt-coimbra-mosteiro-santacruz.JPG/180px-Pt-coimbra-mosteiro-santacruz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The manueline façade of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Santa_Cruz_(Coimbra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Santa Cruz (Coimbra)">Monastery of Santa Cruz</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Boitaca" title="Diogo de Boitaca">Diogo de Boitaca</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TomarConvent-Cloisters1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cloister of John III, at the Convent of Christ, by Diogo de Torralva and Filippo Terzi"><img alt="The Cloister of John III, at the Convent of Christ, by Diogo de Torralva and Filippo Terzi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/TomarConvent-Cloisters1.jpg/120px-TomarConvent-Cloisters1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/TomarConvent-Cloisters1.jpg/180px-TomarConvent-Cloisters1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/TomarConvent-Cloisters1.jpg/240px-TomarConvent-Cloisters1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Cloister of John III</i>, at the <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Christ_(Tomar)" title="Convent of Christ (Tomar)">Convent of Christ</a>, by Diogo de Torralva and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Terzi" title="Filippo Terzi">Filippo Terzi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa_September_2013-5a_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The classical façade of the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa, by Diogo de Arruda"><img alt="The classical façade of the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa, by Diogo de Arruda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa_September_2013-5a_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa_September_2013-5a_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa_September_2013-5a_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa_September_2013-5a_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa_September_2013-5a_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa_September_2013-5a_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7448" data-file-height="3659" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The classical façade of the <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Palace_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa">Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Arruda" title="Diogo de Arruda">Diogo de Arruda</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concei%C3%A7ao_Velha_-_Portal_Manuelino.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The façade of the Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha, by Francisco Ferreira"><img alt="The façade of the Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha, by Francisco Ferreira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Concei%C3%A7ao_Velha_-_Portal_Manuelino.JPG/90px-Concei%C3%A7ao_Velha_-_Portal_Manuelino.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Concei%C3%A7ao_Velha_-_Portal_Manuelino.JPG/135px-Concei%C3%A7ao_Velha_-_Portal_Manuelino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Concei%C3%A7ao_Velha_-_Portal_Manuelino.JPG/180px-Concei%C3%A7ao_Velha_-_Portal_Manuelino.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The façade of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Nossa_Senhora_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Velha" title="Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha">Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha</a>, by Francisco Ferreira</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisboa_-_Mosteiro_dos_Jer%C3%B3nimos_-_Claustro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cloister of Jerónimos Monastery, by Teodósio Frias and Diogo Vaz"><img alt="The cloister of Jerónimos Monastery, by Teodósio Frias and Diogo Vaz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lisboa_-_Mosteiro_dos_Jer%C3%B3nimos_-_Claustro.jpg/120px-Lisboa_-_Mosteiro_dos_Jer%C3%B3nimos_-_Claustro.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lisboa_-_Mosteiro_dos_Jer%C3%B3nimos_-_Claustro.jpg/180px-Lisboa_-_Mosteiro_dos_Jer%C3%B3nimos_-_Claustro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lisboa_-_Mosteiro_dos_Jer%C3%B3nimos_-_Claustro.jpg/240px-Lisboa_-_Mosteiro_dos_Jer%C3%B3nimos_-_Claustro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The cloister of <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a>, by Teodósio Frias and Diogo Vaz</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Misericordia_(Pra%C3%A7a_da_Rep%C3%BAblica).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The House of Misericórdia, in Viana do Castelo, by João Lopes"><img alt="The House of Misericórdia, in Viana do Castelo, by João Lopes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Misericordia_%28Pra%C3%A7a_da_Rep%C3%BAblica%29.jpg/90px-Misericordia_%28Pra%C3%A7a_da_Rep%C3%BAblica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Misericordia_%28Pra%C3%A7a_da_Rep%C3%BAblica%29.jpg/135px-Misericordia_%28Pra%C3%A7a_da_Rep%C3%BAblica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Misericordia_%28Pra%C3%A7a_da_Rep%C3%BAblica%29.jpg/181px-Misericordia_%28Pra%C3%A7a_da_Rep%C3%BAblica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The House of Misericórdia, in <a href="/wiki/Viana_do_Castelo_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Viana do Castelo Municipality">Viana do Castelo</a>, by João Lopes </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting">Painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_1502-1557_hd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_1502-1557_hd.jpg/170px-D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_1502-1557_hd.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_1502-1557_hd.jpg/255px-D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_1502-1557_hd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_1502-1557_hd.jpg/340px-D._Jo%C3%A3o_III_1502-1557_hd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III</a>'s reign, which saw Portuguese monopoly on the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, allowed a flourishing of Portuguese painting.</figcaption></figure> <p>Painting was one of the more distinguishing factors of the Portuguese Renaissance, being one of the more contrasting arts to the other Renaissances of Europe. Painting in the Portuguese Renaissance was largely sober and almost exclusively religious, being more in line with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> in nature, not following the pomp and excess of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance" title="Spanish Renaissance">Spanish</a> Renaissances. </p><p>Portuguese Renaissance painting was largely in contact with Flemish style.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Links between the two movements reached a new level, in 1430, with the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" title="Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy">Isabel of Aviz, Infanta of Portugal</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip III, Duke of Burgundy</a>. While the marriage was in negotiations, the Burgundian court sent the famed <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> to paint the <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Isabella_of_Portugal_(van_Eyck)" title="Portrait of Isabella of Portugal (van Eyck)">Portrait of Isabel of Aviz</a>. Van Eyck remained in Portugal for over a year, where he established a school of art, alongside Olivier de Gand and Jean d'Ypres.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This school gave origin to the School of Masters of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9_Cathedral_of_Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sé Cathedral of Angra do Heroísmo">Sé Cathedral of Angra do Heroísmo</a>, which was fostered by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1come_de_Bruges" title="Jácome de Bruges">Jácome de Bruges</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Nuno Gonçalves">Nuno Gonçalves</a>, author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_Panels" title="Saint Vincent Panels">Saint Vincent Panels</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and designer of the <a href="/wiki/Pastrana_Tapestries" title="Pastrana Tapestries">Pastrana Tapestries</a>, is considered one of the precursors of Portuguese Renaissance painting.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his panels, considered one of the most important pieces of painted art in Portuguese history, he depicts prominent figures of Portuguese nobility, royalty, and clergy of the time with a dry style but powerfully realistic. His concern of portraying each figure individually, shows heavy Flemish influence, and foreshadows later Renaissance concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 16th century, various schools of painters were active throughout Portugal and its empire, often in collaboration with foreigners. A common trend amongst these schools was to give credit to their works of art as a school, and leave the actual author anonymous, making it difficult to attribute authorship. Even amongst those painters that gave their name to their works, it is complicated to verify the total validity of authorship due to the habit of collective works. A famous example of this was by court painter <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Afonso" title="Jorge Afonso">Jorge Afonso</a>, whose pieces were often worked on by his colleagues at court, such as Frei Carlos, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Henriques" title="Francisco Henriques">Francisco Henriques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Figueiredo" title="Cristóvão de Figueiredo">Cristóvão de Figueiredo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garcia_Fernandes" title="Garcia Fernandes">Garcia Fernandes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg%C3%B3rio_Lopes" title="Gregório Lopes">Gregório Lopes</a>, and Jorge Leal, amongst others. In <a href="/wiki/Norte_Region,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Region, Portugal">Northern Portugal</a>, a similar group existed, centered on <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco" class="mw-redirect" title="Grão Vasco">Vasco Fernandes</a>, alongside Gaspar Vaz and Fernão de Anes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Portuguese Renaissance, the largest center of learning and arts was <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, which thrived as a great city of Europe, because of its privileged position as a major trading center, open to a constant flow of new information, cultures, and finance.