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<li id="toc-18th_and_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>18th and 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progressive_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Progressive Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>New Deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberal_consensus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_consensus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Liberal consensus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_consensus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.2</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_Southern_liberals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_Southern_liberals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.3</span> <span>Decline of Southern liberals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_Southern_liberals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Civil rights laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socially_liberal_political_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socially_liberal_political_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Socially liberal political movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socially_liberal_political_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clashes_with_the_New_Left_on_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clashes_with_the_New_Left_on_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Clashes with the New Left on Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clashes_with_the_New_Left_on_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s–1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s–1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>1970s–1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s–1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Varieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early liberalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Classical liberalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern liberalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Liberalism in the United States</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الليبرالية في الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الليبرالية في الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E-d%C9%99_liberalizm" title="ABŞ-də liberalizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ-də liberalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Американски либерализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американски либерализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لیبرالیسم در ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیبرالیسم در ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_american" title="Liberalism american – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Liberalism american" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk_liberalisme" title="Amerikansk liberalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amerikansk liberalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%A9%DB%90" title="ليبراليزم په متحده ايالاتو کې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ليبراليزم په متحده ايالاتو کې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalismo_cl%C3%A1ssico_nos_Estados_Unidos" title="Liberalismo clássico nos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liberalismo clássico nos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Либерализм в США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Либерализм в США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberals_in_the_United_States" title="Liberals in the United States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liberals in the United States" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لیبرالیزم لە ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیبرالیزم لە ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_i_USA" title="Liberalism i USA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liberalism i USA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Лібералізм у США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лібералізм у США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="美國自由主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國自由主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q721556#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of liberalism in the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the origin, history, and development of liberalism and its various forms in the United States. For the ideology normally identified in the United States as liberalism, see <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a>. For the revival of classical liberalism in the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border: 4px double #3333FF; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Liberalism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#3333FF; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Liberalism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism#United_States" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern/Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Harm Principle">Harm Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal egalitarianism">Legal egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalienable rights">Unalienable rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America_movement" title="Young America movement">Young America movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frank" title="Thomas Frank">Frank (Thomas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ireland" title="Patricia Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edward_Smith" title="Stephen Edward Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monroe_Trotter" title="William Monroe Trotter">Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Abrams" title="Stacey Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams"> Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Aguilar" title="Pete Aguilar">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton (Hillary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Clyburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Cuomo (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Cuomo (Mario)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank (Barney)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Glasser" title="Ira Glasser">Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob K. Javits">Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Kennedy (Joseph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy (Ted)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Yarborough</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Bonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamelle_Bouie" title="Jamelle Bouie">Bouie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carville" title="James Carville">Carville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chait" title="Jonathan Chait">Chait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Dowd" title="Maureen Dowd">Dowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxane_Gay" title="Roxane Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hayes" title="Chris Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianna_Huffington" title="Arianna Huffington">Huffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel" title="Jimmy Kimmel">Kimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meyers" title="Seth Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Moyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Noah" title="Trevor Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Polgreen" title="Lydia Polgreen">Polgreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Withers" title="Dean Withers">Withers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Yglesias" class="mw-redirect" title="Matt Yglesias">Yglesias</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Darrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. B. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-tan_faction" title="Black-and-tan faction">Black-and-tans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Republicans">Roosevelt Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (factions)</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Budget and Policy Priorities">Center for Budget and Policy Priorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Constitution_Society" title="American Constitution Society">American Constitution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State" title="Americans United for Separation of Church and State">Americans United for Separation of Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_For_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennan Center For Justice">Brennan Center For Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Justice_Works" title="Equal Justice Works">Equal Justice Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NARAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NARAL">NARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Southern Center for Human Rights">Southern Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCC" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCC">SNCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver" title="Last Week Tonight with John Oliver">Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_with_Jon_Stewart" title="The Problem with Jon Stewart">The Problem with Jon Stewart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sojourners" title="Sojourners">Sojourners</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ThinkProgress" title="ThinkProgress">ThinkProgress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Liberal bias in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">Liberal bias in the media</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberal_Imagination" title="The Liberal Imagination">The Liberal Imagination</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #3333FF; border-bottom:1px solid #3333FF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_US" title="Template talk:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Liberalism in the United States</b> is based on concepts of <a href="/wiki/Unalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalienable rights">unalienable rights</a> of the individual. The fundamental liberal ideals of <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, the right to bear <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">arms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-There_Will_Be_Guns_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-There_Will_Be_Guns-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the right to <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality before the law</a> are widely accepted as a common foundation of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>. It differs from <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism worldwide">liberalism worldwide</a> because the United States has never had a resident hereditary <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and avoided much of the <a href="/wiki/Class_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Class warfare">class warfare</a> that characterized Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to American philosopher Ian Adams, "all US parties are liberal and always have been", they generally promote <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, which is "a form of democratized <a href="/wiki/Whig_constitutionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig constitutionalism">Whig constitutionalism</a> plus the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>", and the "point of difference comes with the influence of <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>" and principled disagreements about the proper role of government.