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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>University, early legal career (1890–1897)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University,_early_legal_career_(1890–1897)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political,_law,_and_business_success_(1897–1911)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political,_law,_and_business_success_(1897–1911)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political, law, and business success (1897–1911)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political,_law,_and_business_success_(1897–1911)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_federal_political_career_(1911–1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_federal_political_career_(1911–1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early federal political career (1911–1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_federal_political_career_(1911–1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Out_of_politics_(1917–1925)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Out_of_politics_(1917–1925)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Out of politics (1917–1925)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Out_of_politics_(1917–1925)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_return_and_leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(1925–1930)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_return_and_leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(1925–1930)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political return and leader of the Official Opposition (1925–1930)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_return_and_leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(1925–1930)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1930–1935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1930–1935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prime Minister (1930–1935)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1930–1935)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister (1930–1935) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1930–1935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confronting_the_depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confronting_the_depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Confronting the depression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confronting_the_depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_with_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_with_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Trade with Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_with_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Anti-communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour_policy_and_relief_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_policy_and_relief_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Labour policy and relief camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_policy_and_relief_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Agricultural policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Other initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bennett's_New_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bennett's_New_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Bennett's New Deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bennett's_New_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_divisions_and_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_divisions_and_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Internal divisions and defeat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_divisions_and_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement,_House_of_Lords,_and_death_(1935–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement,_House_of_Lords,_and_death_(1935–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Retirement, House of Lords, and death (1935–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement,_House_of_Lords,_and_death_(1935–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy and assessments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_assessments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy and assessments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Supreme Court appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hereditary_peerage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hereditary_peerage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Hereditary peerage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hereditary_peerage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Scholastic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scholastic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scholastic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scholastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Freedom of the City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memberships_and_fellowships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memberships_and_fellowships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Memberships and fellowships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memberships_and_fellowships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_military_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_military_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Honorary military appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_military_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Electoral record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">R. B. Bennett</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ريتشارد بينيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد بينيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="R. B. Bennett" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.B._Bennett" title="R.B. Bennett – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="R.B. Bennett" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1.%D8%A8%DB%8C._%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA" title="آر.بی. بنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آر.بی. بنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._B._%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%B7" title="R. B. 베넷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="R. B. 베넷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%98" title="ריצ'רד בדפורד בנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד בדפורד בנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="रिचर्ड बेडफोर्ड बेनेट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रिचर्ड बेडफोर्ड बेनेट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ريتشارد بينيت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد بينيت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Bennett" title="Richard B. Bennett – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard B. Bennett" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bennett_(politicus)" title="Richard Bennett (politicus) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard Bennett (politicus)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="रिचार्ड बेडफोर्ड बेनेट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रिचार्ड बेडफोर्ड बेनेट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="リチャード・ベッドフォード・ベネット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・ベッドフォード・ベネット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1._%D8%A8%D9%8A._%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%86%DB%90%D8%AA" title="ار. بي. بېنېت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ار. بي. بېنېت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="R. B. Bennett" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Беннетт, Ричард Бэдфорд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беннетт, Ричард Бэдфорд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="R. B. Bennett" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bedford_Bennett" title="Richard Bedford Bennett – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Richard Bedford Bennett" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Річард Беннет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річард Беннет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98" title="ריטשארד בעדפארד בענעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ריטשארד בעדפארד בענעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="R. B. Bennett" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%BE%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%86%85%E7%89%B9" title="理查德·贝德福德·贝内特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="理查德·贝德福德·贝内特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q128641#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Canada from 1930 to 1935</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Richard Bennett, see <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bennett_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Richard Bennett (disambiguation)">Richard Bennett (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Viscount Bennett</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts">FRSA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Bedford_Bennett_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Richard_Bedford_Bennett_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Richard_Bedford_Bennett_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Richard_Bedford_Bennett_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Richard_Bedford_Bennett_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Richard_Bedford_Bennett_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Richard_Bedford_Bennett_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1186" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Bennett <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1930–1935</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 7, 1930 – October 23, 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">The Viscount Willingdon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vere_Ponsonby,_9th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough">The Earl of Bessborough</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">W.L. Mackenzie King</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">W.L. Mackenzie King</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 23, 1935 – July 6, 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">W.L. Mackenzie King</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Manion" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Manion">Robert Manion</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 12, 1927 – August 7, 1930</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Hugh Guthrie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">W.L. Mackenzie King</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Conservative Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 12, 1927 – July 7, 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Hugh Guthrie</a> (interim)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Manion" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Manion">Robert Manion</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Minister of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 7, 1930 – February 2, 1932</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Charles Avery Dunning</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Nelson_Rhodes" title="Edgar Nelson Rhodes">Edgar Nelson Rhodes</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 13, 1926 – September 25, 1926</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Henry Lumley Drayton</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">James Robb</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">Minister of Justice</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 4, 1921 – December 28, 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Arthur Meighen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Doherty" title="Charles Doherty">Charles Doherty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lomer_Gouin" title="Lomer Gouin">Lomer Gouin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the House of Lords">Member of the House of Lords</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">Lord Temporal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 12, 1941 – June 26, 1947<br /><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">Hereditary Peerage</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Peerage created</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Calgary_West" title="Calgary West">Calgary West</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 29, 1925 – January 28, 1939</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tweed_Shaw" title="Joseph Tweed Shaw">Joseph Tweed Shaw</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Cunnington" title="Douglas Cunnington">Douglas Cunnington</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Calgary_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Calgary (federal electoral district)">Calgary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 21, 1911 – December 16, 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maitland_Stewart_McCarthy" title="Maitland Stewart McCarthy">Maitland Stewart McCarthy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>District abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a> for <a href="/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Calgary (provincial electoral district)">Calgary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 22, 1909 – 1911</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tweedie" title="Thomas Tweedie">Thomas Tweedie</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Alberta Conservative Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1909–1910</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Robertson" title="Albert Robertson">Albert Robertson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Michener" title="Edward Michener">Edward Michener</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1905–1905</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Albert Robertson</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories</a> for <a href="/wiki/West_Calgary_(N.W.T._electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Calgary (N.W.T. electoral district)">West Calgary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 4, 1898 – 1905</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Critchley" title="Oswald Critchley">Oswald Critchley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>District abolished</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Richard Bedford Bennett</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1870-07-03</span>)</span>July 3, 1870<br /><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Hill,_New_Brunswick" title="Hopewell Hill, New Brunswick">Hopewell Hill, New Brunswick</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 26, 1947<span style="display:none">(1947-06-26)</span> (aged 76)<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mickleham,_Surrey" title="Mickleham, Surrey">Mickleham, Surrey</a>, England</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Churchyard,_Mickleham" title="St. Michael's Churchyard, Mickleham">St. Michael's Churchyard, Mickleham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Canada</li><li>United Kingdom</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LL.B.</a>, 1893)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RB_Bennett_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="R. B. Bennett's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/RB_Bennett_Signature.svg/128px-RB_Bennett_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/RB_Bennett_Signature.svg/192px-RB_Bennett_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/RB_Bennett_Signature.svg/256px-RB_Bennett_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="50" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr_Bennett_Gives_Farewell_Message.wav" title="File:Mr Bennett Gives Farewell Message.wav">R. B. Bennett's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="Mr_Bennett_Gives_Farewell_Message.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Mr_Bennett_Gives_Farewell_Message.wav/Mr_Bennett_Gives_Farewell_Message.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Mr_Bennett_Gives_Farewell_Message.wav/Mr_Bennett_Gives_Farewell_Message.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Mr_Bennett_Gives_Farewell_Message.