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id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_of_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Schools of thought </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools_of_thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Schools of thought subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consequentialist_and_deontological_libertarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequentialist_and_deontological_libertarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Consequentialist and deontological libertarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequentialist_and_deontological_libertarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Left_and_right_libertarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left_and_right_libertarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Left and right libertarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left_and_right_libertarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thin_and_thick_libertarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thin_and_thick_libertarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Thin and thick libertarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thin_and_thick_libertarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alliance_of_the_Libertarian_Left" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliance_of_the_Libertarian_Left"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Alliance of the Libertarian Left </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliance_of_the_Libertarian_Left-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cato_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cato_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cato Institute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cato_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center_for_Libertarian_Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Center for Libertarian Studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center_for_Libertarian_Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Center_for_a_Stateless_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center_for_a_Stateless_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Center for a Stateless Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center_for_a_Stateless_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_for_Economic_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_for_Economic_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Foundation for Economic Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_for_Economic_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_State_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_State_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Free State Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_State_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libertarian_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libertarian_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Libertarian Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libertarian_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberty_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberty_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Liberty International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberty_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mises_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mises_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Mises Institute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mises_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molinari_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molinari_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Molinari Institute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molinari_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reason_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reason_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Reason Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reason_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 People </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle People subsection </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intellectual_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Intellectual sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Politicians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_commentators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_commentators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Political commentators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_commentators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contentions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contentions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Contentions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contentions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contentions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contentions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_spectrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_spectrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Political spectrum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_spectrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objectivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Objectivism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis,_reception_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis,_reception_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Analysis, reception and criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis,_reception_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Analysis, reception and criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis,_reception_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Left-wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left-wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Left-wing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left-wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right-wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right-wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Right-wing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right-wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="لیبرترینیسم در ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیبرترینیسم در ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianismo_nos_Estados_Unidos" title="Libertarianismo nos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Libertarianismo nos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Origin, history and development of libertarianism in the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the origin, history and development of libertarianism in the United States. For the broader political philosophy that upholds liberty as a core principle, see <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a>. For the most common type of libertarianism in the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarianism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism" title="Category:Libertarianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">De Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman (Milton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">Friedman (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Van_Dun" title="Frank Van Dun">Van Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Lottieri" title="Carlo Lottieri">Lottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_possibilism" title="Libertarian possibilism">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadsden_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gadsden_flag.svg/220px-Gadsden_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gadsden_flag.svg/330px-Gadsden_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gadsden_flag.svg/440px-Gadsden_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The historical <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a> is frequently used to represent libertarianism in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> promoting <a href="/wiki/Individual_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual liberty">individual liberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> According to common meanings of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberalism</a> in the United States, libertarianism has been described as <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">conservative</a> on economic issues (<a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">liberal</a> on personal freedom (<a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">cultural liberalism</a>),<a href="#cite_note-BoazKirby06a-7">[7]</a> often associated with a foreign policy of <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pp._177-180-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-p._182-9">[9]</a> Broadly, there are four principal traditions within libertarianism, namely the libertarianism that developed in the mid-20th century out of the revival tradition of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberalism in the United States">classical liberalism in the United States</a><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2001-10">[10]</a> after liberalism associated with the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Russell-11">[11]</a> the libertarianism developed in the 1950s by <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalist">anarcho-capitalist</a> author <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, who based it on the anti-New Deal <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a> and 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a> and American <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">individualist anarchists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a> while rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> economics and the <a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">subjective theory of value</a>;<a href="#cite_note-DeLeon-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rothbard-13">[13]</a> the libertarianism developed in the 1970s by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a> and founded in American and European <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> traditions;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and the libertarianism associated with the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>, which was founded in 1971, including politicians such as <a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">David Nolan</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-15">[15]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarianism</a> associated with people such as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick,<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-18">[18]</a> whose book <a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a> received significant attention in academia according to David Lewis Schaefer,<a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-19">[19]</a> is the dominant form of libertarianism in the United States, compared to that of <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-libertarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-20">[20]</a> The latter is associated with the left-wing of the modern libertarian movement<a href="#cite_note-routledge-anarchism-21">[21]</a> and more recently to the political positions associated with academic philosophers <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Steiner" title="Hillel Steiner">Hillel Steiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Van_Parijs" title="Philippe Van Parijs">Philippe Van Parijs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vallentyne" title="Peter Vallentyne">Peter Vallentyne</a> that combine <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a> with an egalitarian approach to <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>;<a href="#cite_note-oxfordcompanion-22">[22]</a> it is also related to <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free-market_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market anarchist">free-market anarchist</a> strands such as <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">left-wing market anarchism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MarketsNotCapitalism-23">[23]</a> referred to as market-oriented left-libertarianism to distinguish itself from other forms of libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-LibertarianLeft-24">[24]</a> Libertarianism includes anarchist and libertarian socialist tendencies, although they are not as widespread as in other countries. <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-25">[25]</a> a libertarian within this socialist tradition, argued that anarchists, libertarian socialists and the left should reclaim libertarian as a term, suggesting these other self-declared libertarians to rename themselves <a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">propertarians</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-150Libertarian-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-160Libertarian-27">[27]</a> Although all libertarians oppose government intervention, there is a division between those anarchist or socialist libertarians as well as anarcho-capitalists such as Rothbard and <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a> who adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-state">anti-state</a> position, viewing the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> as an unnecessary evil; minarchists such as Nozick who recognize the necessary need for a minimal state, often referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">night-watchman state</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-28">[28]</a> and classical liberals who support a minimized <a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">small government</a><a href="#cite_note-ClassicalLiberalism-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boaz-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conway-31">[31]</a> and a major reversal of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baradat-32">[32]</a> The major <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian party">libertarian party</a> in the United States is the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>. However, libertarians are also represented within the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Republican</a> parties while others are <a href="/wiki/Independent_voter" title="Independent voter">independent</a>. Gallup found that voters who identify as libertarians ranged from 17 to 23% of the American electorate.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup2006-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yellow#Politics" title="Yellow">Yellow</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Political_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Political color">political color</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism worldwide">liberalism worldwide</a>, has also been used as a political color for modern libertarianism in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine_Tree_Flag" title="Pine Tree Flag">Pine Tree flag</a>, symbols first used by <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American revolutionaries</a>, are frequently used by libertarians and the libertarian-leaning <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Although libertarian continues to be widely used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Anti-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-state">anti-state</a> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">socialists</a> internationally,<a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-RothbardBetrayal-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nettlau-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-44">[44]</a> its meaning in the United States has deviated from its political origins to the extent that the common meaning of libertarian in the United States is different from elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-150Libertarian-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-160Libertarian-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-45">[45]</a> The Libertarian Party asserts the following core beliefs of libertarianism: "Libertarians support maximum liberty in both personal and economic matters. They advocate a much smaller government; one that is limited to protecting individuals from coercion and violence. Libertarians tend to embrace individual responsibility, oppose government bureaucracy and taxes, promote private charity, tolerate diverse lifestyles, support the free market, and defend civil liberties".<a href="#cite_note-Statement_of_Principles-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Understanding_American_government-47">[47]</a> Libertarians have worked to implement their ideas through the Libertarian Party, the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a>, and other forms of activism.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></div> Since the 19th century, the term libertarian has referred to advocates for freedom of the will, or anyone who generally advocated for liberty, but its long association with <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> extends at least as far back as 1858, when it was used for the title of New York anarchist journal <a href="/wiki/Le_Libertaire" title="Le Libertaire">Le Libertaire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-28">[28]</a> In the late 19th century (around the 1880s and 1890s), Anarchist <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Sébastien Faure</a> used the term libertarian to differentiate between anarchists and <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian socialists">authoritarian socialists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-28">[28]</a> While the term libertarian has been largely synonymous with anarchism,<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> its meaning has more recently diluted with wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-28">[28]</a> As a term, libertarian can include both the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxists">libertarian Marxists</a> (who do not associate with a <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a>) as well as extreme <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a> (primarily concerned with <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>). Additionally, some anarchists use the term <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a> to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasize its connections with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The revival of <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> ideologies during the mid-to-late 20th century came with disagreement over what to call the movement. While many of its adherents prefer the term libertarian, many <a href="/wiki/Conservative_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative libertarian">conservative libertarians</a> reject the term's association with the 1960s New Left and its connotations of <a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">libertine</a> <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gamble_2013_p._405-53">[53]</a> The movement is divided over the use of <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">conservatism</a> as an alternative.<a href="#cite_note-Gamble_2013_p._406-54">[54]</a> Those who seek both economic and social liberty within a capitalist order would be known as liberals, but that term developed associations opposite of the <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>, low-taxation, minimal state advocated by the movement.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Name variants of the free-market revival movement include <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free-market_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market liberalism">free-market liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gamble_2013_p._405-53">[53]</a> As a term, libertarian or economic libertarian has the most colloquial acceptance to describe a member of the movement, with the latter term being based on both the ideology's primacy of economics and its distinction from libertarians of the New Left.<a href="#cite_note-Gamble_2013_p._406-54">[54]</a> According to Ian Adams: "Ideologically, all US parties are liberal and always have been. Essentially they espouse classical liberalism, that is a form of democratised <a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whig</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> plus the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>. The point of difference comes with the influence of <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>" and the proper role of government.<a href="#cite_note-Adams_2001-10">[10]</a> Some modern American libertarians are distinguished from the dominant libertarian tradition by their relation to <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>. While both historical libertarianism and contemporary economic libertarianism share general antipathy towards power by government authority, the latter exempts power wielded through <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalism">free-market capitalism</a>. Historically, libertarians including <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a> have to some degree supported the protection of an individual's freedom from powers of both government and private property owners.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In contrast, while condemning governmental encroachment on personal liberties, some modern American libertarians support freedoms based on private property rights. <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalist">Anarcho-capitalist</a> theorist <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> argued that protesters should rent a street for protest from its owners. The abolition of public amenities is a common theme in some modern American libertarian writings.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnLocke.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JohnLocke.png/220px-JohnLocke.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JohnLocke.png/330px-JohnLocke.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JohnLocke.png/440px-JohnLocke.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, regarded as the father of classical liberalism</figcaption></figure> During the 18th century and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a> ideas flourished in Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> For philosopher Roderick T. Long, libertarians "share a common – or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry. [Libertarians] [...] claim the seventeenth century English Levellers and the eighteenth century French <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedists" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedists">Encyclopedists</a> among their ideological forebears; and [...] usually share an admiration for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> was inspired by Locke in its statement: "[T]o secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it".<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard1-64">[64]</a> According to American historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a>, during and after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, "the major themes of eighteenth-century libertarianism were brought to realization" in <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bills of rights</a>, and limits on legislative and executive powers, including limits on starting wars.<a href="#cite_note-Boaz2-65">[65]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, the libertarian creed emerged from the classical liberal challenges to an "absolute central State and a king ruling by divine right on top of an older, restrictive web of feudal land monopolies and urban guild controls and restrictions" as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a> of a bureaucratic warfaring state allied with privileged merchants. The object of classical liberals was individual liberty in the economy, in personal freedoms and civil liberty, separation of state and religion and peace as an alternative to imperial aggrandizement. He cites Locke's contemporaries, the Levellers, who held similar views. Also influential were the English <a href="/wiki/Cato%27s_Letters" title="Cato's Letters">Cato's Letters</a> during the early 1700s, reprinted eagerly by <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">American colonists</a> who already were free of European aristocracy and feudal land monopolies.<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard1-64">[64]</a> In January 1776, only two years after coming to America from England, Thomas Paine published his pamphlet <a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_(pamphlet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Sense (pamphlet)">Common Sense</a> calling for independence for the colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Sprading-66">[66]</a> Paine promoted classical liberal ideas in clear and concise language that allowed the general public to understand the debates among the political elites.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Common Sense was immensely popular in disseminating these ideas,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> selling hundreds of thousands of copies.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Paine would later write the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a> and participate in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sprading-66">[66]</a> Paine's theory of property showed a "libertarian concern" with the redistribution of resources.