<sup id="cite_ref-political-ideology-today_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-political-ideology-today-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1930s, <i>liberalism</i> is usually used without a qualifier in the United States to refer to <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">modern liberalism</a>, a variety of liberalism that endorses a <a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">regulated market</a> economy and the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a>, with the common good considered as compatible with or superior to the freedom of the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This political philosophy was exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies and later <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a>. Other accomplishments include the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a> in 1935, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>. This variety of liberalism is also known as <i>modern liberalism</i> to distinguish it from <i>classical liberalism</i>, from which it sprang out along with modern <a href="/wiki/American_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatism">American conservatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern American liberalism includes issues such as <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">transgender rights</a>, the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">capital punishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights">voting rights</a> for all adult citizens, civil rights, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a>, and government protection of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">right to an adequate standard of living</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a>, such as equal educational opportunities, access to health care, and transportation infrastructure are intended to meet the responsibility to promote the <a href="/wiki/General_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="General welfare">general welfare</a> of all citizens as established by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. Some liberals, who call themselves <i>classical liberals</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal conservatives">fiscal conservatives</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarians</a></i>, endorse fundamental liberal ideals but diverge from modern liberal thought on the grounds that <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a> is more important than <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_century">18th and 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans">History of African Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights in the United States</a></div> <p>The origins of American liberalism are in the political ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> of 1787 established the first modern <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">sovereignty in the people</a> (not in a monarch) and no hereditary ruling aristocracy; however, the Constitution limited liberty, in particular by accepting <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Fathers">Founding Fathers</a> recognized the contradiction but believed they needed a nation unified enough to survive in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 18th and 19th centuries, the United States extended liberty to ever broader classes of people. The states abolished many restrictions on voting for white males during the early 19th century. The Constitution was <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">amended in 1865 to abolish slavery</a> and in 1870 to <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">extend the vote to black men</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progressive_Era">Progressive Era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Progressive Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Suffrage in the United States">Women's Suffrage in the United States</a></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/United_States_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States economy">United States economy</a> began shifting to manufacturing and services during the 19th century, liberals started to consider corruption and concentrations of economic power (called <i><a href="/wiki/Trust_(business)" title="Trust (business)">trusts</a></i> at the time) as threats to liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> beginning in the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">laws were passed</a> restricting monopolies and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act_of_1887#rate_discrimination" title="Interstate Commerce Act of 1887">regulating railroad rates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></div> <p>According to James Reichley, <i>liberalism</i> took on its current meaning in the United States during the 1920s. In the 19th century and the early 20th century, the term had usually described <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, which emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>, religious freedom, and support for the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>. The term "<a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressivism</a>" had been used to describe individuals like <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who favored a limited amount of government activism. During the 1920s, the term progressive became associated with politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>, who called for government ownership of railroads and utilities in his <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 third-party presidential bid</a>. Progressivism thus gained an association with <a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">radicalism</a> that advocates of more moderate reforms sought to avoid. The term was also unattractive to certain groups because of its longstanding association with the Republican Party and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> movement. In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">franchise was extended to women</a> with another Amendment. In the late 1920s and 1930s, political figures such as <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> increasingly adopted the term liberal to describe an individual who favored some government activism but was opposed to more radical reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Deal">New Deal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New Deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></div> <p>In the 1930s, liberalism came to describe a pragmatic ideology that called for a moderate amount of government <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_economics" title="Regulatory economics">regulation of the economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive taxation</a>, and increased exercise of <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">federal government power in relation to the states</a>. It also came to signify support for <a href="/wiki/Organized_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized labor">organized labor</a> and a degree of hostility, or at least suspicion, of <a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">big business</a>. Liberalism did retain some aspects of the term's usage prior to the 1930s, including support for civil liberties and secularism. What was once called <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> came to be described as <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a>, or a combination of <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>. These positions were contrasted with those to their <a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">political left</a>, who favored greater changes, and with <a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a>, who opposed these changes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Franklin D. Roosevelt came to office in 1933, amid the economic calamity of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, offering the nation a <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> intended to alleviate economic want and unemployment, provide greater opportunities and restore prosperity. The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1933–1945), the longest in United States history, was marked by an increased role the federal government had in addressing the nation's economic and other problems.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Work_relief_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Work relief program">Work relief programs</a> provided jobs, ambitious projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> promoted economic development and a <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social-security</a> system laid the groundwork for the nation's modern welfare system. The Great Depression dragged on through the 1930s despite the New Deal programs, which were met with mixed success in solving the nation's economic problems.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious and ethnic minorities had been hard hit and were helped by the relief programs and the patronage policy. Catholics and <a href="/wiki/American_Jews_in_politics" title="American Jews in politics">Jews</a> gave strong support to the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blacks were included in New Deal programs, especially in the North, with a lesser role in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> concluded:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The Negro's share may be meagre in all this state activity, but he has been given a share. He has been given a broader and more variegated front to defend and from which to push forward. This is the great import of the New Deal to the Negro. For almost the first time in history of the nation the state has done something substantial and a social way without excluding the Negro.</p></blockquote> <p>The New Deal provided direct relief for minorities in the 1930s through the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> (CCC), <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a> (PWA), the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> (WPA) and other agencies and during World War II executive orders and the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practices_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Employment Practices Commission">Fair Employment Practices Commission</a> opened millions of new jobs to minorities and forbade discrimination in companies with government contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1.5 million black veterans in 1945 were fully entitled to generous veteran benefits from the <a href="/wiki/GI_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="GI Bill">GI Bill</a> on the same basis as everyone else.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Deal consisted of three types of programs designed to produce "Relief, Recovery and Reform".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relief was the immediate effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression. Roosevelt expanded <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Relief_and_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Relief and Construction">Emergency Relief and Construction</a> program (ERCA) and added the CCC, the PWA and the WPA, the latter replacing in 1935 the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a> (FERA). Also in 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefit#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment benefit">unemployment insurance</a> programs were added. The Social Security Act provided retirement and disability income for Americans unable to work or unable to find jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separate programs were set up for relief in rural areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_Administration" title="Resettlement Administration">Resettlement Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a>. Recovery programs sought to restore the economy to pre-depression levels. It involved deficit spending, dropping the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, efforts to re-inflate farm prices that were too low and efforts to increase <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a>. New Deal efforts to help the United States recuperate were in part through a much expanded Hoover program, the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation" title="Reconstruction Finance Corporation">Reconstruction Finance Corporation</a> (RFC).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reform was based on the assumption that the depression was caused by the inherent market instability and that government intervention was necessary to rationalize and stabilize the economy and to balance the interests of farmers, business and labor.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reform measures included the <a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a> (NIRA), regulation of Wall Street by the <a href="/wiki/Securities_Exchange_Act_of_1934" title="Securities Exchange Act of 1934">Securities Exchange Act</a> (SEA), the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a> (AAA) for farm programs, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a> (FDIC) insurance for bank deposits enacted through the <a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass–Steagall Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a> of 1933 and the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> (NLRA), also known as the Wagner Act, dealing with labor-management relations. Despite some New Dealers's urgings, there was no major antitrust program.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt opposed socialism (in the sense of state ownership of the means of production) and only one major program, the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA), involved government ownership of the means of production.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States home front during World War II</a></div> <p>Roosevelt was president through most of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and, anticipating the post-war period, strongly supported proposals to create a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> organization as a means of encouraging mutual cooperation to solve problems on the international stage. His commitment to internationalist ideals was in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, architect of the failed <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt took the lead in the establishment of the United Nations in 1945, with the proviso that the United States would have a veto power.