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">R. B Bennett giving his farewell speech to Britain following the <a href="/wiki/1930_Imperial_Conference" title="1930 Imperial Conference">1930 Imperial Conference</a></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Bedford Bennett, 1st Viscount Bennett</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a></span></span> (July 3, 1870 – June 26, 1947) was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, philanthropist, and politician who served as the 11th <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Canada">prime minister of Canada</a> from 1930 to 1935. </p><p>Bennett was born in <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Hill,_New_Brunswick" title="Hopewell Hill, New Brunswick">Hopewell Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, and grew up nearby in <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopewell Cape">Hopewell Cape</a>. He studied law at <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a>, graduating in 1893, and in 1897 moved to <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> to establish a law firm in partnership with <a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Lougheed" title="James Alexander Lougheed">James Lougheed</a>. Bennett became very rich due to the law practice, various investments, and taking on leadership roles in multiple organizations; he was one of the wealthiest Canadians during his time. On the political side, Bennett served in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories</a> from 1898 until 1905, when he briefly held the post as the inaugural leader of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Conservative Party">Alberta Conservative Party</a>. He later served in the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislature" title="Alberta Legislature">Alberta Legislature</a> from 1909 to 1911, resigning upon <a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">his election</a> to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. Bennett declined to run for reelection in <a href="/wiki/1917_Canadian_federal_election" title="1917 Canadian federal election">1917</a> but briefly served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">minister of justice</a> under <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a> in 1921. He returned to the Commons in <a href="/wiki/1925_Canadian_federal_election" title="1925 Canadian federal election">1925</a> and served briefly as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">minister of finance</a> in Meighen's second government in 1926. Meighen resigned the Conservative Party's leadership after his defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1926_Canadian_federal_election" title="1926 Canadian federal election">1926 election</a>, with Bennett elected as his replacement in <a href="/wiki/1927_Conservative_leadership_convention" title="1927 Conservative leadership convention">1927</a>. Thus, Bennett became <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (Canada)">leader of the Opposition</a>. </p><p>Bennett became prime minister after the <a href="/wiki/1930_Canadian_federal_election" title="1930 Canadian federal election">1930 election</a>, where the Conservatives won a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a> over <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a>. Bennett's premiership was marked primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Great Depression</a>. He and his party initially tried to combat the crisis with <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> policies, but these were largely ineffective. He was also unsuccessful in establishing an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_preference" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial preference">imperial preference</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a>. Over time, Bennett's government became increasingly interventionist, attempting to replicate the popular "<a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>" enacted by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a>. This about-face prompted a split within Conservative ranks and was regarded by the general public as evidence of incompetence. Still, he left lasting legacies in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC) and the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a>. </p><p>Bennett suffered a landslide defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1935_Canadian_federal_election" title="1935 Canadian federal election">1935 election</a>, with King returning to power. Bennett remained leader of the Conservative Party until 1938 when he retired to England. He was created Viscount Bennett, the only Canadian prime minister to be honoured with elevation to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">peerage</a>. Bennett is <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada">ranked</a> as a below-average prime minister among historians and the public. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_(1870–1890)"><span id="Early_life_.281870.E2.80.931890.29"></span>Early life (1870–1890)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life (1870–1890)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bennett was born on July 3, 1870, when his mother, Henrietta Stiles, was visiting her parents' home in <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Hill,_New_Brunswick" title="Hopewell Hill, New Brunswick">Hopewell Hill, New Brunswick</a>, Canada. He was the eldest of six children and grew up nearby at the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> home of his father, Henry John Bennett, in <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopewell Cape">Hopewell Cape</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shire_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire town">shire town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Albert_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert County">Albert County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett's father descended from English ancestors who had emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His great-great-grandfather, Zadock Bennett, migrated from <a href="/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut" title="New London, Connecticut">New London, Connecticut</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1760</span>, before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, as one of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Planters" title="New England Planters">New England Planters</a> who took the lands forcibly removed from the deported <a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadians</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Upheaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Upheaval">Great Upheaval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bennetts had previously been a relatively prosperous family, operating a shipyard in Hopewell Cape, but the change to steam-powered vessels in the mid-19th century meant the gradual winding down of their business. However, the household was a literate one, subscribing to three newspapers. One of the largest and last ships launched by the Bennett shipyard (in 1869) was the <i>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a></i>. In the 1870s depression, the shipbuilding business of Henry John Bennett appeared insufficient to support his family and some believed he was an ineffective businessman. Henry John had now become a merchant, blacksmith, and farmer. R.B. Bennett's early days inculcated a lifelong habit of thrift. The driving force in his family was his mother. She was a Wesleyan <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> and passed this faith and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant ethic">Protestant ethic</a> on to her son. Bennett's father does not appear to have been a good provider for his family, though the reason is unclear. He operated a general store for a while and tried to develop some <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Educated in the local school, Bennett was a very good student but something of a loner. In addition to his <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> faith, Bennett grew up with an abiding love of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, then at its apogee. A small legacy his mother received opened the doors for him to attend the <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">normal school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a>, where he trained to be a teacher; he then taught for several years at Irishtown, north of <a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a>, saving his money for law school.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 18, Bennett became principal of a school in <a href="/wiki/Douglastown,_New_Brunswick" title="Douglastown, New Brunswick">Douglastown</a>, New Brunswick.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University,_early_legal_career_(1890–1897)"><span id="University.2C_early_legal_career_.281890.E2.80.931897.29"></span>University, early legal career (1890–1897)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: University, early legal career (1890–1897)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bennett enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a> in 1890, graduating in 1893 with a law degree and very high standing. He worked his way through with a job as assistant in the library and participated in debating and moot court activities. When <a href="/wiki/James_Lougheed" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lougheed">James Lougheed</a> needed a junior for his <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> law office, Bennett was recommended by the dean, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chapman_Weldon" title="Richard Chapman Weldon">Richard Chapman Weldon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bennett was then a partner in the <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_New_Brunswick" title="Chatham, New Brunswick">Chatham, New Brunswick</a>, law firm of Tweedie and Bennett. Max Aitken (later to become <a href="/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a>) was his office boy. Aitken persuaded Bennett to run for <a href="/wiki/Alderman" title="Alderman">alderman</a> in the first Town Council of Chatham.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aitken managed Bennett's campaign<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bennett was elected by 19 votes out of 691 cast.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political,_law,_and_business_success_(1897–1911)"><span id="Political.2C_law.2C_and_business_success_.281897.E2.80.931911.29"></span>Political, law, and business success (1897–1911)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political, law, and business success (1897–1911)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite his election to the Chatham Town Council, Bennett's days in the town were numbered. In 1897, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">North-West Territories</a>. He negotiated to become the law partner of <a href="/wiki/James_Lougheed" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lougheed">James Lougheed</a>, Calgary's richest man and most successful lawyer. By 1905, Bennett was buying and selling land and was successful at it due to the law firm's retainer being the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a>. Bennett also invested in the oil company, Calgary Petroleum Products Company, and became director and solicitor. He also worked with Aitken to produce the Alberta Pacific Grain Company, Canada Cement, and Calgary Power. Bennett's reputation grew.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett described himself as a <a href="/wiki/Teetotaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Teetotaler">teetotaler</a> (although he was known to occasionally drink alcohol when the press was not around).<sup id="cite_ref-English89_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English89-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_R._B._Bennett.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Young_R._B._Bennett.JPG/200px-Young_R._B._Bennett.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Young_R._B._Bennett.JPG/300px-Young_R._B._Bennett.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Young_R._B._Bennett.JPG 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Young R. B. Bennett, 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>Bennett was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_North-West_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly of the North-West Territories">Legislative Assembly of the North-West Territories</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1898_Northwest_Territories_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1898 Northwest Territories general election">1898 general election</a>, representing the riding of <a href="/wiki/West_Calgary_(N.W.T._electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Calgary (N.W.T. electoral district)">West Calgary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aitken managed this campaign too.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett was re-elected to a second term in office in <a href="/wiki/1902_North-West_Territories_general_election" title="1902 North-West Territories general election">1902</a> as an Independent in the North-West Territories legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gained the nickname "Bonfire Bennett" due to his extemporaneous, quick, and persuasive speaking manner.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, when <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> was carved out of the Territories and made a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian province">province</a>, Bennett became the first leader of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Progressive_Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Progressive Conservatives">Alberta Conservative Party</a>, though lost in a landslide in <a href="/wiki/1905_Alberta_general_election" title="1905 Alberta general election">that year's election</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Liberals</a>. In 1909, he won a seat in the provincial <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908 Bennett was one of five people appointed to the first Library Board for the city of Calgary and was instrumental in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Public_Library" title="Calgary Public Library">Calgary Public Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910, Bennett became a director of Calgary Power Ltd. (now formally <a href="/wiki/TransAlta_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="TransAlta Corporation">TransAlta Corporation</a>) and just a year later he became president. His leadership projects completed included the first storage reservoir at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Minnewanka" title="Lake Minnewanka">Lake Minnewanka</a>, a second transmission line to Calgary, and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Kananaskis_River" title="Kananaskis River">Kananaskis Falls</a> hydro station. At that time, he was also director of Rocky Mountains Cement Company and Security Trust.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bennett's corporate law firm included notable clients such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>. He worked with his childhood friend, <a href="/wiki/Max_Aitken,_1st_Baron_Beaverbrook" title="Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook">Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook</a>, on many successful ventures, including stock purchases, land speculation, and the buying and merging of small companies. Before he was 40, Bennett was a multi-millionaire who lived in the Calgary <a href="/wiki/Fairmont_Palliser_Hotel" title="Fairmont Palliser Hotel">Fairmont Palliser Hotel</a>. Though a lifelong bachelor, he dated women. In terms of personality, Bennett was accused of arrogance and of having a volatile temper.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett's wealth helped him become a philanthropist; he donated to schools, hospitals, charities, and individuals in need.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became richer when he started gaining control of the match company, <a href="/wiki/E._B._Eddy_Company" title="E. B. Eddy Company">E. B. Eddy Company</a>, between 1906 and 1918. His growing control of the company occurred due to his longtime friendship with Jennie Grahl Hunter Eddy, who trusted Bennett with the company after her husband, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Butler_Eddy" title="Ezra Butler Eddy">Ezra Butler Eddy</a>, died in 1906. By 1926, Bennett gained full control of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett was one of the richest Canadians at that time. He helped put many poor, struggling young men through university.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_federal_political_career_(1911–1917)"><span id="Early_federal_political_career_.281911.E2.80.931917.29"></span>Early federal political career (1911–1917)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early federal political career (1911–1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bennett was elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">1911 federal election</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Conservative</a> candidate. Bennett did not always follow party policy; in one instance in 1914, he spoke against the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>-led Conservative government's bill to provide financial support to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway" title="Canadian Northern Railway">Canadian Northern Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At age 44, Bennett tried to enlist in the Canadian military once <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out, but was turned down as being medically unfit, perhaps because he had lost two of his toes. In July 1915, Bennett became Borden's assistant to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>; in this job, Bennett's responsibility was to find out how Canada could help Britain with its military and civilian needs. In 1916, Bennett was appointed director general of the <a href="/wiki/National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="National Service">National Service</a> Board, which was in charge of identifying the number of potential recruits in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Bennett supported <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>, he opposed Borden's proposal for a <a href="/wiki/Union_Government_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Government (Canada)">Union Government</a> that would include both Conservatives and pro-conscription <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberals</a>, fearing that this would ultimately hurt the Conservative Party. While he campaigned for Conservative candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1917_Canadian_federal_election" title="1917 Canadian federal election">1917 federal election</a> he did not stand for re-election himself.