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_century">19th and 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#AE1719; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Hill,_Illinois#History" title="Bishop Hill, Illinois">Bishop Hill Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Repression and persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" title="Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1919%E2%80%931937)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1919–1937)">1919–1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1937–1950)">1937–1957</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> movements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul> Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy (Edward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Bellamy (Francis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaal_Bowman" title="Jamaal Bowman">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bruenig" title="Elizabeth Bruenig">Bruenig (Elizabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bruenig" title="Matt Bruenig">Bruenig (Matt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brisbane" title="Albert Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brooks_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Brooks (political commentator)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_Bush" title="Cori Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Cantor" title="Dan Cantor">Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Clark" title="Peter H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn">Cockburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Dreiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Fearing" title="Kenneth Fearing">Fearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Feinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Gitlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Hammett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yip_Harburg" title="Yip Harburg">Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Harrison" title="Hubert Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Haywood (Harry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Hillquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Hoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Lovestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Marcy" title="Sam Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello">Morello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Panken" title="Jacob Panken">Panken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Parsons (Albert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons (Lucy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Piven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Robbins" title="Matilda Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">Ruthenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama_Sawant" title="Kshama Sawant">Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Sunkara" title="Bhaskar Sunkara">Sunkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serj_Tankian" title="Serj Tankian">Tankian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Turner" title="Nina Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Zeidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Active organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_in_America" title="Black Socialists in America">Black Socialists in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Marijuana Now">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Rifle_Association" title="Socialist Rifle Association">Socialist Rifle Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(United_States)" title="Solidarity (United States)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(U.S._organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark (U.S. organization)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party of the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Inactive or defunct organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">American Union of Associationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_Struggle" title="Communist League of Struggle">Communist League of Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Federation" title="Democratic Socialist Federation">Democratic Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Workers Party (United States)">Independent Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_(United_States)" title="International Socialists (United States)">International Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association_in_America" title="International Workingmen's Association in America">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_League" title="Nonpartisan League">Nonpartisan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_League_(U.S.)" title="Revolutionary Socialist League (U.S.)">Revolutionary Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_America" title="Social Democracy of America">Social Democracy of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_(newspaper)" title="Appeal to Reason (newspaper)">Appeal to Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Affairs_(magazine)" title="Current Affairs (magazine)">Current Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker" title="Daily Worker">Daily Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Review_(1900)" title="International Socialist Review (1900)">International Socialist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_Capital" title="Monopoly Capital">Monopoly Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_America" title="The Other America">The Other America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People's History of the United States">A People's History of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Socialism" title="Voluntary Socialism">Voluntary Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNetwork" title="ZNetwork">ZNetwork</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor 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socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a 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href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_US" title="Template:Socialism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_US" title="Template talk:Socialism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LysanderSpooner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LysanderSpooner.jpg/170px-LysanderSpooner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LysanderSpooner.jpg/255px-LysanderSpooner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/LysanderSpooner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Individualist anarchist <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/No_Treason:_The_Constitution_of_No_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority">No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority</a> greatly influenced libertarianism in the United States</figcaption></figure> In the 19th century, libertarian philosophies included <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_schools_of_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist schools of thought">anarchist schools of thought</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">individualist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social anarchism</a>. Key libertarian thinkers included <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-StateSocialism-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndividualLiberty-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-TuckerFAQ-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SpoonerFAQ-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-150Libertarian-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-160Libertarian-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rocker-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woodcock-76">[76]</a> While most of these anarchist thinkers advocated for the abolition of the state, other key libertarian thinkers and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and Spooner in <a href="/wiki/No_Treason:_The_Constitution_of_No_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority">No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> argued that government should be kept to a minimum and that it is only legitimate to the extent that people voluntarily support, leaving a significant imprint on libertarianism in the United States. The use of the term libertarianism to describe a <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> position has been traced to the French cognate libertaire, a word coined in a letter French <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communist">libertarian communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a> wrote to anarchist <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> in 1857.<a href="#cite_note-150Libertarian-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-160Libertarian-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Déjacque-82">[82]</a> While in New York City, Déjacque was able to serialize his book L'Humanisphère, Utopie anarchique (The Humanisphere: Anarchic Utopia) in his periodical <a href="/wiki/Le_Libertaire,_Journal_du_Mouvement_Social" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social">Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social</a> (Libertarian: Journal of Social Movement), published in 27 issues from June 9, 1858, to February 4, 1861.<a href="#cite_note-LeLibertaire-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woodcock_p._280-84">[84]</a> Le Libertaire was the first libertarian communist journal published in the United States as well as the first <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist journal">anarchist journal</a> to use libertarian.<a href="#cite_note-150Libertarian-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-160Libertarian-27">[27]</a> Tucker was the first American born to use libertarian.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> By around the start of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BenjaminTucker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BenjaminTucker.jpg/170px-BenjaminTucker.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BenjaminTucker.jpg/255px-BenjaminTucker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/BenjaminTucker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>, an invidualist anarchist who contrapposed his <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist socialism">anarchist socialism</a> to <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a></figcaption></figure> Moving into the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian League">Libertarian League</a> was an anarchist and libertarian socialist organization. The first Libertarian League was founded in Los Angeles between the two World Wars.<a href="#cite_note-Avrich_p._486-87">[87]</a> It was established mainly by Cassius V. Cook, Charles T. Sprading, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Lee_Swartz" title="Clarence Lee Swartz">Clarence Lee Swartz</a>, Henry Cohen, Hans F. Rossner and Thomas Bell.<a href="#cite_note-Avrich_p._486-87">[87]</a> In 1954, a second Libertarian League was founded in New York City as a political organization building on the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Book_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Book Club">Libertarian Book Club</a>. Members included <a href="/wiki/Sam_Dolgoff" title="Sam Dolgoff">Sam Dolgoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Blackwell" title="Russell Blackwell">Russell Blackwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Van_Ronk" title="Dave Van Ronk">Dave Van Ronk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Arrigoni" title="Enrico Arrigoni">Enrico Arrigoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>. This Libertarian League had a narrower political focus than the first, promoting anarchism and syndicalism. Its central principle, stated in its journal Views and Comments, was "equal freedom for all in a free socialist society".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Branches of the Libertarian League opened in a number of other American cities, including Detroit and San Francisco. It was dissolved at the end of the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The 1960s also saw an alliance between the nascent <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> and other radical libertarians who came from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a> tradition like <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Radosh" title="Ronald Radosh">Ronald Radosh</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Karl Hess</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">war</a>, especially in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">its opposition</a>. These radicals had long embraced a reading of American history that emphasized the role of elite privilege in shaping legal and political institutions, one that was naturally agreeable to many on the left, increasingly seeking alliances with the left, especially with members of the New Left, in light of the Vietnam War,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Military_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Military draft">military draft</a> and the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Rothbard argued that the consensus view of American economic history, according to which a beneficent government has used its power to counter corporate predation, is fundamentally flawed. Rather, he argued that government intervention in the economy has largely benefited established players at the expense of marginalized groups, to the detriment of both liberty and equality. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">robber baron</a> period, hailed by the right and despised by the left as a heyday of <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a>, was not characterized by laissez-faire at all, but it was in fact a time of massive state privilege accorded to capital.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In tandem with his emphasis on the intimate connection between <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporate_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate power">corporate power</a>, he defended the seizure of corporations dependent on state largesse by workers and others.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> This tradition would continue through the 20th and 21st centuries, being taken up by the left-libertarian,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> free-market anti-capitalism<a href="#cite_note-routledge-anarchism-21">[21]</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Samuel Edward Konkin III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a><a href="#cite_note-Konkin_1983-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-konkin-interview-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-D'Amato_2018-101">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">left-wing market anarchism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MarketsNotCapitalism-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-LibertarianLeft-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-20th_century">Mid-20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mid-20th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #C5C12B; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H-L-Mencken-1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/H-L-Mencken-1928.jpg/170px-H-L-Mencken-1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/H-L-Mencken-1928.jpg/255px-H-L-Mencken-1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/H-L-Mencken-1928.jpg/340px-H-L-Mencken-1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>, one of the first people to privately call himself libertarian</figcaption></figure> During the mid-20th century, many with <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a> or <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> beliefs began to describe themselves as libertarians.<a href="#cite_note-Russell-11">[11]</a> Important American writers such as <a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Rose Wilder Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Albert Jay Nock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Isabel Paterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Leonard Read</a> (the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a>) and the European immigrants <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> carried on the intellectual libertarian tradition. In fiction, one can cite the work of the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> author <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>, whose writing carried libertarian underpinnings. Mencken and Nock were the first prominent figures in the United States to privately call themselves libertarians.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mencken-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nock-104">[104]</a> They believed <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> had co-opted the word liberal for his <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies which they opposed and used libertarian to signify their allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>. In 1923, Mencken wrote: "My literary theory, like my politics, is based chiefly upon one idea, to wit, the idea of freedom. I am, in belief, a libertarian of the most extreme variety".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> As of the mid-20th century, no word was used to describe the ideological outlook of this group of thinkers. Most of them would have described themselves as <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberals</a> before the New Deal, but by the mid-1930s the word liberalism had been widely used to mean <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The word liberal had ceased to refer to the support of <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a> and instead came to denote <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">left-leaning</a> ideas that would be seen elsewhere as <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a>. American advocates of classical liberalism bemoaned the loss of the word liberal and cast about for others to replace it. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Eastman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Max_Eastman.jpg/170px-Max_Eastman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Max_Eastman.jpg/255px-Max_Eastman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Max_Eastman.jpg/340px-Max_Eastman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a>, a former socialist who proposed the terms New Liberalism and liberal conservative</figcaption></figure> In August 1953, <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a> proposed the terms New Liberalism and liberal conservative which were not eventually accepted.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In May 1955, the term libertarian was first publicly used in the United States as a synonym for classical liberal when writer Dean Russell (1915–1998), a colleague of Leonard Read and a classical liberal himself, proposed the libertarian solution and justified the choice of the word as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Many of us call ourselves "liberals." And it is true that the word "liberal" once described persons who respected the individual and feared the use of mass compulsions. But the leftists have now corrupted that once-proud term to identify themselves and their program of more government ownership of property and more controls over persons. As a result, those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals, we mean liberals in the uncorrupted classical sense. At best, this is awkward and subject to misunderstanding. Here is a suggestion: Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word "libertarian".<a href="#cite_note-Russell-11">[11]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murray_Rothbard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Murray_Rothbard.jpg/170px-Murray_Rothbard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Murray_Rothbard.jpg/255px-Murray_Rothbard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Murray_Rothbard.jpg/340px-Murray_Rothbard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="2991" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, who popularized the term libertarian in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> Subsequently, a growing number of Americans with classical liberal beliefs in the United States began to describe themselves as libertarian. The person most responsible for popularizing the term libertarian was <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, who started publishing libertarian works in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Before the 1950s, H.L. Mencken and Albert Jay Nock had been the first prominent figures in the United States to privately call themselves libertarians.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mencken-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nock-104">[104]</a> In the 1950s, Russian-American novelist <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> developed a philosophical system called <a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a>, expressed in her novels <a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead" title="The Fountainhead">The Fountainhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a> as well as other works which influenced many libertarians.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-108">[108]</a> However, she rejected the label libertarian and harshly denounced the libertarian movement as the "hippies of the right".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Nonetheless, philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a>, a one-time member of Rand's inner circle, proposed a <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">non-initiation of force</a> principle to unite both groups—this statement later became a required pledge for candidates of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> and Hospers himself became its first presidential candidate in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Isabel Paterson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Rose Wilder Lane</a>, Rand is described as one of the three female founding figures of the modern libertarian movement in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Although influenced by the work of the 19th-century American individualist anarchists, themselves influenced by classical liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-DeLeon-12">[12]</a> Rothbard thought they had a faulty understanding of economics because they accepted the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a> as influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Classical_economists" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical economists">classical economists</a> while he was a student of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical economics</a> and supported the <a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">subjective theory of value</a>. Rothbard sought to meld 19th-century American individualists' advocacy of free markets and private defense with the principles of Austrian economics, arguing that there is a "scientific explanation of the workings of the free market (and of the consequences of government intervention in that market) which individualist anarchists could easily incorporate into their political and social Weltanschauung".<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg/170px-Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg/255px-Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg/340px-Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, whose libertarian-oriented challenge to authority had a major impact on the libertarian movement</figcaption></figure> Arizona Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>'s libertarian-oriented challenge to authority had a major impact on the libertarian movement<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> through his book <a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964 presidential campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Goldwater's speech writer <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Karl Hess</a> became a leading libertarian writer and activist.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> split the uneasy alliance between growing numbers of self-identified libertarians and <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">traditionalist conservatives</a> who believed in limiting liberty to uphold moral virtues. Libertarians opposed to the war joined the <a href="/wiki/Draft_dodger" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft dodger">draft resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movements</a> and organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(1960_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)">Students for a Democratic Society</a>. They began founding their own publications like Rothbard's <a href="/wiki/The_Libertarian_Forum" title="The Libertarian Forum">The Libertarian Forum</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lora-Longton-118">[118]</a> and organizations like the Radical Libertarian Alliance.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The split was aggravated at the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a> convention when more than 300 libertarians coordinated to take control of the organization from conservatives. The <a href="/wiki/Draft-card_burning" title="Draft-card burning">burning of a draft card</a> in protest to a conservative proposal against draft resistance sparked physical confrontations among convention attendees, a walkout by a large number of libertarians, the creation of libertarian organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Society for Individual Liberty</a> and efforts to recruit potential libertarians from conservative organizations.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The split was finalized in 1971 when conservative leader <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a> attempted to divorce libertarianism from the movement, writing in a <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> article as follows: "The ideological licentiousness that rages through America today makes anarchy attractive to the simple-minded. Even to the ingeniously simple-minded".<a href="#cite_note-Blanchette-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg/170px-NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg/255px-NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg/340px-NolanwithNolanChart1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">David Nolan</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></figcaption></figure> As a result of the split, a small group of Americans led by <a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">David Nolan</a> and a few friends formed the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Attracting former <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_voter" title="Independent voter">independents</a>, it has run a <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidential candidate</a> every election year since 1972. Over the years, dozens of libertarian political parties have been formed worldwide. Educational organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> were formed in the 1970s and others have been created since then.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Philosophical libertarianism gained a significant measure of recognition in academia with the publication in 1974 of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a>, a response to <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971). The book proposed a <a href="/wiki/Minimal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimal state">minimal state</a> on the grounds that it was an inevitable phenomenon that could arise without violating <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schaefer-19">[19]</a> The book won a <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> According to libertarian essayist <a href="/wiki/Roy_Childs" title="Roy Childs">Roy Childs</a>, "Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia single-handedly established the legitimacy of libertarianism as a political theory in the world of academia".<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> British historians Emily Robinson, Camilla Schofield, Florence Sutcliffe-Braithwaite and Natalie Thomlinson have argued that by the 1970s Britons were keen about defining and claiming their individual rights, identities and perspectives. They demanded greater personal autonomy and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and less outside control. They angrily complained that the establishment was withholding it. They argue this shift in concerns helped cause <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a> and was incorporated into Thatcherism's appeal.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Since the resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> in the 1970s, this form of libertarianism has spread beyond North America and Europe,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> having been more successful at spreading worldwide than other conservative ideas.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> It has been noted that "[m]ost parties of the Right [today] are run by <a href="/wiki/Economically_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economically liberal">economically liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">conservatives</a> who, in varying degrees, have marginalized <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">cultural</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservatives</a>".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#By_country" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism § By country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia_(first_edition).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Anarchy%2C_State%2C_and_Utopia_%28first_edition%29.JPG/170px-Anarchy%2C_State%2C_and_Utopia_%28first_edition%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Anarchy%2C_State%2C_and_Utopia_%28first_edition%29.JPG/255px-Anarchy%2C_State%2C_and_Utopia_%28first_edition%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Anarchy%2C_State%2C_and_Utopia_%28first_edition%29.JPG/340px-Anarchy%2C_State%2C_and_Utopia_%28first_edition%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a> helped spread libertarian ideas worldwide in the 1970s.</figcaption></figure> Academics as well as proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> perspectives note that libertarianism has spread beyond the United States since the 1970s via <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a><a href="#cite_note-teles2008diffusion-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-lewrockwell.com-132">[132]</a> and that libertarianism is increasingly viewed as a capitalist free-market position.<a href="#cite_note-cato.org-133">[133]</a> However, libertarian intellectuals <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Colin Ward</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-44">[44]</a> and others argue that the term libertarianism is considered a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a> by the international community and that the United States is unique in widely associating it with the capitalist free-market ideology.<a href="#cite_note-150Libertarian-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-160Libertarian-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nettlau-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-42">[42]</a> Modern libertarianism in the United States mainly refers to classical and economic liberalism. It supports capitalist free-market approaches as well as neoliberal policies and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a> reforms such as <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> and reductions in <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government spending</a> in order to increase the role of the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> in the economy and society.<a href="#cite_note-ClassicalLiberalism-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boaz-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conway-31">[31]</a> This is unlike the common meaning<a href="#cite_note-Goodway-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-44">[44]</a> of libertarianism elsewhere,<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nettlau-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graham-45">[45]</a> with libertarianism being used to refer to the largely overlapping <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarianism</a>, the most popular conception of libertarianism in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-Carlson-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lester-134">[134]</a> where the term itself was first coined and used by Joseph Déjacque to refer to a new political philosophy rejecting all authority and hierarchies, including the market and property.