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Liberal_consensus">Liberal consensus</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Liberal consensus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a></div> <p>By 1950, the liberal ideology was so intellectually dominant that the literary critic <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a> wrote that "liberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition, ... there are no conservative or reactionary ideas in circulation."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For almost two decades, Cold War liberalism remained the dominant paradigm in American politics, peaking with the landslide victory of <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> over <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 presidential election</a> and the passage of <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The postwar liberal consensus included acceptance of a modest welfare state and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> domestic and foreign policies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of its elements were shared with <a href="/wiki/Embedded_liberalism" title="Embedded liberalism">embedded liberalism</a>, which aimed to combine benefits of free markets with some interventionist domestic policies.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_liberal" title="Cold War liberal">Cold War liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_hawk" title="Liberal hawk">Liberal hawk</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Liberalism in the United States">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Liberalism+in+the+United+States%22">"Liberalism in the United States"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Liberalism+in+the+United+States%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Liberalism+in+the+United+States%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Liberalism+in+the+United+States%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Liberalism+in+the+United+States%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Liberalism+in+the+United+States%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>American liberalism in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>-era was the immediate heir to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> and the slightly more distant heir to the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">progressives</a> of the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sol_Stern" title="Sol Stern">Sol Stern</a> wrote that "Cold War liberalism deserves credit for the greatest American achievement since World War II—winning the Cold War".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essential tenets of Cold War liberalism can be found in Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a> (1941). Of these, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">of religion</a> were classic liberal freedoms as was freedom from fear (freedom from tyrannical government), but freedom from want was another matter. Roosevelt proposed a notion of freedom that allowed for government responsibility for the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freedom from want could justify positive government action to meet economic needs, an idea more associated with the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">economic principles of government intervention and subsidy</a> than the more radical <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> of European thinkers, or with prior versions of classical liberalism as represented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1950s and 1960s, both major American political parties included liberal and conservative factions. The Democratic Party had on one hand Northern and Western liberals and on the other <a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Dog Democrats">generally conservative Southern whites</a>. Difficult to classify were the Northern <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> Democratic <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machines</a>. The urban machines had supported New Deal economic policies, but they slowly came apart over racial issues. Some historians have divided the Republican Party into liberal <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> and conservative <a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main Street</a> factions while others have noted that the Republican Party's conservatives came from landlocked states (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Taft_Jr." title="Robert Taft Jr.">Robert Taft Jr.</a> of Ohio and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> of Arizona) and the liberals tended to come from California (<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pete_McCloskey" title="Pete McCloskey">Pete McCloskey</a>), New York (<a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>) and other coastal states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Opposing both Communism and conservatism, Cold War liberalism resembled earlier liberalisms in its views on many social issues and personal liberty, but its economic views were not those of <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free-market</a> Jeffersonian liberalism nor those of European social democrats. They never endorsed <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>, but they did call for spending on education, science and infrastructure, notably the expansion of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a>. Their progressive ideas continued the legacy of Lincoln, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Most prominent and constant among the positions of Cold War liberalism included the following:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Support for a domestic economy built on a balance of power between labor (in the form of organized <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a>) and management (with a tendency to be more interested in large corporations than in <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small business</a>).</li> <li>A foreign policy focused on containing Communism based in the Soviet Union and China. Liberals opposed <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">rollback</a>.</li> <li>The continuation of New Deal social welfare programs, especially <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>).</li> <li>An embrace of <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a> with deficit spending in times of recession. They supported high spending on the military, a policy known as <a href="/wiki/Military_Keynesianism" title="Military Keynesianism">military Keynesianism</a>.</li></ul> <p>At first, liberals generally did not see Franklin D. Roosevelt's successor <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> as one of their own, viewing him as a Democratic Party hack. However, liberal politicians and liberal organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a> (ADA) sided with Truman in opposing Communism both at home and abroad, sometimes at the sacrifice of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> put before the Senate in 1950 a bill to establish detention centers where those declared subversive by the President could be held without trial but it did not pass. Liberals were united in their opposition to <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (January 2019)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Decline_of_Southern_liberals">Decline of Southern liberals</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decline of Southern liberals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrat</a></div> <p>Southern liberals were an essential part of the New Deal coalition as without them Roosevelt lacked majorities in Congress. Notable leaders were <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in Texas, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Folsom" title="Jim Folsom">Jim Folsom</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a> in Alabama, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a> in Florida, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Long" title="Earl Long">Earl Long</a> in Louisiana, <a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Hodges" title="Luther H. Hodges">Luther H. Hodges</a> in North Carolina and <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a> in Tennessee. They promoted subsidies for small farmers and supported the nascent labor union movement. An essential condition for this North–South coalition was for Northern liberals to ignore <a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">Southern racism</a>. After 1945, Northern liberals, led especially by young <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> of Minnesota, increasingly made civil rights a central issue. They convinced Truman to join them in 1948. The conservative Southern Democrats, best known as the Dixiecrats, took control of the state parties there and ran <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> for president in 1948. Thurmond carried only the Deep South, but that threat was enough to guarantee the national Democratic Party in 1952 and 1956 would not make civil rights a major issue. In 1956, 101 of the 128 Southern Representatives and Senators signed the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Manifesto" title="Southern Manifesto">Southern Manifesto</a> denouncing forced desegregation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The labor movement in the South was divided and lost its political influence. Southern liberals were in a quandary as most of them kept quiet or moderated their liberalism whilst others switched sides and the minority remnant continued on the liberal path. One by one, the last group was defeated. According to historian Numan V. Bartley, "the very word 'liberal' gradually disappeared from the southern political lexicon, except as a term of opprobrium".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_rights_laws">Civil rights laws</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Civil rights laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></div> <p>Cold War liberalism emerged at a time when most <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a> were politically and economically disenfranchised. Beginning with <i>To Secure These Rights</i>, an official report issued by the Truman White House in 1947, self-proclaimed liberals increasingly embraced the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. In 1948, President Truman desegregated the armed forces and the Democrats inserted a strong civil-rights plank in the party platform even though delegates from the Deep South walked out and nominated a third-party ticket, the <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>. Truman abolished discrimination in the armed forces, leading to the integration of military units in the early 1950s; however, no civil rights legislation was passed until a weak bill in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s, relations between white liberals and the civil rights movement became increasingly strained as civil-rights leaders accused liberal politicians of temporizing and procrastinating, although they realized they needed the support of liberal Northern Democrats and Republicans for the votes to pass any legislation over Southern obstructionism. Many white liberals believed the grassroots movement for civil rights would only anger many Southern whites and make it even more difficult to pass civil rights laws through Congress. In response to that concern, civil rights leader <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> agreed to tone down the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> in 1963. President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> finally endorsed the March on Washington and proposed what would become the Civil Rights Act of 1964, but he could not get it passed before <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">he was assassinated</a>. With Kennedy's death his Vice President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> was elevated to the presidency. He had been a New Deal Democrat in the 1930s and by the 1950s had decided that the Democratic Party had to break from its segregationist past and endorse racial liberalism as well as economic liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson rode the enormous wave of sympathy for his assassinated predecessor. With help from conservative Republicans led by <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_filibuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern filibuster">Southern filibuster</a> was broken. Johnson enacted a mass of <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> legislation, headed by the powerful <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, which outlawed segregation, and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> which reversed state efforts to stop blacks from voting and facilitated their mobilization as millions of new liberal Democratic voters.