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Out_of_politics_(1917–1925)"><span id="Out_of_politics_.281917.E2.80.931925.29"></span>Out of politics (1917–1925)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Out of politics (1917–1925)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1918, Borden appointed Alberta Liberal <a href="/wiki/William_Harmer" title="William Harmer">William Harmer</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> to satisfy the Unionist coalition agreements. Bennett was reportedly furious at this move, believing that Borden broke a promise to appoint him to the Senate. Bennett wrote Borden a resentful 20-page letter. Borden never replied.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Borden's successor, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a>, appointed Bennett <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">minister of justice</a> on September 21, 1921. In <a href="/wiki/1921_Canadian_federal_election" title="1921 Canadian federal election">the federal election two and a half months later</a>, Bennett ran for the riding of <a href="/wiki/Calgary_West" title="Calgary West">Calgary West</a> but lost by 16 votes. In this election, the Conservatives sunk to third place.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bennett developed an extensive legal practice in Calgary. In 1922, he started the partnership Bennett, Hannah & Sanford, which would eventually become <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Jones_LLP" class="mw-redirect" title="Bennett Jones LLP">Bennett Jones LLP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929–30, he served as national President of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bar_Association" title="Canadian Bar Association">Canadian Bar Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1920s, Bennett was on the board of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">Royal Bank of Canada</a> (RBC). He was also a director of <a href="/wiki/MetLife" title="MetLife">Metropolitan Life Insurance</a> of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_return_and_leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(1925–1930)"><span id="Political_return_and_leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_.281925.E2.80.931930.29"></span>Political return and leader of the Official Opposition (1925–1930)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political return and leader of the Official Opposition (1925–1930)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Burns_and_R.B._Bennett_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pat_Burns_and_R.B._Bennett_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Pat_Burns_and_R.B._Bennett_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pat_Burns_and_R.B._Bennett_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Pat_Burns_and_R.B._Bennett_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Pat_Burns_and_R.B._Bennett_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Businessman <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Burns_(businessman)" title="Patrick Burns (businessman)">Patrick Burns</a> and R. B. Bennett at the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a> in 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>After Meighen, who was attempting to become prime minister again, offered Bennett to be minister of justice, Bennett ran for and won the seat of Calgary West in the <a href="/wiki/1925_Canadian_federal_election" title="1925 Canadian federal election">1925 federal election</a>. The Conservatives won the most seats but didn't have a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority</a>. They didn't necessarily form government due to Liberal prime minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> negotiating support from the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Party of Canada">Progressive Party</a>. However, in the summer of 1926, the Conservatives were invited to form government by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byng" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Byng">Lord Byng</a>. Byng refused King's request to <a href="/wiki/Dissolve_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolve parliament">dissolve parliament</a> and call an election, and thus King resigned. On July 2, the Meighen government was defeated in a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_non-confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion of non-confidence">motion of non-confidence</a> by one vote, triggering <a href="/wiki/1926_Canadian_federal_election" title="1926 Canadian federal election">an election scheduled for September 14</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the confidence vote, Bennett was in Alberta campaigning on behalf <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">the province's Conservative Party</a> for <a href="/wiki/1926_Alberta_general_election" title="1926 Alberta general election">the provincial election</a> and thus was unable to vote against the motion. Meighen greatly regretted his absence and later wrote, "If Mr. Bennett had been there... King would never have talked the diabolical and dishonest rot in which he indulged. He was a lot more careful when Bennett was across the floor...".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the election, the Liberals decisively won. In Meighen's short-lived government, Bennett served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">minister of finance</a> along with numerous acting portfolios. After this defeat, Meighen stepped down as Tory leader, triggering <a href="/wiki/1927_Conservative_leadership_convention" title="1927 Conservative leadership convention">a leadership convention scheduled for October 1927</a>. Bennett put himself forward as a candidate, but had little expectation of winning, believing along with most observers that the convention would either vote to reinstate Meighen, or confirm <a href="/wiki/Interim_leader_(Canada)" title="Interim leader (Canada)">interim leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Hugh Guthrie</a> as his permanent successor. In the event, Meighen lacked the support to attempt a comeback, while Guthrie's chances were ruined by a poorly received speech that alienated the Quebec delegates, allowing Bennett to emerge as a compromise candidate and win the leadership on the second ballot. In his acceptance speech, Bennett talked about how he became rich through hard work. Upon being elected leader, Bennett resigned his company directorships.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Bennett became leader, the Conservative Party had no money. The party could not rely on support from newspapers as there were only 11 dailies considered Conservative. By February 1930, 27 full-time employees were using modern office equipment to spread the Conservative message across provinces. Bennett and senior party members donated $2,500 a month each to fund this enterprise and some provincial enterprises. By May 1930, Bennett had personally donated $500,000 (equivalent to $9,000,000 in 2023) to the party; one-fifth of that went to <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, where the Conservatives had been wiped out for the past four elections due to them imposing <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Opposition leader, Bennett faced off against Liberal prime minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> in Commons debates and took some time to acquire enough experience to hold his own with King. In 1930, King blundered badly when he made overly partisan statements in response to criticism over his handling of the economic downturn, which was hitting Canada very hard. King's worst error was in stating that he "would not give Tory provincial governments a five-cent piece!" This serious mistake, which drew wide press coverage, gave Bennett his needed opening to attack King, which he did successfully in <a href="/wiki/1930_Canadian_federal_election" title="1930 Canadian federal election">that year's election</a> campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On election day, July 28, Bennett led the Conservatives to a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a>. Although he was the first prime minister representing a constituency in Alberta, his party only won four of the province's sixteen seats. The Conservatives also had their best result in Quebec since the <a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">1911 federal election</a>, going from 4 to 24 MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1930–1935)"><span id="Prime_Minister_.281930.E2.80.931935.29"></span>Prime Minister (1930–1935)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1930–1935)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bennett appointed himself as both <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of Canada">finance minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada">external Affairs minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked an exhausting schedule throughout his years as prime minister, often more than 14 hours per day, and dominated his government. He lived in a suite in the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier" title="Château Laurier">Château Laurier</a> hotel, a short walk from Parliament Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When responding to letters from citizens talking about the struggles they were facing, Bennett wrote back with personal notes and tucked cash into the envelopes.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confronting_the_depression">Confronting the depression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Confronting the depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BennettSpeaking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/BennettSpeaking.jpg/220px-BennettSpeaking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/BennettSpeaking.jpg/330px-BennettSpeaking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/BennettSpeaking.jpg/440px-BennettSpeaking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Bennett addressing a public meeting</figcaption></figure> <p>Bennett had the misfortune of taking office during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. He supported <a href="/wiki/Tariffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs">tariffs</a> due to his belief that they would create markets for Canadian products.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bennett's government then passed the <i>Unemployment Relief Act</i> that provided $20 million for <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> at the federal and local levels. In 1931, Bennett's government increased tariffs and passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_and_Farm_Relief_Act" title="Unemployment and Farm Relief Act">Unemployment and Farm Relief Act</a></i> to invest in further public works and direct relief; similar acts would be passed each year until he left office in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Conservative Party's pro-business and pro-banking inclinations provided little relief to the millions of increasingly desperate and agitated unemployed. Despite the economic crisis, "<a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a>" persisted as the guiding economic principle of Conservative Party ideology; similar attitudes dominated worldwide as well during this era. Government relief to the unemployed was considered a disincentive to individual initiative and was therefore only granted in the most minimal amounts and attached to work programs. An additional concern of the federal government was that large numbers of disaffected unemployed men concentrating in urban centres created a volatile situation. As an "alternative to bloodshed on the streets", the stop-gap solution for unemployment chosen by the Bennett government was to establish military-run and -styled relief camps in remote areas throughout the country, where single unemployed men toiled for twenty cents a day.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any relief beyond this was left to provincial and municipal governments, many of which were either insolvent or on the brink of bankruptcy, and which railed against the inaction of other levels of government. Partisan differences began to sharpen on the question of government intervention in the economy, since lower levels of government were largely in Liberal hands, and protest movements were beginning to send their own parties into the political mainstream, notably the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Commonwealth_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Commonwealth Federation">Cooperative Commonwealth Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">William Aberhart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit Party of Alberta">Social Credit Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_with_Britain">Trade with Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trade with Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BennettPhone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BennettPhone.jpg/220px-BennettPhone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BennettPhone.jpg/330px-BennettPhone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BennettPhone.jpg/440px-BennettPhone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister Bennett, surrounded by members of the Cabinet, speaking by telephone to <a href="/wiki/George_Halsey_Perley" title="George Halsey Perley">George Perley</a>, Canadian Cabinet minister, at the British Empire Trade Fair at Buenos Aires</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/1930_Imperial_Conference" title="1930 Imperial Conference">1930 Imperial Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, Bennett unsuccessfully argued for an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_preference" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial preference">imperial preference</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a>. The proposal stunned the British government, despite them being pro-<a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>. British newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i> asked, "Empire or not?" The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> in 1931 gave Canada and other <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a>' autonomy in foreign affairs. Despite Bennett declaring, "We no longer live in a political Empire", he favoured "a new economic Empire"; he still wanted the imperial preferential trade arrangement. Britain introducing a general tariff of 10 percent gave Bennett hope.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bennett hosted the 1932 <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Economic_Conference" title="British Empire Economic Conference">Imperial Economic Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>; this was the first time Canada had hosted the meetings. It was attended by the leaders of the independent dominions of the British Empire (which later became the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 21, when the conference opened, Bennett gave his opening speech that suggested that Britain might have free entry into Canada for any products that would "not injuriously affect Canadian enterprise." The conference did not result in an imperial preference free trade agreement but did result in <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">bilateral treaties</a>. The bilateral treaty between Canada and Britain saw Canadian wheat, apples, and other natural products get British preferences while the British got Canadian preferences for certain metal products and textiles not made in Canada; Canada benefited from the treaty more than Britain and in a few years, Canadian exports to Britain were up 60 percent while British exports to Canada were up 5 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anti-communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A nickname that would stick with Bennett for the remainder of his political career, "Iron Heel Bennett",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came from a 1932 speech he gave in Toronto that ironically, if unintentionally, alluded to <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>'s socialist <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Heel" title="The Iron Heel">novel</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>What do they offer you in exchange for the present order? Socialism, Communism, dictatorship. They are sowing the seeds of unrest everywhere. Right in this city such propaganda is being carried on and in the little out of the way places as well. And we know that throughout Canada this propaganda is being put forward by organizations from foreign lands that seek to destroy our institutions. And we ask that every man and woman put the iron heel of ruthlessness against a thing of that kind.