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lisbon was a true center of the European Renaissance, where artists and scholars from the corners of Europe came to try to make money. The rich Lisbon nobility funded countless paintings, often for either religious institutions in Lisbon or in their feudal estates. The Portuguese royal court often transferred between Lisbon, <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>, a former capital of Portugal, and Évora, which allowed these three cities to establish themselves as the largest centers of the Portuguese Renaissance. In Coimbra, the School of Coimbra was founded by Vicente Gil and his son, Manuel Vicente.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Évora, Manuel I of Portugal established a rich court, which would see its height under his son, <a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Cardinal Infante Henrique of Aviz, Archbishop of Évora</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/University_of_%C3%89vora" title="University of Évora">University of Évora</a> and its school of arts.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1304px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Auta_Altapiece_-_Arrival_of_the_relics_of_St._Auta_at_Madre_de_Deus_Monastery_-_Lisbon_Workshop_-_ca._1522_-_oil_on_oak.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Arrival of the Relics at Madre de Deus, by Cristóvão de Figueiredo and Garcia Fernandes"><img alt="Arrival of the Relics at Madre de Deus, by Cristóvão de Figueiredo and Garcia Fernandes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St._Auta_Altapiece_-_Arrival_of_the_relics_of_St._Auta_at_Madre_de_Deus_Monastery_-_Lisbon_Workshop_-_ca._1522_-_oil_on_oak.JPG/120px-St._Auta_Altapiece_-_Arrival_of_the_relics_of_St._Auta_at_Madre_de_Deus_Monastery_-_Lisbon_Workshop_-_ca._1522_-_oil_on_oak.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St._Auta_Altapiece_-_Arrival_of_the_relics_of_St._Auta_at_Madre_de_Deus_Monastery_-_Lisbon_Workshop_-_ca._1522_-_oil_on_oak.JPG/180px-St._Auta_Altapiece_-_Arrival_of_the_relics_of_St._Auta_at_Madre_de_Deus_Monastery_-_Lisbon_Workshop_-_ca._1522_-_oil_on_oak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St._Auta_Altapiece_-_Arrival_of_the_relics_of_St._Auta_at_Madre_de_Deus_Monastery_-_Lisbon_Workshop_-_ca._1522_-_oil_on_oak.JPG/240px-St._Auta_Altapiece_-_Arrival_of_the_relics_of_St._Auta_at_Madre_de_Deus_Monastery_-_Lisbon_Workshop_-_ca._1522_-_oil_on_oak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Arrival of the Relics at Madre de Deus</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Figueiredo" title="Cristóvão de Figueiredo">Cristóvão de Figueiredo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garcia_Fernandes" title="Garcia Fernandes">Garcia Fernandes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardeal_D._Henrique,_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of King Cardenal Henrique I of Portugal, by the School of Évora"><img alt="Portrait of King Cardenal Henrique I of Portugal, by the School of Évora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cardeal_D._Henrique%2C_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg/88px-Cardeal_D._Henrique%2C_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cardeal_D._Henrique%2C_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg/132px-Cardeal_D._Henrique%2C_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cardeal_D._Henrique%2C_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg/176px-Cardeal_D._Henrique%2C_c%C3%B3pia_de_original_de_c._1590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">King Cardenal Henrique I of Portugal</a></i>, by the School of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terreiro_do_Pa%C3%A7o_em_1662.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ribeira Palace and the Terreiro do Paço, by Rodrigo Stoop"><img alt="Ribeira Palace and the Terreiro do Paço, by Rodrigo Stoop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Terreiro_do_Pa%C3%A7o_em_1662.jpg/120px-Terreiro_do_Pa%C3%A7o_em_1662.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Terreiro_do_Pa%C3%A7o_em_1662.jpg/180px-Terreiro_do_Pa%C3%A7o_em_1662.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Terreiro_do_Pa%C3%A7o_em_1662.jpg/240px-Terreiro_do_Pa%C3%A7o_em_1662.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="1919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ribeira_Palace" title="Ribeira Palace">Ribeira Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Terreiro_do_Pa%C3%A7o" class="mw-redirect" title="Terreiro do Paço">Terreiro do Paço</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Stoop" title="Dirk Stoop">Rodrigo Stoop</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Workshop_of_Anthonis_Mor_(1512-16-c._1576)_-_John,_Prince_of_Portugal_(1537-54)_-_RCIN_403953_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, by Antonio Moro"><img alt="Portrait of João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, by Antonio Moro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Workshop_of_Anthonis_Mor_%281512-16-c._1576%29_-_John%2C_Prince_of_Portugal_%281537-54%29_-_RCIN_403953_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/98px-Workshop_of_Anthonis_Mor_%281512-16-c._1576%29_-_John%2C_Prince_of_Portugal_%281537-54%29_-_RCIN_403953_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Workshop_of_Anthonis_Mor_%281512-16-c._1576%29_-_John%2C_Prince_of_Portugal_%281537-54%29_-_RCIN_403953_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/147px-Workshop_of_Anthonis_Mor_%281512-16-c._1576%29_-_John%2C_Prince_of_Portugal_%281537-54%29_-_RCIN_403953_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Workshop_of_Anthonis_Mor_%281512-16-c._1576%29_-_John%2C_Prince_of_Portugal_%281537-54%29_-_RCIN_403953_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/196px-Workshop_of_Anthonis_Mor_%281512-16-c._1576%29_-_John%2C_Prince_of_Portugal_%281537-54%29_-_RCIN_403953_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="João Manuel, Prince of Portugal">João Manuel, Prince of Portugal</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Antonis_Mor" title="Antonis Mor">Antonio Moro</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A3o_Pedro_(c._1529)_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_(Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Peter Enthroned as Pope, by Vasco Fernandes"><img alt="Saint Peter Enthroned as Pope, by Vasco Fernandes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png/120px-S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png/180px-S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png/240px-S%C3%A3o_Pedro_%28c._1529%29_-_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco_%28Museu_Nacional_Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5270" data-file-height="4855" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_(Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco)" title="Saint Peter (Grão Vasco)">Saint Peter Enthroned as Pope</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o_Vasco" class="mw-redirect" title="Grão Vasco">Vasco Fernandes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebastian,_King_of_Portugal_(c._1565)_-_attributed_to_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Morais.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Sebastian I of Portugal, by Cristóvão de Morais"><img alt="Portrait of Sebastian I of Portugal, by Cristóvão de Morais" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sebastian%2C_King_of_Portugal_%28c._1565%29_-_attributed_to_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Morais.png/94px-Sebastian%2C_King_of_Portugal_%28c._1565%29_-_attributed_to_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Morais.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sebastian%2C_King_of_Portugal_%28c._1565%29_-_attributed_to_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Morais.png/141px-Sebastian%2C_King_of_Portugal_%28c._1565%29_-_attributed_to_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Morais.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sebastian%2C_King_of_Portugal_%28c._1565%29_-_attributed_to_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Morais.png/188px-Sebastian%2C_King_of_Portugal_%28c._1565%29_-_attributed_to_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Morais.png 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian I of Portugal</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Morais" title="Cristóvão de Morais">Cristóvão de Morais</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casamento_de_Santo_Aleixo_(1541)_-_Garcia_Fernandes.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Marriage of D. Manuel I, as Saint Aleixo, and Maria of Aragon, as his wife, by Garcia Fernandes"><img alt="Marriage of D. Manuel I, as Saint Aleixo, and Maria of Aragon, as his wife, by Garcia Fernandes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Casamento_de_Santo_Aleixo_%281541%29_-_Garcia_Fernandes.png/89px-Casamento_de_Santo_Aleixo_%281541%29_-_Garcia_Fernandes.png" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Casamento_de_Santo_Aleixo_%281541%29_-_Garcia_Fernandes.png/133px-Casamento_de_Santo_Aleixo_%281541%29_-_Garcia_Fernandes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Casamento_de_Santo_Aleixo_%281541%29_-_Garcia_Fernandes.png/178px-Casamento_de_Santo_Aleixo_%281541%29_-_Garcia_Fernandes.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Marriage of D. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a>, as Saint Aleixo, and <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Maria of Aragon</a>, as his wife</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Garcia_Fernandes" title="Garcia Fernandes">Garcia Fernandes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fons_Vitae_(c._1515-1517)_-_Colijn_de_Coter_(attributed).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Family of King D. Manuel I at the Fons Vitae; Colijn de Coter"><img alt="Family of King D. Manuel I at the Fons Vitae; Colijn de Coter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fons_Vitae_%28c._1515-1517%29_-_Colijn_de_Coter_%28attributed%29.png/92px-Fons_Vitae_%28c._1515-1517%29_-_Colijn_de_Coter_%28attributed%29.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fons_Vitae_%28c._1515-1517%29_-_Colijn_de_Coter_%28attributed%29.png/138px-Fons_Vitae_%28c._1515-1517%29_-_Colijn_de_Coter_%28attributed%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fons_Vitae_%28c._1515-1517%29_-_Colijn_de_Coter_%28attributed%29.png/184px-Fons_Vitae_%28c._1515-1517%29_-_Colijn_de_Coter_%28attributed%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Family of King D. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a> at the Fons Vitae</i>; <a href="/wiki/Colijn_de_Coter" title="Colijn de Coter">Colijn de Coter</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sciences">Sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Nunes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pedro_Nunes.png/220px-Pedro_Nunes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pedro_Nunes.png/330px-Pedro_Nunes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pedro_Nunes.png/440px-Pedro_Nunes.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nunes" title="Pedro Nunes">Pedro Nunes</a> was a great scientist of Europe, innovating maths and inventing many devices, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nonius_(device)" title="Nonius (device)">nonius</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the pioneer in Age of Discovery, Portugal and its Renaissance attracted experts in astronomy, mathematics, and naval technology, which made Portugal a technical and scientific capital of Europe. During the Portuguese Renaissance, there was a plethora of technical works being created, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">mappa mundi</a></i>, globes, treatises on the art of sailing, scripts, reports of shipwrecks, itineraries, and studies on tropical medicine. </p><p>Among the treatises on astronomy, oceanography, and nautical studies, major works included the following: </p> <ul><li><i>Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis</i>, 1506, <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><i>Treaty on the Sphere</i>, 1537, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nunes" title="Pedro Nunes">Pedro Nunes</a></li> <li><i>Route Map of the Purple Sea</i>, 1541, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro" title="João de Castro">João de Castro</a></li> <li><i>Ars Nautica</i>, 1555, <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Oliveira" title="Fernão de Oliveira">Fernão de Oliveira</a></li> <li><i>Manuscript on the Production of Naus</i>, 1580, <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Oliveira" title="Fernão de Oliveira">Fernão de Oliveira</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nunes" title="Pedro Nunes">Pedro Nunes</a>, one of the first Europeans to apply mathematics to cartography, discovered the concept of <a href="/wiki/Rhumb_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhumb lines">rhumb lines</a>, later applied to the <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a>, which, in 1569, revolutionized cartography. He was also the inventor of several measuring apparatus, including the <a href="/wiki/Nonius_(device)" title="Nonius (device)">nonius</a>, to measure fractions of a degree. </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s arrival in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and the Portuguese Empire's expansion into that land, many scientists were sent eastward to study and compile new drugs from <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal plant">medicinal plants</a>. The botanist <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a> and physicians <a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Orta" title="Garcia de Orta">Garcia de Orta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_da_Costa_(botanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristóvão da Costa (botanist)">Cristóvão da Costa</a> collected and published works on new plants and local medicines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartography">Cartography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cartography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">portolan chart</a> were in great demand in Europe, for their greater knowledge and accuracy. Although protected as a state secret, the cartographic knowledge would eventually be passed clandestinely by some of those involved in the operation. One such example is the <a href="/wiki/Cantino_planisphere" title="Cantino planisphere">Cantino planisphere</a>, which was stolen from the <a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">Casa da Índia</a>, the Portuguese royal ministry for all things maritime, for the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Ferrara">Duke of Ferrara</a> in 1502,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_maps" title="Dieppe maps">Dieppe maps</a>, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>, which were copies of stolen Portuguese maps of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1475, for the first time a Latin translation of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_world_map" title="Ptolemy's world map">Ptolemy's world map</a>, from the second century, was printed. Portuguese exploration and studies soon revealed the gaps of ancient knowledge, such as how in 1488, passing the Cape of Good Hope, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> proved Ptolemy was erroneous in that there was no passage to the Indian Ocean. </p><p>In 1492, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Behaim" title="Martin Behaim">Martin Behaim</a>, after his training in Portugal, and in service to the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a>, built the first known globe, which had Europe and Asia were separated by a single ocean, a theory that <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, who was also trained in Portugal, would test later that year. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1304px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CantinoPlanisphere.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1502 Cantino planisphere was the Padrão Real made by the Casa da Índia"><img alt="The 1502 Cantino planisphere was the Padrão Real made by the Casa da Índia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CantinoPlanisphere.png/120px-CantinoPlanisphere.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CantinoPlanisphere.png/180px-CantinoPlanisphere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CantinoPlanisphere.png/240px-CantinoPlanisphere.png 2x" data-file-width="3528" data-file-height="1656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1502 <i><a href="/wiki/Cantino_planisphere" title="Cantino planisphere">Cantino planisphere</a></i> was the <a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%A3o_Real" title="Padrão Real">Padrão Real</a> made by the <a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">Casa da Índia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitanias.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1574 map of the Captaincy Colonies of Brazil, by Luís Teixeira"><img alt="The 1574 map of the Captaincy Colonies of Brazil, by Luís Teixeira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/88px-Capitanias.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/133px-Capitanias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/177px-Capitanias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="4154" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1574 map of the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a>, by Luís Teixeira</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Azores_old_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1584 Açores Insulae map of the Azores Islands, by Luís Teixeira"><img alt="The 1584 Açores Insulae map of the Azores Islands, by Luís Teixeira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Azores_old_map.jpg/120px-Azores_old_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Azores_old_map.jpg/180px-Azores_old_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Azores_old_map.jpg/240px-Azores_old_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1584 <i>Açores Insulae</i> map of the <a href="/wiki/Azores_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Azores Islands">Azores Islands</a>, by Luís Teixeira</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebasti%C3%A3o_Lopes_1575.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1575 map of Portugal and its African colonies, by Sebastião Lopes"><img alt="The 1575 map of Portugal and its African colonies, by Sebastião Lopes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Lopes_1575.jpg/86px-Sebasti%C3%A3o_Lopes_1575.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Lopes_1575.jpg/129px-Sebasti%C3%A3o_Lopes_1575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Lopes_1575.jpg/173px-Sebasti%C3%A3o_Lopes_1575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="3100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1575 map of Portugal and its African colonies, by Sebastião Lopes </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1554_lopo_homen_mapa_mundi_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1554 map showing the global Portuguese Empire, by Lopo Homem"><img alt="The 1554 map showing the global Portuguese Empire, by Lopo Homem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1554_lopo_homen_mapa_mundi_03.jpg/120px-1554_lopo_homen_mapa_mundi_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1554_lopo_homen_mapa_mundi_03.jpg/180px-1554_lopo_homen_mapa_mundi_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/1554_lopo_homen_mapa_mundi_03.jpg/240px-1554_lopo_homen_mapa_mundi_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="1560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1554 map showing the global Portuguese Empire, by Lopo Homem</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1563 map of the North Atlantic Portuguese Empire, by Lazaro Luis"><img alt="The 1563 map of the North Atlantic Portuguese Empire, by Lazaro Luis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg/120px-1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg/180px-1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg/240px-1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1563 map of the North Atlantic Portuguese Empire, by Lazaro Luis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Reinel_1504.