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was an immediate end to segregation in most public places (except schools) and an end to restrictions on black voting.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The civil-rights movement itself was becoming fractured. On March 8, 1964, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> declared he was going to organize a <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black-nationalist</a> organization that would try to "heighten the political consciousness" of African-Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Times64-03-09_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times64-03-09-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter a wave of black riots in the <a href="/wiki/Inner_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner cities">inner cities</a> which made for the "long hot summers" in every major city from 1964 through 1970. The riots alienated much of the white working-class that had been the base of the labor-union element in the civil-rights coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1966, a <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> movement had emerged. Black Power advocates accused white liberals of trying to control the civil-rights agenda. Proponents of Black Power wanted African-Americans to follow an "ethnic model" for obtaining power, not unlike that of Democratic <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machines</a> in large cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This put them on a collision course with urban machine politicians and on its edges the Black Power movement contained racial separatists who wanted to give up on integration altogether—a program that could not be endorsed by American liberals of any race.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The mere existence of such individuals (who always got more media attention than their actual numbers might have warranted) contributed to "white backlash" against liberals and civil rights activists.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socially_liberal_political_movements">Socially liberal political movements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Socially liberal political movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s and 1970s, mass movements for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual liberation">sexual liberation</a> became powerful political forces. <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a> which emphasized the rights of women to work outside the home, and hold positions of responsibility, led to a widespread increase in the percentage of women working outside the home.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a> became the first female <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> CEO, and the number soon increased. As of 2022, 37 Fortune 500 companies have female CEOs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> became the first female Justice on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> became the first female <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a> began in the 1960s and led to a general societal acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">premarital sex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court ruling in <a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt_v._Baird" title="Eisenstadt v. Baird">Eisenstadt v. Baird</a> made contraception available to unmarried people, and effectively legalized premarital sex.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of Americans now engage in premarital sex.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> movement began in 1970 with the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a>. A handful of states soon repealed their sodomy laws.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, the Democratic Party platform formally endorsed gay rights.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s, popular culture began to depict acceptance of homosexuality among heterosexuals as the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, the Supreme Court, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a> overturned laws banning homosexual behavior in the 12 states where they remained, holding that these laws violated the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Massachusetts became the first state in the country to legalize same-sex marriage. The 2015 Supreme Court case <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a> legalized same sex-marriage nationwide, holding that marriage was a fundamental right of all Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the Supreme Court ruled that the wording of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act protects LGBT employees from discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polls show an overwhelming majority of Americans now support gay and lesbian rights.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clashes_with_the_New_Left_on_Vietnam">Clashes with the New Left on Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clashes with the New Left on Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></div> <p>While the civil rights movement isolated liberals from the white working class and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> threw another wedge into the liberal ranks, dividing pro-war "<a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">hawks</a>" such as Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a> from "<a href="/wiki/War_dove" class="mw-redirect" title="War dove">doves</a>" such as Senator and <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential election</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>. As the war became the leading political issue of the day, agreement on domestic matters was not enough to hold the liberal consensus together.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnam was part of the strategy of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> of Soviet Communism which began in earnest in 1947 to counter the Soviet threat. In the 1960 presidential campaign, Kennedy was more "hawkish" on <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> than <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>. Although the war expanded from 16,000 Americans in Vietnam under Kennedy to 500,000 under Johnson, there was much continuity of their policies, until Nixon arrived in 1969. The deep division between liberals and the New Left, especially on foreign policy, troubled the Democratic Party for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large portion of the growing opposition to the war came from younger activists, with a strong base on elite university campuses. They had become alienated from the establishment and formed the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>. After Johnson did poorly in the 1968 primaries and decided to focus on peacemaking and not run for reelection, tensions rapidly escalated inside the Democratic Party. Assassinations struck down the two top liberals, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>. Vice President Hubert Humphrey, by now a cautious moderate who meekly followed Lyndon Johnson in domestic and foreign policy, was the last man standing at the disastrously violent <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a>. Much of the party's right-wing, from the South and ethnic white districts in the North, veered off to vote for Alabama Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>. The result was a narrow victory for Republican Richard Nixon in a three-way race. Although touted as a conservative, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">President Nixon</a>, with a Democratic Congress, enacted many liberal policies, including the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, normalizing relations with <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">Communist China</a>, and starting the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a> to reduce the availability of <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberal_Gallup_8-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Liberal_Gallup_8-10.svg/250px-Liberal_Gallup_8-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Liberal_Gallup_8-10.svg/375px-Liberal_Gallup_8-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Liberal_Gallup_8-10.svg/500px-Liberal_Gallup_8-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Percent of self-identified liberals in the United States broken down by state according to <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a>, August 2010; darker colors mean more liberals per state (click image for details)</figcaption></figure> <p>Liberals vehemently disliked Nixon and he reciprocated in kind with an <a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">enemies list</a>. Yet as president, Nixon took many policy positions that can only be described as liberal. Before Nixon was elected, the liberal wing of his own party favored politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">William Scranton</a>. In 1968 Nixon won the nomination by an appeal to a "<a href="/wiki/Silent_majority" title="Silent majority">silent majority</a>" of conservatives, disgusted and frightened by soaring crime rates and widespread race riots.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using executive orders, he single-handedly created the main environmental agency (the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>), something that was achieved without a vote in Congress. He expanded funding for liberal favorites like the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his top advisers was liberal <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a>, who said that "Nixon mostly opted for liberal policies, merely clothing them ... in conservative rhetoric".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to support for such liberal causes as the arts and the environment, he supported liberalization of laws against recreational drugs. To the astonishment of conservatives, he imposed wage and price controls to counteract inflation. <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, who often attacks liberalism from the left, has called Nixon "in many respects the last liberal president".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians increasingly emphasize the liberalism of his administration's policies while not attributing them to Nixon personally.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1965–1974 period was a major liberal activist era in congress, with the Democratic-led congress during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">presidency of Richard Nixon</a> continuing to produce liberal domestic policies. They organized themselves internally to round up votes, track legislation, mobilize interests, and produce bills without direct assistance from the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. A wide range of progressive measures were carried out, such as increases in social security (a 20% benefit increase and linkage to automatic cost-of-living increases in 1972), public welfare (with expansion of unemployment compensation, <a href="/wiki/Food_Stamp_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Food Stamp Program">food stamps</a> and supplemental security income additions to social security), workplace rules (with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_(United_States)" title="Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)">Occupational Safety and Health Act</a> in 1970), urban aid (with the addition of mass transit subsidies to highway construction enactments), environmentalism (with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> of 1969 and the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> of 1970), aid to education (including <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX</a> in 1972), civil rights (with the extension of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> in 1970),<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nutrition (with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Supplemental_Nutrition_Program_for_Women,_Infants_and_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children">Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children</a> in 1972).