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Reacting to fears of communist subversion, Bennett invoked the controversial <a href="/wiki/Section_98" title="Section 98">Section 98</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a></i>. Enacted in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_general_strike" title="Winnipeg general strike">Winnipeg general strike</a>, Section 98 dispensed with the <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a> in outlawing potential threats to the state: specifically, anyone belonging to an organization that officially advocated the violent overthrow of the government. Even if the accused had never committed an act of violence or personally supported such an action, they could be incarcerated merely for attending meetings of such an organization, publicly speaking in its defence, or distributing its literature.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the broad power authorized under section 98, it targeted specifically the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party of Canada</a>. Eight of the top party leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Tim_Buck" title="Tim Buck">Tim Buck</a>, were arrested on 11 August 1931 and convicted under section 98.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_policy_and_relief_camps">Labour policy and relief camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Labour policy and relief camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RB_Bennett_telegram_in_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RB_Bennett_telegram_in_1934.jpg/220px-RB_Bennett_telegram_in_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RB_Bennett_telegram_in_1934.jpg/330px-RB_Bennett_telegram_in_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RB_Bennett_telegram_in_1934.jpg/440px-RB_Bennett_telegram_in_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>1934 telegram by Bennett concerning relief camps</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1933, unemployment was at 27 percent and over 1.5 million Canadians were dependent on direct relief. In 1934, Bennett's government passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Construction_Act" title="Public Works Construction Act">Public Works Construction Act</a></i>. This launched a federal building program worth $40 million and aimed at generating employment opportunities. In 1935, another public works bill was passed; the bill provided another $18 million for construction projects.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett's government created labour camps for unemployed single men; at the camps, they lived in bunkhouses and were paid 20 cents a day in return for a 44-hour week of toil.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having survived Section 98, and benefiting from the public sympathy wrought by persecution, Communist Party members set out to organize workers in the relief camps set up by the <i><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_and_Farm_Relief_Act" title="Unemployment and Farm Relief Act">Unemployment and Farm Relief Act</a></i>. Camp workers laboured on a variety of infrastructure projects, including municipal airports, roads, and park facilities, along with a number of other make-work schemes. Conditions in the camps were poor, not only because of the low pay, but also the lack of recreational facilities, isolation from family and friends, poor quality food, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Military_discipline" title="Military discipline">military discipline</a>. Communists thus had ample grounds on which to organize camp workers, although the workers were there of their own volition.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Relief_Camp_Workers%27_Union" title="Relief Camp Workers' Union">Relief Camp Workers' Union</a> was formed and affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Unity_League" title="Workers' Unity League">Workers' Unity League</a>, the trade union umbrella of the Communist Party. Camp workers in BC struck on 4 April 1935, and, after two months of protesting in Vancouver, began the <a href="/wiki/On-to-Ottawa_Trek" title="On-to-Ottawa Trek">On-to-Ottawa Trek</a> to bring their grievances to Bennett's doorstep. The prime minister and his minister of justice, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Hugh Guthrie</a>, treated the trek as an attempted insurrection and ordered it to be stopped. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> (RCMP) read the <a href="/wiki/Riot_Act#Canada" title="Riot Act">Riot Act</a> to a crowd of 3,000 strikers and their supporters in <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a> on 1 July 1935, resulting in two deaths and dozens of injured.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_policy">Agricultural policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Agricultural policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1934, Bennett's government passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Creditors_Arrangement_Act" title="Farmers' Creditors Arrangement Act">Farmers' Creditors Arrangement Act</a></i> to make farm loans easier to acquire<sup id="cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allow families to remain on their farms rather than lose them to foreclosure. That same year, his government passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Products_Marketing_Act" title="Natural Products Marketing Act">Natural Products Marketing Act</a></i>; in a bid to obtain better prices, a federal board with powers to arrange more orderly marketing was established.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-w162_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w162-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, Bennett's government passed the <i>Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act</i> which established an enterprise that would eventually teach 100,000 farmers how to recover southern <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, through the <i>Canadian Wheat Board Act</i>, Bennett's government established the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Wheat_Board" title="Canadian Wheat Board">Canadian Wheat Board</a> to market the wheat crop<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to ensure an efficient sale of grain under difficult conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act required <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canadian</a> farmers to sell all wheat and barley produced for human consumption to the Wheat Board.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_initiatives">Other initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1932, Bennett's government launched the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio_Broadcasting_Commission" title="Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission">Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission</a> (CRBC) that regulated radio broadcasting to promote more Canadian content; the commission also established a publicly-owned national radio network that told Canadian stories to Canadians. In 1936, it became the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC).<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-w162_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w162-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chartered banks in Canada controlled interest rates, the value of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollar</a> in the global market, and the amount of money in circulation; they also printed their own Canadian currency. In 1933, Bennett's government created the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Banking_and_Currency" title="Royal Commission on Banking and Currency">Royal Commission on Banking and Currency</a>; the commission would result in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada" title="Bank of Canada">Bank of Canada</a> in 1935 through the 1934 <i><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Canada_Act" title="Bank of Canada Act">Bank of Canada Act</a></i>, despite opposition from the chartered banks. The bank gained the powers from the chartered banks and gained the legal mandate to control Canada's <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> without interference from the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bennett's_New_Deal"><span id="Bennett.27s_New_Deal"></span>Bennett's New Deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bennett's New Deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BennettRoosevelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/BennettRoosevelt.jpg/200px-BennettRoosevelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/BennettRoosevelt.jpg/300px-BennettRoosevelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/BennettRoosevelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Bennett (left) meets American president <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> (who is helped to stand up by his naval aide).</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1934, Bennett told the provinces that they were "wasteful and extravagant", and even told Quebec and Ontario that they were wealthy enough to manage their own problems.<sup id="cite_ref-w162_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w162-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One year later, he had changed his tune. Following the lead of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> in the United States, Bennett, under the advice of <a href="/wiki/William_Duncan_Herridge" title="William Duncan Herridge">William Duncan Herridge</a>, who was Canada's <a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">Envoy</a> to the United States, the government eventually began to follow the Americans' lead. In a series of live radio speeches to the nation in January 1935, Bennett introduced a Canadian version of the "New Deal", involving unprecedented public spending and federal intervention in the economy. <a href="/wiki/Progressive_income_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive income tax">Progressive income taxation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, a maximum number of working hours per week, <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">unemployment insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a>, an expanded <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> program, and grants to farmers were all included in the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ce_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one of his addresses to the nation, Bennett said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the last five years great changes have taken place in the world ... The old order is gone. We are living in conditions that are new and strange to us. Canada on the dole is like a young and vigorous man in the poorhouse ... If you believe that things should be left as they are, you and I hold contrary and irreconcilable views. I am for reform. And in my mind, reform means government intervention. It means government control and regulation. It means the end of <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some of the measures were alleged to have encroached on provincial jurisdictions laid out in section 92 of the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act, 1867">British North America Act, 1867</a>. The courts, including the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>, agreed and eventually struck down virtually all of Bennett's reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-ce_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_divisions_and_defeat">Internal divisions and defeat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Internal divisions and defeat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bennett_buggy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bennett_buggy.jpg/220px-Bennett_buggy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bennett_buggy.jpg/330px-Bennett_buggy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bennett_buggy.jpg/440px-Bennett_buggy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>A "<a href="/wiki/Bennett_buggy" title="Bennett buggy">Bennett buggy</a>", drawn by a horse because of lack of money to pay for gas</figcaption></figure> <p>Bennett's conversion from small government to big government was seen as too little too late, and he faced criticism that his reforms either went too far, or did not go far enough, including from his minister of trade and commerce, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert_Stevens" title="Henry Herbert Stevens">H. H. Stevens</a>, who bolted the government to form the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Party_of_Canada" title="Reconstruction Party of Canada">Reconstruction Party of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1934, Bennett was facing major dissent from Conservative quarters and the public.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Car owners, for example, who could no longer afford gasoline, had horses pull their vehicles, which they named "<a href="/wiki/Bennett_buggy" title="Bennett buggy">Bennett buggies</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make matters worse, Bennett suffered a heart attack in March 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beneficiary of the overwhelming opposition during Bennett's tenure was the Liberal Party. The Tories were decimated in the <a href="/wiki/1935_Canadian_federal_election" title="1935 Canadian federal election">October 1935 general election</a>, winning only 40 seats to 173 for Mackenzie King's Liberals. At the time, this was the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level. The Reconstruction Party won 8.7% of the popular vote as a result of gaining support from disgruntled Conservatives. The Tories would not form a majority government again in Canada until <a href="/wiki/1958_Canadian_federal_election" title="1958 Canadian federal election">1958</a>. King's government soon implemented its own moderate reforms, including the repeal of relief camps,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(Canadian_politics)" title="Reciprocity (Canadian politics)">reciprocal</a> trade agreement with the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the repeal of Section 98.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Canada pulled out of the depression as a result of government-funded jobs associated with the preparation for and onset of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement,_House_of_Lords,_and_death_(1935–1947)"><span id="Retirement.2C_House_of_Lords.2C_and_death_.281935.E2.80.931947.29"></span>Retirement, House of Lords, and death (1935–1947)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Retirement, House of Lords, and death (1935–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mickleham,_St_Michael%27s_Church,_Richard_Bedford_Bennett_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mickleham%2C_St_Michael%27s_Church%2C_Richard_Bedford_Bennett_tomb.jpg/220px-Mickleham%2C_St_Michael%27s_Church%2C_Richard_Bedford_Bennett_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mickleham%2C_St_Michael%27s_Church%2C_Richard_Bedford_Bennett_tomb.jpg/330px-Mickleham%2C_St_Michael%27s_Church%2C_Richard_Bedford_Bennett_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mickleham%2C_St_Michael%27s_Church%2C_Richard_Bedford_Bennett_tomb.jpg/440px-Mickleham%2C_St_Michael%27s_Church%2C_Richard_Bedford_Bennett_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3333" /></a><figcaption>Grave, St Michael's Church, Mickleham</figcaption></figure> <p>Bennett led the Conservative Party and Opposition for the next three years until he was succeeded by his former Cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Robert James Manion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1938_National_Conservative_leadership_convention" title="1938 National Conservative leadership convention">July 1938 leadership convention</a>. Bennett moved to England on January 28, 1939, and resigned his Calgary West seat that same day.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBio_1-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He purchased a 94-acre property in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> called Juniper Hill, an 18th-century (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>) mansion<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built for David Jenkinson<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and located across from <a href="/wiki/Juniper_Hall" title="Juniper Hall">Juniper Hall</a> on Downs Road); this was the first home Bennett owned as he had only lived in the <a href="/wiki/Fairmont_Palliser_Hotel" title="Fairmont Palliser Hotel">Calgary Palliser</a> Hotel and the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier" title="Château Laurier">Château Laurier</a> Hotel in Ottawa in his adult life.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 12, 1941, Bennett became the first and only former Canadian prime minister to be elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a> as Viscount Bennett, of <a href="/wiki/Mickleham,_Surrey" title="Mickleham, Surrey">Mickleham</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">County of Surrey</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Hill,_New_Brunswick" title="Hopewell Hill, New Brunswick">Hopewell</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Dominion of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The honour, conferred on the recommendation of British PM <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, was in recognition for Bennett's valuable unsalaried work in the Ministry of Aircraft Production, managed by his lifelong friend Lord Beaverbrook. Bennett took an active role in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> and attended frequently until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also participated in many speaking engagements and served on various boards.