<a href="#cite_note-150Libertarian-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-160Libertarian-27">[27]</a> In a 1975 interview with <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>, California Governor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> appealed to libertarians when he stated to "believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism".<a href="#cite_note-rm200507-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> was one of the first elected officials in the nation to support Reagan's presidential campaign<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_1988-136">[136]</a> and actively campaigned for Reagan in 1976 and 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols_1987-137">[137]</a> However, Paul quickly became disillusioned with the Reagan administration's policies after Reagan's election in 1980 and later recalled being the only Republican to vote against Reagan budget proposals in 1981,<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_1988-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kutzmann_1988-139">[139]</a> aghast that "in 1977, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> proposed a budget with a $38 billion deficit, and every Republican in the House voted against it. In 1981, Reagan proposed a budget with a $45 billion deficit – which turned out to be $113 billion – and Republicans were cheering his great victory. They were living in a storybook land".<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_1988-136">[136]</a> Paul expressed his disgust with the political culture of both major parties in a speech delivered in 1984 upon resigning from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (United States)">House of Representatives</a> to prepare for a failed run for the Senate and eventually apologized to his libertarian friends for having supported Reagan.<a href="#cite_note-Kutzmann_1988-139">[139]</a> By 1987, Paul was ready to sever all ties to the Republican Party as explained in a blistering resignation letter.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols_1987-137">[137]</a> While affiliated with both Libertarian and Republican parties at different times, Paul said he had always been a libertarian at heart.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_1988-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kutzmann_1988-139">[139]</a> Paul was the Libertarian Party candidate for president in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In the 1980s, libertarians such as Paul and Rothbard<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> criticized President Reagan, <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a> and policies of the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> for, among other reasons, having turned the United States' big trade deficit into debt and the United States became a debtor nation for the first time since World War I under the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Rothbard argued that the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Reagan">presidency of Reagan</a> has been "a disaster for libertarianism in the United States"<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> and Paul described Reagan himself as "a dramatic failure".<a href="#cite_note-Nichols_1987-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> In the 21st century, libertarian groups have been successful in advocating tax cuts and regulatory reform. While some argue that the American public as a whole shifted away from libertarianism following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a>, citing the success of multinational organizations such as <a href="/wiki/NAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="NAFTA">NAFTA</a> and the increasingly interdependent <a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">global financial system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> others argue that libertarian ideas have moved so far into the mainstream that many Americans who do not identify as libertarian now hold libertarian views.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Circa 2006 polls find that the views and voting habits of between 10 and 20 percent (increasing) of voting age Americans may be classified as "fiscally conservative and socially liberal, or libertarian".<a href="#cite_note-BoazKirby06-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-anes2004-149">[149]</a> This is based on pollsters and researchers defining libertarian views as <a href="/wiki/Fiscally_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscally conservative">fiscally conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">socially liberal</a> (based on the common United States meanings of the terms) and against <a href="/wiki/Government_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Government intervention">government intervention</a> in economic affairs and for expansion of <a href="/wiki/Personal_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal freedom">personal freedoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BoazKirby06-148">[148]</a> Through 20 polls on this topic spanning 13 years, Gallup found that voters who are libertarian on the political spectrum ranged from 17 to 23% of the electorate.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup2006-33">[33]</a> While libertarians make up a larger portion of the electorate than the much-discussed "soccer moms" and "NASCAR dads", this is not widely recognized as most of these vote for <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> party candidates, leading some libertarians to believe that dividing people's political leanings into "conservative", "liberal" and "confused" is not valid.<a href="#cite_note-MaddoxStuart84-150">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Paul_0723.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ron_Paul_0723.jpg/158px-Ron_Paul_0723.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ron_Paul_0723.jpg/237px-Ron_Paul_0723.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ron_Paul_0723.jpg/316px-Ron_Paul_0723.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>Former United States Rep. <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> of Texas, who set off a surge of libertarian ideology in the US while running for head of state in <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a></figcaption></figure> In the United States, libertarians may emphasize economic and constitutional rather than religious and personal policies, or personal and international rather than economic policies<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> (founded in 2009) which has become a major outlet for libertarian Republican ideas,<a href="#cite_note-wsj1-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> especially rigorous adherence to the Constitution, lower taxes and an opposition to a growing role for the federal government in health care. However, polls show that many people who identify as Tea Party members do not hold traditional libertarian views on most social issues and tend to poll similarly to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">socially conservative</a> Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>, many Tea Party members eventually abandoned more libertarian-leaning views in favor of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Additionally, the Tea Party was considered to be a key force in Republicans reclaiming control of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Texas Congressman Ron Paul's <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a> campaigns for the Republican Party presidential nomination were largely libertarian.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell-16">[16]</a> Along with Goldwater and others, Paul popularized <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economics and libertarian rhetoric in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">interventionism</a> and worked to pass some reforms. Likewise, California Governor and future <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> appealed to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">cultural conservative</a> libertarians due its <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">social conservatism</a> and in a 1975 interview with <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a> stated: "I believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism".<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> However, many libertarians are ambivalent about Reagan's legacy as president due its social conservatism and how the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> turned the United States' big trade deficit into debt, making the United States a debtor nation for the first time since World War I.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Ron Paul was affiliated with the libertarian-leaning <a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Liberty" title="Campaign for Liberty">Campaign for Liberty</a>, a libertarian-leaning membership and lobbying organization.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> is a Senator who continues the tradition of his father Ron Paul, albeit more moderately as he has described himself as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">constitutional conservative</a><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-164">[164]</a> and has both embraced<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-165">[165]</a> and rejected libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-Newton-Small-166">[166]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gary_Johnson_(6287557789).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gary_Johnson_%286287557789%29.jpg/129px-Gary_Johnson_%286287557789%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gary_Johnson_%286287557789%29.jpg/194px-Gary_Johnson_%286287557789%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gary_Johnson_%286287557789%29.jpg/258px-Gary_Johnson_%286287557789%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Former New Mexico Gov. <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a>, nicknamed "Governor Veto", ran for head of state within the Libertarian Party in <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>.</figcaption></figure> Since 2012, former New Mexico Governor and two-time Libertarian Party presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> has been one of the public faces of the libertarian movement. The <a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2016 Libertarian National Convention">2016 Libertarian National Convention</a> saw Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a> nominated as the 2016 presidential ticket and resulted in the most successful result for a third-party presidential candidacy since 1996 and the best in the Libertarian Party's history by vote number. Johnson received 3% of the popular vote, amounting to more than 4.3 million votes.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Johnson expressed a desire to win at least 5% of the vote so that the Libertarian Party candidates could get equal <a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">ballot access</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_election_campaign_fund_checkoff" title="Presidential election campaign fund checkoff">federal funding</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> While some political commentators have described Senator Rand Paul and Congressman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Thomas Massie</a> of Kentucky as <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Republican libertarians</a> or libertarian-leaning,<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> they prefer to identify as <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">constitutional conservatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newton-Small-166">[166]</a> One federal officeholder openly professing some form of libertarianism is Congressman <a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a>, who represents <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 3rd congressional district">Michigan's 3rd congressional district</a> since January 2011.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Initially elected to Congress as a Republican,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Amash left the party and became an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> in July 2019.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> In April 2020, Amash joined the Libertarian Party and became the first member of the party in the House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Libertarian_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Libertarian National Convention">2022 Libertarian National Convention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mises_Caucus" title="Mises Caucus">Mises Caucus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">paleolibertarian</a> faction, became the dominant faction on the Libertarian National Committee.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Amash_(15294806046).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Justin_Amash_%2815294806046%29.jpg/150px-Justin_Amash_%2815294806046%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Justin_Amash_%2815294806046%29.jpg/225px-Justin_Amash_%2815294806046%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Justin_Amash_%2815294806046%29.jpg/300px-Justin_Amash_%2815294806046%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Only member of the Libertarian Party to hold a seat in the United States Congress, Michigan Rep. <a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a></figcaption></figure> A variant of non-intellectual right-libertarianism that has been described as "growing in prominence", "changing the dynamics" of the conservative movement in the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-Schnurr-MDC-3-11-2022-181">[181]</a> and even "largely defin[ing] the Republican coalition"<a href="#cite_note-ROBERTSON-politico-20-6-2023-182">[182]</a> in the 2020s, has been dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>". First coined in 2021<a href="#cite_note-Walther-rise-2021-183">[183]</a> by journalist Rod Matthew Walther,<a href="#cite_note-Cecchini-W&L-2022-184">[184]</a> the term describes a movement whose primary base of support is young non-religious males,<a href="#cite_note-Hochman-NYT-1-6-2022-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-MCGREW-NR-29-6-2022-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-ROBERTSON-politico-20-6-2023-182">[182]</a> and combines total opposition to <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">political correctness</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Woke" title="Woke">wokism</a>" with the more traditional libertarian opposition to controls on the pursuits of pleasure (sex, gambling, pornography, alcohol).<a href="#cite_note-Hochman-NYT-1-6-2022-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-ROBERTSON-politico-20-6-2023-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-MCGREW-NR-29-6-2022-186">[186]</a> Anti-capitalist libertarianism has recently aroused renewed interest in the early 21st century. The Winter 2006 issue of the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a> was dedicated to reviews of <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Mutualist_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Studies in Mutualist Political Economy">Studies in Mutualist Political Economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> One variety of this kind of libertarianism has been a resurgent mutualism, incorporating modern economic ideas such as <a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility" title="Marginal utility">marginal utility</a> theory into mutualist theory.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Carson's Studies in Mutualist Political Economy helped to stimulate the growth of new-style mutualism, articulating a version of the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a> incorporating ideas drawn from Austrian economics.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In 2022, the term kremlintarian emerged as a description of an individual claiming libertarian identity while defending the behavior of totalitarian regimes.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools_of_thought">Schools of thought</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Schools of thought">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequentialist_and_deontological_libertarianism">Consequentialist and deontological libertarianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consequentialist and deontological libertarianism">edit</a>]</div> There are broadly two ethical viewpoints within libertarianism, namely <a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">consequentialist libertarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deontological_libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological libertarianism">deontological libertarianism</a>. The first type is based on <a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">consequentialism</a>, only taking into account the consequences of actions and rules when judging them and holds that <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> and strong <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property rights</a> have good consequences.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The second type is based on <a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">deontological ethics</a> and is the theory that all individuals possess certain <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">natural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moral_rights" title="Moral rights">moral rights</a>, mainly a right of <a href="/wiki/Individual_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual sovereignty">individual sovereignty</a>. Acts of <a href="/wiki/Initiation_of_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiation of force">initiation of force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> are rights-violations and that is sufficient reason to oppose those acts.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford-194">[194]</a> Deontological libertarianism is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a>. In order to become a card-carrying member, one must sign an oath opposing the initiation of force to achieve political or social goals.<a href="#cite_note-Yeager-195">[195]</a> Prominent consequentialist libertarians include <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Leeson" title="Peter Leeson">Peter Leeson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._W._Bradford" title="R. W. Bradford">R. W. Bradford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reason_2005-12-10-201">[201]</a> Prominent deontological libertarians include <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford-194">[194]</a> In addition to the consequentialist libertarianism as promoted by Hayek, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bevir" title="Mark Bevir">Mark Bevir</a> holds that there is also left and right libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left_and_right_libertarianism">Left and right libertarianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Left and right libertarianism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarianism</a> is a categorization used by some political analysts, academics and media sources in the United States to contrast related yet distinct approaches to libertarian philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vallentyne" title="Peter Vallentyne">Peter Vallentyne</a> defines right-libertarianism as holding that unowned natural resources "may be appropriated by the first person who discovers them, mixes her labor with them, or merely claims them—without the consent of others, and with little or no payment to them". He contrasts this with left-libertarianism, where such "unappropriated natural resources belong to everyone in some egalitarian manner".<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Similarly, Charlotte and Lawrence Becker maintain that left-libertarianism most often refers to the political position that holds natural resources are originally <a href="/wiki/Common_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Common property">common property</a> while right-libertarianism is the political position that considers them to be originally unowned and therefore may be appropriated at-will by private parties without the consent of, or owing to, others.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Followers of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Samuel Edward Konkin III</a>, who characterized <a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a> as a form of left-libertarianism<a href="#cite_note-konkin-interview-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-D'Amato_2018-101">[101]</a> and strategic branch of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">left-wing market anarchism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Konkin_1983-99">[99]</a> use the terminology as outlined by Roderick T. Long, who describes left-libertarianism as "an integration, or I'd argue, a reintegration of libertarianism with concerns that are traditionally thought of as being concerns of the left. That includes concerns for worker empowerment, worry about plutocracy, concerns about feminism and various kinds of social equality".<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Konkin defined right-libertarianism as an "activist, organization, publication or tendency which supports <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarianism">parliamentarianism</a> exclusively as a strategy for reducing or abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>, typically opposes <a href="/wiki/Counter-Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-Economics">Counter-Economics</a>, either opposes the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> or works to drag it right and prefers coalitions with supposedly '<a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a>' <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Konkin_1983-99">[99]</a> While holding that the important distinction for libertarians is not left or right, but whether they are "government apologists who use libertarian rhetoric to defend state aggression", <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gregory" title="Anthony Gregory">Anthony Gregory</a> describes left-libertarianism as maintaining interest in <a href="/wiki/Personal_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal freedom">personal freedom</a>, having sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> and opposing <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a>, preferring a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">liberal lifestyle</a>, opposing <a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">big business</a> and having a <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> opposition to <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>. Right-libertarianism is described as having interest in <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>, preferring a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">conservative lifestyle</a>, viewing <a href="/wiki/Private_business" class="mw-redirect" title="Private business">private business</a> as a "great victim of the state" and favoring a <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionist</a> foreign policy, sharing the <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a>'s "opposition to empire".<a href="#cite_note-Gregory_2006-209">[209]</a> Although some libertarians such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Block_2010-210">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Browne_1998-211">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Leonard Read</a><a href="#cite_note-Read_1956-212">[212]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a><a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_1971-213">[213]</a> reject the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_1971-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> whilst denying any association with both the political right and left,<a href="#cite_note-Machan_2004-215">[215]</a> other libertarians such as <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Carson-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Karl Hess</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hess_2015-217">[217]</a> Roderick T. Long<a href="#cite_note-Long_2006-218">[218]</a> and Sheldon Richman<a href="#cite_note-Richman_2007-219">[219]</a> have written about libertarianism's left-wing opposition to authoritarian rule and argued that libertarianism is fundamentally a left-wing position.<a href="#cite_note-LibertarianLeft-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Rothbard himself previously made the same point, rejecting the association of <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a> with the left.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thin_and_thick_libertarianism">Thin and thick libertarianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Thin and thick libertarianism">edit</a>]</div> Thin and thick libertarianism are two kinds of libertarianism. Thin libertarianism deals with legal issues involving the <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">non-aggression principle</a> only and would permit a person to speak against other groups as long as they did not support the <a href="/wiki/Initiation_of_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiation of force">initiation of force</a> against others.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a> is an advocate of thin libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tucker" title="Jeffrey Tucker">Jeffrey Tucker</a> describes thin libertarianism as "brutalism" which he compares unfavorably to "humanitarianism".<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Thick libertarianism goes further to also cover moral issues. Charles W. Johnson describes four kinds of thickness, namely thickness for application, thickness from grounds, strategic thickness and thickness from consequences.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Thick libertarianism is sometimes viewed as more humanitarian than thin libertarianism.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a> has stated that she would leave the movement if thick libertarianism prevails.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Stephan Kinsella</a> rejects the dichotomy altogether, writing: "I have never found the thick-thin paradigm to be coherent, consistent, well-defined, necessary, or even useful. It's full of straw men, or seems to try to take credit for quite obvious and uncontroversial assertions".<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Organizations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliance_of_the_Libertarian_Left">Alliance of the Libertarian Left</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alliance of the Libertarian Left">edit</a>]</div> The Alliance of the Libertarian Left is a left-libertarian organization that includes a multi-tendency coalition of <a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">geolibertarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">green libertarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-Rothbardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-Rothbardian">left-Rothbardians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchism">minarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">voluntaryists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cato_Institute">Cato Institute</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cato Institute">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cato_Institute_by_Matthew_Bisanz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cato_Institute_by_Matthew_Bisanz.JPG/220px-Cato_Institute_by_Matthew_Bisanz.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cato_Institute_by_Matthew_Bisanz.JPG/330px-Cato_Institute_by_Matthew_Bisanz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cato_Institute_by_Matthew_Bisanz.JPG/440px-Cato_Institute_by_Matthew_Bisanz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3575" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> building in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> is a libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was founded as the Charles Koch Foundation in 1974 by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Crane_(political_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Crane (political activist)">Ed Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Charles Koch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cato-230">[230]</a> chairman of the board and chief executive officer of the conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Koch_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Industries">Koch Industries</a>, the second largest privately held company by revenue in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> In July 1976, the name was changed to the Cato Institute.<a href="#cite_note-cato-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> The Cato Institute was established to have a focus on public advocacy, media exposure and societal influence.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> According to the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report by the <a href="/wiki/Think_Tanks_and_Civil_Societies_Program" title="Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program">Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, the Cato Institute is number 16 in the "Top Think Tanks Worldwide" and number 8 in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States".