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political dominance of the liberal consensus even into the Nixon years can best be seen in policies by for example the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and also in Nixon's failed proposal to replace the welfare system with a guaranteed annual income by way of a <a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">negative income tax</a>. <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">Affirmative action</a> in its most quota-oriented form was a Nixon administration policy. Even the Nixon <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a> allocated two-thirds of its funds for treatment, a far higher ratio than was to be the case under any subsequent President, Republican or Democrat. Additionally, Nixon's normalization of diplomatic relations with Communist China and his policy of <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a></i> with the Soviet Union were likely more popular with liberals than with his conservative base. Nixon also successfully supported a <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living_adjustment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost of living adjustment">cost-of-living adjustment</a> for <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> recipients. An opposing view was offered by <a href="/wiki/Cass_R._Sunstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Cass R. Sunstein">Cass R. Sunstein</a> in <i>The Second Bill of Rights</i>. He argues that through his Supreme Court appointments, Nixon effectively ended a decades-long expansion under United States law of economic rights along the lines of those put forward in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, adopted in 1948 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970s–1990s"><span id="1970s.E2.80.931990s"></span>1970s–1990s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1970s–1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Liberalism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Liberalism in the United States">Modern Liberalism in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embedded_liberalism" title="Embedded liberalism">Embedded liberalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></div> <p>During the Nixon years and through the 1970s, the liberal consensus began to come apart. The alliance with white <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a>) had been lost in the Civil Rights era. While the steady enfranchisement of African Americans expanded the electorate to include many new voters sympathetic to liberal views, it was not quite enough to make up for the loss of some Southern Democrats. Organized labor, long a bulwark of the liberal consensus, was past the peak of its power in the United States and many unions had remained in favor of the Vietnam War even as liberal politicians increasingly turned against it. Within the Democratic Party leadership, there was a turn toward moderation on racial themes after the defeat of liberal <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile in the Republican ranks a new wing of the party emerged. The anti-establishment conservatives who had been aroused by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> in 1964 challenged the more liberal leadership in 1976 and took control of the party under <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1980. Liberal Republicans faded away even in their Northeastern strongholds.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reagan successfully lowered marginal tax rates, most notably for those at the top of the income distribution while his Social Security reforms raised taxes on the middle and bottom of the income distribution, leaving their total tax burden unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonhardt,_David_(13_April_2010)._Taxing_the_Rich,_Over_Time_''The_New_York_Times''._82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonhardt,_David_(13_April_2010)._Taxing_the_Rich,_Over_Time_''The_New_York_Times''.-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More centrist groups, like the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Leadership_Council" title="Democratic Leadership Council">Democratic Leadership Council</a> (DLC), supported <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and challenged liberals for control of the Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton portrayed himself as a centrist <a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrat</a>. Thus, he distanced himself from New Deal Democrats. With help from the Southern-dominated DLC, Clinton claimed the center of national politics.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton worked with conservatives and against strong liberal opposition to end some of the main welfare programs and to implement <a href="/wiki/NAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="NAFTA">NAFTA</a>, linking the economies of the United States, Canada, and Mexico.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (January 2019)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> Clinton pushed to extend liberal ideals in the areas of health care (where he failed) and environmental protection (where he had more success). On the whole, he came under fierce attack from the left and from many liberals who charged that he betrayed the New Deal traditions of activist government, especially regarding welfare and his collaboration with business.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 1, 2013, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> succeeded in raising taxes on the rich while keeping them steady on the middle class. On January 21, 2013, Obama delivered his second inaugural address that championed numerous liberal causes.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His signature achievement was the expansion of health benefits to millions under the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a>, which became known as <i>ObamaCare</i>, that expanded the role of government in healthcare. In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> were rivals in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primary">2016 Democratic Party presidential primary</a>. While Clinton was generally more moderate, Sanders positioned himself as a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>, who campaigned on policies such as <a href="/wiki/Medicare_for_All" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicare for All">Medicare for All</a>, free college and university, a $15 minimum wage, and a federal <a href="/wiki/Jobs_guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jobs guarantee">jobs guarantee</a>. Although Clinton won the primary and lost the general election to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, Sanders succeeded in moving the Democratic Party platform to the left, and reversing the centrism that had controlled the party's ideology since the presidency of Bill Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2016 and 2020 platforms declared support for a $15 minimum wage, a <a href="/wiki/Public_health_insurance_option" title="Public health insurance option">public health insurance option</a>, the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>, the legalization of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_liberalism">Early liberalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Early liberalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History of liberalism</a></div> <p>The United States was the first nation to be founded on the liberal ideas of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> and other philosophers of the Enlightenment, based on <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Inalienable rights">inalienable rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a> with no monarchy and no hereditary aristocracy, and while individual states had <a href="/wiki/Established_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Established religion">established religions</a>, the federal government was kept from establishing religion by the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a>. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bill_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bill of Rights">U.S. Bill of Rights</a> guarantees every citizen the freedoms advocated by the liberal philosophers, namely equality under the law, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the right to gather in peaceful assembly, the right to petition the government for redress of grievances and the right to bear arms, among other freedoms and rights. In this sense, virtually all Americans are liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both before and after the country was founded legal questions concerning the scope of these rights and freedoms arose. In the <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott" title="Dred Scott">Dred Scott</a>'s case of 1856–1857, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled that these rights only applied to white men and that blacks had no rights whatsoever that any white man was obliged to respect. Several constitutional amendments after the <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> decision extended the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to larger classes of citizens, to all citizens in 1868, then specifically to blacks in 1870, to women in 1919 and to people unable to afford a poll tax in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_liberalism">Classical liberalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Classical liberalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></div> <p>In the United States, classical liberalism, also called <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> liberalism,<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the belief that a free-market economy is the most productive and government interference favors a few and hurts the many—or as <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> stated, "that government is best which governs least". Classical liberalism is a philosophy of individualism and self-responsibility with little concern for groups or sub-communities. Classical liberals in the United States believe that if the economy is left to the natural forces of supply and demand, free of government intervention, the result is the most abundant satisfaction of human wants. Modern classical liberals oppose the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a> were a faction of the Democratic Party in the 19th century that aligned with classical liberalism,<sup id="cite_ref-fiscalcon_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiscalcon-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_liberalism">Modern liberalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern liberalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></div> <p>In 1883, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Lester Frank Ward</a> (1841–1913) published <i>Dynamic Sociology: Or Applied Social Science, as Based Upon Statical Sociology and the Less Complex Sciences</i> and laid out the basic tenets of modern American liberalism while at the same time attacking the <i>laissez-faire</i> policies advocated by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward was a passionate advocate for a sociology that would intelligently and scientifically direct the development of society.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another influential thinker in the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> was <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Herbert Croly</a> (1869–1930). He effectively combined classical liberal theory with progressive philosophy and founded the periodical <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> to present his ideas. Croly presented the case for a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>, increased spending on education and the creation of a society based on the "brotherhood of mankind". In 1909, Croly published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Promise_of_American_Life" title="The Promise of American Life">The Promise of American Life</a></i> in which he proposed raising the general standard of living by means of economic planning, though he opposed aggressive unionization.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Techniques_of_Democracy" title="The Techniques of Democracy">The Techniques of Democracy</a></i> (1915), Croly argued against both dogmatic individualism and dogmatic socialism. As editor of <i>The New Republic</i>, he had the forum to reach the intellectual community.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Paul Starr, sociologist at Princeton University: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Liberalism wagers that a state ... can be strong but constrained—strong because constrained. ... Rights to education and other requirements for human development and security aim to advance the opportunity and personal dignity of minorities and to promote a creative and productive society. To guarantee those rights, liberals have supported a wider social and economic role for the state, counterbalanced by more robust guarantees of civil liberties and a wider social system of checks and balances anchored in an independent press and pluralistic society.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Paul Starr, <i>The New Republic</i>, March 2007</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-There_Will_Be_Guns-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-There_Will_Be_Guns_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWitte" class="citation news cs1">Witte, Benjamin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/61926/there-will-be-guns">"There Will Be Guns"</a>. <q>Those who dream of a gun-free society will have to dream of ratifying a new constitutional amendment; they will no longer be able to ignore that embarrassing provision of the Bill of Rights that they have, for so long, been able to argue does not mean what it so plainly seems to say.