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1504 map of North Africa and Europe, by Pedro Reinel"><img alt="The 1504 map of North Africa and Europe, by Pedro Reinel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pedro_Reinel_1504.jpg/120px-Pedro_Reinel_1504.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pedro_Reinel_1504.jpg/180px-Pedro_Reinel_1504.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pedro_Reinel_1504.jpg/240px-Pedro_Reinel_1504.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3418" data-file-height="2312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1504 map of North Africa and Europe, by Pedro Reinel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1583_sebastiao_lopes_(mapa_mundi)_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1583 map of global European empires, by Sebastião Lopes"><img alt="The 1583 map of global European empires, by Sebastião Lopes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1583_sebastiao_lopes_%28mapa_mundi%29_00.jpg/120px-1583_sebastiao_lopes_%28mapa_mundi%29_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1583_sebastiao_lopes_%28mapa_mundi%29_00.jpg/180px-1583_sebastiao_lopes_%28mapa_mundi%29_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/1583_sebastiao_lopes_%28mapa_mundi%29_00.jpg/240px-1583_sebastiao_lopes_%28mapa_mundi%29_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="369" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1583 map of global European empires, by Sebastião Lopes </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanities">Humanities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Humanities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Portugal, as in the rest of Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> played a key role in its Renaissance. The first printing presses came to Portugal by the hand of Jewish printers via Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Tipografos.net_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tipografos.net-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first book printed in Portuguese in Portugal was the Sacramental, printed in <a href="/wiki/Chaves_Municipality,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaves Municipality, Portugal">Chaves</a>, in 1488, by Clemente Sanches de Vercial. By 1490, books were being printed in Lisbon, <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>. Because of the new access to mass production of language and literature pieces, the Portuguese Renaissance saw a great flourishment for written work, from treatises to theatre, as well as the advancement and sophistication of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a>. Because of Portugal's key place in global relations, at the time, literary works of the Portuguese Renaissance influenced a great deal of foreign literary movements and linguistic studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros.jpg/220px-Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros.jpg/330px-Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros.jpg/440px-Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="3459" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a> was a true man of the Portuguese Renaissance, having been a military man, historian, and grammaticist.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese Renaissance produced a plethora of poets, historians, critics, theologians, and moralists, of whom the Portuguese Renaissance was their golden age. Language was one of the purest parts of the Portuguese Renaissance, due to the large number of erudite words imported from classical Latin and ancient Greek, which greatly increased the complexity of the Portuguese language. The sixteenth century <i>Cancioneiro Geral</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Resende" title="Garcia de Resende">Garcia de Resende</a>, is often agreed upon to mark the end of <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Old Portuguese</a> and the beginning of Modern Portuguese. </p><p>The standardization of the Portuguese language started in 1536, when <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Oliveira" title="Fernão de Oliveira">Fernão de Oliveira</a> published his <i>Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa</i>, the first literary piece that laid rules and standards for the Portuguese language.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RHBN_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHBN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1540, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a>, a distinguished officer of the Portuguese crown, published the <i>Grammatica da Língua Portuguesa com os Mandamentos da Santa Madre Igreja</i>, which taught the standards of the Portuguese language alongside the morals and culture of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese people</a>. João de Barros's <i>Grammatica</i> was the second piece that sought to standardize the Portuguese language, and is considered the world's first illustrated text book.<sup id="cite_ref-RHBN_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHBN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The great interest in <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, during the Portuguese Renaissance, spread the use of etymological spellings, creating Portuguese words through justification of their Latin roots. The 1576 <i>Orthographia da lingoa portuguesa</i>, by Duarte Nunes de Leão, a great pioneer in the study of Portuguese orthography, was one of the major works in support for the greater Latinisation of the Portuguese language. The printing press was key in the expansion of the Portuguese language, allowing new spellings, words, and grammar to be seen by most Portuguese speakers. </p><p>Due to the success of the Portuguese Empire, and the <a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">padroado</a> of the Portuguese missionary efforts, the Portuguese language came to be known as the "Christian language" in many parts of Asia. In concordance with the principles of the Portuguese Renaissance, many schools of learning and colleges were founded throughout Portugal and its empire.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was the scholars of the Portuguese Renaissance that compiled some of the first interlingua dictionaries and literary works, able to do so because of the great distribution of the Portuguese Empire. These dictionaries were often the first linguistic interactions Europeans had to these far east cultures, such as the 1580 Chinese-Portuguese Dictionary,<sup id="cite_ref-ricciDict_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ricciDict-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri">Miguel Ruggeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Mateus Rigo</a>, the 1603 <a href="/wiki/Nippo_Jisho" title="Nippo Jisho">Nippo Jisho</a> Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Rodrigues_(missionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="João Rodrigues (missionary)">João Rodrigues</a>, and the 1651 <a href="/wiki/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum" title="Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum">Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum</a> Portuguese-Latin-Vietnamese Dictionary, by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Rhodes" title="Alexandre de Rhodes">Alexandre de Rhodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the great prestige and importance of the Portuguese Renaissance on nautical studies and sciences, most explorers of the time studied in Portugal and carried the Portuguese language to newly discovered lands. Many Portuguese words have entered the lexicon of other languages, such as <i>sepatu</i>, shoe in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, from the Portuguese <i>sapato</i>, <i>Keju</i>, cheese in <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, from the Portuguese <i>queijo</i>, <i>meza</i>, table in <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, from the Portuguese <i>mesa</i>, and <i>botan</i>, buton, from <i>botão</i>, <i>kappa</i>, cover, from <i>capa</i>, and from the various <a href="/wiki/Japanese_words_of_Portuguese_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese words of Portuguese origin">Japanese words of Portuguese origin</a>. Simultaneously, following the expansionist and knowledge seeking nature of the Portuguese Renaissance, the Portuguese language imported many words from foreign idioms, such as <i>cachimbo</i>, meaning pipe, from the <a href="/wiki/Kimbundu" title="Kimbundu">Kimbundu</a> <i>kixima</i>, and <i>algodão</i>, meaning cotton, from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <i>al-qutun</i>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1304px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cancioneiro_Geral_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1516 Cancioneiro Geral, by Garcia de Resende"><img alt="The 1516 Cancioneiro Geral, by Garcia de Resende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cancioneiro_Geral_001.jpg/120px-Cancioneiro_Geral_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cancioneiro_Geral_001.jpg/180px-Cancioneiro_Geral_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cancioneiro_Geral_001.jpg/240px-Cancioneiro_Geral_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="545" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1516 <i>Cancioneiro Geral</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Resende" title="Garcia de Resende">Garcia de Resende</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grammatica_joam_de_barros_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1540 Grammatica da Língua Portuguesa com os Mandamentos da Santa Madre Igreja, by João de Barros"><img alt="The 1540 Grammatica da Língua Portuguesa com os Mandamentos da Santa Madre Igreja, by João de Barros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Grammatica_joam_de_barros_2.jpg/81px-Grammatica_joam_de_barros_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Grammatica_joam_de_barros_2.jpg/121px-Grammatica_joam_de_barros_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Grammatica_joam_de_barros_2.jpg/161px-Grammatica_joam_de_barros_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1540 <i>Grammatica da Língua Portuguesa com os Mandamentos da Santa Madre Igreja</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1583 Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary, by Miguel Ruggeiro and Mateus Rigo"><img alt="The 1583 Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary, by Miguel Ruggeiro and Mateus Rigo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png/90px-Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png/136px-Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png/181px-Ricci-Ruggieri-Portuguese-Chinese-dictionary-page-1.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1583 <i>Portuguese-Chinese Dictionary</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri">Miguel Ruggeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Mateus Rigo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum_(low-resolution).pdf" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1651 Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, by Alexandre de Rhodes"><img alt="The 1651 Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, by Alexandre de Rhodes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum_%28low-resolution%29.pdf/page1-88px-Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum_%28low-resolution%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum_%28low-resolution%29.pdf/page1-132px-Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum_%28low-resolution%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum_%28low-resolution%29.pdf/page1-176px-Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum_%28low-resolution%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1022" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1651 <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum" title="Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum">Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Rhodes" title="Alexandre de Rhodes">Alexandre de Rhodes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grammatica_da_Lingoagem_portuguesa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1536 Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa, by Fernão de Oliveira"><img alt="The 1536 Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa, by Fernão de Oliveira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Grammatica_da_Lingoagem_portuguesa.JPG/84px-Grammatica_da_Lingoagem_portuguesa.JPG" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Grammatica_da_Lingoagem_portuguesa.JPG/127px-Grammatica_da_Lingoagem_portuguesa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Grammatica_da_Lingoagem_portuguesa.JPG/169px-Grammatica_da_Lingoagem_portuguesa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1206" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1536 <i>Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Oliveira" title="Fernão de Oliveira">Fernão de Oliveira</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obras_de_Garcia_de_Resende.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1554 Livro das Obras de Garcia de Resende, by Garcia de Resende"><img alt="The 1554 Livro das Obras de Garcia de Resende, by Garcia de Resende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obras_de_Garcia_de_Resende.jpg/87px-Obras_de_Garcia_de_Resende.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obras_de_Garcia_de_Resende.jpg/131px-Obras_de_Garcia_de_Resende.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obras_de_Garcia_de_Resende.jpg/174px-Obras_de_Garcia_de_Resende.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1554 <i>Livro das Obras de Garcia de Resende</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Resende" title="Garcia de Resende">Garcia de Resende</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grammatica_da_Lingoa_Portuguesa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1576 Orthographia da lingoa portuguesa, by Duarte Nunes de Leão"><img alt="The 1576 Orthographia da lingoa portuguesa, by Duarte Nunes de Leão" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Grammatica_da_Lingoa_Portuguesa.jpg/86px-Grammatica_da_Lingoa_Portuguesa.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Grammatica_da_Lingoa_Portuguesa.jpg/130px-Grammatica_da_Lingoa_Portuguesa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Grammatica_da_Lingoa_Portuguesa.jpg/173px-Grammatica_da_Lingoa_Portuguesa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1045" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1576 <i>Orthographia da lingoa portuguesa</i>, by Duarte Nunes de Leão</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grammatica_da_lingua_Portuguesa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1540 Grammatica da Língua Portuguesa com os Mandamentos da Santa Madre Igreja, by João de Barros"><img alt="The 1540 Grammatica da Língua Portuguesa com os Mandamentos da Santa Madre Igreja, by João de Barros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Grammatica_da_lingua_Portuguesa.jpg/83px-Grammatica_da_lingua_Portuguesa.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Grammatica_da_lingua_Portuguesa.jpg/124px-Grammatica_da_lingua_Portuguesa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Grammatica_da_lingua_Portuguesa.jpg/165px-Grammatica_da_lingua_Portuguesa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1540 <i>Grammatica da Língua Portuguesa com os Mandamentos da Santa Madre Igreja</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es-Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es-Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.PNG/220px-Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es-Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es-Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.PNG/330px-Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es-Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es-Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.PNG/440px-Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es-Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes.PNG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>'s contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a> are so great that it is often dubbed the <i>Language of Camões</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese Renaissance was a golden age for literary works in Portugal. The abundance of funds and interest lead to the creation of some of the best known pieces of the Portuguese language. Because of Portugal's importance during the Age of Discovery and strategic location as a waypoint between Europe and the rest of the world, many of these literary works were able to circulate outside of Portugal and achieve popularity throughout Europe. </p><p>In 1516, Garcia de Resende published the <i>Cancioneiro General</i>, which contained more than two hundred separate literary works, of various authors, from the reigns of D. <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V</a> and D. John II. Among the various authors represented in the <i>Cancioneiro Geral</i>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_S%C3%A1_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Sá de Miranda">Francisco de Sá de Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente">Gil Vicente</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bernardim_Ribeiro" title="Bernardim Ribeiro">Bernardim Ribeiro</a> were the most important and famous authors to the literary scene of the Portuguese Renaissance. Sá de Miranda was crucial to the internationalization of the literary works of the Portuguese Renaissance. After returning from his studies abroad, in 1526, Sá de Miranda introduced new forms of literary expression to Portugal, like the <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">sonnet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sestina" title="Sestina">sestina</a>. From 1502 until 1536, Gil Vicente wrote and staged forty one pieces of drama, both in Portuguese and Castilian, including mysteries, farces, comedies, and tragedies, which would earn him a space in history as the "Father of Iberian drama". Bernardim Ribeiro introduced the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">Pastoral</a> novel to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> with his 1554 <i>Menina e Moça</i>, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Eclogue" title="Eclogue">eclogues</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Falc%C3%A3o" title="Cristóvão Falcão">Cristóvão Falcão</a>. </p><p>From the Portuguese Renaissance, there was no greater writer than <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>, whose treasured works have nicknamed the Portuguese language as the <i>Language of Camões</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camões was instrumental in reintroducing classical forms of literature, most importantly the epic, through his 1572 masterpiece, <i><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></i>, considered one of the greatest pieces of Portuguese literature from all time. </p><p>During the Portuguese Renaissance, <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">chivalric romances</a> were a literary phenomenon of the Iberian Peninsula, and of Europe as a whole, to a lesser extent. These novels based themselves on the idealization of mediaeval chivalric codes, and were filled with princes and princesses, knights and damsels, and almost always had a Christian moral. This type of novel was best personified in the 1508 version of <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Lobeira" title="João de Lobeira">João de Lobeira</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Amadis_de_Gaula" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadis de Gaula">Amadis de Gaula</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Garci_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Montalvo" title="Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo">Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo</a>, the 1541 <i>Cronica do famoso e muito esforçado cavalleiro Palmeirim d´Inglaterra</i> by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Moraes" title="Francisco de Moraes">Francisco de Moraes</a>, and the 1522 <i>Crónica do Imperador Clarimundo</i>, by João de Barros.