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bennett's interest in increasing public awareness and accessibility to Canada's historical records led him to serve as vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Society" title="Champlain Society">Champlain Society</a> from 1933 until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 1947, Bennett sold nearly all of his investments; it became clear his health was declining. Bennett died after suffering a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> while taking a bath on June 26, 1947, at Mickleham. He was exactly one week shy of his 77th birthday. He is buried there in <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Churchyard,_Mickleham" title="St. Michael's Churchyard, Mickleham">St. Michael's Churchyard, Mickleham</a>. The tomb, and Government of Canada marker outside, are steps from the front doors of the church. He is the only deceased former Canadian Prime Minister not buried in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Parks_Grave_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parks_Grave-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_assessments">Legacy and assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy and assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Textbooks typically portray Bennett as a hard-driving capitalist, pushing for American-style high tariffs and British-style imperialism, while ignoring his reform efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bennett took note of and encouraged the young <a href="/wiki/Lester_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Pearson">Lester Pearson</a> in the early 1930s, and appointed Pearson to significant roles on two major government inquiries: the 1931 Royal Commission on Grain Futures, and the 1934 Royal Commission on Price Spreads. Bennett saw that Pearson was recognized with an <a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire">OBE</a> after he shone in that work, arranged a bonus of $1,800, and invited him to a London conference.<sup id="cite_ref-English89_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English89-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former prime minister <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>, who as a child, knew Bennett while he was prime minister, praised Bennett's promotion of Turner's <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> mother to the highest civil service post held by a Canadian woman to that time.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most historians consider his premiership to have been a failure at a time of severe economic crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H._Blair_Neatby" title="H. Blair Neatby">H. Blair Neatby</a> says categorically that "as a politician, he was a failure".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Granatstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Granatstein">Jack Granatstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hillmer" title="Norman Hillmer">Norman Hillmer</a>, comparing him to all other Canadian prime ministers concluded, "Bennett utterly failed as a leader. Everyone was alienated by the end—Cabinet, caucus, party, voter and foreigner."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bennett was ranked #12 by a survey of Canadian historians out of the then 20 Prime Ministers of Canada through <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>. The results of the survey were included in the book <i>Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders</i> by <a href="/wiki/J._L._Granatstein" title="J. L. Granatstein">J. L. Granatstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hillmer" title="Norman Hillmer">Norman Hillmer</a>. </p><p>A 2001 book by <a href="/wiki/Quebec_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec separatism">Quebec nationalist</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Normand_Lester" title="Normand Lester">Normand Lester</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Livre_noir_du_Canada_anglais" title="Le Livre noir du Canada anglais">Le Livre noir du Canada anglais</a></i> (later translated as <i>The Black Book of English Canada</i>) accused Bennett of having a political affiliation with, and of having provided financial support to, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> Quebec writer <a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Adrien Arcand</a>. This is based on a series of letters sent to Bennett following his election as prime minister by Arcand, his colleague Ménard and two Conservative caucus members asking for financial support for Arcand's antisemitic newspaper <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Goglu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Goglu (page does not exist)">Le Goglu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_appointments">Supreme Court appointments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Supreme Court appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bennett chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Smith_Crocket" title="Oswald Smith Crocket">Oswald Smith Crocket</a> (21 September 1932 – 13 April 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Joseph_Hughes" title="Frank Joseph Hughes">Frank Joseph Hughes</a> (17 March 1933 – 13 February 1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Poore_Duff" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyman Poore Duff">Sir Lyman Poore Duff</a> (as Chief Justice, (17 March 1933 – 2 January 1944; appointed a <a href="/wiki/Puisne_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Puisne Justice">Puisne Justice</a> under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a>, 4 June 1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hague_Davis" title="Henry Hague Davis">Henry Hague Davis</a> (31 January 1935 – 30 June 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kerwin" title="Patrick Kerwin">Patrick Kerwin</a> (20 July 1935 – 2 February 1963)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_appointments">Other appointments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bennett was Honorary Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/103rd_Regiment_(Calgary_Rifles)" title="103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles)">103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles)</a> from 1914 to the dissolution of the regiment in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett was the Honorary Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Highlanders" title="Calgary Highlanders">Calgary Highlanders</a> from the year of their designation as such in 1921 to his death in 1947. He visited the Regiment in England during the Second World War, and always ensured the 1st Battalion had a turkey dinner at Christmas every year they were overseas, including the Christmas of 1944 when the battalion was holding front line positions in the <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> Salient. </p><p>Bennett served as the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">Rector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>, from 1935 to 1937, even while he was still prime minister. At the time, this role covered mediation for significant disputes between Queen's students and the university administration.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA_Viscount_Bennett.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/CoA_Viscount_Bennett.svg/220px-CoA_Viscount_Bennett.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/CoA_Viscount_Bennett.svg/330px-CoA_Viscount_Bennett.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/CoA_Viscount_Bennett.svg/440px-CoA_Viscount_Bennett.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Viscount Bennett's coat of arms</figcaption></figure> <p>Bennett's coat of arms was designed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Beddoe" title="Alan Beddoe">Alan Beddoe</a>: "Argent within two bendlets Gules three maple leaves proper all between two demi-lions rampant couped gules. Crest, a demi-lion Gules grapsing in the dexter paw a battle axe in bend sinister Or and resting the sinister paw on an escallop also Gules. Supporters, Dexter a buffalo, sinister a moose, both proper. Motto, To be Pressed not Oppressed."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Empire Relations: The <a href="/wiki/Peter_le_Neve_Foster" title="Peter le Neve Foster">Peter le Neve Foster</a> Lecture, Delivered on June 3rd, 1942, at the Royal Society of Arts by the Right Hon. the Viscount Bennett, P.C., K.C.</i> London: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crisp" title="Dorothy Crisp">Dorothy Crisp</a>, 1945.<br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hereditary_peerage">Hereditary peerage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hereditary peerage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bennett was elevated to a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">hereditary peerage</a> on 16 July 1941. He took the title 1st Viscount Bennett, of <a href="/wiki/Mickleham,_Surrey" title="Mickleham, Surrey">Mickleham</a> in the County of Surrey and of Calgary and Hopewell in the Dominion of Canada. The peerage became extinct upon his death on 26 June 1947. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours_2">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:55%;">Decoration </th> <th style="width:5%;">Post-nominal letters </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td> <td>1907 – 26 June 1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">King's Counsel</a></td> <td>KC </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td>1930 – 26 June 1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council</a></td> <td>PC </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom</td> <td>Before 26 June 1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_(chartered_1888)" title="Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)">Knight of Grace of the Order of St John</a></td> <td>KG.StJ</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholastic">Scholastic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Scholastic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Position </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td>Before 26 June 1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">Rector</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Degree </th> <th style="width:20%;">Gave Commencement Address </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td> <td>1919</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D) <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td> <td>1926</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D) <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ontario</td> <td>1931</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D) <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></td> <td>May 1933</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick" title="University of New Brunswick">University of New Brunswick</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D) <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>England <b>4 November 1930</b>: <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memberships_and_fellowships">Memberships and fellowships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Memberships and fellowships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">Organisation </th> <th style="width:20%;">Position </th></tr> <tr> <td>Canada</td> <td>Before 26 June 1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Canadian Geographical Society">Royal Canadian Geographical Society</a></td> <td>Fellow </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorary_military_appointments">Honorary military appointments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Honorary military appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a> (1914 – 1920): <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel (title)">Honorary Colonel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/103rd_Regiment_(Calgary_Rifles)" title="103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles)">103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles)</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Canadian Army (1921 – 26 June 1947): <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel (title)">Honorary Colonel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Highlanders" title="Calgary Highlanders">Calgary Highlanders</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_record">Electoral record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Electoral record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_R._B._Bennett" title="Electoral history of R. B. Bennett">Electoral history of R. B. Bennett</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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.reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BennettBio-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettBio_1-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWaite" class="citation web cs1">Waite, P.B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bennett_richard_bedford_17E.html">"R.B. Bennett"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.atitle=R.B.+Bennett&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=P.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fbennett_richard_bedford_17E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnyokanagan.com/TheBennettStory.pdf">"Descendants of Henry Bennett"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sunnyokanagan.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunnyokanagan.com&rft.atitle=Descendants+of+Henry+Bennett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunnyokanagan.com%2FTheBennettStory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Canada's Prime Ministers: Macdonald to Trudeau", edited by Ramsay Cook and Real Belanger, University of Toronto Press, 2007, p. 300, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9174-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9174-1">978-0-8020-9174-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Canada's Prime Ministers: Macdonald to Trudeau", 2007, p. 301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._G._Boyce" title="D. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30358">10.1093/ref:odnb/30358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aitken%2C+William+Maxwell%2C+first+Baron+Beaverbrook&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30358&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=D.+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-English89-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-English89_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-English89_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shadow of Heaven: The Life of Lester Pearson, volume 1, 1897–1948</i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_English_(Canadian_politician)" title="John English (Canadian politician)">John English</a>, 1989, Vintage UK, p. 166-171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BennettCanadianEncyclopedia_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoykoEnglish2008" class="citation web cs1">Boyko, John; English, John (February 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/richard-bedford-viscount-bennett">"R.B. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bennettjones.com/en/About-Section/History">the original</a> on October 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%7C+Bennett+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bennettjones.com%2Fen%2FAbout-Section%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cba.org/Who-We-Are/Governance/President-Executive/Past-CBA-Presidents">"Canadian Bar Association: Past CBA Presidents"</a>. <i>Cba.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cba.org&rft.atitle=Canadian+Bar+Association%3A+Past+CBA+Presidents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cba.org%2FWho-We-Are%2FGovernance%2FPresident-Executive%2FPast-CBA-Presidents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1963" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Roger (1963). <i>Arthur Meighen: A Biography – Volume 2: And Fortune Fled</i>. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin & Company Limited. p. 526.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Meighen%3A+A+Biography+%E2%80%93+Volume+2%3A+And+Fortune+Fled&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=526&rft.pub=Clarke%2C+Irwin+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mr. Prime Minister 1867–1964</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hutchison" title="Bruce Hutchison">Bruce Hutchison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> 1964, Longmans Canada</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaiser2003" class="citation book cs1">Waiser, Bill (2003). <i>All Hell Can't Stop Us: The On-to-Ottawa Trek and Regina Riot</i>. Calgary: Fifth House. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894004-88-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-894004-88-4"><bdi>1-894004-88-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Hell+Can%27t+Stop+Us%3A+The+On-to-Ottawa+Trek+and+Regina+Riot&rft.place=Calgary&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Fifth+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-894004-88-4&rft.aulast=Waiser&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSTEIN" class="citation web cs1">STEIN, DAVID LEWIS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417234644/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1963/11/16/the-great-communist-scare-of-the-thirties">"The great communist scare of the Thirties | Maclean's | NOVEMBER 16 1963"</a>. <i>archive.macleans.