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=There+Will+Be+Guns&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F61926%2Fthere-will-be-guns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Hartz, <i>The Liberal Tradition in America</i>, (1991) p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a> (1962). "Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans". In <i>The Politics of Hope</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-political-ideology-today-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-political-ideology-today_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Adams" title="Ian Adams">Adams, Ian</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32"><i>Political Ideology Today</i></a> (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719060205" title="Special:BookSources/9780719060205"><bdi>9780719060205</bdi></a>. <q>Ideologically, all US parties are liberal and always have been. Essentially they espouse classical liberalism, that is a form of democratized Whig constitutionalism plus the free market. The point of difference comes with the influence of social liberalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today&rft.place=Manchester&rft.edition=reprinted%2C+revised&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780719060205&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DapstK1qIvvMC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Ruggiero, Guido (1959). <i>The History of European Liberalism</i>. pp. 155–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pease, Donald E.; Wiegman, Robyn (eds.) (2002). <i>The Futures of American Studies</i>. Duke University Press. p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries,_John_W.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Jeffries, John W. (1990). "The "New" New Deal: FDR and American Liberalism, 1937–1945". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>105</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2150824">10.2307/2150824</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150824">2150824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+%22New%22+New+Deal%3A+FDR+and+American+Liberalism%2C+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E397-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2150824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2150824%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/coretta-scott-king_b_2592049">"Coretta's Big Dream: Coretta Scott King on Gay Rights"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. January 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Coretta%27s+Big+Dream%3A+Coretta+Scott+King+on+Gay+Rights&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fcoretta-scott-king_b_2592049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/02/11/deep-partisan-divide-on-whether-greater-acceptance-of-transgender-people-is-good-for-society/">"Deep partisan divide on whether greater acceptance of transgender people is good for society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deep+partisan+divide+on+whether+greater+acceptance+of+transgender+people+is+good+for+society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2022%2F02%2F11%2Fdeep-partisan-divide-on-whether-greater-acceptance-of-transgender-people-is-good-for-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pena, David S. (2001). <i>Economic Barbarism and Managerialism</i>. p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan-Paul_FrostSikkenga2003" class="citation book cs1">Bryan-Paul Frost; Sikkenga, Jeffrey (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w81L1qAhNjoC&pg=PA33"><i>History of American Political Thought</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739106242" title="Special:BookSources/9780739106242"><bdi>9780739106242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+American+Political+Thought&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780739106242&rft.au=Bryan-Paul+Frost&rft.au=Sikkenga%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw81L1qAhNjoC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William W. Freehling, "The Founding Fathers and Slavery." <i>American Historical Review</i> 77.1 (1972): 81–93. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studythepast.comwww.studythepast.com/his597/foundingfathersandslavery.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121346/http://www.studythepast.comwww.studythepast.com/his597/foundingfathersandslavery.pdf">Archived</a> January 19, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Fernbach and Charles Julian Bishko, <i>Charting Democracy in America</i> (1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael J. Sandel, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_KdrTfTxqvgC&q=liberalism">Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy</a></i> (1996) p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Wilentz, <i>The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln</i> (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Buenker, John C. Burnham, and Robert M. Crunden, <i>Progressivism</i> (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Jensen, "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 1885–1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, <i>Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000</i> (2001) pp. 149–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichley2000" class="citation book cs1">Reichley, A. James (2000) [1992]. <i>The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties</i> (Paperback ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">209–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-0888-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-0888-9"><bdi>0-7425-0888-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Parties%3A+A+History+of+American+Political+Parties&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7425-0888-9&rft.aulast=Reichley&rft.aufirst=A.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichley2000" class="citation book cs1">Reichley, A. James (2000) [1992]. <i>The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties</i> (Paperback ed.). 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Soon after, America was heading back into recession.", p. 188, Norton, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393343632" title="Special:BookSources/9780393343632">9780393343632</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony J. Badger, <i>The New Deal: Depression Years, 1933-40</i> (1987) p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George J. Marlin, <i>American Catholic Voter: Two Hundred Years Of Political Impact</i> (2004) pp. 192–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Beth S. Wenger, <i>New York Jews and the Great Depression</i> (Yale UP, 1996) p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy J. Weiss, <i>Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR</i> (Princeton UP, 1983) p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunnar Myrdal, <i>An American Dilemma</i> (1944) 1:74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. R. Brazeal, "The Present Status and Programs of Fair Employment Practices Commissions–Federal, State, and Municipal" <i>Journal of Negro Education</i> 20#3 (1951), pp. 378–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2966012">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conrad Black, <i>Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom</i> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvard Sitkoff, ed. <i>Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated</i> (1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidney M. Milkis and Jerome M. 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Raab Collection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raabcollection.com/detail.aspx?cat=2&subcat=38&man=261">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franklin+Roosevelt+Autographs+%E2%80%93+Presidential&rft.pub=Raab+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raabcollection.com%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fcat%3D2%26subcat%3D38%26man%3D261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Hamby" title="Alonzo Hamby">Alonzo Hamby</a>, <i>For the Survival of Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s</i> (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Townsend Hoopes, and Douglas Brinkley, <i>FDR and the Creation of the UN</i> (Yale University Press, 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Bloom, <i>Prodigal sons: the New York intellectuals & their world</i> (1986) p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terry H. Anderson, "The 1968 Election and the Demise of Liberalism" <i>South Central Review</i> 34#2 (2017) pp. 41-47 10.1353/scr.2017.0014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2019" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Godfrey (October 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d2r6h7ytneza1l.cloudfront.net/title/6abe5378-f05c-48dd-b851-d63a6b9e1ab1/mason&morgan_excerpt.pdf">"Revisiting the Liberal Consensus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Liberal Consensus Reconsidered: American Politics and Society in the Postwar Era</i>. 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Clayton County/ Opinion of the Court"</a>. <i>Justia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia&rft.atitle=Bostock+v.+Clayton+County%2F+Opinion+of+the+Court&rft.aulast=Gorsuch&rft.aufirst=Neil+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F590%2F17-1618%2F%23tab-opinion-4261583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2021" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Justin (June 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/350486/record-high-support-same-sex-marriage.aspx">"Record-High 70% in U.S Support Same-Sex Marriage"</a>. <i>Gallup</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Record-High+70%25+in+U.S+Support+Same-Sex+Marriage&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F350486%2Frecord-high-support-same-sex-marriage.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the historiography see Charles Chatfield, "At the hands of historians: The antiwar movement of the Vietnam era." <i>Peace & Chang</i> 29.3‐4 (2004): 483-526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Michael (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/psq.12449">"The Historical Presidency : Lost Confidence: The Democratic Party, the Vietnam War, and the 1968 Election: Lost Confidence"</a>. <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>48</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpsq.12449">10.1111/psq.12449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Presidency+%3A+Lost+Confidence%3A+The+Democratic+Party%2C+the+Vietnam+War%2C+and+the+1968+Election%3A+Lost+Confidence&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E570-%3C%2Fspan%3E585&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpsq.12449&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fpsq.12449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Davis Graham, "Richard Nixon and Civil Rights: Explaining an Enigma" <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 26#1 (1996), pp. 93-106 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551552">Online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael W. Flamm, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2sUzCgAAQBAJ">Law and Order: Street Crime, Civil Unrest, and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s</a></i> (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Jensen" title="Richard J. Jensen">Richard J. Jensen</a>, "The Culture Wars, 1965–1995: A Historian's Map". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social_History" title="Journal of Social History">Journal of Social History</a></i> 29.Supplement (1995) pp. 17–37. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789064">3789064</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisbrotG._Calvin_Mackenzie2008" class="citation book cs1">Weisbrot, Robert; G. Calvin Mackenzie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xm9ZmB0uVwQC&pg=PT291"><i>The Liberal Hour: Washington and the Politics of Change in the 1960s</i></a>. Penguin. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440637513" title="Special:BookSources/9781440637513"><bdi>9781440637513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberal+Hour%3A+Washington+and+the+Politics+of+Change+in+the+1960s&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781440637513&rft.aulast=Weisbrot&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=G.+Calvin+Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxm9ZmB0uVwQC%26pg%3DPT291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2000" class="citation web cs1">Chomsky, Noam (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chomsky.info/articles/200006--.htm">"The Colombia Plan: April 2000"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Z_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Z Magazine">Z Magazine</a></i>. Chomsky.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Z+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Colombia+Plan%3A+April+2000&rft.date=2000-06&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chomsky.info%2Farticles%2F200006--.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Small" title="Melvin Small">Small, Melvin</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_xOk385lAgC&pg=PT495"><i>A Companion to Richard M. Nixon</i></a>. Wiley. p. 495. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-4093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-4093-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-4093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Richard+M.+Nixon&rft.pages=495&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-4093-8&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_xOk385lAgC%26pg%3DPT495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenka2010" class="citation web cs1">Renka, Russell D. (March 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213025040/http://cstl-cla.semo.edu/renka/ui320-75/presidents/nixon/nixon_imperialpres.asp">"Richard Nixon and the Imperial Presidency"</a>. <i>Southeast Missouri State University</i>. UI320 – The Modern Presidency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cstl-cla.semo.edu/renka/ui320-75/presidents/nixon/nixon_imperialpres.asp">the original</a> on February 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Missouri+State+University&rft.atitle=Richard+Nixon+and+the+Imperial+Presidency&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft.aulast=Renka&rft.aufirst=Russell+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcstl-cla.semo.edu%2Frenka%2Fui320-75%2Fpresidents%2Fnixon%2Fnixon_imperialpres.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGovern2002" class="citation book cs1">McGovern, George (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r0vaciZ9nJ0C&q=hubert%20humphrey%20WIC%201972&pg=PA33"><i>The Third Freedom</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742521254" title="Special:BookSources/9780742521254"><bdi>9780742521254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Freedom&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780742521254&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr0vaciZ9nJ0C%26q%3Dhubert%2520humphrey%2520WIC%25201972%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cass R. Sunstein (2004). <i>The Second Bill of Rights</i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-08332-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-08332-3">0-465-08332-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2000" class="citation book cs1">Walton, Hanes (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wc_ee95tHkoC&pg=PA38"><i>Reelection: William Jefferson Clinton as a Native-son Presidential Candidate</i></a>. Columbia UP. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231115520" title="Special:BookSources/9780231115520"><bdi>9780231115520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reelection%3A+William+Jefferson+Clinton+as+a+Native-son+Presidential+Candidate&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Columbia+UP&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780231115520&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Hanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwc_ee95tHkoC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicol C. Rae, <i>The decline and fall of the liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the present</i> (Oxford University Press, 1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonhardt,_David_(13_April_2010)._Taxing_the_Rich,_Over_Time_''The_New_York_Times''.-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leonhardt,_David_(13_April_2010)._Taxing_the_Rich,_Over_Time_''The_New_York_Times''._82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/13/taxing-the-rich-over-time/">"Leonhardt, David (13 April 2010) Taxing the Rich, Over Time <i>The New York Times</i>"</a>. April 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leonhardt%2C+David+%2813+April+2010%29+Taxing+the+Rich%2C+Over+Time+The+New+York+Times&rft.date=2010-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomix.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F13%2Ftaxing-the-rich-over-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Wilentz, <i>The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen A. Borrelli, "Finding the third way: Bill Clinton, the DLC, and the Democratic platform of 1992." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Policy_History" title="Journal of Policy History">Journal of Policy History</a></i> 13#4 (2001) pp. 429–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iwan Morgan, "Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and the new democratic economics." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">The Historical Journal</a></i> 47#4 (2004): 1015–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1379473/1/S0018246X0400408Xa.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iwan Morgan, "Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and the new democratic economics." <i>Historical Journal</i> 47.4 (2004): 1015–1039. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1379473/1/S0018246X0400408Xa.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, Peter (January 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/us/politics/obama-inauguration-draws-hundreds-of-thousands.html">"Obama Offers Liberal Vision: 'We Must Act'"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 1. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2016" class="citation web cs1">Stein, Jeff (July 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2016/7/11/12139852/the-democratic-party-left-bernie-sanders">"The Democratic Party has moved left after Bernie Sanders's run. The platform is proof"</a>. <i>Vox</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+Democratic+Party+has+moved+left+after+Bernie+Sanders%27s+run.+The+platform+is+proof.&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2016%2F7%2F11%2F12139852%2Fthe-democratic-party-left-bernie-sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2016" class="citation web cs1">Stein, Jeff (July 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2016/7/11/12139852/the-democratic-party-left-bernie-sanders">"The Democratic Party has moved left after Bernie Sanders's run. The platform is proof"</a>. <i>Vox</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+Democratic+Party+has+moved+left+after+Bernie+Sanders%27s+run.+The+platform+is+proof.&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2016%2F7%2F11%2F12139852%2Fthe-democratic-party-left-bernie-sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaac Kramnick, "Lockean Liberalism and the American Revolution" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/road-revolution/essays/lockean-liberalism-and-american-revolution"><i>Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History</i> (2019)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Paul Stevens, "Keynote Address: The Bill of Rights: A Century of Progress." <i>University of Chicago Law Review</i> 59 (1992): 13+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=occasional_papers">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, Ian, <i>Political Ideology Today</i> (2002), Manchester University Press, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan, James M.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiapolicy.org/philosophy/buchanansoul.pdf">"The soul of classical liberalism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Independent Review</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Review&rft.atitle=The+soul+of+classical+liberalism&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiapolicy.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fbuchanansoul.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiscalcon-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fiscalcon_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_KindellElizabeth_S._Demers_Ph.D.2014" class="citation book cs1">Alexandra Kindell; Elizabeth S. Demers Ph.D., eds. (2014). <i>Encyclopedia of Populism in America: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 86. <q>Bourbon Democrats were a combination of several constituencies including southerners, political and fiscal conservatives, and classical liberals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Populism+in+America%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_Bloch_Rubin2017" class="citation book cs1">Ruth Bloch Rubin, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLYrDwAAQBAJ&q=centrist+Blue+Dog+Coalition&pg=PA188"><i>Building the Bloc: Intraparty Organization in the US Congress</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316510421" title="Special:BookSources/9781316510421"><bdi>9781316510421</bdi></a>. <q>In contrast to the halting mobilization of Insurgent Republicans and southern Democrats, the Blue Dogs' adoption of ... ideological bonafides, the Coalition worked to establish a Blue Dog brand and associate it with support for centrist policies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+Bloc%3A+Intraparty+Organization+in+the+US+Congress&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781316510421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLYrDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcentrist%2BBlue%2BDog%2BCoalition%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Steele Commager, ed., <i>Lester Ward and the Welfare State</i> (1967)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On Ward and Sumner see Charlotte G. O'Kelley, and John W. Petras, "Images of Man in Early American Sociology. Part 2: The Changing Concept of Social Reform," <i>Journal of the History of ohe Behavioral Sciences</i> 1970 6(4): 317–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byron Dexter, "Herbert Croly and the Promise of American Life," <i>Political Science Quarterly,</i> Vol. 70, No. 2 (June 1955), pp. 197–218 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2145222">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David W. Levy, <i>Herbert Croly of the New Republic: The Life and Thought of an American Progressive</i> (1985)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittes2008" class="citation news cs1">Wittes, Benjamin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/61926/there-will-be-guns">"There Will Be Guns"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=There+Will+Be+Guns&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wittes&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F61926%2Fthere-will-be-guns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam"><i>Political Ideology Today</i></a> (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719060205" title="Special:BookSources/9780719060205"><bdi>9780719060205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today&rft.place=Manchester&rft.edition=reprinted%2C+revised&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780719060205&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalideolog0000adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam"><i>Political Ideology Today</i></a> (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719060205" title="Special:BookSources/9780719060205"><bdi>9780719060205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today&rft.place=Manchester&rft.edition=reprinted%2C+revised&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780719060205&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalideolog0000adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Alterman, Eric. <i>The Cause: The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Cause-American-Liberalism-Franklin-Roosevelt/dp/0670023434/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Atkins, Curtis Gene. "Forging a New Democratic Party: The Politics of the Third Way From Clinton to Obama." (PhD dissertation York U. 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/30098/Atkins_Curtis_G_2015_PhD.pdf?sequence=2">online</a>.</li> <li>Baer, Kenneth. <i>Reinventing Democrats: The Politics of Liberalism from Reagan to Clinton</i> (2000).</li> <li>Bell, J. and T. Stanley, eds. <i>Making Sense of American Liberalism</i> (2012)</li> <li>Bloodworth, Jeffrey. <i>Losing the Center: The Decline of American Liberalism, 1968—1992</i> (U Press of Kentucky, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Losing-Center-American-Liberalism-1968-1992/dp/0813142296/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Brinkley, Alan. <i>The end of reform: New Deal liberalism in recession and war</i> (1996), covers 1937–1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endofreformnewde00brin">online</a></li> <li>Buenker, John D. ed. <i>Urban liberalism and progressive reform</i> (1973) covers early 20c.</li> <li>Chafe, William H., ed. <i>The Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and Its Legacies.</i> (2002).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1998" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Barry Stewart (1998). <i>Political Economy: A Comparative Approach</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95869-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95869-8"><bdi>0-275-95869-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Economy%3A+A+Comparative+Approach&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-275-95869-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Barry+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ericson, David F. et al. eds., <i>The liberal tradition in American politics: reassessing the legacy of American liberalism</i>. (Routledge, 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92256-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92256-9">0-415-92256-9</a></li> <li>Fraser, Steve, and Gary Gerstle, eds. <i>The rise and fall of the New Deal order, 1930–1980</i> (1989).