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1304px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1572 Os Lusíadas, by Luís de Camões"><img alt="The 1572 Os Lusíadas, by Luís de Camões" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg/82px-BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg/124px-BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg/165px-BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1572 <i><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1517 Auto da Barca do Inferno, by Gil Vicente"><img alt="The 1517 Auto da Barca do Inferno, by Gil Vicente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg/94px-Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg/141px-Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg/187px-Auto_de_Moralidade_de_Gil_Vicente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1828" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1517 <i>Auto da Barca do Inferno</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente">Gil Vicente</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_de_Faria_e_Sousa,_Europa_portuguesa,_Antonio_Craesbeeck_1675,_frontispicio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1675 Europa Portuguesa, by Manuel de Faria e Sousa"><img alt="The 1675 Europa Portuguesa, by Manuel de Faria e Sousa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Manuel_de_Faria_e_Sousa%2C_Europa_portuguesa%2C_Antonio_Craesbeeck_1675%2C_frontispicio.jpg/78px-Manuel_de_Faria_e_Sousa%2C_Europa_portuguesa%2C_Antonio_Craesbeeck_1675%2C_frontispicio.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Manuel_de_Faria_e_Sousa%2C_Europa_portuguesa%2C_Antonio_Craesbeeck_1675%2C_frontispicio.jpg/117px-Manuel_de_Faria_e_Sousa%2C_Europa_portuguesa%2C_Antonio_Craesbeeck_1675%2C_frontispicio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Manuel_de_Faria_e_Sousa%2C_Europa_portuguesa%2C_Antonio_Craesbeeck_1675%2C_frontispicio.jpg/156px-Manuel_de_Faria_e_Sousa%2C_Europa_portuguesa%2C_Antonio_Craesbeeck_1675%2C_frontispicio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="4212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1675 <i>Europa Portuguesa</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Faria_e_Sousa" title="Manuel de Faria e Sousa">Manuel de Faria e Sousa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaspar_da_Cruz_-_1569_-_Tractado_-_title_page.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1569 Tratado das Cousas da China, by Gaspar da Cruz"><img alt="The 1569 Tratado das Cousas da China, by Gaspar da Cruz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gaspar_da_Cruz_-_1569_-_Tractado_-_title_page.png/80px-Gaspar_da_Cruz_-_1569_-_Tractado_-_title_page.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gaspar_da_Cruz_-_1569_-_Tractado_-_title_page.png/120px-Gaspar_da_Cruz_-_1569_-_Tractado_-_title_page.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gaspar_da_Cruz_-_1569_-_Tractado_-_title_page.png/160px-Gaspar_da_Cruz_-_1569_-_Tractado_-_title_page.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1569 <i>Tratado das Cousas da China</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_da_Cruz" title="Gaspar da Cruz">Gaspar da Cruz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagem160_Gil_Vicente._Compila%C3%A7am_de_todalas_obras._Joam_Alvarez_impressor._Lisboa,_1562.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1562 Compilaçam de Todalas Obras, by Gil Vicente"><img alt="The 1562 Compilaçam de Todalas Obras, by Gil Vicente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Imagem160_Gil_Vicente._Compila%C3%A7am_de_todalas_obras._Joam_Alvarez_impressor._Lisboa%2C_1562.jpg/80px-Imagem160_Gil_Vicente._Compila%C3%A7am_de_todalas_obras._Joam_Alvarez_impressor._Lisboa%2C_1562.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Imagem160_Gil_Vicente._Compila%C3%A7am_de_todalas_obras._Joam_Alvarez_impressor._Lisboa%2C_1562.jpg/119px-Imagem160_Gil_Vicente._Compila%C3%A7am_de_todalas_obras._Joam_Alvarez_impressor._Lisboa%2C_1562.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Imagem160_Gil_Vicente._Compila%C3%A7am_de_todalas_obras._Joam_Alvarez_impressor._Lisboa%2C_1562.jpg/159px-Imagem160_Gil_Vicente._Compila%C3%A7am_de_todalas_obras._Joam_Alvarez_impressor._Lisboa%2C_1562.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1562 <i>Compilaçam de Todalas Obras</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente">Gil Vicente</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serm%C3%B5es_do_Padre_Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira_da_Companhia_de_Jesus,_1679.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1679 Sermões, by António Vieira"><img alt="The 1679 Sermões, by António Vieira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Serm%C3%B5es_do_Padre_Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira_da_Companhia_de_Jesus%2C_1679.jpg/84px-Serm%C3%B5es_do_Padre_Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira_da_Companhia_de_Jesus%2C_1679.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Serm%C3%B5es_do_Padre_Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira_da_Companhia_de_Jesus%2C_1679.jpg/127px-Serm%C3%B5es_do_Padre_Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira_da_Companhia_de_Jesus%2C_1679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Serm%C3%B5es_do_Padre_Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira_da_Companhia_de_Jesus%2C_1679.jpg/169px-Serm%C3%B5es_do_Padre_Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira_da_Companhia_de_Jesus%2C_1679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1679 <i>Sermões</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Manuel_de_Melo._Obras_m%C3%A9tricas._Lyon,_1665.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1665 Obras Métricas, by Francisco Manuel de Mello"><img alt="The 1665 Obras Métricas, by Francisco Manuel de Mello" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Francisco_Manuel_de_Melo._Obras_m%C3%A9tricas._Lyon%2C_1665.jpg/86px-Francisco_Manuel_de_Melo._Obras_m%C3%A9tricas._Lyon%2C_1665.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Francisco_Manuel_de_Melo._Obras_m%C3%A9tricas._Lyon%2C_1665.jpg/129px-Francisco_Manuel_de_Melo._Obras_m%C3%A9tricas._Lyon%2C_1665.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Francisco_Manuel_de_Melo._Obras_m%C3%A9tricas._Lyon%2C_1665.jpg/172px-Francisco_Manuel_de_Melo._Obras_m%C3%A9tricas._Lyon%2C_1665.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3627" data-file-height="5045" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1665 <i>Obras Métricas</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Manuel_de_Mello" title="Francisco Manuel de Mello">Francisco Manuel de Mello</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peregrinacao.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1614 Peregrinação, by Fernão Mendes Pinto"><img alt="The 1614 Peregrinação, by Fernão Mendes Pinto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Peregrinacao.jpg/80px-Peregrinacao.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Peregrinacao.jpg/121px-Peregrinacao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Peregrinacao.jpg/161px-Peregrinacao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1614 <i>Peregrinação</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Fernão Mendes Pinto</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University, Brown, The John Carter Brown Library. "Portuguese Overseas Travels and European Readers". Portugal and Renaissance Europe. JCB Exhibitions. Retrieved 19 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-joaquimcaetano.wordpress.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-joaquimcaetano.wordpress.com_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joaquimcaetano.wordpress.com/amor-fama-e-virtude/ao-modo-de-italia/">Caetano, Joaquim. <i>Ao Modo de Itália</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ribeiro, Maria Teresa P. D. <i>A Escola do Mestre de Romeira e o Maneirismo Escalabitano: 1540-1620</i>. Universidade de Coimbra, 1992. pp. 1-2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dited.bn.pt/29864/864/1276.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231436/http://dited.bn.pt/29864/864/1276.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serrão, Vítor. <i>A pintura Maneirista em Portugal</i>. Lisboa: Instituto de Língua e Cultura Portuguesa, 1991. p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergin_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergin_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerginSpeake2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Bergin" title="Thomas G. Bergin">Bergin, Thomas Goddard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Speake" title="Jennifer Speake">Speake, Jennifer</a>, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOb4hIp7EE8C&dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Renaissance%20and%20the%20Reformation%20%20By%20Thomas%20Goddard%20Bergin&pg=PP1"><i>Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation</i></a>. London: Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816054517" title="Special:BookSources/0816054517"><bdi>0816054517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Renaissance+and+the+Reformation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0816054517&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVOb4hIp7EE8C%26dq%3DEncyclopedia%2520of%2520the%2520Renaissance%2520and%2520the%2520Reformation%2520%2520By%2520Thomas%2520Goddard%2520Bergin%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caetano, Joaquim. <i>O Melhor Oficial de Pintura que Naquele Tempo Havia</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://joaquimcaetano.wordpress.com/amor-fama-e-virtude/o-melhor-oficial-de-pintura-que-naquele-tempo-havia/">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasconcellos, Joaquim de. <i>A Pintura Portuguesa nos Séculos XV e XVI</i>. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1929. pp. 10-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://purl.pt/975/3/ba-606-5-v_PDF/ba-606-5-v_PDF_24-C-R0075/ba-606-5-v_0000_capa-42_t24-C-R0075.pdf">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070901011455/http://www.uc.pt/artes/6spp/n1.html">"Seis Séculos de Pintura Portuguesa - Catálogo N1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uc.pt/artes/6spp/n1.html">the original</a> on September 1, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seis+S%C3%A9culos+de+Pintura+Portuguesa+-+Cat%C3%A1logo+N1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uc.pt%2Fartes%2F6spp%2Fn1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica Educational Publishing, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L1thSSsLANkC&dq=Nuno+gon%C3%A7alves+renaissance&pg=PA101">One hundred most influential painters and sculptors of the Renaissance</a>, p.101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandra Sider, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Handbook%20to%20life%20in%20Renaissance%20Europe,%20https://books.google.com/books?id=yyRXHE3ZN5sC&lpg=PA76&dq=Nuno%20gon%C3%A7alves%20renaissance&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q=Nuno%20gon%C3%A7alves%20renaissance&f=false">Handbook to life in Renaissance Europe</a>, p.76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodrigues, Dalila. <i>Vasco Fernandes, Esboço Biográfico</i>. In <i>Grão Vasco e a Pintura Europeia do Renascimento</i>. Lisboa: Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, 1992 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www1.ci.uc.pt/artes/6spp/frames.html">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717013324/http://www1.ci.uc.pt/artes/6spp/frames.html">Archived</a> July 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serrão, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dias, Pedro — <i>Vicente Gil e Manuel Vicente, pintores da Coimbra Manuelina</i>. Coimbra: Câmara Municipal de Coimbra 2003. Catálogo da Exposição.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeríssimo_Serrão1978" class="citation book cs1">Veríssimo Serrão, Joaquim (1978). <i>História de Portugal - Volume III: O Século de Ouro (1495-1580)</i>. Lisboa: Verbo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal+-+Volume+III%3A+O+S%C3%A9culo+de+Ouro+%281495-1580%29&rft.place=Lisboa&rft.pub=Verbo&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Ver%C3%ADssimo+Serr%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Joaquim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leite, Duarte. O mais antigo mapa do Brasil. In: Dias, Carlos Malheiros (coord.). <i>História da Colonização Portuguesa do Brasil (v. 2)</i>. p. 223-281 e il. à p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3h37IOxTO5cC&dq=Atlas+miller+king+Manuel+I&pg=PA73">Cartographie historique du Golfe persique: actes du colloque organisé les 21 et 22 avril 2004 à Téhéran par l'EPHE, l'université de Téhéran et le Centre de documentation et de recherche d'Iran</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tipografos.net-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tipografos.net_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tipografos.net/historia/prototipografos-judeus.html">[5]</a>, Imprensa em Portugal: prototipógrafos judeus em tipógrafos.net.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.pt/369/1/ficha-obra-gramatica.html">Tesouros impressos da Biblioteca Nacional GRAMMATICA DA LINGOAGEM PORTUGUESA DE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHBN-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RHBN_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHBN_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cantarino, Nelson. <i>O idioma nosso de cada dia</i>, in: Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional, ano 1, nº 8, fev/mar 2006 (Seção: Documento Por Dentro da Biblioteca) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistadehistoria.com.br/v2/home/?go=detalhe&id=941">Texto parcial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208183539/http://www.revistadehistoria.com.br/v2/home/?go=detalhe&id=941">Archived</a> 2012-12-08 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, sítio obtido em 31 de janeiro de 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZWRTJES,_Otto,_Even_Hovdhaugen2004" class="citation book cs1">ZWRTJES, Otto, Even Hovdhaugen (2004). John Benjamins Publishing Company (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Zs-tpB2b3MC&dq=portuguese%20linguistic%20studies%20missionaries&pg=PA141"><i>Missionary linguistics: selected papers from the First International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Oslo, 13-16 March, 2003, Volume 1</i></a>. John Benjamins. pp. <span class="nowrap">141–</span>160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027245975" title="Special:BookSources/9027245975"><bdi>9027245975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+linguistics%3A+selected+papers+from+the+First+International+Conference+on+Missionary+Linguistics%2C+Oslo%2C+13-16+March%2C+2003%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9027245975&rft.au=ZWRTJES%2C+Otto%2C+Even+Hovdhaugen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Zs-tpB2b3MC%26dq%3Dportuguese%2520linguistic%2520studies%2520missionaries%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ricciDict-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ricciDict_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dicionário Português-Chinês : 葡汉辞典 (Pu-Han cidian): Portuguese-Chinese dictionary", por Miguel Ruggieri e Matteo Ricci; editado por John W. 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Publicado em 2001, Biblioteca Nacional. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9725652983" title="Special:BookSources/9725652983">9725652983</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7h5YbM5M60C">Parcialmente disponível</a> no <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Cooper; “The Nippo Jisho” (review of the <i>Vocabulario da Lingoa de Japam com Adeclaracao em Portugues, Feito por Alguns Padres, e Irmaos da Companhia de Jesu</i>) <i>Monumenta Nipponica</i> Vol. 31, No. 4 (Winter, 1976), pp. 417–430</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind</i> By James Cowles p.501 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4CYXAAAAYAAJ/page/n526">[6]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recantodasletras.com.br/artigos/2473191">"Língua de Camões"</a>. <i>Recanto das Letras</i>. September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recanto+das+Letras&rft.atitle=L%C3%ADngua+de+Cam%C3%B5es&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recantodasletras.com.br%2Fartigos%2F2473191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renaissance183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance" title="Category:Renaissance">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance" title="Outline of the Renaissance">Outline of the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_studies" title="Renaissance studies">Renaissance studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Renaissance" title="Brick Renaissance">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Renaissance architecture in Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture" title="French Renaissance architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_Renaissance_domes" title="History of Italian Renaissance domes">Italian domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Renaissance architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism_(Spanish_architecture)" title="Purism (Spanish architecture)">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_architecture" title="Spanish Renaissance architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance_architecture" title="Venetian Renaissance architecture">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_sculpture" title="Renaissance sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture" title="Italian Renaissance sculpture">Italian sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanism_in_France" title="Humanism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism_in_Northern_Europe" title="Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Renaissance_and_Golden_Age_literature" title="Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_literature" title="French Renaissance literature">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_literature" title="Spanish Renaissance literature">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Renaissance" title="Medical Renaissance">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Renaissance">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre#Renaissance_theatre" title="History of theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance#The_Renaissance_by_region" title="Outline of the Renaissance">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art_in_Bergamo_and_Brescia" title="Renaissance art in Bergamo and Brescia">Bergamo and Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Ferrara" title="Renaissance in Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Renaissance_art" title="Florentine Renaissance art">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Lombardy" title="Renaissance in Lombardy">Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Renaissance" title="Roman