<a href="#cite_note-Global_Go_To-234">[234]</a> The Cato Institute also topped the 2014 list of the budget-adjusted ranking of international development think tanks.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Center_for_Libertarian_Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Center for Libertarian Studies">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a> was a libertarian educational organization founded in 1976 by <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burton_Blumert" title="Burton Blumert">Burton Blumert</a> which grew out of the Libertarian Scholars Conferences. It published the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a> from 1977 to 2000 (now published by the Mises Institute), a newsletter (In Pursuit of Liberty), several monographs and sponsors conferences, seminars and symposia. Originally headquartered in New York, it later moved to Burlingame, California. Until 2007, it supported LewRockwell.com, web publication of vice president <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a>. It also had previously supported <a href="/wiki/Antiwar.com" title="Antiwar.com">Antiwar.com</a>, a project of the <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bourne_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Randolph Bourne Institute">Randolph Bourne Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Center_for_a_Stateless_Society">Center for a Stateless Society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Center for a Stateless Society">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_a_Stateless_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for a Stateless Society">Center for a Stateless Society</a> is a left-libertarian organization and free-market anarchist think tank.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a>'s Studies in Mutualist Political Economy aims to revive interest in <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> in an effort to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Austrian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian economics">Austrian economics</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a> by attempting to incorporate both <a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">subjectivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_preference" title="Time preference">time preference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_for_Economic_Education">Foundation for Economic Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foundation for Economic Education">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a> is a libertarian think tank dedicated to the "economic, ethical and legal principles of a free society". It publishes books and daily articles as well as hosting seminars and lectures.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_State_Project">Free State Project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Free State Project">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a> is an activist libertarian movement formed in 2001. It is working to bring libertarians to the state of New Hampshire to protect and advance liberty. As of July 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a>, the project website showed that 19,988 people have pledged to move and 6,232 people identified as Free Staters in New Hampshire.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Free State Project participants interact with the political landscape in New Hampshire in various ways. In 2017, there were 17 Free Staters in the New Hampshire House of Representatives,<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> and in 2021, the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Liberty_Alliance" title="New Hampshire Liberty Alliance">New Hampshire Liberty Alliance</a>, which ranks bills and elected representatives based on their adherence to what they see as libertarian principles, scored 150 representatives as "A−" or above rated representatives.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Participants also engage with other like-minded activist groups such as Rebuild New Hampshire,<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity" title="Americans for Prosperity">Americans for Prosperity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libertarian_Party">Libertarian Party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Libertarian Party">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> is a political party that promotes <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">limiting the size</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">scope of government</a>. The first-world such <a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">libertarian party</a>, it was conceived in August 1971 at meetings in the home of <a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">David Nolan</a> in Westminster, Colorado,<a href="#cite_note-Martin-15">[15]</a> in part prompted due to concerns about the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon administration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States#Vietnam_War" title="Conscription in the United States">conscription</a> and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a>. It was officially formed on December 11, 1971, in Colorado Springs, Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberty_International">Liberty International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Liberty International">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a> is a non-profit, libertarian educational organization based in San Francisco. It encourages activism in libertarian and individual rights areas by the freely chosen strategies of its members. Its history dates back to 1969<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> as the Society for Individual Liberty founded by Don Ernsberger and Dave Walter.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> The previous name of the Liberty International as the International Society for Individual Liberty<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> was adopted in 1989 after a merger with the Libertarian International was coordinated by <a href="/wiki/Vince_Miller" title="Vince Miller">Vince Miller</a>, who became president of the new organization.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mises_Institute">Mises Institute</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mises Institute">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campus_of_Mises_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Campus_of_Mises_Institute.jpg/400px-Campus_of_Mises_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Campus_of_Mises_Institute.jpg/600px-Campus_of_Mises_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Campus_of_Mises_Institute.jpg/800px-Campus_of_Mises_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2651" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Campus of the <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn, Alabama</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a> is a tax-exempt, libertarian educative organization located in Auburn, Alabama.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Named after <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>, its website states that it exists to promote "teaching and research in the Austrian school of economics, and individual freedom, honest history, and international peace, in the tradition of Ludwig von Mises and Murray N. Rothbard".<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> According to the Mises Institute, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> served on their founding board.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> The Mises Institute was founded in 1982 by <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burton_Blumert" title="Burton Blumert">Burton Blumert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> following a split between the Cato Institute and Rothbard, who had been one of the founders of the Cato Institute.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Additional backing came from Mises's wife Margit von Mises, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Henry Hazlitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Fertig" title="Lawrence Fertig">Lawrence Fertig</a> and Nobel Economics laureate Friedrich Hayek.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Through its publications, the Mises Institute promotes libertarian political theories, Austrian School economics and a form of <a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">heterodox economics</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">praxeology</a> ("the logic of action").<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molinari_Institute">Molinari Institute</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Molinari Institute">edit</a>]</div> The Molinari Institute is a left-libertarian, free-market anarchist organization directed by philosopher Roderick T. Long. It is named after <a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">Gustave de Molinari</a>, whom Long terms the "originator of the theory of Market Anarchism".<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reason_Foundation">Reason Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reason Foundation">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> is a libertarian think tank and non-profit and tax-exempt organization that was founded in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> It publishes the magazine <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a> and is committed to advancing "the values of individual freedom and choice, limited government, and market-friendly policies". In the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report by the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program of the University of Pennsylvania, the Reason Foundation was number 41 out of 60 in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States".<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: People">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_sources">Intellectual sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Intellectual sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a> – individualist anarchist and mutualist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Arrigoni" title="Enrico Arrigoni">Enrico Arrigoni</a> – individualist anarchist and member of the Libertarian League</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a> – Austrian School economist in the Rothbardian tradition, author of <a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a> and Yes to Ron Paul and Liberty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a> – libertarian socialist philosopher and member of the Libertarian League</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a> – social theorist, <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">left-libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Gary Chartier</a> – legal scholar and left-libertarian philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Childs" title="Roy Childs">Roy Childs</a> – essayist and critic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Joseph Déjacque</a> – <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communist</a> who first coined the word libertarian in political philosophy and publisher of <a href="/wiki/Le_Libertaire" title="Le Libertaire">Libertarian: Journal of Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Dolgoff" title="Sam Dolgoff">Sam Dolgoff</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalist</a> who co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian League">Libertarian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> – <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualist</a> philosopher, whose "<a href="/wiki/Politics_(essay)" title="Politics (essay)">Politics</a>" essay belies his feelings on government and the state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Richard Epstein</a> – legal scholar, specializing in the field of <a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a> – anarcho-capitalist economist of the Chicago school, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a> and son of Milton Friedman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-winning <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarist</a> economist associated with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a> and advocate of economic <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a> – individualist anarchist and mutualist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> – Nobel Prize-winning Austrian School economist and classical liberal, notable for his political work <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> – science-fiction author who considered himself to be a libertarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Karl Hess</a> – speechwriter and libertarian activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a> – political philosopher and paleolibertarian trained under the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>, staunch <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">critic of democracy</a> and developer of <a href="/wiki/Argumentation_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Argumentation ethics">argumentation ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a> – philosopher and political activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a> – political philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">ethical intuitionist</a> and author of <a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kelley" title="David Kelley">David Kelley</a> – Objectivist philosopher open to libertarianism and founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_Society" title="The Atlas Society">The Atlas Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Stephan Kinsella</a> – deontological anarcho-capitalist and opponent of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Samuel Edward Konkin III</a> – author of the <a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a> and proponent of <a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Rose Wilder Lane</a> – silent editor of <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">her mother</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie" title="Little House on the Prairie">Little House on the Prairie</a> books and author of <a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane#The_Discovery_of_Freedom" title="Rose Wilder Lane">The Discovery of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">Robert LeFevre</a> – businessman and primary theorist of <a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a> – journalist who privately called himself libertarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> – prominent figure in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a> and founder of the a priori <a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">economic method</a> of <a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">praxeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Narveson" title="Jan Narveson">Jan Narveson</a> – political philosopher and opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Lockean_proviso" title="Lockean proviso">Lockean proviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Albert Jay Nock</a> – author, editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Freeman" title="The Freeman">The Freeman</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a> and outspoken opponent of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a> – multidisciplinary philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchism">minarchist</a>, critic of <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a> and author of <a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Isabel Paterson</a> – author of <a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a> who has been called one of the three founding mothers of libertarianism in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Radosh" title="Ronald Radosh">Ronald Radosh</a> – historian and former <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> who became a <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Vietnam War">anti-Vietnam War</a> activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> – philosophical novelist and founder of <a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a> who accused libertarians of haphazardly plagiarizing her ideas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Leonard Read</a> – founder of the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> – anarcho-capitalist writer, purveyor of <a href="/wiki/LewRockwell.com" class="mw-redirect" title="LewRockwell.com">LewRockwell.com</a> and co-founder of paleolibertarianism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> – Austrian School economist, prolific author and polemicist, founder of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a> and co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Chris Matthew Sciabarra</a> – political theorist and advocate of dialectical libertarianism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a> – economist, social theorist, political philosopher and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a> – individualist anarchist and mutualist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Lee_Swartz" title="Clarence Lee Swartz">Clarence Lee Swartz</a> – individualist anarchist and mutualist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> – author of <a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a>, an argument for disobedience to an unjust state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> – <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Van_Ronk" title="Dave Van Ronk">Dave Van Ronk</a> – folk singer and member of the Libertarian League</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Laura Ingalls Wilder</a> – writer who became dismayed with the New Deal and has been referred to as one of the first libertarians in the United States</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Politicians">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Representative</a> from Michigan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Brakey" title="Eric Brakey">Eric Brakey</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">State Representative</a> from Maine and 2018 Senate candidate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Freitas" title="Nick Freitas">Nick Freitas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">State Delegate</a> from Virginia and 2018 Senate candidate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> – former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> from Arizona and 1964 presidential candidate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Glenn Jacobs</a> (better known as Kane) – professional wrestler, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">libertarian Republican</a> and Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Tennessee" title="Knox County, Tennessee">Knox County, Tennessee</a> since September 2018</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> – former New Mexico <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">Governor</a> and 2012 and 2016 <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> presidential nominee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jo Jorgensen</a> – Libertarian Party vice presidential nominee in 1996 and 2020 Libertarian Party presidential nominee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a> – Senator from Utah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Thomas Massie</a> – Representative from Kentucky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">David Nolan</a> – founder of the Libertarian Party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> – Senator from Kentucky and 2016 presidential candidate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> – former Representative from Texas and 1988, 2008 and 2012 presidential candidate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Petersen" title="Austin Petersen">Austin Petersen</a> – 2016 Libertarian Party presidential candidate and 2018 <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Missouri Senate candidate</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Jones_(Libertarian_politician)" title="Stan Jones (Libertarian politician)">Stan Jones (Libertarian politician)</a> - 2002 and 2006 ran for U.S. Senate, and in 2000, 2004, and 2008 ran for governor of Montana as libertarian candidate.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_commentators">Political commentators</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Political commentators">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Nick Gillespie</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a> contributing editor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Horton_(radio_host)" title="Scott Horton (radio host)">Scott Horton</a> – editorial director of <a href="/wiki/Antiwar.com" title="Antiwar.com">Antiwar.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Kennedy_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa Kennedy Montgomery">Lisa Kennedy Montgomery</a> – host of Kennedy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_O%27Grady" title="Mary O'Grady">Mary O'Grady</a> – editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">John Stossel</a> – host of <a href="/wiki/Stossel_(TV_series)" title="Stossel (TV series)">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Timpf" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine Timpf">Katherine Timpf</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> contributor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Matt Welch</a> – editor-in-chief of Reason</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Woods">Thomas Woods</a> – host of The Tom Woods Show</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contentions">Contentions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Contentions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_spectrum">Political spectrum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Political spectrum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nolan_chart_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nolan_chart_normal.svg/220px-Nolan_chart_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nolan_chart_normal.svg/330px-Nolan_chart_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nolan_chart_normal.svg/440px-Nolan_chart_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a>, a political spectrum diagram created by libertarian activist <a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(libertarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nolan (libertarian)">David Nolan</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Corey_Robin" title="Corey Robin">Corey Robin</a> describes libertarianism as fundamentally a <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> ideology united with more <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditionalist conservative</a> thought and goals by a desire to retain hierarchies and traditional social relations.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Others also describe libertarianism as a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> ideology for its support of <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and a major reversal of the modern <a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baradat-32">[32]</a> In the 1960s, Rothbard started the publication <a href="/wiki/Left_and_Right:_A_Journal_of_Libertarian_Thought" title="Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought">Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought</a>, believing that the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a> had gone "entirely askew". Since <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> were sometimes more <a href="/wiki/Statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Statist">statist</a> than <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberals</a>, Rothbard tried to reach out to leftists.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> In 1971, Rothbard wrote about his view of libertarianism which he described as supporting <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rothbard_1971-213">[213]</a> He would later describe his brand of libertarianism as <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">paleolibertarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gregory" title="Anthony Gregory">Anthony Gregory</a> points out that within the libertarian movement, "just as the general concepts "<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>" are riddled with obfuscation and imprecision, <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarianism</a> can refer to any number of varying and at times mutually exclusive political orientations".<a href="#cite_note-Gregory_2006-209">[209]</a> Some libertarians reject association with either the right or the left. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Leonard Read</a> wrote an article titled "Neither Left Nor Right: Libertarians Are Above Authoritarian Degradation".<a href="#cite_note-Read_1956-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a> wrote: "We should never define Libertarian positions in terms coined by liberals or conservatives—nor as some variant of their positions. We are not fiscally conservative and socially liberal. We are Libertarians, who believe in individual liberty and personal responsibility on all issues at all times".<a href="#cite_note-Browne_1998-211">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tibor_R._Machan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibor R. Machan">Tibor R. Machan</a> titled a book of his collected columns Neither Left Nor Right.<a href="#cite_note-Machan_2004-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a>'s article "Libertarianism Is Unique and Belongs Neither to the Right Nor the Left" critiques libertarians he described as left (C. John Baden, Randy Holcombe and Roderick T. Long) and right (<a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>). Block wrote that these left and right individuals agreed with certain libertarian premises, but "where we differ is in terms of the logical implications of these founding axioms".<a href="#cite_note-Block_2010-210">[210]</a> On the other hand, libertarians such as <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Carson-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Karl Hess</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hess_2015-217">[217]</a> Roderick T. Long<a href="#cite_note-Long_2006-218">[218]</a> and Sheldon Richman<a href="#cite_note-Richman_2007-219">[219]</a> consciously label themselves as left-libertarians.<a href="#cite_note-routledge-anarchism-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-LibertarianLeft-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectivism">Objectivism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Objectivism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism and libertarianism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical system">philosophical system</a> developed by Russian-American writer <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>. Rand first expressed Objectivism in her fiction, most notably <a href="/wiki/We_the_Living" title="We the Living">We the Living</a> (1936), <a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead" title="The Fountainhead">The Fountainhead</a> (1943) and <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a> (1957), but also in later non-fiction essays and books such as <a href="/wiki/The_Virtue_of_Selfishness" title="The Virtue of Selfishness">The Virtue of Selfishness</a> (1964) and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal" title="Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal">Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</a> (1966), among others.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peikoff" title="Leonard Peikoff">Leonard Peikoff</a>, a professional philosopher and Rand's designated intellectual heir,<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> later gave it a more formal structure. Rand described Objectivism as "the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute".<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Peikoff characterizes Objectivism as a "closed system" that is not subject to change.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Objectivism's central tenets are that <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a> exists independently of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, that human beings have <a href="/wiki/Direct_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct realism">direct contact</a> with reality through <a href="/wiki/Sense_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense perception">sense perception</a>, that one can attain <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective knowledge</a> from perception through the process of <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a> formation and <a href="/wiki/Inductive_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inductive logic">inductive logic</a>, that the proper <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> purpose of one's life is the <a href="/wiki/Rational_egoism" title="Rational egoism">pursuit of one's own happiness</a>, that the only <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social system</a> consistent with this morality is one that displays full respect for <a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">individual rights</a> embodied in <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and that the role of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> in human life is to transform humans' <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> ideas by selective reproduction of reality into a <a href="/wiki/Physical_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical form">physical form</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">work of art</a>—that one can comprehend and to which one can respond emotionally. The <a href="/wiki/Objectivist_movement" title="Objectivist movement">Objectivist movement</a> founded by Rand attempts to spread her ideas to the public and in academic settings.