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freeden" title="Michael Freeden">Freeden, Michael</a> (1978). <i>The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Geismer, Lily. "Kennedy and the Liberal Consensus." in Marc J. Selverstone, ed., <i>A Companion to John F. Kennedy</i> (2014): 497–518.</li> <li>Geismer, Lily. <i>Don't blame us: suburban liberals and the transformation of the Democratic party</i> (Princeton UP, 2017).</li> <li>Gerstle, Gary. "The protean character of American liberalism." <i>American Historical Review</i> 99.4 (1994): 1043–1073. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webdepot.umontreal.ca/Usagers/ramirez/MonDepotPublic/HST3361%20G.%20Gerstle-_The_Protean_Character_of_American_Liberalism.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Gerstle, Gary. "The Rise and Fall (?) of America's Neoliberal Order." <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i> 28 (2018): 241–264. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/279824/Gerstle%20Neoliberalism%20essay%20TRHS%201%20June%2018.docx?sequence=1">online</a></li> <li>Gillon, Steven. <i>Politics and Vision: The ADA and American Liberalism, 1947–1985</i> (1987).</li> <li>Hamby, Alonzo L. <i>Liberalism and Its Challengers: From F.D.R. to Bush</i> (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalismitscha00hamb">online</a></li> <li>Hamby, Alonzo L. <i>Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism</i> (1973).</li> <li>Hayward, Steven F. <i>The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964–1980</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Age-Reagan-Liberal-Order-1964-1980/dp/0307453693/">excerpt v 1</a>; <i>The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution 1980–1989 (2009)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1400053579">excerpt and text search v2</a></li> <li>Huthmacher, J. Joseph. "Urban liberalism and the age of reform." <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> 49.2 (1962): 231–241. early 20th century <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1888628">online</a></li> <li>Jeffries, John W. "The 'New' New Deal: FDR and American Liberalism, 1937–1945." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 105.3 (1990): 397–418. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150824">online</a></li> <li>Johnston, Robert D. "Re-Democratizing the Progressive Era: The Politics of Progressive Era Political Historiography." <i>Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i> 1.1 (2002): 68–92.</li> <li>Lepore, Jill (2018) <i>These truths: A history of the United States</i> (Norton) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393357424" title="Special:BookSources/9780393357424">9780393357424</a></li> <li>Matusow, Allen, <i>The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s</i> (1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unravelingofamer00matu">online</a></li> <li>Milkis, Sidney M., and Jerome M. Mileur, eds. <i>The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism</i> (2002).</li> <li>Pederson, William D. ed. <i>Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt</i> (2011) 711pp; comprehensive coverage</li> <li>Pestritto, Ronald. <i>Woodrow Wilson and the Origins of Modern Liberalism</i> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a7wDOppSSToC&dq=%22New+Deal%22+liberalism&pg=PA1">excerpt</a></li> <li>Ryan, Alan. <i>John Dewey and the high tide of American liberalism</i> (1997).</li> <li>Smith, Jason Scott. <i>Building New Deal Liberalism: The political economy of public works, 1933–1956</i> (2009)</li> <li>Stevens, John Paul. "Keynote Address: The Bill of Rights: A Century of Progress." <i>University of Chicago Law Review</i> 59 (1992): 13+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=occasional_papers">online</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible origins navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Oriskany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism" title="Template talk:Liberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-<i>Chinilpa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and<br />the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism_in_North_America162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism_in_North_America162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Liberalism in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberalism in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism_in_the_United_States275" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#3252B4; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_US_footer" title="Template:Liberalism US footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_US_footer" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Liberalism US footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_US_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism US footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism_in_the_United_States275" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">Liberalism in the United States</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism#United_States" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern/Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Core principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Harm Principle">Harm Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal egalitarianism">Legal egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalienable rights">Unalienable rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America_movement" title="Young America movement">Young America movement</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frank" title="Thomas Frank">Frank (Thomas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ireland" title="Patricia Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edward_Smith" title="Stephen Edward Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monroe_Trotter" title="William Monroe Trotter">Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Abrams" title="Stacey Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams"> Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Aguilar" title="Pete Aguilar">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton (Hillary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Clyburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Cuomo (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Cuomo (Mario)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank (Barney)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Glasser" title="Ira Glasser">Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob K. Javits">Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Kennedy (Joseph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy (Ted)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Yarborough</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Commentators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boghossian" title="Peter Boghossian">Boghossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Haidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Lindsay" title="James A. Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Taibbi" title="Matt Taibbi">Taibbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Weinstein" title="Bret Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_Weiss" title="Bari Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Withers" title="Dean Withers">Withers</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Jurists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Darrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. B. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-tan_faction" title="Black-and-tan faction">Black-and-tans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Republicans">Roosevelt Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (factions)</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Think tanks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Budget and Policy Priorities">Center for Budget and Policy Priorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver" title="Last Week Tonight with John Oliver">Last Week Tonight with John Oliver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_with_Jon_Stewart" title="The Problem with Jon Stewart">The Problem with Jon Stewart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sojourners" title="Sojourners">Sojourners</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ThinkProgress" title="ThinkProgress">ThinkProgress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Liberal bias in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">Liberal bias in the media</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberal_Imagination" title="The Liberal Imagination">The Liberal Imagination</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#3252B4; color:white"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/23px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism"><span style="color:white">Liberalism portal</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#3252B4; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_liberalism_US_footer" title="Template:Modern liberalism US footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_liberalism_US_footer" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Modern liberalism US footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_liberalism_US_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern liberalism US footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States"><span style="color:white">Modern liberalism in the United States</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism#United_States" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Core principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#1950s" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Richard_Nixon" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">1960s and 1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Liberals_and_civil_rights" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberalism in the United States">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Liberalism_during_the_Cold_War" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Harry_S._Truman's_Fair_Deal" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Great_Society:_1964–1968" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Liberal_coalition" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Liberal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Liberal_Republicans" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Liberal Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Neoconservatives" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Neoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#New_Deal" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Bill_Clinton_administration_and_the_Third_Way" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Third Way</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Under_attack_from_the_New_Left" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Progressive_Era" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Liberals_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Vietnam War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Significant figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Edith Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Cesar Chavez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Henry Steele Commager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ireland" title="Patricia Ireland">Patricia Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kazin" title="Alfred Kazin">Alfred Kazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lerner_(rabbi)" title="Michael Lerner (rabbi)">Michael Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Rachel Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Pauli Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monroe_Trotter" title="William Monroe Trotter">William Monroe Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Significant politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Barney Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">Jacob Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiorello H. La Guardia">Fiorello H. La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Paul Wellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Ralph Yarborough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Major political parties <br /> and political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (since the 1930s)</li> <li>Progressive Party (<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">1912</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%9334)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–34)">1924</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a> (1930s–1970s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">economic progressivism</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#3252B4; color:white"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" 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