Renaissance">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Renaissance" title="Sicilian Renaissance">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Urbino" title="Renaissance in Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance" title="Venetian Renaissance">Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Renaissance" title="Saxon Renaissance">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser_Renaissance" title="Weser Renaissance">Weser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iberian peninsula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance" title="Spanish Renaissance">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance#Renaissance_lists" title="Outline of the Renaissance">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_figures" title="List of Renaissance figures">Figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_humanists" title="List of Renaissance humanists">Humanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_structures" title="List of Renaissance structures">Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_and_dagger" title="Cloak and dagger">Cloak and dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_renaissances" title="Medieval renaissances">Medieval renaissances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_Renaissance" title="Ottonian Renaissance">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">12th century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_reenactment" title="Renaissance reenactment">Reenactment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portugal_articles585" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portugal_topics" title="Template:Portugal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portugal_topics" title="Template talk:Portugal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portugal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portugal_articles585" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiussa" title="Ophiussa">Ophiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–1385 interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1386)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1386)">Treaty of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Portuguese golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1761 Lisbon earthquake">1761 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">History of Portugal (1777–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 de Maio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Overseas War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/80px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/120px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/160px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Portugal" title="List of cities in Portugal">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Portugal" title="List of mountains in Portugal">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Portugal" title="List of islands of Portugal">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Portugal" title="List of lakes of Portugal">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Portugal" title="List of rivers of Portugal">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Portugal" title="List of earthquakes in Portugal">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Portugal" title="List of volcanoes in Portugal">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Portugal" title="Judiciary of Portugal">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Portugal" title="Law of Portugal">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Portugal" title="Law enforcement in Portugal">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Portugal" title="Human rights in Portugal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Portugal">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Portugal" title="List of political parties in Portugal">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Portugal" title="Agriculture in Portugal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Portugal" title="Exclusive economic zone of Portugal">Exclusive Economic Zone <span style="font-size:85%;">(EEZ)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Portugal">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Portugal" title="Mining in Portugal">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Portugal" title="Science and technology in Portugal">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Lisbon" title="Euronext Lisbon">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Portugal" title="Tourism in Portugal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Portugal" title="Transport in Portugal">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Portugal" title="Rail transport in Portugal">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Portugal" title="Category:Society of Portugal">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Portugal" title="Crime in Portugal">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Portugal" title="Homelessness in Portugal">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Portugal" title="Housing in Portugal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Portugal" title="Immigration to Portugal">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Portugal" title="Naturism in Portugal">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Portugal">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Portugal" title="Prostitution in Portugal">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Portugal" title="Time in Portugal">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Portugal" title="Mass media in Portugal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_Portugal" title="List of national monuments of Portugal">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Portugal" title="Public holidays in Portugal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Portugal" title="Sport in Portugal">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Portugal" title="National symbols of Portugal">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Portugal" title="Outline of Portugal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portugal" title="Category:Portugal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_architecture143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_Portugal" title="Template:Architecture of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:Architecture of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_architecture143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Portuguese architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Romanesque_architecture" title="Portuguese Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gothic_architecture" title="Portuguese Gothic architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Renaissance architecture in Portugal">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Plain_Style_architecture" title="Portuguese Plain Style architecture">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Rococo architecture in Portugal">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pombaline_style" title="Pombaline style">Pombaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_architecture" title="Summer architecture">Summer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Portuguese_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Portuguese style">Soft Portuguese style</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pena Palace"><img alt="Pena Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg/210px-View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg/315px-View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg/420px-View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4686" data-file-height="3210" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Portugal" title="List of airports in Portugal">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Portugal" title="List of bridges in Portugal">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Portugal" title="List of castles in Portugal">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Portugal" title="List of cathedrals in Portugal">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Portugal" title="List of football stadiums in Portugal">Football stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Portugal" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Portugal">Reservoirs and dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Portugal" title="List of tallest structures in Portugal">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_woodcarving_in_Portugal" title="Gilded woodcarving in Portugal">Gilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioz" title="Lioz">Lioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_pavement" title="Portuguese pavement">Pavement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_architecture" title="Sino-Portuguese architecture">Sino-Portuguese architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobrado_(architecture)" title="Sobrado (architecture)">Sobrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Portuguese_Origin_in_the_World" title="Seven Wonders of Portuguese Origin in the World">Seven Wonders of Portuguese Origin in the World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_architects" title="List of Portuguese architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of Portugal">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Portugal" title="Housing in Portugal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGESPAR" class="mw-redirect" title="IGESPAR">IGESPAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Portugal" title="Seven Wonders of Portugal">Seven Wonders of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Portugal" title="Category:Architecture in Portugal">Category</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&oldid=1213362541">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Renaissance&oldid=1213362541</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Category:Portuguese 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