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Objectivism has been and continues to be a major influence on the libertarian movement. Many libertarians justify their political views using aspects of Objectivism.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> However, the views of Rand and her philosophy among prominent libertarians are mixed and many Objectivists are hostile to libertarians in general.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> Nonetheless, Objectivists such as <a href="/wiki/David_Kelley" title="David Kelley">David Kelley</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas Society">Atlas Society</a> have argued that Objectivism is an "open system" and are more open to libertarians.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> Although academic philosophers have mostly ignored or rejected Rand's philosophy, Objectivism has been a significant influence among conservatives and libertarians in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis,_reception_and_criticism">Analysis, reception and criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Analysis, reception and criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism of libertarianism</a></div> Criticism of libertarianism includes ethical, economic, environmental, pragmatic and philosophical concerns,<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolff-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> including the view that it has no explicit theory of liberty.<a href="#cite_note-Lester-134">[134]</a> It has been argued that <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> does not necessarily produce the best or most efficient outcome<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> and that its philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> as well as policies of <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> do not prevent the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation of natural resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Michael Lind</a> has observed that of the 195 countries in the world today, none have fully actualized a society as advocated by libertarians, arguing: "If libertarianism was a good idea, wouldn't at least one country have tried it? Wouldn't there be at least one country, out of nearly two hundred, with minimal government, free trade, open borders, decriminalized drugs, no welfare state and no public education system?"<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> Lind has criticized libertarianism for being incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and apologetic towards <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> In response, libertarian <a href="/wiki/Warren_Redlich" title="Warren Redlich">Warren Redlich</a> argues that the United States "was extremely libertarian from the founding until 1860, and still very libertarian until roughly 1930".<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_MacLean" title="Nancy MacLean">Nancy MacLean</a> has criticized libertarianism, arguing that it is a <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">radical right</a> ideology that has stood against democracy. According to MacLean, libertarian-leaning <a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">David Koch</a> have used anonymous, <a href="/wiki/Dark_money" title="Dark money">dark money</a> campaign contributions, a network of libertarian institutes and lobbying for the appointment of libertarian, pro-business judges to United States federal and state courts to oppose taxes, public education, employee protection laws, environmental protection laws and the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-MacLean-294">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left-wing">Left-wing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Left-wing">edit</a>]</div> Libertarianism has been criticized by the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a> for being <a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">pro-business</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">anti-labor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> for desiring to repeal government <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a> to <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a> people and the <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poor</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> and being incapable of addressing environmental issues, therefore contributing to the failure to slow global <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> Left-libertarians such as <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> have characterized libertarian ideologies as being akin to <a href="/wiki/Fascist_corporatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist corporatism">corporate fascism</a> because they aim to remove all public controls from the economy, leaving it solely in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private</a> <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a>. Chomsky has also argued that the more radical forms of libertarianism such as <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a> are entirely theoretical and could never function in reality due to business' reliance on the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">infrastructure</a> and publicly funded <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Another criticism is based on the libertarian theory that a distinction can be made between <a href="/wiki/Positive_and_negative_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive and negative rights">positive and negative rights</a>, according to which <a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">negative liberty</a> (negative rights) should be recognized as legitimate, but <a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">positive liberty</a> (positive rights) should be rejected.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">Socialists</a> also have a different view and definition of <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, with some arguing that the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a> necessarily relies on and reproduces violations of the liberty of members of the working class by the capitalist class such as through <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation of labor">exploitation of labor</a> and through <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a> from the product of one's labor.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">Anarchist</a> critics such as <a href="/wiki/Brian_Morris_(anthropologist)" title="Brian Morris (anthropologist)">Brian Morris</a> have expressed skepticism regarding libertarians' sincerity in supporting a limited or minimal state, or even no state at all, arguing that anarcho-capitalism does not abolish the state and that anarcho-capitalists "simply replaced the state with private security firms, and can hardly be described as anarchists as the term is normally understood".<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> Peter Sabatini has noted: "Within Libertarianism, Rothbard represents a minority perspective that actually argues for the total elimination of the state. However Rothbard's claim as an anarchist is quickly voided when it is shown that he only wants an end to the public state. In its place he allows countless private states, with each person supplying their own police force, army, and law, or else purchasing these services from capitalist vendors. [...] Rothbard sees nothing at all wrong with the amassing of wealth, therefore those with more capital will inevitably have greater coercive force at their disposal, just as they do now".<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> For <a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">Bob Black</a>, libertarians are <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> and anarcho-capitalists want to "abolish the state to his own satisfaction by calling it something else". Black argues that anarcho-capitalists do not denounce what the state does and only "object to who's doing it".<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> Similarly, Paul Birch has argued that anarcho-capitalism would dissolve into a society of <a href="/wiki/City_state" class="mw-redirect" title="City state">city states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> Other libertarians have criticized what they term <a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">propertarianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> contrasting in <a href="/wiki/The_Dispossessed" title="The Dispossessed">The Dispossessed</a> (1974) a propertarian society with one that does not recognize private property rights<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> in an attempt to show that property objectified human beings.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Left-libertarians such as <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a> objected to propertarians calling themselves libertarians.<a href="#cite_note-Bookchin-25">[25]</a> Bookchin described three concepts of possession, namely <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> itself, <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">possession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a>, i.e. appropriation of resources by virtue of use.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right-wing">Right-wing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Right-wing">edit</a>]</div> From the <a href="/wiki/Political_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Political right">political right</a>, traditionalist conservative philosopher <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a> criticized libertarianism by quoting <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s expression "chirping sectaries" to describe them. Kirk had questioned the <a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">fusionism</a> between <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">libertarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">traditionalist</a> conservatives that marked much of the post-war <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> Kirk stated that "although conservatives and libertarians share opposition to collectivism, the totalist state and bureaucracy, they have otherwise nothing in common"<a href="#cite_note-Bogus_p._17-315">[315]</a> and called the libertarian movement "an ideological clique forever splitting into sects still smaller and odder, but rarely conjugating". Believing that a line of division exists between believers in "some sort of transcendent moral order" and "utilitarians admitting no transcendent sanctions for conduct", he included the libertarians in the latter category.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> He also berated libertarians for holding up capitalism as an absolute good, arguing that economic self-interest was inadequate to hold an economic system together and that it was even less adequate to preserve order.<a href="#cite_note-Bogus_p._17-315">[315]</a> Kirk believed that by glorifying the individual, the free market and the dog-eat-dog struggle for material success, libertarianism weakened community, promoted materialism and undermined appreciation of tradition, love, learning and aesthetics, all of which in his view were essential components of true community.<a href="#cite_note-Bogus_p._17-315">[315]</a> Author and professor <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bogus" title="Carl Bogus">Carl Bogus</a> states that there were fundamental differences between libertarians and traditionalist conservatives in the United States as libertarians wanted the market to be unregulated as possible while traditionalist conservatives believed that big business, if unconstrained, could impoverish national life and threaten freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Bogus_p._16-318">[318]</a> Libertarians also considered that a strong state would threaten freedom while traditionalist conservatives regarded a strong state, one which is properly constructed to ensure that not too much power accumulated in any one branch, was necessary to ensure freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Bogus_p._16-318">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">Anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)">Factions in the Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions in the Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_organizations" title="List of libertarian organizations">List of libertarian organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libertarians in the United States">List of libertarians in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Towards a Libertarian Theory of Class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 303–349 (online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://praxeology.net/libclass-theory-part-1.pdf">"Part 1"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008045143/https://praxeology.net/libclass-theory-part-1.pdf">Archived</a> October 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://praxeology.net/libclass-theory-part-2.pdf">"Part 2"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804225747/http://praxeology.net/libclass-theory-part-2.pdf">Archived</a> August 4, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Becker, Lawrence C.; Becker, Charlotte B. (2001). Encyclopedia of Ethics: P–W. 3. Taylor & Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gL4Pa1TxP00C&pg=PA1562">p. 1562</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311030832/https://books.google.com/books?id=gL4Pa1TxP00C&pg=PA1562">Archived</a> March 11, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Paul, Ellen F. (2007). Liberalism: Old and New. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hDZObxS3J7AC&pg=PA187">p. 187</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311030831/https://books.google.com/books?id=hDZObxS3J7AC&pg=PA187">Archived</a> March 11, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Christiano, Thomas; John P. Christman (2009). Contemporary Debates in Political Philosophy. "Individualism and Libertarian Rights". Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/professorericmack/home/selected-papers/Individualism%20and%20Libertarian%20Rights.pdf">p. 121</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612125047/https://sites.google.com/site/professorericmack/home/selected-papers/Individualism%20and%20Libertarian%20Rights.pdf/">Archived</a> June 12, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVallentyne2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vallentyne, Peter (March 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/libertarianism/">"Libertarianism"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2009 ed.). Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706070638/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/libertarianism/">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.edition=Spring+2009&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft.aulast=Vallentyne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2009%2Fentries%2Flibertarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Bevir, Mark (2010). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; Cato Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVIoCtB3m74C&pg=PA811">p. 811</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-BoazKirby06a-7"><a href="#cite_ref-BoazKirby06a_7-0">^</a> Boaz, David; Kirby, David (October 18, 2006). The Libertarian Vote. Cato Institute. </li> <li id="cite_note-pp._177-180-8"><a href="#cite_ref-pp._177-180_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterInnocent2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carpenter, Ted Galen; Innocent, Malen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&q=libertarianism+foreign+non-interventionism&pg=PT217">"Foreign Policy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; Cato Institute. pp. 177–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n109">10.4135/9781412965811.n109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919195908/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&q=libertarianism+foreign+non-interventionism&pg=PT217#v=snippet&q=libertarianism%20foreign%20non-interventionism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=177-180&rft.pub=Sage+Publications%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n109&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Ted+Galen&rft.au=Innocent%2C+Malen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC%26q%3Dlibertarianism%2Bforeign%2Bnon-interventionism%26pg%3DPT217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p._182-9"><a href="#cite_ref-p._182_9-0">^</a> Olsen, Edward A. (2002). US National Defense for the Twenty-First Century: The Grand Exit Strategy. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-0ui1gpNE34C&pg=PA182">p. 182</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311030833/https://books.google.com/books?id=-0ui1gpNE34C&pg=PA182">Archived</a> March 11, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714681405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714681405">978-0714681405</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2001-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2001_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2001_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32">Political Ideology Today</a> (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719060205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719060205"><bdi>978-0719060205</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120193242/https://books.google.com/books?id=apstK1qIvvMC&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today&rft.place=Manchester&rft.edition=reprinted%2C+revised&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0719060205&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DapstK1qIvvMC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1955" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, Dean (May 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626222214/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/who-is-a-libertarian/">"Who Is A Libertarian?"</a>. The Freeman. 5 (5). Foundation for Economic Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/who-is-a-libertarian/">the original</a> on June 26, 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Freeman&rft.atitle=Who+Is+A+Libertarian%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1955-05&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreemanonline.org%2Fcolumns%2Fwho-is-a-libertarian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeLeon-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeLeon_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLeon_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLeon1978" class="citation book cs1">DeLeon, David (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w63aAAAAMAAJ">The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2126-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2126-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-2126-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919195912/https://books.google.com/books?id=w63aAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved November 26, 2023. <q>[O]nly a few individuals like Murray Rothbard, in Power and Market, and some article writers were influenced by [past anarchists like Spooner and Tucker]. Most had not evolved consciously from this tradition; they had been a rather automatic product of the American environment</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+as+Anarchist%3A+Reflections+on+Indigenous+Radicalism&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2126-4&rft.aulast=DeLeon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw63aAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothbard-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard_13-1">b</a> Rothbard, Murray (1965) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_2.pdf">"The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist's View"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102032649/https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_2.pdf">Archived</a> November 2, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Journal of Libertarian Studies. 20 (1): 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Van der Vossen, Bas (January 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/">"Libertarianism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911140600/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/">Archived</a> September 11, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved August 23, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_15-1">b</a> Martin, Douglas (November 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/23/us/23nolan.html">"David Nolan, 66, Is Dead; Started Libertarian Party"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703150756/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/23/us/23nolan.html">Archived</a> July 3, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. Retrieved November 17, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldwell-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell2007" class="citation news cs1">Caldwell, Christopher (July 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/22/magazine/22Paul-t.html">"The Antiwar, Anti-Abortion, Anti-Drug-Enforcement-Administration, Anti-Medicare Candidacy of Dr. Ron Paul"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220612042634/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/22/magazine/22Paul-t.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2022. Retrieved September 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Antiwar%2C+Anti-Abortion%2C+Anti-Drug-Enforcement-Administration%2C+Anti-Medicare+Candidacy+of+Dr.+Ron+Paul&rft.date=2007-07-22&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F22%2Fmagazine%2F22Paul-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodway-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodway_17-2">c</a> Goodway, David (2006). <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Seeds_Beneath_the_Snow:_Left-Libertarian_Thought_and_British_Writers_from_William_Morris_to_Colin_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward">Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward</a>. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Rothbard and Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition". </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall_2008_p._565-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_2008_p._565_18-0">^</a> Marshall, Peter (2008). <a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a>. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order". </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaefer-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaefer_19-1">b</a> Schaefer, David Lewis (April 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/sports/reconsiderations-robert-nozick-and-coast-utopia">"Robert Nozick and the Coast of Utopia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821170556/http://www.nysun.com/sports/reconsiderations-robert-nozick-and-coast-utopia">Archived</a> August 21, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The New York Sun. Retrieved June 26, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlson-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_20-1">b</a> Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1006">p. 1006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA1006#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> February 7, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412988764" title="Special:BookSources/1412988764">1412988764</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-routledge-anarchism-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-routledge-anarchism_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge-anarchism_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge-anarchism_21-2">c</a> Long, Riderick T. "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfordcompanion-22"><a href="#cite_ref-oxfordcompanion_22-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka, Will</a> (2005). "libertarianism, left-". In <a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich, Ted</a>. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 516. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199264797" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199264797">978-0199264797</a>. "'Left-libertarianism' is a new term for an old conception of justice, dating back to Grotius. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premise that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property. Historic proponents of this view include Thomas Paine, Herbert Spencer, and Henry George. Recent exponents include Philippe Van Parijs and Hillel Steiner." </li> <li id="cite_note-MarketsNotCapitalism-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarketsNotCapitalism_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarketsNotCapitalism_23-1">b</a> Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 1–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-LibertarianLeft-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LibertarianLeft_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LibertarianLeft_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LibertarianLeft_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LibertarianLeft_24-3">d</a> Sheldon Richman (February 3, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/blog/libertarian-left/">"Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown ideal"</a>. The American Conservative. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610075037/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/libertarian-left/">Archived</a> June 10, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved November 18, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bookchin-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bookchin_25-2">c</a> Bookchin, Murray (January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/gp/perspectives1.html">"The Greening of Politics: Toward a New Kind of Political Practice"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001223850/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/gp/perspectives1.html">Archived</a> October 1, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Green Perspectives: Newsletter of the Green Program Project (1). "We have permitted cynical political reactionaries and the spokesmen of large corporations to pre-empt these basic libertarian American ideals. We have permitted them not only to become the specious voice of these ideals such that individualism has been used to justify egotism; the pursuit of happiness to justify greed, and even our emphasis on local and regional autonomy has been used to justify parochialism, insularism, and exclusivity – often against ethnic minorities and so-called deviant individuals. We have even permitted these reactionaries to stake out a claim to the word libertarian, a word, in fact, that was literally devised in the 1890s in France by Elisée Reclus as a substitute for the word anarchist, which the government had rendered an illegal expression for identifying one's views. The propertarians, in effect – acolytes of Ayn Rand, the earth mother of greed, egotism, and the virtues of property – have appropriated expressions and traditions that should have been expressed by radicals but were willfully neglected because of the lure of European and Asian traditions of socialism, socialisms that are now entering into decline in the very countries in which they originated". </li> <li id="cite_note-150Libertarian-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-150Libertarian_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-150Libertarian_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-150Libertarian_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-150Libertarian_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-150Libertarian_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-150Libertarian_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-150Libertarian_26-6">g</a> The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective (December 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-150-years-of-libertarian">"150 years of Libertarian"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519094859/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-150-years-of-libertarian">Archived</a> May 19, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Anarchist Writers. The Anarchist Library. Retrieved January 31, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-160Libertarian-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-160Libertarian_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-160Libertarian_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-160Libertarian_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-160Libertarian_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-160Libertarian_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-160Libertarian_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-160Libertarian_27-6">g</a> The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective (May 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/160-years-libertarian">"160 years of Libertarian"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425035427/https://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/160-years-libertarian">Archived</a> April 25, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Anarchist Writers. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anarchist_FAQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anarchist FAQ (page does not exist)">Anarchist FAQ</a>. Retrieved January 31, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_28-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_28-8">i</a> Marshall, Peter (2009). <a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible:_A_History_of_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism">Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism</a>. p. 641. "The word 'libertarian' has long been associated with anarchism, and has been used repeatedly throughout this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a 'libertarian', but a 'necessitarian'. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general. In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sébastien Faure took up the word, to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists". </li> <li id="cite_note-ClassicalLiberalism-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClassicalLiberalism_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClassicalLiberalism_29-1">b</a> Goodman, John C. (December 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncpa.org/pub/what-is-classical-liberalism">"What Is Classical Liberalism?"</a>. National Center for Policy Analysis. Retrieved June 26, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309151259/http://www.ncpa.org/pub/what-is-classical-liberalism">Archived</a> March 9, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boaz-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boaz_30-1">b</a> Boaz, David (1998). Libertarianism: A Primer. Free Press. pp. 22–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Conway-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conway_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conway_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Conway_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Conway (academic)">Conway, David</a> (2008). "Freedom of Speech". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Liberalism, Classical</a>. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 295–298 [296]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n112">10.4135/9781412965811.n112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109234738/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2019. <q>Depending on the context, libertarianism can be seen as either the contemporary name for classical liberalism, adopted to avoid confusion in those countries where liberalism is widely understood to denote advocacy of expansive government powers, or as a more radical version of classical liberalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberalism%2C+Classical&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=295-298+296&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n112&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baradat-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baradat_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baradat_32-1">b</a> Baradat, Leon P. (2015). Political Ideologies. Routledge. p. 31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317345558" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317345558">978-1317345558</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallup2006-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallup2006_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallup2006_33-1">b</a> Gallup Poll news release, September 7–10, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsMoriokaStone2006" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colordesignworkb0000ston/page/86">Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design</a>. Gloucester, MA: Rockport Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colordesignworkb0000ston/page/86">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/159253192X" title="Special:BookSources/159253192X"><bdi>159253192X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60393965">60393965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Design+Workbook%3A+A+Real+World+Guide+to+Using+Color+in+Graphic+Design&rft.place=Gloucester%2C+MA&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Rockport+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60393965&rft.isbn=159253192X&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.au=Morioka%2C+Noreen&rft.au=Stone%2C+Terry+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolordesignworkb0000ston%2Fpage%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarJoshi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Rohit Vishal; Joshi, Radhika (October–December 2006). "Colour, Colour Everywhere: In Marketing Too". SCMS Journal of Indian Management. 3 (4): 40–46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0973-3167">0973-3167</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=969272">969272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SCMS+Journal+of+Indian+Management&rft.atitle=Colour%2C+Colour+Everywhere%3A+In+Marketing+Too&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=40-46&rft.date=2006-10%2F2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D969272%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.issn=0973-3167&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Rohit+Vishal&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Radhika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125184586">"Tea Party Adopts 'Don't Tread On Me' Flag"</a>. 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The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200121104300/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-shifting-symbolism-of-the-gadsden-flag">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Shifting+Symbolism+of+the+Gadsden+Flag&rft.date=2016-10-02&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fthe-shifting-symbolism-of-the-gadsden-flag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkos2018" class="citation web cs1">Parkos, Jack (May 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213145318/https://71republic.com/2018/05/02/history-gadsden-flag/">"History of the Gadsden Flag"</a>. 71Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://71republic.com/2018/05/02/history-gadsden-flag/">the original</a> on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Gadsden+Flag&rft.pub=71Republic&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft.aulast=Parkos&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F71republic.com%2F2018%2F05%2F02%2Fhistory-gadsden-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaloup2024" class="citation web cs1">Shaloup, Dean (June 10, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unionleader.com/nashua/libertarians-stage-city-hall-protest-of-mayors-decision-against-flying-pine-tree-flag/article_887f2dff-0e60-5fb8-87ea-dcfbd1eeb1de.html">"Libertarians stage City Hall protest of mayor's decision against flying 'Pine Tree Flag'"</a>. UnionLeader.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919195909/https://www.unionleader.com/news/nashua/libertarians-stage-city-hall-protest-of-mayors-decision-against-flying-pine-tree-flag/article_887f2dff-0e60-5fb8-87ea-dcfbd1eeb1de.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UnionLeader.com&rft.atitle=Libertarians+stage+City+Hall+protest+of+mayor%27s+decision+against+flying+%27Pine+Tree+Flag%27&rft.date=2024-06-10&rft.aulast=Shaloup&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unionleader.com%2Fnashua%2Flibertarians-stage-city-hall-protest-of-mayors-decision-against-flying-pine-tree-flag%2Farticle_887f2dff-0e60-5fb8-87ea-dcfbd1eeb1de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RothbardBetrayal-40"><a href="#cite_ref-RothbardBetrayal_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard2009" class="citation book cs1">Rothbard, Murray (2009) [1970s]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703022059/https://mises.org/sites/default/files/The%20Betrayal%20of%20the%20American%20Right_2.pdf#page=108">The Betrayal of the American Right</a> (PDF). Mises Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610165013" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610165013"><bdi>978-1610165013</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/sites/default/files/The%20Betrayal%20of%20the%20American%20Right_2.pdf#page=108">the original</a> (PDF) on July 3, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2016. <q>One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Betrayal+of+the+American+Right&rft.pub=Mises+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1610165013&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FThe%2520Betrayal%2520of%2520the%2520American%2520Right_2.pdf%23page%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nettlau-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nettlau_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nettlau_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nettlau_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettlau1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Nettlau" title="Max Nettlau">Nettlau, Max</a> (1996). A Short History of Anarchism. London: Freedom Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900384-89-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900384-89-9"><bdi>978-0-900384-89-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37529250">37529250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Freedom+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37529250&rft.isbn=978-0-900384-89-9&rft.aulast=Nettlau&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernandez-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernandez_42-2">c</a> Fernandez, Frank (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhQkMQAACAAJ">Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919200533/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhQkMQAACAAJ">Archived</a> September 19, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sharp Press. p. 9. "Thus, in the United States, the once exceedingly useful term 'libertarian' has been hijacked by egotists who are in fact enemies of liberty in the full sense of the word." </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_43-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113110804/http://www.zmag.org/zspace/commentaries/1137">"The Week Online Interviews Chomsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Z_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Z Communications">Z Magazine</a>. February 23, 2002. "The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world. Historically, the libertarian movement has been the anti-statist wing of the socialist movement. In the US, which is a society much more dominated by business, the term has a different meaning. It means eliminating or reducing state controls, mainly controls over private tyrannies. Libertarians in the US don't say let's get rid of corporations. It is a sort of ultra-rightism." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_44-2">c</a> Ward, Colin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kksrWshoIkYC">Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152319/https://books.google.com/books?id=kksrWshoIkYC">Archived</a> February 7, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 62. "For a century, anarchists have used the word 'libertarian' as a synonym for 'anarchist', both as a noun and an adjective. The anarchist journal Le Libertaire was founded in 1896. However, much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free-market philosophers." </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_45-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Graham2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graham_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Graham (historian)">Robert Graham</a>, ed. (2005). Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas. Vol. One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE–1939). Montreal: Black Rose Books. §17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism%3A+A+Documentary+History+of+Libertarian+Ideas&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=%C2%A717&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statement_of_Principles-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Statement_of_Principles_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lp.org/platform">"Libertarian Party 2010 Platform"</a>. Libertarian Party. May 2010. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905224919/http://www.lp.org/platform">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libertarian+Party+2010+Platform&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Libertarian+Party&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lp.org%2Fplatform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Understanding_American_government-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_American_government_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2006" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Duncan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingame0000watt/page/246">Understanding American government and politics: a guide for A2 politics students</a> (2nd Revised ed.). Manchester University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingame0000watt/page/246">246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7327-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7327-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-7327-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+American+government+and+politics%3A+a+guide+for+A2+politics+students&rft.pages=246&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7327-4&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderstandingame0000watt%2Fpage%2F246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lp.org/platform/">"Platform"</a>. Libertarian Party. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622013903/https://www.lp.org/platform">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Libertarian+Party&rft.atitle=Platform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lp.org%2Fplatform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/podcast/2024/07/10/eric-brakey-how-libertarians-can-attain-political-power/">"Eric Brakey: How libertarians can attain political power"</a>. Reason.com. July 10, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919195911/https://reason.com/podcast/2024/07/10/eric-brakey-how-libertarians-can-attain-political-power/">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved July 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason.com&rft.atitle=Eric+Brakey%3A+How+libertarians+can+attain+political+power&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Fpodcast%2F2024%2F07%2F10%2Feric-brakey-how-libertarians-can-attain-political-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/black-market-activism-agorism-samuel-edward-konkin-iii">"Black Market Activism : Agorism and Samuel Edward Konkin III"</a>. www.libertarianism.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116075631/https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/black-market-activism-samuel-edward-konkin-iii-agorism">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.libertarianism.org&rft.atitle=Black+Market+Activism+%3A+Agorism+and+Samuel+Edward+Konkin+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertarianism.org%2Fcolumns%2Fblack-market-activism-agorism-samuel-edward-konkin-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2009" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Jesse (April 20, 2009). "Anarchism". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0039">10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9807-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9807-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-9807-3</bdi></a>. <q>'[L]ibertarianism' [...] a term that, until the mid-twentieth century, was synonymous with "anarchism" per se.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Revolution+and+Protest&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781405198073.wbierp0039&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9807-3&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Guérin, Daniel (1970). <a href="/wiki/Anarchism:_From_Theory_to_Practice" title="Anarchism: From Theory to Practice">Anarchism: From Theory to Practice</a>. New York City: Monthly Review Press. p. 12. "[A]narchism is really a synonym for socialism. The anarchist is primarily a socialist whose aim is to abolish the exploitation of man by man. Anarchism is only one of the streams of socialist thought, that stream whose main components are concern for liberty and haste to abolish the State." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853451754" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853451754">978-0853451754</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gamble_2013_p._405-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gamble_2013_p._405_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gamble_2013_p._405_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gamble" title="Andrew Gamble">Gamble, Andrew</a> (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). "Economic Libertarianism". The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford University Press: 405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585977.013.0008">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Economic+Libertarianism&rft.pages=405&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585977.013.0008&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gamble_2013_p._406-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gamble_2013_p._406_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gamble_2013_p._406_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gamble" title="Andrew Gamble">Gamble, Andrew</a> (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). "Economic Libertarianism". The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford University Press: 406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585977.013.0008">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Economic+Libertarianism&rft.pages=406&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585977.013.0008&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gamble" title="Andrew Gamble">Gamble, Andrew</a> (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). "Economic Libertarianism". The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford University Press: 405–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585977.013.0008">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Economic+Libertarianism&rft.pages=405-406&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585977.013.0008&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis1983" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Mark (December 1983). "Human Rights and Libertarians". <a href="/wiki/Australian_Journal_of_Politics_%26_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Journal of Politics & History">Australian Journal of Politics & History</a>. 29 (3): 462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x">10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9522">0004-9522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Politics+%26+History&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+and+Libertarians&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=462&rft.date=1983-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x&rft.issn=0004-9522&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis1983" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Mark (December 1983). "Human Rights and Libertarians". <a href="/wiki/Australian_Journal_of_Politics_%26_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Journal of Politics & History">Australian Journal of Politics & History</a>. 29 (3): 462–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x">10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-9522">0004-9522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Politics+%26+History&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+and+Libertarians&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=462-463&rft.date=1983-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x&rft.issn=0004-9522&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Garbooshian, Adrina Michelle (2006). The Concept of Human Dignity in the French and American Enlightenments: Religion, Virtue, Liberty. ProQuest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e1vAW-Ie58YC&pg=PA472">p. 472</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0542851605" title="Special:BookSources/978-0542851605">978-0542851605</a>. "Influenced by Locke and Smith, certain segments of society affirmed classical liberalism, with a libertarian bent." </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Cantor, Paul A. (2012). The Invisible Hand in Popular Culture: Liberty Vs. Authority in American Film and TV. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZjuIM7ziMkC&pg=PR13">p. xiii</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813140827" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813140827">978-0813140827</a>. "[T]he roots of libertarianism lie in [...] the classical liberal tradition". </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker, Rudolf</a> (1949). <a href="/wiki/Pioneers_of_American_Freedom" title="Pioneers of American Freedom">Pioneers of American Freedom</a>: Origin of Liberal and Radical Thought in America. New York: J.J. Little & Ives Co., p. 13. "It was the great service of liberal thinkers like Jefferson and Paine that they recognized the natural limitations of every form of government. That is why they did not want to see the state become a terrestrial Providence which in its infallibility would make on its own every decision, thereby not only blocking the road to higher forms of social development, but also crippling the natural sense of responsibility of the people which is the essential condition for every prosperous society". </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Tucker, Benjamin (1926) [1976]. Individual Liberty. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 13. "The Anarchists are simply unterrified Jeffersonian Democrats. They believe that 'the best government is that which governs least,' and that that which governs least is no government at all". </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott, James C.</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/Two_Cheers_for_Anarchism:_Six_Easy_Pieces_on_Autonomy,_Dignity,_and_Meaningful_Work_and_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work and Play">Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work and Play</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 79–80. "At one end of an institutional continuum one can place the total institutions that routinely destroy the autonomy and initiative of their subjects. At the other end of this continuum lies, perhaps, some ideal version of Jeffersonian democracy composed of independent, self-reliant, self-respecting, landowning farmers, managers of their own small enterprises, answerable to themselves, free of debt, and more generally with no institutional reason for servility or deference. Such free-standing farmers, Jefferson thought, were the basis of a vigorous and independent public sphere where citizens could speak their mind without fear or favor. Somewhere in between these two poles lies the contemporary situation of most citizens of Western democracies: a relatively open public sphere but a quotidian institutional experience that is largely at cross purposes with the implicit assumptions behind this public sphere and encouraging and often rewarding caution, deference, servility, and conformity". </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1998" class="citation journal cs1">Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0265052500002028">10.1017/s0265052500002028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145150666">145150666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Philosophy+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Libertarian+Theory+of+Class&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=310&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0265052500002028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145150666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roderick+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothbard1-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard1_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothbard1_64-1">b</a> Rothbard, Murray (1973) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard121.html">"The Libertarian Heritage: The American Revolution and Classical Liberalism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618045238/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard121.html">Archived</a> 18 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty:_The_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a>. <a href="/wiki/LewRockwell.com" class="mw-redirect" title="LewRockwell.com">LewRockwell.com</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boaz2-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Boaz2_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoaz,_David2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Boaz" title="David Boaz">Boaz, David</a> (January 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339321/libertarianism">"Libertarianism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504222253/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339321/libertarianism">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.au=Boaz%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F339321%2Flibertarianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sprading-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sprading_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprading_66-1">b</a> Sprading, Charles T. (1913) [1995]. Liberty and the Great Libertarians. <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STQJ_DjQuw8C&pg=PA74">p. 74</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311030339/https://books.google.com/books?id=STQJ_DjQuw8C&pg=PA74">Archived</a> March 11, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610161077" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610161077">978-1610161077</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Hoffman, David C. (Fall 2006). "Paine and Prejudice: Rhetorical Leadership through Perceptual Framing in Common Sense". Rhetoric and Public Affairs. 9 (3): 373–410. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Maier, Pauline (1997). American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Knopf. pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2006" class="citation book cs1">Hitchens, Christopher (2006). Thomas Paine's Rights of Man. Grove Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802143830" title="Special:BookSources/0802143830"><bdi>0802143830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Paine%27s+Rights+of+Man&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0802143830&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lamb, Robert (2010). "Liberty, Equality, and the Boundaries of Ownership: Thomas Paine's Theory of Property Rights". Review of Politics. 72 (3): 483–511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0034670510000331">10.1017/s0034670510000331</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F9896">10871/9896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55413082">55413082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+and+the+Boundaries+of+Ownership%3A+Thomas+Paine%27s+Theory+of+Property+Rights&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=483-511&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F9896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55413082%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0034670510000331&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StateSocialism-71"><a href="#cite_ref-StateSocialism_71-0">^</a> Tucker, Benjamin (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://praxeology.net/BT-SSA.htm">State Socialism and Anarchism: How Far They Agree, And Wherein They Differ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206121500/https://praxeology.net/BT-SSA.htm">Archived</a> February 6, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-IndividualLiberty-72"><a href="#cite_ref-IndividualLiberty_72-0">^</a> Tucker, Benjamin (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=2803">Individual Liberty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919195911/http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=2803">Archived</a> September 19, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-TuckerFAQ-73"><a href="#cite_ref-TuckerFAQ_73-0">^</a> An Anarchist FAQ (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-an-anarchist-faq-08-17#toc23">"Benjamin Tucker: Capitalist or Anarchist?