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1963/11/16/the-great-communist-scare-of-the-thirties">the original</a> on April 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.macleans.ca&rft.atitle=The+great+communist+scare+of+the+Thirties+%26%23124%3B+Maclean%27s+%26%23124%3B+NOVEMBER+16+1963&rft.aulast=STEIN&rft.aufirst=DAVID+LEWIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.macleans.ca%2Farticle%2F1963%2F11%2F16%2Fthe-great-communist-scare-of-the-thirties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://policyoptions.irpp.org/fr/magazines/making-parliament-work/r-b-bennett-reconsidered-a-long-overdue-remarkable-and-head-turning-portrait/">"R.B. Bennett reconsidered: A long-overdue "remarkable and head-turning portrait"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Policyoptions.irpp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policyoptions.irpp.org&rft.atitle=R.B.+Bennett+reconsidered%3A+A+long-overdue+%22remarkable+and+head-turning+portrait%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicyoptions.irpp.org%2Ffr%2Fmagazines%2Fmaking-parliament-work%2Fr-b-bennett-reconsidered-a-long-overdue-remarkable-and-head-turning-portrait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The quote is from: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenner1988" class="citation book cs1">Penner, Norman (1988). <i>Canadian Communism: The Stalin Years and Beyond</i>. Toronto: Methuen. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-458-81200-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-458-81200-5"><bdi>0-458-81200-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Communism%3A+The+Stalin+Years+and+Beyond&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-458-81200-5&rft.aulast=Penner&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span>; the irony of the allusion is noted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonAllan_Seager1985" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, John Herd; Allan Seager (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116300106170/page/226"><i>Canada, 1922–1939: Decades of Discord</i></a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116300106170/page/226">226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-8564-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-8564-8"><bdi>0-7710-8564-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%2C+1922%E2%80%931939%3A+Decades+of+Discord&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-7710-8564-8&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=John+Herd&rft.au=Allan+Seager&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116300106170%2Fpage%2F226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1987" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Lorne (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenfreedomwaslo0000brow"><i>When Freedom was Lost: The Unemployed, the Agitator, and the State</i></a></span>. Montreal: Black Rose. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenfreedomwaslo0000brow/page/42">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920057-77-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-920057-77-2"><bdi>0-920057-77-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Freedom+was+Lost%3A+The+Unemployed%2C+the+Agitator%2C+and+the+State&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Black+Rose&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-920057-77-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Lorne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenfreedomwaslo0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP13CH3PA3LE.html">"Communist Canada"</a>. <i>CBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Communist+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fhistory%2FEPISCONTENTSE1EP13CH3PA3LE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer2009" class="citation web cs1">Plummer, Kevin (May 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torontoist.com/2009/05/historicist_we_want_tim_buck/">"Historicist: "We Want Tim Buck"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Torontoist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Torontoist&rft.atitle=Historicist%3A+%22We+Want+Tim+Buck%22&rft.date=2009-05-09&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorontoist.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fhistoricist_we_want_tim_buck%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/history/SECTIONSE1EP13CH2LE.html">"Calls for Help"</a>. <i>CBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Calls+for+Help&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fhistory%2FSECTIONSE1EP13CH2LE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrikwerda2012">Strikwerda 2012</a>, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w162-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w162_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w162_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w162_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellsFellows2016">Wells & Fellows 2016</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/modules/prb98-2-grain/wheatboard-e.htm">"THE CANADIAN WHEAT BOARD"</a>. <i>Government of Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Canada&rft.atitle=THE+CANADIAN+WHEAT+BOARD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2FCollection-R%2FLoPBdP%2Fmodules%2Fprb98-2-grain%2Fwheatboard-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraserinstitute.org/article/time-pull-plug-canadian-wheat-board">"Time to pull the plug on the Canadian Wheat Board"</a>. <i>Fraser Institute</i>. January 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fraser+Institute&rft.atitle=Time+to+pull+the+plug+on+the+Canadian+Wheat+Board&rft.date=2007-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraserinstitute.org%2Farticle%2Ftime-pull-plug-canadian-wheat-board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ce-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ce_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ce_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bennetts-new-deal/">"Bennet's New Deal"</a>, <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.cbc.ca/history/?MIval=EpisContent&series_id=1&episode_id=13&chapter_id=2&page_id=1&lang=E">"Blaming the Prime Minister"</a>. <i>History.cbc.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.cbc.ca&rft.atitle=Blaming+the+Prime+Minister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.cbc.ca%2Fhistory%2F%3FMIval%3DEpisContent%26series_id%3D1%26episode_id%3D13%26chapter_id%3D2%26page_id%3D1%26lang%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/federal/newdeal.htm">"R. B. Bennett s New Deal (1935) – Studies on the Canadian Constitution and Canadian Federalism – Quebec History"</a>. <i>Faculty.marianopolis.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faculty.marianopolis.edu&rft.atitle=R.+B.+Bennett+s+New+Deal+%281935%29+%E2%80%93+Studies+on+the+Canadian+Constitution+and+Canadian+Federalism+%E2%80%93+Quebec+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.marianopolis.edu%2Fc.belanger%2Fquebechistory%2Ffederal%2Fnewdeal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esask.uregina.ca/entry/bennett_buggy.jsp">"Bennett Buggy"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Saskatchewan&rft.atitle=Bennett+Buggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesask.uregina.ca%2Fentry%2Fbennett_buggy.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP13CH2PA2LE.html">"Relief Camps"</a>. <i>CBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Relief+Camps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fhistory%2FEPISCONTENTSE1EP13CH2PA2LE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2013" class="citation web cs1">Masters, D.C. (August 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/reciprocity">"Reciprocity"</a>. <i>Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Reciprocity&rft.date=2013-08-12&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Freciprocity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolinaro2011" class="citation web cs1">Molinaro, Dennis (October 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/section-98-criminal-code">"Section 98 Criminal Code"</a>. <i>Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Government of Canada. December 20, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/clmhc-hsmbc/Sepulture-gravesiteindx/listesepulture-listgravesite/bennett.aspx">the original</a> on October 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parks+Canada&rft.atitle=Historic+Sites+and+Monuments+Board+of+Canada+%E2%80%93+Former+Prime+Ministers+and+Their+Grave+Sites+%E2%80%93+The+Right+Honourable+Richard+Bedford+Bennett&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fclmhc-hsmbc%2FSepulture-gravesiteindx%2Flistesepulture-listgravesite%2Fbennett.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca&rft.atitle=1948.9+%26%23124%3B+Freedom+of+the+City+of+London+%26%23124%3B+Casket+%26%23124%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.musee-mccord.qc.ca%2Fen%2Fcollection%2Fartifacts%2F1948.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorosh, Michael A. <i>Calgary's Infantry Regiment: A Pictorial History of The Calgary Higlanders</i>, CHRFF, 2024, p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calgaryhighlanders.com/about-the-regiment/former-honourary-colonels/">"Former Honourary Colonels"</a>. Calgary Highlanders<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Honourary+Colonels&rft.pub=Calgary+Highlanders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalgaryhighlanders.com%2Fabout-the-regiment%2Fformer-honourary-colonels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Prime_Ministers_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada">List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyko2010" class="citation book cs1">Boyko, John (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bennettrebelwhoc0000boyk"><i>Bennett: The Rebel Who Challenged And Changed A Nation</i></a></span>. Toronto: Key Porter Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55470-248-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55470-248-0"><bdi>978-1-55470-248-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bennett%3A+The+Rebel+Who+Challenged+And+Changed+A+Nation&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Key+Porter+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55470-248-0&rft.aulast=Boyko&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbennettrebelwhoc0000boyk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreighton1970" class="citation book cs1">Creighton, Donald (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadasfirstcent0000crei"><i>Canada's First Century</i></a></span>. Macmillan of Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+First+Century&rft.pub=Macmillan+of+Canada&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Creighton&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadasfirstcent0000crei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassford1992" class="citation book cs1">Glassford, Larry A. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reactionreformpo0000glas"><i>Reaction and Reform: The Politics of the Conservative Party under R.B. Bennett, 1927–1938</i></a></span>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802027986" title="Special:BookSources/9780802027986"><bdi>9780802027986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reaction+and+Reform%3A+The+Politics+of+the+Conservative+Party+under+R.B.+Bennett%2C+1927%E2%80%931938&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780802027986&rft.aulast=Glassford&rft.aufirst=Larry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freactionreformpo0000glas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Gray" title="James H. Gray">Gray, James Henry</a> (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780802059758"><i>R.B. Bennett: the Calgary years</i></a></span>. Toronto & Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802059758" title="Special:BookSources/9780802059758"><bdi>9780802059758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R.B.+Bennett%3A+the+Calgary+years&rft.place=Toronto+%26+Buffalo&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780802059758&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=James+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780802059758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLean1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dyas_MacLean" title="Andrew Dyas MacLean">MacLean, Andrew Dyas</a> (1935). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rbbennett0000unse"><i>R. B. Bennett, Prime Minister of Canada</i></a></span>. Toronto: Excelsior Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R.+B.+Bennett%2C+Prime+Minister+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Excelsior+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=MacLean&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Dyas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frbbennett0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrikwerda2012" class="citation book cs1">Strikwerda, Eric (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wagesofreliefcit0000stri"><i>The Wages of Relief: Cities and the Unemployed in Prairie Canada, 1929–39</i></a></span>. Athabaska University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781927356050" title="Special:BookSources/9781927356050"><bdi>9781927356050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Relief%3A+Cities+and+the+Unemployed+in+Prairie+Canada%2C+1929%E2%80%9339&rft.pub=Athabaska+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781927356050&rft.aulast=Strikwerda&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwagesofreliefcit0000stri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Busby_Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Busby Waite">Waite, Peter Busby</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lonerthreesketch0000wait"><i>Loner: Three Sketches of the Personal Life and Ideas of R.B. Bennett, 1870–1947</i></a></span>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802028945" title="Special:BookSources/9780802028945"><bdi>9780802028945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loner%3A+Three+Sketches+of+the+Personal+Life+and+Ideas+of+R.B.+Bennett%2C+1870%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780802028945&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Peter+Busby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flonerthreesketch0000wait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Busby_Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Busby Waite">Waite, Peter Busby</a> (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofrbbenn0000wait"><i>In Search of R. B. Bennett</i></a></span>. Montreal: McGill—Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773539082" title="Special:BookSources/9780773539082"><bdi>9780773539082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+R.+B.+Bennett&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill%E2%80%94Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780773539082&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Peter+Busby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofrbbenn0000wait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Watkins" title="Ernest Watkins">Watkins, Ernest</a> (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rbbennett0000unse_m8z5"><i>R. B. Bennett: A Biography</i></a></span>. London: Secker & Warburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R.+B.+Bennett%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frbbennett0000unse_m8z5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellsFellows2016" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Mike; Fellows, Nick (2016). <i>The Great Depression and the Americas (mid 1920s–1939)</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Depression+and+the+Americas+%28mid+1920s%E2%80%931939%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Fellows%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Wilbur, J. R. H. <i>The Bennett New Deal: Fraud or Portent</i>, 1968</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Glassford, Larry. "Review of Boyko, John, Bennett: The Rebel Who Challenged and Changed a Nation" (H-Canada, H-Net Reviews. August, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=36639">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McCreery, Christopher and Arthur Milnes, eds. <i>The Authentic Voice of Canada</i>, (McGill – Queen's University Press, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_the_Study_of_Democracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for the Study of Democracy (page does not exist)">Centre for the Study of Democracy</a>, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55339-275-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55339-275-0">978-1-55339-275-0</a>. This book is a collection of Bennett's speeches in the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> from 1941 to 1947.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Richard_Bedford_Bennett" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Richard Bedford Bennett">Richard Bedford Bennett</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/R._B._Bennett" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7997">"R. B. Bennett"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. 1979–2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=R.+B.+Bennett&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979%2F2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2F009004-119.01-e.php%3F%26id_nbr%3D7997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR.+B.+Bennett" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P4_2_EN.html">Silver and Gold: Bennett and the Great Depression</a> – Historical essay, illustrated with photographs</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=6638">R. B. Bennett – Parliament of Canada biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/001468">Newspaper clippings about R. B. Bennett</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Hugh Guthrie</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> </b><br />1927–1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Manion" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Manion">Robert Manion</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Doherty" title="Charles Doherty">Charles Doherty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">Minister of Justice</a> </b><br />1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lomer_Gouin" title="Lomer Gouin">Lomer Gouin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Sir Henry Drayton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Minister of Finance</a> </b><br />1926 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Robb" class="mw-redirect" title="James Alexander Robb">James Alexander Robb</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert_Stevens" title="Henry Herbert Stevens">Henry Herbert Stevens</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Superintendent-General_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs">Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs</a> </b><br />1926 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(1868-1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stewart (1868-1946)">Charles Stewart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Canada)" title="Minister of the Interior (Canada)">Minister of the Interior</a> </b><br />1926 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mines_(Canada)" title="Minister of Mines (Canada)">Minister of Mines</a> </b><br />1926 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1927–1930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">W. L. Mackenzie King</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">W. L. Mackenzie King</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Superintendent-General_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs">Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs</a> </b><br />1930–1935 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for External Affairs (Canada)">Secretary of State for External Affairs</a> </b><br />1930–1935 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Privy Council">President of the Privy Council</a> </b><br />1930–1935 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dunning" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Dunning">Charles Dunning</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Minister of Finance</a> </b><br />1930–1932 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Rhodes">Edgar Rhodes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1935–1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Manion" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Manion">Robert Manion</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Critchley" title="Oswald Critchley">Oswald Critchley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly">MLA</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Calgary_(N.W.T._electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Calgary (N.W.T. electoral district)">West Calgary</a> </b><br />1898–1905 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">District Abolished</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Cushing" title="William Henry Cushing">William Henry Cushing</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly">MLA</a> <a href="/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Calgary (provincial electoral district)">Calgary</a> </b><br />1909–1911 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tweedie" title="Thomas Tweedie">Thomas Tweedie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Robertson" title="Albert Robertson">Albert Robertson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_official_opposition_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Alberta official opposition leaders">Leader of the Official Opposition in Alberta</a> </b><br />1910 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Michener" title="Edward Michener">Edward Michener</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maitland_Stewart_McCarthy" title="Maitland Stewart McCarthy">Maitland Stewart McCarthy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Calgary_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Calgary (federal electoral district)">Calgary</a> </b><br />1911–1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">District Abolished</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tweed_Shaw" title="Joseph Tweed Shaw">Joseph Tweed Shaw</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Calgary_West" title="Calgary West">Calgary West</a> </b><br />1925–1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Cunnington" title="Douglas Cunnington">Douglas Cunnington</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Bennett">Viscount Bennett</a> </b><br />1941–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime ministers of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">P. E. Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">J. Trudeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="Category:Prime ministers of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_finance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_Finance_of_Canada" title="Template:Ministers of Finance of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministers_of_Finance_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Ministers of Finance of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers_of_Finance_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers of Finance of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_finance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Ministers of finance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tilloch_Galt" title="Alexander Tilloch Galt">Galt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Rose,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hincks" title="Francis Hincks">Hincks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Cartwright" title="Richard John Cartwright">Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">McLelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_White" title="William Thomas White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Drayton</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">Robb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Nelson_Rhodes" title="Edgar Nelson Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ralston" title="James Ralston">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Abbott" title="Douglas Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edward_Harris" title="Walter Edward Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Fleming" title="Donald Fleming">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nowlan" title="George Nowlan">Nowlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Drury</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Loiselle" title="Gilles Loiselle">Loiselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Goodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Flaherty" title="Jim Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Oliver_(politician)" title="Joe Oliver (politician)">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Morneau" title="Bill Morneau">Morneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_the_interior" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers-of-the-Interior" title="Template:CA-Ministers-of-the-Interior"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers-of-the-Interior" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers-of-the-Interior"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers-of-the-Interior" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers-of-the-Interior"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_the_interior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Canada)" title="Minister of the Interior (Canada)">Ministers of the interior</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Provinces" title="Secretary of State for the Provinces">Secretaries of State for the Provinces</a> (1867–73)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_George_Archibald" title="Adams George Archibald">Archibald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cox_Aikins" title="James Cox Aikins">Aikins</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nicholson_Gibbs" title="Thomas Nicholson Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Canada)" title="Minister of the Interior (Canada)">Ministers of the Interior of Canada</a> (1873–1936)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Laird" title="David Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mills_(Canadian_politician)" title="David Mills (Canadian politician)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">J. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_Macpherson" title="David Lewis Macpherson">Macpherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_White_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas White (Canadian politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">J. Macdonald</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Dewdney" title="Edgar Dewdney">Dewdney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly" title="Thomas Mayne Daly">Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_John_Macdonald" title="Hugh John Macdonald">H. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Sifton" title="Clifford Sifton">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oliver_(politician)" title="Frank Oliver (politician)">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rogers_(Manitoba_politician)" title="Robert Rogers (Manitoba politician)">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Lougheed" title="James Alexander Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert_Stevens" title="Henry Herbert Stevens">Stevens</a> (acting)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gerow_Murphy" title="Thomas Gerow Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crerar" title="Thomas Crerar">Crerar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Justice_and_Attorneys_General" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Justice and Attorneys General"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Justice_and_Attorneys_General" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Justice and Attorneys General"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Justice_and_Attorneys_General" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Justice and Attorneys General"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_justice_and_attorneys_general" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Justice (Canada)">Ministers of justice and attorneys general</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Aim%C3%A9_Dorion" title="Antoine-Aimé Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_James_Smith" title="Albert James Smith">Smith</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lesphore_Fournier" title="Télesphore Fournier">Fournier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Laflamme" title="Rodolphe Laflamme">Laflamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hibbert_Tupper" title="Charles Hibbert Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly" title="Thomas Mayne Daly">Daly</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rupert_Dickey" title="Arthur Rupert Dickey">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mowat" title="Oliver Mowat">Mowat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mills_(Canadian_politician)" title="David Mills (Canadian politician)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fitzpatrick" title="Charles Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Bristol_Aylesworth" title="Allen Bristol Aylesworth">Aylesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Doherty" title="Charles Doherty">Doherty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomer_Gouin" title="Lomer Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esioff-L%C3%A9on_Patenaude" title="Esioff-Léon Patenaude">Patenaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reginald_Geary" title="George Reginald Geary">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Enoil_Michaud" title="Joseph-Enoil Michaud">Michaud</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Garson" title="Stuart Garson">Garson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davie_Fulton" title="Davie Fulton">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Fleming" title="Donald Fleming">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Cardin" title="Lucien Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Basford" title="Ron Basford">Basford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lang" title="Otto Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Flynn" title="Jacques Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">MacGuigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Johnston" title="Don Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lewis_(politician)" title="Doug Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Rock" title="Allan Rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cauchon" title="Martin Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Cotler" title="Irwin Cotler">Cotler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Toews" title="Vic Toews">Toews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Wilson-Raybould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lametti" title="David Lametti">Lametti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Virani" title="Arif Virani">Virani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_foreign_affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Ministers of foreign affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries of state for external affairs (1909–83)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murphy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Murphy (Canadian politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Earle_Smith" title="Sidney Earle Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Charles_Green" title="Howard Charles Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Jamieson_(politician)" title="Don Jamieson (politician)">Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald_(politician)" title="Flora MacDonald (politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_MacGuigan" title="Mark MacGuigan">MacGuigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of external affairs (1983–95)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McDougall" title="Barbara McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of foreign affairs (1995–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Axworthy" title="Lloyd Axworthy">Axworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Emerson" title="David Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cannon" title="Lawrence Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fast" title="Ed Fast">Fast</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Philippe_Champagne" title="François-Philippe Champagne">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Garneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Joly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Template:CA-Presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Template talk:CA-Presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Presidents of the Privy Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Privy_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="President of the King's Privy Council for Canada">Presidents of the Privy Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnston_Fergusson_Blair" title="Adam Johnston Fergusson Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenny" title="Edward Kenny">Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McDonald_(politician)" title="Hugh McDonald (politician)">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Seth_Huntington" title="Lucius Seth Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-%C3%89douard_Cauchon" title="Joseph-Édouard Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Rodrigue_Masson" title="Louis-Rodrigue Masson">Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Alfred_Mousseau" title="Joseph-Alfred Mousseau">Mousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">McLelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_Colby" title="Charles Carroll Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bullock_Ives" title="William Bullock Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste-R%C3%A9al_Angers" title="Auguste-Réal Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Rowell" title="Newton Rowell">Rowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Calder" title="James Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Normand" title="Louis-Philippe Normand">Normand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St-Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Chevrier" title="Lionel Chevrier">Chevrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Dorion" title="Noël Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lamontagne" title="Maurice Lamontagne">Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">D. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Baker_(Canadian_politician)" title="Walter Baker (Canadian politician)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Pinard" title="Yvon Pinard">Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mass%C3%A9" title="Marcel Massé">Massé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Coderre" title="Denis Coderre">Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Robillard" title="Lucienne Robillard">Robillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chong" title="Michael Chong">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Van_Loan" title="Peter Van Loan">Van Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9e_Verner" title="Josée Verner">Verner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Penashue" title="Peter Penashue">Penashue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Lebel" title="Denis Lebel">Lebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Monsef" title="Maryam Monsef">Monsef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karina_Gould" title="Karina Gould">Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_LeBlanc" title="Dominic LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Blair_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Blair (politician)">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Sajjan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Superintendents-general_of_Indian_affairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Superintendents-General_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Template:CA-Superintendents-General of Indian Affairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Superintendents-General_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Template talk:CA-Superintendents-General of Indian Affairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Superintendents-General_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Superintendents-General of Indian Affairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Superintendents-general_of_Indian_affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Aboriginal_Affairs_and_Northern_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development">Superintendents-general of Indian affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cox_Aikins" title="James Cox Aikins">Aikins</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nicholson_Gibbs" title="Thomas Nicholson Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Laird" title="David Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mills_(Canadian_politician)" title="David Mills (Canadian politician)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_White_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas White (Canadian politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Dewdney" title="Edgar Dewdney">Dewdney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly" title="Thomas Mayne Daly">Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_John_Macdonald" title="Hugh John Macdonald">H. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Sifton" title="Clifford Sifton">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oliver_(politician)" title="Frank Oliver (politician)">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rogers_(Manitoba_politician)" title="Robert Rogers (Manitoba politician)">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Lougheed" title="James Alexander Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert_Stevens" title="Henry Herbert Stevens">Stevens</a> (acting)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Alistair_Mackenzie" title="Ian Alistair Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gerow_Murphy" title="Thomas Gerow Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crerar" title="Thomas Crerar">Crerar</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>The offices of Minister of Immigration and Colonization, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Mines and Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs were abolished and the office of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mines_and_Resources_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Mines and Resources (Canada)">Minister of Mines and Resources</a> was created and came in force on December 1, 1936.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Graydon" title="Gordon Graydon">Graydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Starr_(politician)" title="Michael Starr (politician)">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Gauthier" title="Michel Gauthier">Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Hill_(politician)" title="Grant Hill (politician)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycole_Turmel" title="Nycole Turmel">Turmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mulcair" title="Tom Mulcair">Mulcair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alberta_leaders_of_the_opposition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ABLOpp" title="Template:ABLOpp"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ABLOpp" title="Template talk:ABLOpp"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ABLOpp" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ABLOpp"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alberta_leaders_of_the_opposition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Alberta)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Alberta)">Alberta leaders of the opposition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Robertson" title="Albert Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Michener" title="Edward Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hoadley_(Alberta_politician)" title="George Hoadley (Alberta politician)">Hoadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ramsey_(politician)" title="James Ramsey (politician)">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Boyle" title="John Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Richmond_Mitchell" title="Charles Richmond Mitchell">C. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bowen" title="John C. Bowen">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Walker" title="James H. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Speakman" title="Alfred Speakman">Speakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mahaffy" title="James Mahaffy">Mahaffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Walker" title="James H. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Percy_Page" title="John Percy Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harper_Prowse" title="James Harper Prowse">Prowse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_MacEwan" title="Grant MacEwan">MacEwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maccagno" title="Michael Maccagno">Maccagno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Strom" title="Harry Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_Henderson" title="James Douglas Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curtis_Clark" title="Robert Curtis Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Speaker" title="Raymond Speaker">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Notley" title="Grant Notley">G. Notley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Martin_(politician)" title="Ray Martin (politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Decore" title="Laurence Decore">Decore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Grant Mitchell (politician)">G. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Sapers" title="Howard Sapers">Sapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_MacBeth" title="Nancy MacBeth">MacBeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Nicol_(politician)" title="Ken Nicol (politician)">Nicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Taft" title="Kevin Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Swann" title="David Swann">Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Sherman" title="Raj Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Smith" title="Danielle Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Forsyth" title="Heather Forsyth">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Jean" title="Brian Jean">Jean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Cooper_(Canadian_politician)" title="Nathan Cooper (Canadian politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Nixon" title="Jason Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Notley" title="Rachel Notley">R. Notley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_and_its_antecedents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Template:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Conservative_Leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Conservative Leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_and_its_antecedents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_conservative_leaders" title="List of Canadian conservative leaders">Leaders of the Conservative Party of Canada</a> and its <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Conservative Party of Canada">antecedents</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative</a> (1867–1873)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> (1873–1942)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">Abbott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (1942–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Charest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Wayne" title="Elsie Wayne">Wayne</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (1987–2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> (2000–2003)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (2003–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch-Staunton" title="John Lynch-Staunton">Lynch-Staunton</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a> (interim)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867–1942)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Template:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867–1942)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="History of the Conservative Party of Canada">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_conservative_leaders" title="List of Canadian conservative leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a> (1867–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_and_Conservative_Party" title="National Liberal and Conservative Party">National Liberal and Conservative Party</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li>Conservative (1921–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Government (Canada)">National Government</a> (1938–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abbott" title="John Abbott">John Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">John Sparrow David Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Mackenzie Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Charles Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Hugh Guthrie</a> (interim)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R. B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Robert James Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Richard Hanson</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Ministry" title="1st Canadian Ministry">Macdonald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Ministry" title="3rd Canadian Ministry">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Canadian_Ministry" title="4th Canadian Ministry">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Ministry" title="5th Canadian Ministry">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Canadian_Ministry" title="6th Canadian Ministry">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Canadian_Ministry" title="7th Canadian Ministry">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Canadian_Ministry" title="9th Canadian Ministry">Borden I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Canadian_Ministry" title="11th Canadian Ministry">Meighen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Canadian_Ministry" title="13th Canadian Ministry">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Canadian_Ministry" title="15th Canadian Ministry">Bennett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a> (1854–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Tories" title="Upper Canada Tories">Upper Canada Tories</a> (1810s–1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (1942–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> (2003–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (1987–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a> (2000–2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Conservative" title="Nationalist Conservative">Nationalist Conservative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#9999FF;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PC_Alberta" title="Template:PC Alberta"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PC_Alberta" title="Template talk:PC Alberta"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PC_Alberta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PC Alberta"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta"><span style="color:white;">Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#9999FF;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta#Party_leaders" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta"><span style="color:white;">Party leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._A._G._Haultain" title="Frederick W. A. G. Haultain">Haultain</a> (<a href="/wiki/North-West_Territories_Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="North-West Territories Liberal-Conservative Party">NWT</a>) ¤ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Robertson" title="Albert Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Michener" title="Edward Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hoadley_(Alberta_politician)" title="George Hoadley (Alberta politician)">Hoadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ramsey_(politician)" title="James Ramsey (politician)">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_McGillivray_(politician)" title="Alexander McGillivray (politician)">McGillivray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Milwyn_Duggan" title="David Milwyn Duggan">Duggan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Percy_Page" title="John Percy Page">Page</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cam_Kirby" title="Cam Kirby">Kirby</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Watkins" title="Ernest Watkins">Watkins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milt_Harradence" title="Milt Harradence">Harradence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Getty" title="Don Getty">Getty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Stelmach" title="Ed Stelmach">Stelmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Redford" title="Alison Redford">Redford</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dave_Hancock" title="Dave Hancock">Hancock</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prentice" title="Jim Prentice">Prentice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ric_McIver" title="Ric McIver">McIver</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Kenney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#9999FF;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta_leadership_elections" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta leadership elections"><span style="color:white;">Leadership elections</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta leadership election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta leadership election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta leadership election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta leadership election">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta leadership election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta_leadership_election" title="2006 Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta_leadership_election" title="2011 Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta leadership election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta_leadership_election" title="2014 Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta leadership election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta_leadership_election" title="2017 Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta leadership election">2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128641#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128641#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128641#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008143349X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64095400">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19898/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkHryQdwKx6WJQxxhJdQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119084198">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50082916">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124232553">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124232553">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36042784">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p138989397">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810571501105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007428046605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1198756">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119084198.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/133975967">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6st9q27">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&oldid=1258032400">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._B._Bennett&oldid=1258032400</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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