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213133040/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-an-anarchist-faq-08-17#toc23">Archived</a> February 13, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved July 5, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-SpoonerFAQ-74"><a href="#cite_ref-SpoonerFAQ_74-0">^</a> An Anarchist FAQ (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-an-anarchist-faq-08-17#toc25">"Lysander Spooner: right-"libertarian" or libertarian socialist?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213133040/https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/the-anarchist-faq-editorial-collective-an-anarchist-faq-08-17#toc25">Archived</a> February 13, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved July 5, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rocker-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Rocker_75-0">^</a> Rocker, Rudolf (1949). Pioneers of American Freedom. New York: J.J. Little and Ives Co. </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodcock-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock_76-0">^</a> Woodcock, George (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Melbourne: Penguin. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Seligman, Edwin Robert Anderson; Johnson, Alvin Saunders, eds. (1937). Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Gross, David, ed. (2007). The Price of Freedom: Political Philosophy from Thoreau's Journals. p. 8. "The Thoreau of these journals distrusted doctrine, and, though it is accurate I think to call him an anarchist, he was by no means doctrinaire in this either". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4348-0552-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4348-0552-2">978-1-4348-0552-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Thoreau, Henry David (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sniggle.net/TPL/index5.php?entry=rtcg#p03">"Resistance to Civil Government"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605191308/http://sniggle.net/Experiment/index.php?entry=rtcg#p03">Archived</a> June 5, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Disobedience">Civil Disobedience</a>. "I heartily accept the motto, – "That government is best which governs least;" and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe, – "That government is best which governs not at all;" and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have". Retrieved November 15, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1844). "<a href="/wiki/Politics_(essay)" title="Politics (essay)">Politics</a>". In Essays: Second Series. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Spooner, Lysander (1867) [1870]. <a href="/wiki/No_Treason:_The_Constitution_of_No_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority">No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Déjacque-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Déjacque_82-0">^</a> Déjacque, Joseph (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm">"De l'être-humain mâle et femelle–Lettre à P.J. Proudhon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917184843/http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm">Archived</a> September 17, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French). </li> <li id="cite_note-LeLibertaire-83"><a href="#cite_ref-LeLibertaire_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouton" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mouton, Jean Claude. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/libertaire/libertaire.htm">"Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516191837/http://joseph.dejacque.free.fr/libertaire/libertaire.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Libertaire%2C+Journal+du+mouvement+social&rft.aulast=Mouton&rft.aufirst=Jean+Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoseph.dejacque.free.fr%2Flibertaire%2Flibertaire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodcock_p._280-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock_p._280_84-0">^</a> Woodcock, George (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Meridian Books. p. 280. "He called himself a 'social poet,' and published two volumes of heavily didactic verse—Lazaréennes and Les Pyrénées Nivelées. In New York, from 1858 to 1861, he edited an anarchist paper entitled Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social, in whose pages he printed as a serial his vision of the anarchist Utopia, entitled L'Humanisphére." </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Comegna, Anthony; Gomez, Camillo (October 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/libertarianism-then-now">"Libertarianism, Then and Now"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803022437/https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/libertarianism-then-now">Archived</a> August 3, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Libertarianism. Cato Institute. "[...] Benjamin Tucker was the first American to really start using the term 'libertarian' as a self-identifier somewhere in the late 1870s or early 1880s." Retrieved March 19, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (1995) [2006]. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. Edinburgh, Scotland; Oakland, West Virginia: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. p. 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904859277" title="Special:BookSources/978-1904859277">978-1904859277</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Avrich_p._486-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avrich_p._486_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avrich_p._486_87-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (2005). Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. AK Press. p. 486. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Libertarian League (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radicalarchives.org/2010/05/11/libertarian-league-manifesto/">"What We Stand For"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115150325/https://radicalarchives.org/2010/05/11/libertarian-league-manifesto/">Archived</a> November 15, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich, Paul</a> (2005). Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. AK Press. pp. 471–472. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Weinberg, Bill (January 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thevillager.com/2012/01/19/the-left-libertarians-the-last-of-an-ancient-breed/">"The Left-Libertarians – the last of an ancient breed"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902031925/http://thevillager.com/2012/01/19/the-left-libertarians-the-last-of-an-ancient-breed/">Archived</a> September 2, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Villager. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Raimond, Justin (2001). An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard. Amherst: Prometheus. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Rothbard; Murray; Radosh, Ronald, eds. (1972). A New History of Leviathan: Essays on the Rise of the American Corporate State. New York: Dutton. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Hess, Karl (1975). Dear America. New York: Morrow. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Raimond, Justin (2001). An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard. Amherst: Prometheus. pp. 151–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Doherty, Brian (2007). Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement. New York: Public Affairs. p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> On partnerships between the state and big business and the role of big business in promoting regulation, see Kolko, Gabriel (1977). The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900–1916. New York: Free; Shaffer, Butler (2008). In Restraint of Trade: The Business Campaign Against Competition, 1918–1938. Auburn: Mises Institute. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Rothbard, Murray (June 15, 1969). "Confiscation and the Homestead Principle". Libertarian Forum. 1 (6): 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427030909/https://agorism.eu.org/docs/Counter-Economics.pdf">"Counter-Economics: what it is, how it works"</a> (PDF). Agorism.eu.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agorism.eu.org/Counter-Economics.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agorism.eu.org&rft.atitle=Counter-Economics%3A+what+it+is%2C+how+it+works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagorism.eu.org%2FCounter-Economics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konkin_1983-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Konkin_1983_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konkin_1983_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konkin_1983_99-2">c</a> Konkin III, Samuel Edward (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agorism.eu.org/NewLibertarianManifesto.pdf">"New Libertarian Manifesto"</a>. Agorism.eu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427030909/https://agorism.eu.org/docs/NewLibertarianManifesto.pdf">Archived</a> April 27, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved May 4, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-konkin-interview-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-konkin-interview_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-konkin-interview_100-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/software/konkin-interview.html">"Smashing the State for Fun and Profit Since 1969: An Interview With the Libertarian Icon Samuel Edward Konkin III (a.k.a. SEK3)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907171634/http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/software/konkin-interview.html">Archived</a> September 7, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Spaz.org. Retrieved March 15, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-D'Amato_2018-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D'Amato_2018_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D'Amato_2018_101-1">b</a> D'Amato, David S. (November 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertarianism.org/columns/black-market-activism-samuel-edward-konkin-iii-agorism">"Black-Market Activism: Samuel Edward Konkin III and Agorism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116075631/https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/black-market-activism-samuel-edward-konkin-iii-agorism">Archived</a> November 16, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Libertarianism.org. Retrieved November 21, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Burns_(historian)" title="Jennifer Burns (historian)">Burns, Jennifer</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_the_Market" title="Goddess of the Market">Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right</a>. 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Knofp, pp. xiii and 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nock-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nock_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nock_104-1">b</a> Nock, Albert Jay (1949). Letters from Albert Jay Nock, 1924–1945: to Edmund C. Evans, Mrs. Edmund C. Evans and Ellen Winsor. Caxton Printers. p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken, H. L.</a> (1923). "Autobiographical Notes, 1941". Letter to George Müller as quoted by Marion Elizabeth Rodgers in Mencken: The American Iconoclast (2005). Oxford University Press. p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Eastman, Max . <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/what-to-call-yourself/">"What to Call Yourself"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919195941/https://fee.org/articles/what-to-call-yourself/">Archived</a> September 19, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Freeman. Foundation for Economic Education. 3 (24). Retrieved April 7, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cantor" title="Paul Cantor">Cantor, Paul</a> (2012). The Invisible Hand in Popular Culture: Liberty Vs. Authority in American Film and TV. University Press of Kentucky (2). p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2007" class="citation news cs1">Rubin, Harriet (September 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/15/business/15atlas.html">"Ayn Rand's Literature of Capitalism"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512144741/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/15/business/15atlas.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ayn+Rand%27s+Literature+of+Capitalism&rft.date=2007-09-15&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F15%2Fbusiness%2F15atlas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Rand, Ayn (September 1971). "Brief Summary". The Objectivist. 10. "More specifically, I disapprove of, disagree with and have no connection with, the latest aberration of some conservatives, the so-called "hippies of the right", who attempt to snare the younger or more careless ones of my readers by claiming simultaneously to be followers of my philosophy and advocates of anarchism". </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Rand, Ayn (1981). "The Age of Mediocrity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2D6VqMXfFIC&pg=PT10">FHF 81</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311030837/https://books.google.com/books?id=-2D6VqMXfFIC&pg=PT10">Archived</a> March 11, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In Mayhew, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2D6VqMXfFIC&pg=PT72">Ayn Rand Answers: The Best of Her Q & A</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311030839/https://books.google.com/books?id=-2D6VqMXfFIC&pg=PT72">Archived</a> March 11, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "[L]ibertarians are a monstrous, disgusting bunch of people: they plagiarize my ideas when that fits their purpose, and denounce me in a more vicious manner than any communist publication when that fits their purpose". </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2011" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Jesse (June 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/blog/2011/06/13/john-hospers-rip">"John Hospers, RIP"</a>. Reason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117001800/http://reason.com/blog/2011/06/13/john-hospers-rip">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=John+Hospers%2C+RIP&rft.date=2011-06-13&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Fblog%2F2011%2F06%2F13%2Fjohn-hospers-rip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Grady2011" class="citation web cs1">O'Grady, Jane (July 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/13/john-hospers-obituary">"John Hospers obituary"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803060752/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/13/john-hospers-obituary">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=John+Hospers+obituary&rft.date=2011-07-13&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fjul%2F13%2Fjohn-hospers-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2009" class="citation book cs1">Doherty, Brian (2009). "The Three Furies of Libertarianism". Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement. London: Hachette, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786731886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786731886"><bdi>978-0786731886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Three+Furies+of+Libertarianism&rft.btitle=Radicals+for+Capitalism%3A+A+Freewheeling+History+of+the+Modern+American+Libertarian+Movement&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hachette%2C+UK&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0786731886&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Henry J. Silverman, American radical thought: the libertarian tradition, p. 279, 1970, Heath publishing. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Robert Poole, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n4_v30/ai_20954419">"In memoriam: Barry Goldwater – Obituary"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120525155900/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n4_v30/ai_20954419">Archived</a> May 25, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>, August–September 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Hess, Karl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fare.tunes.org/books/Hess/dop.html">The Death of Politics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802164945/http://fare.tunes.org/books/Hess/dop.html">Archived</a> August 2, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Interview in <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>, July 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Murray Rothbard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/story/2760">"The Early 1960s: From Right to Left"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202021832/http://mises.org/story/2760">Archived</a> February 2, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, excerpt from chapter 13 of Murray Rothbard The Betrayal of the American Right, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lora-Longton-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Lora-Longton_118-0">^</a> Ronald Lora, William Henry Longton, Conservative press in 20th-century America, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ioakmq8yxA4C&pg=PA367">pp. 367–374</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919200417/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ioakmq8yxA4C&pg=PA367">Archived</a> September 19, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Marc Jason Gilbert, The Vietnam War on campus: other voices, more distant drums, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVTBZe4JzCwC&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>, 2001, Greenwood Publishing Group, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96909-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96909-6">0-275-96909-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Rebecca E. 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British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 4 (2): 299–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-856X.t01-1-00006">10.1111/1467-856X.t01-1-00006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144304577">144304577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Politics+and+International+Relations&rft.atitle=The+ideological+composition+of+the+Parliamentary+Conservative+Party+1992%E2%80%9397&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299-324&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-856X.t01-1-00006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144304577%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heppell&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2006" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Jason (April 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/apr/07/libertarianismleftbehind">"Libertarianism limited"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213180109/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/apr/07/libertarianismleftbehind">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Libertarianism+limited&rft.date=2006-04-07&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2006%2Fapr%2F07%2Flibertarianismleftbehind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Teles, Steven; Kenney, Daniel A. Spreading the Word: The diffusion of American Conservatism in Europe and beyond. pp. 136–169. 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Kenney, chapter "Spreading the Word: The diffusion of American Conservatism in Europe and beyond", (pp. 136–169) in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfy3k0BWBNAC">Growing apart?: America and Europe in the twenty-first century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207152321/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfy3k0BWBNAC">Archived</a> February 7, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Sven Steinmo, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2008, The chapter discusses how libertarian ideas have been more successful at spreading worldwide than social conservative ideas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-lewrockwell.com-132"><a href="#cite_ref-lewrockwell.com_132-0">^</a> Gregory, Anthony (April 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/gregory/gregory136.html">"Real World Politics and Radical Libertarianism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/LewRockwell.com" class="mw-redirect" title="LewRockwell.com">LewRockwell.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618072909/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/gregory/gregory136.html">Archived</a> June 18, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-cato.org-133"><a href="#cite_ref-cato.org_133-0">^</a> Boaz, David (November 21, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5779">"Preface for the Japanese Edition of Libertarianism: A Primer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921073607/http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5779">Archived</a> September 21, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reprinted at <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato.org</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lester-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lester_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lester_134-1">b</a> Lester, J.C. (October 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/INDNLA">"New-Paradigm Libertarianism: a Very Brief Explanation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706161710/https://philpapers.org/rec/INDNLA">Archived</a> July 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. PhilPapers. 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Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102053836/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-10-mn-2480-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2019. 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Retrieved October 7, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Rothbard, Murray (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/reagan-phenomenon">"The Reagan Phenomenon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118143937/https://mises.org/library/reagan-phenomenon">Archived</a> January 18, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Free Life: The Journal of the Libertarian Alliance. Libertarian Alliance. 4 (1): 1–7. Retrieved September 20, 2020 – via the Mises Institute. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Riggenbach, Jeff (February 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/reagan-fraud-%E2%80%94-and-after">"The Reagan Fraud – and After"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118143938/https://mises.org/library/reagan-fraud-and-after">Archived</a> January 18, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mises Institute. Retrieved September 20, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Kilborn, Peter T. 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Retrieved May 2, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Weltch, Matt (September 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2011/09/09/rothbard-on-reagan-in-reason/">"Rothbard on Reagan in Reason"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001221800/https://reason.com/2011/09/09/rothbard-on-reagan-in-reason/">Archived</a> October 1, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reason. Reason Foundation. Retrieved September 20, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_D._Williamson2018" class="citation web cs1">Kevin D. Williamson (April 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/04/defused/556934/">"The Passing of the Libertarian Moment"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180415152147/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/04/defused/556934/">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Passing+of+the+Libertarian+Moment&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft.au=Kevin+D.+Williamson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2018%2F04%2Fdefused%2F556934%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider-Mayerson2015" class="citation book cs1">Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew (2015). Peak Oil: Apocalyptic Environmentalism and Libertarian Political Culture. 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Ethics As Social Science: The Moral Philosophy of Social Cooperation. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Friedman, David D. (1973). The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism. Harper & Row. pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Gray, John N. (1982). F. A. Hayek and the Rebirth of Classical Liberalism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarianism.org/publications/essays/f-hayek-rebirth-classical-liberalism">"Introduction: The Revival of Interest in Hayek – A Unified Research Program in Hayek's Writings?"</a> Institute for Humane Studies. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00072HO7S">B00072HO7S</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Liggio, Leonard P. (Winter 1982). "Hayek's Constitution of Liberty: Ethical Basis of the Juridical Framework of Individual Liberty". Literature of Liberty. 5 (4). </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Ebenstein, Alan O. (2001). Friedrich Hayek: A Biography. University of Chicago Press. p. 383. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226181509" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226181509">978-0226181509</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Younkins, Edward W. (July 6, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quebecoislibre.org/020706-19.htm">"Mises' Utilitarianism as Social Cooperation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225033856/http://www.quebecoislibre.org/020706-19.htm">Archived</a> February 25, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Le Québécois Libre (106). Retrieved March 19, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-reason_2005-12-10-201"><a href="#cite_ref-reason_2005-12-10_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2005" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Jesse (December 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2005/12/10/rw-bradford-rip/">"R.W. Bradford, RIP"</a>. Reason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009142440/https://reason.com/2005/12/10/rw-bradford-rip/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=R.W.+Bradford%2C+RIP&rft.date=2005-12-10&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2005%2F12%2F10%2Frw-bradford-rip%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Bevir, Mark, ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVIoCtB3m74C&pg=PA811">p. 811</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5865-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5865-3">978-1-4129-5865-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallentyne2007" class="citation book cs1">Vallentyne, Peter (February 12, 2007). "Libertarianism and the State". In Frankel Paul, Ellen; Miller, Fred Jr.; Paul, Jeffrey (eds.). Liberalism: Old and New. Vol. 24. Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70305-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70305-5"><bdi>978-0-521-70305-5</bdi></a>. <q>The best known form of libertarianism—right-libertarianism—is a version of classical liberalism, but there is also a form of libertarianism—left-libertarianism—that combines classical liberalism's concern for individual liberty with contemporary liberalism's robust concern for material equality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism+and+the+State&rft.btitle=Liberalism%3A+Old+and+New&rft.pages=187-205&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-02-12&rft.isbn=978-0-521-70305-5&rft.aulast=Vallentyne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412988766" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412988766">978-1412988766</a>. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertariaism, and left-lbertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contrasted by scholars. Regardless, these factions differ most pronouncedly with respect to private property." </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamHoffman2003" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Paul; Hoffman, John (2003). An Introduction to Political Theory. Routledge. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-6342-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-6342-7"><bdi>978-1-3178-6342-7</bdi></a>. <q>A distinction is made between right libertarianism and left libertarianism. Self-ownership is the starting point for all libertarians, but right and left libertarians divide over the implications for the ownership of external things from the self-ownership premise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Political+Theory&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-3178-6342-7&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vallentyne" title="Peter Vallentyne">Vallentyne, Peter</a> (July 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/">"Libertarianism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308152131/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/">Archived</a> March 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. Retrieved December 26, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Becker, Charlotte B.; Becker, Lawrence C. (2001). Encyclopedia of Ethics. 3. Taylor & Francis US. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gL4Pa1TxP00C&pg=PA1562">p. 1562</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311030832/https://books.google.com/books?id=gL4Pa1TxP00C&pg=PA1562">Archived</a> March 11, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4159-3675-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4159-3675-0">978-0-4159-3675-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Long, Roderick. T. (January 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.liberalis.pl/2008/01/04/interview-with-roderick-long/">"An Interview With Roderick Long"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327050439/https://en.liberalis.pl/2008/01/04/interview-with-roderick-long/">Archived</a> March 27, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Liberalis in English. Retrieved December 21, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory_2006-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_2006_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_2006_209-1">b</a> Gregory, Anthony (December 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lewrockwell.com/2006/12/anthony-gregory/left-right-moderate-or-radical-libertarian/">"Left, Right, Moderate and Radical"</a>. LewRockwell.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225141516/https://www.lewrockwell.com/2006/12/anthony-gregory/left-right-moderate-or-radical-libertarian/">Archived</a> December 25, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. December 25, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-Block_2010-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Block_2010_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Block_2010_210-1">b</a> Block, Walter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_8.pdf">"Libertarianism Is Unique and Belongs Neither to the Right Nor the Left: A Critique of the Views of Long, Holcombe, and Baden on the Left, Hoppe, Feser, and Paul on the Right"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513050938/http://mises.org/journals/jls/22_1/22_1_8.pdf">Archived</a> May 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a>. 22. pp. 127–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-Browne_1998-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Browne_1998_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Browne_1998_211-1">b</a> Browne, Harry (December 21, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harrybrowne.org/articles/Abortion.htm">"The Libertarian Stand on Abortion"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006055112/http://www.harrybrowne.org/articles/Abortion.htm">Archived</a> October 6, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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WIN: Peace and Freedom Through Nonviolent Action. 7 (4): 6–10. Retrieved January 14, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Raimondo, Justin (2000). An Enemy of the State. "Chapter 4: "Beyond Left and Right". <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-Machan_2004-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Machan_2004_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Machan_2004_215-1">b</a> Machan, Tibor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/publications/books/8300">"Neither Left Nor Right: Selected Columns"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101182255/http://www.hoover.org/publications/books/8300">Archived</a> January 1, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 522. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817939823" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817939823">978-0817939823</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carson_216-1">b</a> Carson, Kevin (June 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c4ss.org/content/28216">"What is Left-Libertarianism?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903175118/http://c4ss.org/content/28216">Archived</a> September 3, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved November 28, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hess_2015-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hess_2015_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess_2015_217-1">b</a> Hess, Karl (February 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c4ss.org/content/35952">"Anarchism Without Hyphens & The Left/Right Spectrum"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317182806/https://c4ss.org/content/35952">Archived</a> March 17, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Center for a Stateless Society. Tulsa Alliance of the Libertarian Left. Retrieved March 17, 2020. "The far left, as far as you can get away from the right, would logically represent the opposite tendency and, in fact, has done just that throughout history. The left has been the side of politics and economics that opposes the concentration of power and wealth and, instead, advocates and works toward the distribution of power into the maximum number of hands." </li> <li id="cite_note-Long_2006-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long_2006_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_2006_218-1">b</a> Long, Roderick T. (April 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/rothbards-left-and-right-forty-years-later">"Rothbard's 'Left and Right': Forty Years Later"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010073127/https://mises.org/library/rothbards-left-and-right-forty-years-later">Archived</a> October 10, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mises Institute. Rothbard Memorial Lecture, Austrian Scholars Conference 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Richman_2007-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richman_2007_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richman_2007_219-1">b</a> Richman, Sheldon (June 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/libertarianism-left/">"Libertarianism: Left or Right?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919201000/https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/libertarianism-left/">Archived</a> September 19, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved March 15, 2020. "In fact, libertarianism is planted squarely on the Left, as I will try to demonstrate here." </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Comegna, Anthony; Gomez, Camillo (October 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/libertarianism-then-now">"Libertarianism, Then and Now"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803022437/https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/libertarianism-then-now">Archived</a> August 3, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Libertarianism. Cato Institute. "I think you're right that the right-wing associations with libertarianism—that is mainly a product of the 20th century and really the second half of the 20th century, and before that it was overtly left-wing, and radically left-wing, for the most part, in almost all iterations." Retrieved March 19, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Rothbard, Murray (Spring 1965). "Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty". Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought. 1 (1): 4–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2016" class="citation book cs1">Berg, Chris (2016). The Libertarian Alternative. Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0522868456" title="Special:BookSources/978-0522868456"><bdi>978-0522868456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Libertarian+Alternative&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0522868456&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2016" class="citation web cs1">Block, Walter (October 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/insightful-critique-thick-libertarianism-thin-libertarian/">"An Insightful Critique of Thick Libertarianism by a Thin Libertarian"</a>. LewRockwell.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102084851/https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/insightful-critique-thick-libertarianism-thin-libertarian/">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2020. 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The Future of Freedom Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240919200931/https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/tgif-in-praise-of-thick-libertarianism/">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2024. 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The Daily Bell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102084841/https://www.thedailybell.com/all-articles/editorials/wendy-mcelroy-a-letter-to-my-father/">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Bell&rft.atitle=A+Letter+to+My+Father&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft.aulast=Wendy&rft.aufirst=McElroy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybell.com%2Fall-articles%2Feditorials%2Fwendy-mcelroy-a-letter-to-my-father%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsella2014" class="citation web cs1">Kinsella, Stephan (April 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephankinsella.com/2014/04/the-limits-of-libertarianism-a-dissenting-view/">"The Limits of Libertarianism?: A Dissenting View"</a>. StephanKinsella.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102084841/http://www.stephankinsella.com/2014/04/the-limits-of-libertarianism-a-dissenting-view/">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StephanKinsella.com&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+Libertarianism%3F%3A+A+Dissenting+View&rft.date=2014-04-20&rft.aulast=Kinsella&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephankinsella.com%2F2014%2F04%2Fthe-limits-of-libertarianism-a-dissenting-view%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://praxeology.net/all-left.htm">"Alliance of the Libertarian Left"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131084833/http://praxeology.net/all-left.htm">Archived</a> January 31, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Alliance of the Libertarian Left. 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Retrieved August 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=25+years+at+the+Cato+Institute%3A+The+2001+Annual+Report&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52255585&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpubs%2Fpapers%2F25th_annual_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2010/11/01/top-10-private-cargill-business-private-companies-10-largest_slide_3.html">"Forbes List"</a>. 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December 19, 1974. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbapress.com/source-materials-archive/koch-money-the-corporate-cash-that-oils-the-right-wing-%E2%80%9Cthink-tank%E2%80%9D-machine-koch-industries-americans-for-prosperity-americans-for-prosperity-foundation-reason-foundation-cato/cato-institutecharles-koch-foundation-incorporation-papers-and-bylaws">the original</a> on March 15, 2012. 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McGann</a> (February 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=think_tanks">"2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507081229/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=think_tanks">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+Global+Go+To+Think+Tank+Index+Report&rft.date=2015-02-04&rft.au=James+G.+McGann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1008%26context%3Dthink_tanks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> Other "Top Think Tank" rankings include number 13 (out of 85) in Defense and National Security, number 5 (out of 80) in Domestic Economic Policy, number 4 (out of 55) in Education Policy, number 17 (out of 85) in Foreign Policy and International Affairs, number 8 (out of 30) in Domestic Health Policy, number 14 (out of 25) in Global Health Policy, number 18 (out of 80) in International Development, number 14 (out of 50) in International Economic Policy, number 8 (out of 50) in Social Policy, number 8 (out of 75) for Best Advocacy Campaign, number 17 (out of 60) for Best Think Tank Network, number 3 (out of 60) for best Use of Social Networks, number 9 (out of 50) for Best External Relations/Public Engagement Program, number 2 (out of 40) for Best Use of the Internet, number 12 (out of 40) for Best Use of Media, number 5 (out of 30) for Most Innovative Policy Ideas/Proposals, number 11 (out of 70) for the Most Significant Impact on Public Policy and number 9 (out of 60) for Outstanding Policy-Oriented Public Programs. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_GelbAnna_DiofasiNabil_HashmiLauren_Post2015" class="citation news cs1">Alan Gelb; Anna Diofasi; Nabil Hashmi; Lauren Post (March 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgdev.org/blog/cgds-think-tank-public-profile-rankings-are-back">"CGD's Think Tank Public Profile Rankings Are Back"</a>. 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Retrieved July 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Global+Development+%26%23124%3B+Ideas+to+Action&rft.atitle=CGD%27s+Think+Tank+Public+Profile+Rankings+Are+Back&rft.date=2015-03-17&rft.au=Alan+Gelb&rft.au=Anna+Diofasi&rft.au=Nabil+Hashmi&rft.au=Lauren+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgdev.org%2Fblog%2Fcgds-think-tank-public-profile-rankings-are-back&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiwar.com/who.php">"Who We Are"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180107141428/https://www.antiwar.com/who.php">Archived</a> January 7, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Antiwar.com. 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Retrieved July 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+Memo%3A+Free+State+Project+Members+Make+Up+Disproportionate+Percentage+of+NH+Freedom+Caucus&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgranitestateprogress.org%2F2017%2F04%2F24%2Fmedia-memo-free-state-project-members-make-up-disproportionate-percentage-of-nh-freedom-caucus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nhliberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2021_Liberty_Rating.pdf">"New Hampshire 2021 Liberty Ranking"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719185641/https://www.nhliberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2021_Liberty_Rating.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2022. 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Hayek"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023161916/https://mises.org/profile/friedrich-hayek">Archived</a> October 23, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mises Institute. Retrieved November 17, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtley2009" class="citation journal cs1">Utley, Jon Basil (May 4, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105214424/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-199069469.html">"Freedom fighter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-966X">1540-966X</a>. 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"What's Wrong with Libertarianism". Critical Review. 11 (3). p. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Sterba, James P. (October 1994). "From Liberty to Welfare". Ethics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell. 105 (1): 237–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Partridge, Ernest (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gadfly.igc.org/papers/liberty.htm">"With Liberty and Justice for Some"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821162653/http://gadfly.igc.org/papers/liberty.htm">Archived</a> August 21, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In Zimmerman, Michael; Callicott, Baird; Warren, Karen; Klaver, Irene; Clark, John. Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology (4th ed.). Pearson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1311-2695-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1311-2695-4">978-0-1311-2695-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruenig2013" class="citation web cs1">Bruenig, Matt (October 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082051/https://www.demos.org/blog/10/28/13/libertarians-are-huge-fans-economic-coercion">"Libertarians Are Huge Fans of Economic Coercion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Demos_(U.S._think_tank)" title="Demos (U.S. think tank)">Demos</a>. 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Retrieved August 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libertarians+Are+Huge+Fans+of+Economic+Coercion&rft.pub=Demos&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.aulast=Bruenig&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demos.org%2Fblog%2F10%2F28%2F13%2Flibertarians-are-huge-fans-economic-coercion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruenig2013" class="citation web cs1">Bruenig, Matt (November 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065938/https://www.demos.org/blog/11/17/13/libertarians-are-huge-fans-initiating-force">"Libertarians are Huge Fans of Initiating Force"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Demos_(U.S._think_tank)" title="Demos (U.S. think tank)">Demos</a>. 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Peak Oil: Apocalyptic Environmentalism and Libertarian Political Culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226285573" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226285573"><bdi>978-0226285573</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/922640625">922640625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peak+Oil%3A+Apocalyptic+Environmentalism+and+Libertarian+Political+Culture&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F922640625&rft.isbn=978-0226285573&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=Schneider-Mayerson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind, Michael</a>. (June 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2013/06/04/the_question_libertarians_just_cant_answer">"The Question Libertarians Just Can't Answer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130625065608/http://www.salon.com/2013/06/04/the_question_libertarians_just_cant_answer/">Archived</a> June 25, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (magazine)">Salon</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind2011" class="citation web cs1">Lind, Michael (August 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2011/08/30/lind_libertariansim/">"Why libertarians apologize for autocracy"</a>. 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Kos Media, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321073324/http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/01/17/1055627/-Four-Reasons-to-Reject-Libertarianism">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Kos&rft.atitle=Four+Reasons+to+Reject+Libertarianism&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.aulast=Greco&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailykos.com%2Fstory%2F2012%2F01%2F17%2F1055627%2F-Four-Reasons-to-Reject-Libertarianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider-Mayerson2015" class="citation book cs1">Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew (2015). Peak Oil: Apocalyptic Environmentalism and Libertarian Political Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226285436" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226285436"><bdi>978-0226285436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peak+Oil%3A+Apocalyptic+Environmentalism+and+Libertarian+Political+Culture&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0226285436&rft.aulast=Schneider-Mayerson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924054052/http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/19961223.htm">"On Anarchism: Noam Chomsky interviewed by Tom Lane"</a>. 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Karl Marx's Economics: Critical Assessments I. Routledge. pp. 248–249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08714-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08714-8"><bdi>978-0-415-08714-8</bdi></a>. <q>Affluence and increased provision of free goods would reduce alienation in the work process and, in combination with (1), the alienation of man's 'species-life'. 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The Free Development of Each: Studies on Freedom, Right, and Ethics in Classical German Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199685530.001.0001/acprof-9780199685530-chapter-11">"Marx on Equality"</a>. pp. 253–266. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Morris, Brian. "Global Anti-Capitalism". Anarchist Studies. 14 (2): pp. 170–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Sabatini, Peter (Fall/Winter 1994–1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/peter-sabatini-libertarianism-bogus-anarchy">"Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy"</a>. Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed (41). </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Black, Bob (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/bob-black-the-libertarian-as-conservative">"The Libertarian As Conservative"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/BlackTheAbolitionOfWorkAndOtherEssays/Black+-+The+Abolition+of+Work+and+Other+Essays_djvu.txt">The Abolition of Work and Other Essays</a>. p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Birch, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/legan/legan028.pdf">"Anarcho-capitalism Dissolves Into City States"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101105101941/http://libertarian.co.uk/lapubs/legan/legan028.pdf">Archived</a> November 5, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF). Libertarian Alliance. Legal Notes. 28 (4). ISSN 0267-7083. Retrieved July 5, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Reeder, John P. (1988). Source, Sanction, and Salvation: Religion and Morality in Judaic and Christian Traditions. Pearson College Div. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesanctionsa00reed">p. 113</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Le Guin, Ursela K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1Smynbdy_IC">The Dispossessed: A Novel</a>. HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-051275-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-051275-X">0-06-051275-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Davis, Laurence; Stillman, Peter G. (2005). The New Utopian Politics of Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed. Lexington Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9goKmJQaMzEC&pg=PR17">p. xvii</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Delany, Samuel R. (November 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/interviews/delany52interview.htm">"On Triton and Other Matters: An Interview with Samuel R. Delany"</a>. Science Fiction Studies. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Clement, Ellie; Oppenheim, Charles (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238786084_Anarchism_Alternative_Publishers_and_Copyright">"Anarchism, Alternative Publishers and Copyright"</a>. Journal of Anarchist Studies. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomin2006" class="citation web cs1">Somin, Ilya (December 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volokh.com/posts/1165701072.shtml">"Russell Kirk, Libertarianism, and Fusionism"</a>. The Volokh Conspiracy. Retrieved June 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russell+Kirk%2C+Libertarianism%2C+and+Fusionism&rft.pub=The+Volokh+Conspiracy&rft.date=2006-12-09&rft.aulast=Somin&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolokh.com%2Fposts%2F1165701072.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogus_p._17-315">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogus_p._17_315-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogus_p._17_315-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogus_p._17_315-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogus2011" class="citation book cs1">Bogus, Carl T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buckleywilliamfb0000bogu/page/17">Buckley: William F. Buckley Jr. and the Rise of American Conservatism</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buckleywilliamfb0000bogu/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-596-91580-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-596-91580-0"><bdi>978-1-596-91580-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckley%3A+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+and+the+Rise+of+American+Conservatism&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-596-91580-0&rft.aulast=Bogus&rft.aufirst=Carl+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuckleywilliamfb0000bogu%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1981" class="citation web cs1">Kirk, Russell (Fall 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmisi.org/ma/25_04/kirk.pdf">"Libertarians: the Chirping Sectaries"</a> (PDF). Modern Age. Wilmington, Delaware: Intercollegiate Studies Institute. pp. 345–351. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902193037/http://www.mmisi.org/ma/25_04/kirk.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Age&rft.atitle=Libertarians%3A+the+Chirping+Sectaries&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=345-351&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmisi.org%2Fma%2F25_04%2Fkirk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1981" class="citation web cs1">Kirk, Russell (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emp.byui.edu/DAVISR/202/Libertarians.htm">"Libertarians: Chirping Sectaries"</a>. Retrieved June 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libertarians%3A+Chirping+Sectaries&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femp.byui.edu%2FDAVISR%2F202%2FLibertarians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogus_p._16-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogus_p._16_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogus_p._16_318-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogus2011" class="citation book cs1">Bogus, Carl T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buckleywilliamfb0000bogu/page/16">Buckley: William F. Buckley Jr. and the Rise of American Conservatism</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buckleywilliamfb0000bogu/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-596-91580-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-596-91580-0"><bdi>978-1-596-91580-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckley%3A+William+F.+Buckley+Jr.+and+the+Rise+of+American+Conservatism&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-596-91580-0&rft.aulast=Bogus&rft.aufirst=Carl+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuckleywilliamfb0000bogu%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Doherty_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Doherty (journalist)">Doherty, Brian</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement</a>. London: Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786731886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786731886"><bdi>978-0786731886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radicals+for+Capitalism%3A+A+Freewheeling+History+of+the+Modern+American+Libertarian+Movement&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0786731886&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibertarianism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fee.org/">Foundation for Economic Education</a>. American libertarian organization founded in 1946.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertarianism.org/">Libertarianism.org</a>. Sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, it discusses the history, theory and practice of American libertarianism.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradspangler.com/blog/archives/288">Konkin's History of the Libertarian Movement</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110708090610/http://bradspangler.com/blog/archives/288">Archived</a> July 8, 2011, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks 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href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">agorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho syndicalism">syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom" title="Academic freedom">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">Age of consent reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_freedom" title="Artistic freedom">Artistic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriative_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriative anarchism">Expropriative anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism#Federalism_and_localism_in_anarchist_political_theory" title="Federalism">Federalism (anarchist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association (Marxism and anarchism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#Libertarian" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">Freedom of conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual reclamation">Individual reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism (metaphysics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberon_Herbert" title="Auberon Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">de Molinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">de La Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_affirmative_action" title="Libertarian perspectives on affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Political alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_War_on_Drugs" title="Legality of the War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a> (1973–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-collectivism">Anti-collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Anti-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Libertarian_Studies" title="Center for Libertarian Studies">Center for Libertarian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" 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